taxonID	type	description	language	source
D73CE84EFFD8193A8BF9FC394F966BFC.taxon	description	Misconceptions about bathymetyric range seem to originate with the classic studies of living animals of Pandora inequivalvis (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. pinna (Montagu, 1803) from low water in the Mediterranean (Allen 1954) and P. filosa (Carpenter, 1864) and P. grandis Dall, 1877 from low tide levels at the Friday Harbor Laboratories, Washington (Yonge and Morton 1980). However, subsequent studies of P. filosa at a lower latitude in Monterey Bay, California (Thomas 1994) were from live-collected specimens trawled between 55 and 80 m. The genus ranges from intertidal to abyssal depths (Valentich-Scott and Skoglund 2010). The high latitude generalization does not apply to the fauna of the Eastern Pacific. A recent treatment of six pandorid genera and 16 species in the Panamic Province (Valentich-Scott and Skoglund 2010) shows greater tropical diversity than the fauna of the northeastern Pacific, with only five species (Coan et al. 2000). Regarding the fossil record of the group, pandorids are generally rare and poorly preserved (Prezant 1998). Although they are never abundant, their rarity in museum collections may result in part from failure to collect poorlypreserved specimens and fragments. However, shells are sufficiently distinctive, even when crushed or fragmental, that they should be recognized and collected. Although hinge features are not generally available for subgeneric assignment, the prismato-nacreous shell and the extremely compressed form, which is both inequivalve and inequilateral, is easily recognized in combination with the straight to convex posterior hinge margin, rounded anterior margin, and features of ornamentation. It is also the case that few specimens from the Pacific Coast Paleogene and Neogene strata have been figured. An exception is the superblyillustrated account of the Pliocene molluscan fauna of the San Diego Formation (Hertlein and Grant 1972) in which there are eight illustrations of two pandorid species. Vokes (1967) listed eight nomenclaturally valid genera, and Newell (1969) considered six of those names to be taxonomically valid, treating two of the eight available names as subjective synonyms. Valentich-Scott and Skoglund (2010) introduced a seventh name, although their genus Coania is known only from the type locality. Four of the seven have no recognized fossil record, and material from deep-water Paleogene strata in Washington and Oregon is here referred to Pandora s. l. Stratigraphic range — Eocene to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193A8916FA5648216C6F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species — By subsequent designation (Children, 1823), Pandora rostrata Lamarck, 1818 = Solen inequivalvis Linnaeus, 1758). Holocene, Mediterranean. The controversy over the appropriate generic name, type species, type designation, and history of interpretations of the zoological code are discussed in detail by Boss and Merrill (1965). In the northeastern Pacific, pandorids first appear in the late Eocene in the Eocene – Oligocene turnover faunas marking global cooling and onset of subduction and forearc volcanism on the Cascadia margin. There are four previously-described Paleogene species from the eastern Pacific margin. They are compared and distinguished by Hickman (1969, p. 72) in the description of Pandora laevis Hickman, 1969 from the Eugene Formation. The new Keasey species is distinguished from all four by the far anterior placement of the beaks and long, shallowlyarcuate posterio-dorsal margin. This is the lowest stratigraphic pandorid appearance in the Pacific Northwest, followed by P. washingtonensis Weaver, 1916, P. laevis, and P. vanwinkleae Tegland, 1933, although there is no implication that they represent an evolutionary series. Stratigraphic range — Eocene to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193B8BD2FDC74F6B6865.taxon	description	Fig. 1 A	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193B8BD2FDC74F6B6865.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis — Shell strongly compressed and strongly inequilateral; right valve shallowly concave, fitting inside shallowly convex left valve and apparently overlapped by left valve along posterioventral margin; anteriodorsal margin short and straight, posteriodorsal margin long, shallowly arcuate and thickened along hingeline; no evidence in preserved shell material of radial ribbing or co-marginal striae.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193B8BD2FDC74F6B6865.taxon	description	Description — Exterior shell layer missing but inner layers of sheet nacre well preserved; hinge plate insufficiently preserved to describe hinge teeth except for a tubercular swelling of nacre in position where right cardinal would have been.