identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D416879A3A5902338DF5A5A4FB14FEAB.text	D416879A3A5902338DF5A5A4FB14FEAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Styela panamensis Barros & Rocha 2021	<div><p>Styela panamensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1A and 2)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 07FC9C46-28A5-496C-8D51-93E70FD38B10</p><p>Materials examined. Holotype: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.183334/lat 9.3)">Sty</a> –164, artificial substrate, Solarte Island, Bocas del Toro, Panama, 9 o 18’0”N 82 o 11’0”W, August 4, 2003 . Paratypes: Sty –282 and Sty –283, artificial substrate, Colon Island, Bocas del Toro, Panama, 9 o 2315”N 82 o 15’30”W, August 9, 2003 ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.23333/lat 9.35)">Sty</a> –284 and Sty –285, artificial substrate, San Cristóbal Island, Bocas del Toro, Panama, 9 o 21’0”N 82 o 14’0”W, August 12, 2003 .</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the country where this species was collected.</p><p>Habitat and distribution. The species is very common and abundant in Bocas del Toro province, both in natural (mangrove) and artificial (marinas, piers and pilings sustaining buildings) habitats, less than 2 m deep. They attach directly to the prop roots of mangroves or the artificial substrate, but more frequently on bivalve shells attached to those substrates. They can be found isolated or in small groups of 3–5 individuals. Salinity in the region is 32–34 psu.</p><p>External appearance. Color ranges from orange brown to reddish brown, some animals very dark in the anterior region. There are few epibionts, among which filamentous algae and polychaetes are common (Fig. 1A). Specimens are 22–38 mm in length. Individuals are oval with a leathery tunic with rough appearance, with discrete projections that are concentrated on the siphons (Fig. 2A).</p><p>Internal morphology. Length without tunic is 14–34 mm, width is 9–16 mm. The body wall is thin and translucent, allowing the visualization of the gonads and, sometimes, the digestive tract (Figs. 2B and 2C). The longitudinal muscles are visible in most cases. The siphons are close to each other, the oral is apical and the atrial a little way back on the dorsal line, with similar lengths, more than 7 mm long in the larger specimens. In each siphon, four triangular lobes and eight whitish bands are observed. Numerous 10–30 µm long scale-like siphonal spines are present on the internal side of both siphons. They are flattened and triangular shaped in surface view. The free margin is slightly concave and smooth (Figs. 2I and 2i). Between 31–54 simple and filiform tentacles are observed at the base of the oral siphon, distributed in four orders of size (Fig. 2E). Short and numerous filiform tentacles are present at the base of the atrial siphon, forming a ring from which two dorsal and elongated regions also covered by tentacles project towards the dorsal tubercle, which they almost reach. The prepharyngeal groove is formed by a simple blade, with the peritubercular area in a ‘V’ shape. The dorsal tubercle is globular, 0.25–0.88 mm in diameter, and with a variable-shape opening, usually as a ‘U’ (Fig. 2E).</p><p>The dorsal lamina is simple and continuous until the perioesophageal region, where it moves to the left side of the oesophageal opening, with the lower portion being wider. The pharynx has four well-developed folds on both sides, with 58–111 longitudinal vessels on the right side and 58–103 on the left side. There are 7–15 longitudinal stigmata per mesh. Parastigmatic vessels are present. The formula for the longitudinal vessels of the holotype and the four paratypes follows (from right to left side):</p><p>E5(16)6(20)5(21)5(24)9DL3(23)5(20)5(21)5(16)5 (Holotype)</p><p>E2(9)3(14)4(12)4(13)5DL1(15)3(10)4(11)4(9)2</p><p>E6(15)8(20)9(20)8(18)8DL6(17)8(16)7(17)8(14)6</p><p>E5(14)7(19)7(18)7(14)4DL5(15)8(17)8(18)6(14)7</p><p>E5(13)5(17)5(15)5(16)4DL4(18)6(16)5(17)4(14)3</p><p>The oesophagus is relatively long, slightly curved. The stomach is elongated, 4.3–7.4 mm long, yellow to orange in color, with 19–28 internal longitudinal folds, running from the distal portion of oesophagus to the beginning of intestine, frequently visible on the exterior surface. The stomach has a longitudinal flat region along the side touching the body wall, with internal transverse grooves. A ligament is observed between the posterior portion of the stomach and the first loop, but there is no gastric caecum. The intestine is isodiametric and forms primary and secondary loops, the secondary loop being wider than the primary (Fig. 2D). The anus opens near the base of the atrial siphon, with a generally multilobed margin, although some specimens have no clear lobes in the anus. The digestive tube attaches to the body wall through thin ligaments which are easily broken during dissection. Endocarps of varying sizes and quantities (usually abundant) protrude from the body wall, but never on the gonads or digestive tract (Fig. 2D). Hermaphroditic gonads are on both sides, two to five on the right side (Figs. 2D and 2F) and two to three on the left side. The