identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D75C87E92D6D383E39F5B213BD48FF21.text	D75C87E92D6D383E39F5B213BD48FF21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neopetrosia De Laubenfels 1949	<div><p>Genus Neopetrosia De Laubenfels, 1949</p><p>Synonymy. For synonymy list see Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine (2002).</p><p>Definition. Petrosiidae with a finely hispid surface produced by fine brushes of oxeas issued from subectosomal tracts, and a compact choanosomal network combining rounded meshes with a superimposed anisotropic reticulation. Megascleres oxeas less than 200 Μm long (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine 2002). Type species. Haliclona longleyi de Laubenfels, 1932 (by original designation).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D75C87E92D6D383E39F5B213BD48FF21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, George Garcia;Sandes, Joana;Cabral, Abigail;Pinheiro, Ulisses	Santos, George Garcia, Sandes, Joana, Cabral, Abigail, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2016): Neopetrosia de Laubenfels, 1949 from Brazil: description of a new species and a review of records (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Zootaxa 4114 (3): 331-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.8
D75C87E92D6E383839F5B408BDF6F871.text	D75C87E92D6E383839F5B408BDF6F871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neopetrosia sulcata	<div><p>Neopetrosia sulcata sp. nov.</p><p>(Figure 2–3, Table 1)</p><p>Neopetrosia proxima sensu Campos et al. 2005: 13; Muricy et al. 2008: 97.</p><p>Type specimens. Holotype. UFPEPOR 17, Bacia Potiguar (4°37’31.7”S 36°46’0.7”W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, 70–101 m depth, leg. Petrobras, 14 May 2003. Paratypes: UFPEPOR 306, Bacia Potiguar, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, leg. Petrobras, 24 may 2004.</p><p>Analysed material. MCNPOR 5107, Maranhão State (00°11’13”N 44°46’12”W), Brazil, 93 m, 10 June 1999. MCNPOR 5016, Maranhão State (00º20’38”S 44º17’38”W), Brazil, 85 m, 12 June 1999. MCNPOR 3845, Maranhão State (00°32’S 43°50’W), Brazil, 72 m, 18 November 1997. 3823, Maranhão State (01°33’81”S 43°15’87”W), Brazil, 80 m, 0 2 December 1997. MCNPOR 3791, Maranhão State (02°14’49”S 42°00’20”W), Brazil, 72 m, 0 6 December 1997.</p><p>Diagnosis. Neopetrosia sulcata sp. nov. is the only Neopetrosia combining cylindrical shape and oxeas with high variability of ends.</p><p>External morphology (Fig. 2 A). Irregular cylindrical fragments, 16 x 7 x 5 cm (height x length x thickness). The surface is punctiform or furrowed, rugose to the touch, with circular scattered oscules (1.5 to 4 mm in diameter) always flush with the surface (without colored borders). Choanosomal cavities can be observed through these oscula (Fig. 2 A). One of the specimens from Maranhão State has a big osculum on the top, with 1 cm in diameter (MCN 3823, see figure 8A of Campos et al. 2005). The consistency is hard but not very brittle and the color is beige to light brown in ethanol (92 %).</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 2 B–C). The tangential ectosome is formed by multispicular tracts, 50– 100 –250 Μm in diameter (Fig. 2 B), producing rounded meshes (150–300 Μm in diameter). The ectosomal skeleton overlies rounded subectosomal spaces, up to about 1 mm in diameter, and above these spaces there are brushes of spicules at the surface (Fig. 2 C). The choanosomal skeleton is isotropic but with a superimposed anisotropic orientation as it is typical for many Neopetrosia species according van Soest et al. (2014), composed by multispicular tracts and single spicules strewn in confusion (Fig. 2 C).</p><p>Spicules (Fig. 3 A–B). Oxeas smooth, relatively robust, usually curved, with a fairly high percentage of variations at the ends: mucronate, stepped, hastate, asymmetrical, or blunt (see Fig. 3 B), with 119– 157.5 –193 / 2.8– 4.9 –9.6 Μm. This high percentage of variation at the ends is not typical of the genus Neopetrosia .</p><p>Ecology. The outer surface of the type specimens was infested by zoanthids and in one of the paratypes there was a colony of bryozoans Steginoporella magnilabris (Busk, 1854) (acc. Winston et al. 2014). Depth range from 70– 101 m.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 1). Only from Brazil: Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte States.</p><p>Etymology. The name sulcata is derived from the punctiform or furrowed surface, which is one of the characteristics of this species.