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193B8BD2FDC74F6B6865.taxon	discussion	Discussion — Although the exterior shell layer is not preserved in any of the Paleogene species, specimens are typically double valved and preserve distinctive details of shell shape. Evidence of co-marginal and radial sculpture are preserved in the interior nacre. Previous figures of specimens coated with ammonium chloride mask the taphonomic features that make shells so distinctive. This is illustrated in new, uncoated images of the holotype of P. acutirostrata Clark, 1918 from the San Ramon Formation (Oligocene) of California (Fig. 1 C) and the holotype of P. vanwinkleae Tegland from the Type Blakeley Formation (Oligocene) of Washington (Fig. 1 B). The Blakeley specimen demonstrates clear preservation of both co-marginal ribs and wavy axials characteristic of Pandorella Conrad, 1863. Articulated Holocene specimens of high latitude pandorids commonly show extensive exfoliation of the thin exterior shell layer. Differing degrees of degradation and exfoliation on live collected shells of Pandora trilineata Say, 1822 from Massachusetts (Figs. 1 D – F) illustrate how fossil shells can appear to be poorly preserved even if they have undergone little post-mortem alteration.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193B8BD2FDC74F6B6865.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Eo (Eocene, early) + capsella (a small box)	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD7193B8BD2FDC74F6B6865.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The new species is known from a single specimen. Holotype — UCMP 110671, right valve with margins of larger left valve visible, Length 11.0 mm, height 9.5 mm, Loc. UCMP IP 7983 (= USGS 25026). Keasey Formation occurrence — Lower member in association with protobranch bivalves.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD619388923F9CD4DFC6A5F.taxon	description	Living thraciid species are known primarily from shells, which display a great variety of external form and may be morphologically similar to some periplomatids. However, the granular homogeneous aragonite microstructure of the outer and inner shell layers of four species examined to date (Taylor et al. 1973, Sartori and Domaneschi 2005) clearly distinguish them from the prismato-nacreous shells of periplomatids. Eastern Pacific Cenozoic thraciid fossils all lack nacreous inner layers, apparently a derived condition because Runnegar (1974) reports that Mesozoic thraciids in collections at the Natural History Museum (London) have nacreous shells. Eroded beaks of Cenozoic fossil specimens sometimes show a peculiar iridescence, although the microstructural basis has not been determined. Thraciids are capable of deep burrowing and prolonged maintenance of siphonal tube connections to the sediment-water interface. Long, highly extensible siphons and mucus agglutination of the separate inhalant and exhalant siphonal tubes are hypothesized to facilitate deeper burrowing in some species (Yonge 1937). Detailed functional anatomy has been documented for two living thraciids (Morton 1995, Sartori and Domaneschi 2005). Animals removed from the sediment are slow to re-burrow, but capable of adjusting their position vertically if burrow openings are covered with sediment. Inequivalved species rest on the flatter left valve, with the more inflated valve uppermost and the commissural plane horizontal. This is consistent with the typical preservation of the Eastern Pacific fossil thraciids as double-valved specimens that lack alterations from post-mortem exposure or transport. The primary taphonomic characteristic is diagenetic crushing of the thin, brittle shells by compressional forces perpendicular to the commissural plane. Stratigraphic range — Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892FFBB74F956B1D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species — By monotypy, Mya pubescens Pulteney, 1799. Holocene, North Sea. The correct genus name, authorship, date, and interpretation of the type species and its designation have been controversial. This treatment follows the detailed account and conclusions of Coan (1990, p. 23 – 24). Stratigraphic range — Jurassic to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892DFA7549826914.taxon	description	Figs. 2 A – H Thracia n. sp. Vokes in Warren et al. 1945 (checklist).	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892DFA7549826914.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis — Shell large for genus (up to 62.5 mm length x 41 mm width); strongly elongate-ovate; inequivalve but nearly equilateral; valves compressed, right valve more inflated; shell thin and fragile, typically articulated but usually diagenetically crushed or deformed; beaks opisthogyrate, left beak penetrating right and abraded right beak showing iridescence; sculpture of fine co-marginal growth lines and occasional irregular low undulations; surface granulation strongly developed posteriorly, with abundant granules aligned in co-marginal rows; ventral margin shallowly convex; anterior dorsal slope rounded and merging with evenly-rounded anterior end; posterior dorsal margin shallowlyconvex and posterior end broadly truncate; posterior dorsal slope set off by shallow radial sinus and ridge; ligament external, with well-developed nymph plates and deep ligament groove, hinge plate apparently edentulous but inadequately exposed.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892DFA7549826914.taxon	description	Description — Shell size, extent of surface granulation and organization of granules variable; muscle scars and interior shell features unknown.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892DFA7549826914.taxon	discussion	Discussion — Thracia keaseyensis is readily distinguished from T. condoni Dall, 1909 in the overlying Pittsburg Bluff Formation, Eugene Formation, and other coeval Oligocene formations by its more elongate form and prominent co-marginal surface granulation. Thracia schencki Tegland, 1933 from the younger Oligocene Blakeley Formation is smaller and also relatively shorter. Thracia t rapezoidea C onrad, 1 849, d escribed f rom t he Miocene Astroria Formation and still living in the North Pacific, also has surface granulation. However, it is more inflated and also less elongate. Thracia dilleri Dall, 1898, from the late Eocene Coaledo Formation in Oregon, is similar in outline and surface granulation, although it is inequilateral, with a more pronounced posterior end. Material of other Cenozoic thraciid species is inadequately preserved to permit meaningful comparison.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892DFA7549826914.taxon	etymology	Etymology — For the geologic formation from which the species is described.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD51938892DFA7549826914.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The description is based on 28 almost complete double-valved specimens from 12 localities as well as crushed or fragmental specimens with diagnostic features such as the distinctive surface granulation. The species is restricted to the middle member where it is frequently associated with well-preserved double-valved specimens of Nemocardium weaveri (Anderson and Martin, 1914) and Moerella n. sp. Holotype — USNM 561781, length 45.7 mm, height 29.7 mm, Loc. USGS 15282. Paratypes — USNM 561782, length 43.6 mm, height 29.5 mm, Loc. USGS 15282; USNM 561783, length 45.3 mm height 22.5 mm, Loc. USGS 15267; UCMP 110672, length 39.3 mm, height 21.6 mm, Loc. UCMP IP 1984 (= USGS 25031). (Measurements cannot be corrected for distortion, crushing, and broken margins.) Keasey Formation localities — Type locality: USGS 15282 (middle member). Other Localities: USGS 15267, 15274, 15276, 15277, 15281, 15283, 15284, 15285, 15508, 15525, 25031 (middle member).	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD519398BCAF87C4ECC6BAF.taxon	description	Stratigraphic range — Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD4193E8C1CFA024F916A59.taxon	type_taxon	Type species — By original designation, Anatina lena Conrad, 1831. Holocene, western Atlantic. Nomenclatural confusion regarding the type species of Cochlodesma Couthouy, 1839 resulted in misapplication of this name to the Pacific Coast Cenozoic species. Although the nomenclaturally correct name is now Aperiploma Habe, 1952, the type species continues to be Anatina lena, a species that has been freed from synonymy with the eastern Atlantic Mya praetenuis Pulteney, 1799, the type of Cochlodesma. Vokes (1956) traces the history leading to this rectification of nomenclature. Aperiploma continued to be incorrectly synonymized with Cochlodesma by some authors who remained caught in the “ taxonomic tangle ” (e. g., Bernard 1989) that requires no further discussion here. Specimens are frequent in occurrence in cool to cold high latitude faunas of the Pacific Coast Cenozoic, but they are never well preserved and never abundant at any one locality. Shells are typically articulated or partially disarticulated, but they are usually crushed and lacking in any of the very thin outer shell layer. However, the interior layers of nacre preserve the undulating concentric sculpture typical of the genus, and the heavily calcified and buttressed opisthodetic spoon-shaped chondrophore is often the most diagnostic feature of a crushed specimen. Individuals are seldom well enough preserved to be separated from the matrix, which may contribute to collection bias in the field. Specimens in matrix may preserve the original outline of individuals from which original shell material has exfoliated. Marincovich (1983, p. 109) states that at least 32 North Pacific Cenozoic species have been described under Periploma. Most of these are from the northwestern Pacific. Assignments to subgenera and