</p><p>Remarks. This species was previously reported from Brazil as Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) by Campos et al. (2005: 13). We analyzed the material of Campos et al. (2005) and our specimens and concluded that these are not Neopetrosia proxima sensu original description and other records from the Caribbean (e.g. Zea 1987; van Soest &amp; Stentoft 1988; Zea et al. 2014), but is, in fact, a new species of this genus. Besides, we compared this Brazilian material with specimens that distinctly belong to N. proxima, which is described below.</p><p>The characteristics, which led us to make this decision, were morphological and skeletal. Neopetrosia sulcata sp. nov. has irregular and cylindrical shape, with punctiform/furrowed surface, beige to light brown color, apical oscules (one of the specimens) and/or oscula flush to the surface, in which choanosomal cavities can be observed, whereas Neopetrosia proxima has encrusting/massive shape, with smooth surface, dark brown to purple external color and cream internal color, and oscules located on the top of mounds. In relation to skeletal features, the former has a more disorganized skeleton than the later, since there are more spicules strewn in confusion and, consequently, the meshes are less defined. Besides, N. sulcata sp. nov. has oxeas with high percentage of variation at the ends (mucronate, stepped, hastate, asymmetrical, or blunt tips), whereas N. proxima has predominantly hastate/acerate oxeas to strongyloxeas (see Zea 1987 and Zea et al. 2014).</p><p>The punctiform/furrowed surface of N. sulcata sp. nov. can be linked to zoanthid association, in which sponges provide benefits to these organisms as substratum, microhabitat, shelter and food. Some works demonstrated that sponge species are exclusively associated with only one or two zoanthid species, whereas zoanthids, particularly Parazoanthus and Epizoanthus, have a low degree of specificity (see Swain &amp; Wulff 2007). Furthermore, this can be also related to the form and mechanical resistance of sponges (Montenegro-González &amp; Acosta 2010). Besides the type specimens of N. sulcata sp. nov., the sponge-zoanthid association was also observed by Campos et al. (2005) in the specimens from Maranhão State. The same happened with population of N. proxima from Colombian (Zea 1987, as Xestospongia proxima), Panama and Dominica (Swain &amp; Wulff 2007). All these researchers reported a punctiform surface in these sponges, except Swain &amp; Wulff (2007). Despite the likely change caused by zoanthids in a surface structure of N. sulcata sp. nov. specimens, this species remains different from others Neopetrosia species, specially N. proxima, due the characteristics proposed above. However, the association between N. sulcata sp. nov. and zoanthid species needs to be investigated, including the real identity of it, to evaluated the degree of specificity in this relationship.</p><p>Besides N. proxima, eight additional species of Neopetrosia have been reported from the Western Atlantic (see van Soest et al. 2015), viz. N. carbonaria (Lamarck, 1814 as Spongia), N. cylindrica (Lamarck, 1815 as Alcyonium), N. dominicana (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 as Xestospongia), N. dutchi van Soest et al. 2014, N. eurystomata van Soest et al. 2014, N. ovata van Soest et al. 2014, N. rosariensis (Zea &amp; Rützler, 1983 as Xestospongia) and N. subtriangularis . Neopetrosia carbonaria is a black massive sponge, whereas N. subtriangularis is brown ramose/erect (van Soest et al. 2014), clearly different from N. sulcata sp. nov. in habit and color. Neopetrosia dominicana differs from our new species in the type of the spicules, which are exclusively strongyles. Neopetrosia dutchi, N. eurystomata and N. ovata are common deep-water species (from the Caribbean Netherlands), different from N. sulcata sp. nov. mainly in habit (large lobes, vase shaped and ovate, respectively). Neopetrosia rosariensis has a dark brown color and tube shape and Neopetrosia cylindrica is an erect sponge with slightly red and white color. Finally, none of these tropical sponges have the cylindrical shape, with punctiform/ furrowed surface, and oxeas with high percentage of variation at the ends as N. sulcata sp. nov. has.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D75C87E92D6E383839F5B408BDF6F871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, George Garcia;Sandes, Joana;Cabral, Abigail;Pinheiro, Ulisses	Santos, George Garcia, Sandes, Joana, Cabral, Abigail, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2016): Neopetrosia de Laubenfels, 1949 from Brazil: description of a new species and a review of records (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Zootaxa 4114 (3): 331-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.8