species comparisons of the Asiatic Cenozoic taxa will be essential to reconstructing the high-latitude cold-water history of the group. Stratigraphic range — Eocene to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD3193C88C0FBA84F7A6CD2.taxon	discussion	Discussion — Twelve specimens from eight localities in the lower and middle members of the Keasey Formation are assigned to this species. Allocation to Aperiploma is clear based on the combination of thin fragile shell, interior nacre, irregularly-spaced and weak concentric sculpture, absence of surface granules or pustules, opisthogyrous beaks, fissured umbones, and distinctive opisthodetic chondrophore attached to the shell by a prominent supporting buttress. Variability in outline and proportions of the Keasey specimens is at least in part a consequence of deformation, but the shells were inequivalve, with a nearly flat left valve slightly more convex right valve (Fig. 3 D). Moore (1976) noted a similar difficulty in characterizing the outline of specimens from the overlying Pittsburg Bluff Formation. The shell is ovate in outline and nearly equilateral, with an acutely-rounded to sub-truncate posterior margin and more broadly-rounded anterior margin. Although Grant and Gale (1931, p. 255) did not illustrate C. bainbridgensis, they suggested that it be referred to Cyathodonta Conrad, 1849. However, specimens from the Eocene and Oligocene of the Pacific Northwest all have weaker and non-undulating sculpture as well as lacking the “ minute, very closely arranged, granulated radiating ribs ” described by Conrad (1849, p. 156) in the type species, C. undulata. Cyathodonta is also posteriorly truncate and lacks the characteristic buttressing ridge that supports the chondrophore in Aperiploma. The chondrophore of a topotype of C. bainbridgensis from the Blakeley Formation (Tegland, 1933, pl. 6 fig. 3) is refigured here (Fig. 3 F). This is the earliest reported occurrence of the species and the earliest unequivocal occurrence of the genus in the Cenozoic of the Eastern Pacific.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD3193C88C0FBA84F7A6CD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — Fourteen specimens from the Keasey Formation and specimens from younger Paleogene formations noted below. Hypotypes — USNM 561793, length 26.4 mm, height 18.6 mm, Loc. USGS 15318; UCMP 110673, length 21.5 mm, height 19.5 mm, Loc. UCMP IP 1432 (= USGS M 3865); UCMP 110674, length 22.0 mm, height 19.5 mm, Loc. UCMP IP 1432 (= USGS M 3865); UCMP 110675, length 20.6 mm, height 15.5 mm, Loc. UCMP IP 1431 (= USGS M 3862); UCMP 110676, length 14.9 mm, height 10.5, Loc. UCMP IP 7983 (= USGS 25026). Unfigured hypotype: USNM 561794, length 10.7 mm, height 8.2 mm, Loc. USGS 15318. Keasey Formation localities — USGS 15309, UCMP IP 7983 (lower member); USGS 2713, 15279, 15314, 15318, UCMP IP 7984 (middle member); USGS M 3862, M 3865 (middle member). Other occurrences — Lincoln Creek Formation, Twin River Formation, and Blakeley Formation (Washington); Pittsburg Bluff Formation and Alsea Formation (Oregon). The species is also reported from the Poul Creek and Stepovak Formations in the Gulf of Alaska (Burk 1965) but specimens were not examined in the course of this study. Collections from strata of probable middle Eocene age at USGS locality 15289 contain fragments that have an outline and ornamentation suggestive of Aperiploma. The fragments are in a shale lens within the Tillamook Volcanic Series in the Oregon Coast Range and are overlain by strata containing a late Eocene Cowlitz fauna. Four of the five California Cenozoic species described under Periploma Schumacher, 1817 are inadequately preserved to confirm their generic or familial assignment. Specimens of a fifth species, Periploma cryphia Woodring, 1938 (and subspecies P. cryphia stenopa Woodring, 1938), from the deep-water facies of the Pliocene Repetto Formation in the Los Angeles Basin, preserve the distinctive chondrophore buttress. They are similar to Keasey specimens in compressional crushing of the shells and exfoliation of the thin exterior layer, and Woodring (p. 56) noted their similarity to specimens from the Blakeley Formation in Washington. However, there are no other records of A. bainbridgensis from the Neogene, and there is nothing similar in the living fauna of the eastern Pacific. Although shell morphology may be conservative, there is no basis for suspecting evolutionary stasis.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD1193C8946FD324CDE6B53.taxon	description	Figs. 4 A – C	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD1193C8946FD324CDE6B53.taxon	discussion	Discussion — A large, flat, fragmental specimen 70 mm across preserves distinctive Aperiploma - like concentric undulations in interior nacre with unique reflection and refraction of light as colors that range from gold in some angles of illumination (Fig. 4 A) to green, blue and purple in others (Fig. 4 B, C). Generic assignment is tentative, and formal species description is unwarranted at this time. Illustrations of the nacre may aid in recognition of additional material that might otherwise be overlooked in the field. Figured specimen — UCMP 110677. Keasey Formation locality — Upper part of the middle member, Loc. UCMP IP 16000. The specimen is embedded in a slab of calcareous siltstone from the upper carbonate layer (UCL of Burns et al. 2005) at the Mist locality and was donated by Casey Burns.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD1193C8916FA7548AB6B54.taxon	description	Cuspidariid features of greatest interest to biologists are the absence of gills, the unique muscular septum, adaptations for prey capture, and modifications of the digestive system for carnivory (Yonge 1928, Bernard 1974, Knudsen 1979, Alan and Morgan 1981, Reid and Reid 1974, Reid 1977, Morton 1987). The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, although it is especially well documented from high latitudes in the southern hemisphere (Prezant 1998, Marshall 2002). Fossil cuspidariids are rare in Cenozoic faunas of the northeastern Pacific and have a peculiar taxonomic and stratigraphic distribution. Ten species, including the new Keasey species, are all in the genus Cardiomya A. Adams, 1864 and all occur in rocks of middle and late Eocene age. Eighteen species in eight genera are reported in the living northeastern Pacific fauna (Coan et al. 2000). Restriction of many of the living species to abyssal and hadal depths places them out of the normal preserved record of bathyal and shallower marine sedimentary settings. However, the absence from Neogene strata in the northeastern Pacific is puzzling. The lack of an onshore fossil record of most of cuspidariid diversity is consistent with the hypothesis that this group has undergone a major evolutionary radiation in the deep sea and is not derived by onshore-offshore migration over geologic time of a shallow-water evolutionary radiation. However, shallow-water cuspidariids are reported from Upper Cretaceous and Eocene faunas in Texas (Garvie 2013), and incursions of the group into shallower settings also occur in the modern fauna of the Panamic Province (Coan and Valentich-Scott 2012). Stratigraphic range — Upper Cretaceous to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFD119228BB4FABC4FAC6E89.taxon	type_taxon	Type species — By monotypy, Neaera gouldiana Hinds, 1843. Holocene, Japanese Seas. Features of the hingeline and anatomy are required for allocation to some of the cuspidariid genera, but Cardiomya has been used consistently for both fossil and living inflated rostrate species with strong radial ribbing on the shell. The ribbing differentiates them from similarly shaped rostrate shells of Cuspidaria Nardo, 1840 and other genera that are smooth or have only co-marginal striae or ribs. Some of the Pacific Coast Cenozoic species were originally described under Cuspidaria (or Neaera Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1833, an earlier name preoccupied by a dipteran insect genus). It is fortunate that the Cenozoic species all have radial ribbing and cannot be confused with the smooth shells of Cuspidaria or smooth-shelled species assigned to Neaera under its tangled history of misspellings (Stewart 1930, p. 307 – 308, Petit and Coan 2008, p. 228). Species of Cardiomya in the Pacific Coast Eocene have been distinguished initially by the presence or absence of radial ribbing on the rostrum. Second-order features include relative length and width of the rostrum, the number and comparative strength of radial ribs on the disc, presence or absence of “ inter-ribs ” on the disc, and the shape, strength and number of ribs on the rostrum. Although the shells are thin and fragile, the shallow infaunal life habit appears to have conferred some advantage in preservation by rapid burial. Fossil specimens are typically double-valved and are not crushed, although the valves may be partially separated. Stratigraphic range — Cretaceous to Holocene.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCF19208902FED94FB56D40.taxon	description	Figs. 5 A – D Cardiomya n. sp. Vokes in Warren et al. 1945. (checklist)	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCF19208902FED94FB56D40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis — Shell of normal size for genus (length to 10 mm), with ovate, inflated disc and long, smooth, straight, compressed, posterior rostrum. Disc with 18 to 20 well-developed rounded radial ribs. Radial ribs on anterior disc finer than those on posterior segment. Coarser posterior ribs with wider interspaces with occasional finer interrib. Umbones situated posterior to midlength of inflated portion of valve, approximately at 1 / 3 total shell length. Interior and hinge features unknown.