D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC.text	D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864) Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)</p><p>(Figure 4–5, Table 1)</p><p>For synonyms see Muricy et al. (2011).</p><p>Examined material. UFSPOR 116, 118, 135, 162, off Pirambu city (10°45’36”S 36°36’08”W), Sergipe State, Brazil, 20 m depth, coll. Cosme e Damião Assis, June 2003.</p><p>External morphology (Fig. 4 A–B). Massive lobed sponge. The largest specimen is 7 x 4 x 4 cm (length x width x height) and the smallest is 2 x 1.5 x 0.5 cm (length x width x height). The surface is smooth to rough with scattered oscules, up to about 2 mm in diameter, on the top of lobes, or slightly raised on the surface. The consistency is firm, hard and brittle. In ethanol, the color is purplish-brown or dark brown externally and light brown internally.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 4 C–E). The tangential ectosome is an irregular reticulation of dense multispicular tracts, forming vague rounded meshes with various amounts of spongin (Fig. 4 C). At the surface there are fine brushes of oxeas issued from fascicular tracts (Fig. 4 D). The choanosome is an irregular reticulation formed by fascicules made of an isotropic to confused reticulation of multispicular tracts or single spicules strewn in confusion. The meshes are rounded to oval, 250–875 Μm in diameter (Fig. 4 E).</p><p>Spicules (Fig. 5 A–C). Hastate oxeas, smooth, slightly curved with thinner developmental stages (Fig. 5 A) and few styloids modifications (Fig. 5 C): 96– 149.1 –177 / 1.6– 5.3 –9.6 Μm.</p><p>Ecology. This species was found at 20 m depth.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Tropical Northwestern Atlantic: U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Jamaica, Barbados, Panama and Belize (Muricy et al. 2011). In the Brazilian coast: Northeastern Region: Sergipe State (present study).</p><p>Remarks. Neopetrosia proxima is a sponge that usually inhabits rocky shores and shallow to deep waters (Zea et al. 2014). The specimens examined here were similar to Neopetrosia proxima from the Caribbean, both characterized by having massive form, oscules raised on small lobes and confused and disorganized skeleton (e.g. van Soest 1980; Zea 1987; Lehnert &amp; van Soest 1996; Zea et al. 2014). According to Zea et al. (2014), the external morphology and spicules of this species are very diverse in different populations in Caribbean Sea and, probably, there are more than one species within the current scope of N. proxima from this area (Zea, personal communication). Compared to Bahamian, Colombian and Panamanian populations, the Brazilian specimens were more similar to the Colombian ones, sharing the massive form, purple color and robust hastate oxeas reaching larger and thicker sizes (75–223 / 1.7–10.7 µm in Colombia and 96– 149.1 –177 / 1.6– 5.3 –9.6 Μm in Brazil). However, the Brazilian population is different from the Caribbean one in two aspects: the internal light-brown color and a tangential ectosome with dense and irregular reticulation in Brazilian versus the internal cream color and the tangential reticulation with erect spicule brushes at the intersections in Caribbean.</p><p>References: (1) Present work - UFPEPOR 17, 396, UFSPOR 116, 118, 135, 162; (2) Zea et al. (2014); (3) Zea &amp; Rützler (1983); (4) Topsent (1933); (5) van Soest et al. (2014); (6) Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine (2002); (7) Pulitzer-Finali (1986).</p><p>When we compared the population of Neopetrosia proxima from Brazil with N. sulcata sp. nov., we observed some differences. The former has massive form, smooth surface, purplish-brown to dark brown external color, oscules on the top of mounds, irregular ectosomal reticulation and hastate oxeas, whereas the later has digitiform shape, punctiform surface, beige to light brown color, without differentiation between external and internal regions, apical oscules and/or flush with the surface, regular ectosomal reticulation and oxeas with high percentage of variation at the ends.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D75C87E92D69383439F5B5D4B880FEBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Santos, George Garcia;Sandes, Joana;Cabral, Abigail;Pinheiro, Ulisses	Santos, George Garcia, Sandes, Joana, Cabral, Abigail, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2016): Neopetrosia de Laubenfels, 1949 from Brazil: description of a new species and a review of records (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Zootaxa 4114 (3): 331-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.8