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCF19208902FED94FB56D40.taxon	discussion	Discussion — Shells of this species are thin but are not crushed as in the other Keasey anomalodesmatan taxa. They are readily distinguished from the other anomalodesmatans by the rostrate shell form, smaller size, lack of nacre (as in Pandora and Aperiploma) or granules on the surface of the shell (as in Thracia). The only other Paleogene Cardiomya from the Pacific Northwest, C. comstockensis Turner, 1938, has fewer radial ribs on the expanded disc and has radial ribbing on the rostrum, which is also proportionally shorter and broader. Species from the California Eocene that differ in having radial ribbing on the rostrum include three species from the Rose Canyon Shale originally described under Cuspidaria: C. russeli (M. A. Hanna, 1927), C. israelskya (M. A. Hanna, 1927), and C. vorbei (M. A. Hanna, 1927), as well as C. silverensis Vokes, 1939 from the Domengine Formation. Cardiomya domenginica Vokes, 1939 lacks ribbing on the rostrum but is unique in a disc ornamentation of numerous very fine radial threads. Cardiomya hannibali (Dickerson, 1914) from the Martinez Formation of northern California is distinguished by a disc divided into a smooth anterior portion and a posterior portion with four radial ribs and a rostrum bearing a single sharp thread extending from the beak to the distal end. Type specimens of all of the above species are in the UC Museum of Paleontology type collection, facilitating comparisons. Preservation of this species is primarily as external and internal molds, and illustrations are primarily from latex casts coated with ammonium chloride.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCF19208902FED94FB56D40.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The name refers to the superficial resemblance of the shell outline to a miniature duck head and is the name that Harold Vokes attached to intended USNM type specimens.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCF19208902FED94FB56D40.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — Diagnosis is based on 11 specimens. Seven of the specimens are from the main crinoidbearing layer at the Mist locality. Holotype — USNM 561796, left valve, length 10.5 mm, height 5.2 mm, Loc. USGS 15263. Paratypes — USNM 561796, left valve, length 5.8 mm, height 3.8 mm, Loc. USGS 15263; USNM 561795, left valve, length 7.8 mm, height 4.6 mm, Loc. USGS 15318. Keasey Formation localities — Type Locality: USGS 15263 (lower member). Other localities: USGS 15309 (lower member), USGS 15318 (middle member).	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCD19208912FCA14CE469B0.taxon	description	Figs. 6 A – B	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCD19208912FCA14CE469B0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis — Shell strongly inequilateral, with exceptionally long, narrow and straight posterior rostrum with numerous very fine co-marginal striae; disc ovate-elongate, strongly inflated and with coarse radial ribs where exterior shell is preserved; five posterior ribs stronger than anterior ribs; anterior margin broadly rounded; ventral margin scalloped by ribs extending beyond rib interspaces.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCD19208912FCA14CE469B0.taxon	description	Description — Shell poorly preserved, but interior of left valve (Fig. 6 B) preserving circular anterior muscle scar and impressions of three strongest posterior radial ribs on disc; hinge plate insufficiently preserved to describe hinge teeth.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCD19208912FCA14CE469B0.taxon	discussion	Discussion — This striking species is represented by a part and counterpart of the left valve of a single specimen from the lower member of the Keasey Formation. Shell adhering to the rostrum on the external mold (Fig. 6 A) appears to be smooth, but numerous fine growth lines are distinctly preserved in the matrix (Fig. 6 B). Interspaces between the strongest radial ribs are two times the width of the ribs. This lower Keasey species is readily distinguished from Cardiomya anticepsella n. sp. from the upper portion of the middle member by the narrower and more elongate posterior rostrum.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCD19208912FCA14CE469B0.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Named in honor of Paul Valentich-Scott in recognition of his contributions to knowledge of the Holocene anomalodesmatan fauna of the Eastern Pacific.	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
D73CE84EFFCD19208912FCA14CE469B0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype — UCMP 110678, length 7.7 mm, height (approximate) 2.9 mm. Keasey Formation type locality — LowerMember, Loc. UCMP 7983 (= USGS 25026).	en	Carole, Hickman, S., Ca (2014): Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, part IV: The anomalodesmatans. PaleoBios 31 (3): 1-21