ovaries are elongated, light yellow, straight to sinuous in shape with cylindrical cross section, usually filled by numerous oocytes. The length of the ovary is 4.0– 20.9 mm on the right side and 2.8–10.5 mm on the left side. The ovaries end with the orifice directed toward the atrial siphon into a free and short oviduct. Bifurcations in the ovarian tubes may be present in the distal portion of some ovaries (Fig. 2G). Most dorsal ovary on the left side is usually shorter than the rest and lies partially within the second intestinal loop. The diameter of the oocytes is 0.141 –0.242 mm. The testicular follicles are whitish and distributed besides the ovaries, usually along the posterior 2/3 of the elongated ovary on both sides. Follicles are attached to the body wall by the basal part only, protruding into the peribranchial cavity as one long digitiform (more rarely globose) structure or branched in the base to form up to five long lobes (Fig. 2H). Common sperm duct gathers the ducts of many testicular follicles and runs along the atrial surface of each ovary to open close to the oviduct aperture on a small papilla.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D416879A3A5902338DF5A5A4FB14FEAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa De;Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da	Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa De, Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da (2021): Two new species of Styela (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from the tropical West Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4948 (2): 275-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4948.2.7
D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77.text	D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Styela multicarpa Barros & Rocha 2021	<div><p>Styela multicarpa sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1B, 3 and 4)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A511A413-9166-4539-92E8-FDDF59069EB5</p><p>Materials examined. Holotype: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.289722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.29889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.289722/lat -20.29889)">Sty</a> –252, artificial substrate, Yacht Club of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 20º17’56” S 40º17’23” W, March 31, 2017 . Paratypes: Sty–253 e Sty–254, metadata the same of holotype.</p><p>Extra material. ZMA. V. TU.5486, 10 individuals, Puente de la Restinga, Margarita Island, Venezuela, leg: Ruu, all individuals on boulders near Rhizophora, January 11, 1961 .</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the high number of gonads of this species.</p><p>Habitat and distribution. Brazilian specimens were collected from a rope where they attached as a clump of about 8 individuals. The Yacht Club of Vitoria is an urban marine environment. In Venezuela, animals were found in the entrance of a large bay, where many fishing boats are moored. This bay is bordered by mangrove and the water is fully marine.</p><p>External appearance. Individuals are oval, with a leathery tunic with rough appearance and greenish brown color, mainly in the dorsal region, close to the siphons (Figs. 1B and 3A). Specimens are 32–40 mm in length. Some epibionts were observed, such as colonial ascidians, tubular polychaetes, anthozoans and bryozoans.</p><p>Internal morphology. Length without the tunic is 28–29 mm, width is 15–18 mm. The body wall is thick and opaque (Figs. 3B and 3C). The longitudinal muscles are visible in the three Brazilian specimens studied. The oral siphon is apical while the atrial be a little way back on the dorsal side, both of similar lengths, reaching almost 5 mm. In each siphon, four triangular lobes and eight whitish bands are observed. Numerous 10–30 µm long scale-like siphonal spines are present on the internal side of both siphons. They are flattened and triangular shaped in surface view. The free margin is usually irregular with numerous small teeth or smooth (Figs. 3I and 3i).</p><p>Oral tentacles are simple and filiform, 32–62 distributed in four orders of size, and observed at the base of the oral siphon (Fig. 3E). The prepharyngeal groove is formed by a simple blade, with the peritubercular area in a ‘V’ shape. The dorsal tubercle is globular, with a diameter of 0.77–1.3 mm and with a variable-shape opening (Fig. 3E), usually as a ‘U’. The dorsal lamina is simple and continuous until the perioesophageal region, where it moves to the left side of the oesophageal opening, with the lower portion being wider. The pharynx has four well-developed folds on both sides, with 94–103 longitudinal vessels on the right side and 94–101 on the left side (Fig. 3E). There are 7–12 longitudinal stigmata per mesh. Parastigmatic vessels are present. The formula for the longitudinal vessels of the holotype and of the two paratypes follows:</p><p>E6(14)9(17)8(19)7(17)6DL4(18)7(17)7(19)8(15)6 (Holotype)</p><p>E6(12)7(15)8(14)8(17)7DL5(15)9(14)9(15)8(13)6</p><p>E6(14)8(19)6(16)7(16)8DL4(15)8(15)8(18)7(15)5</p><p>The oesophagus is relatively short, slightly curved. The stomach is elongated, 11.9–14.3 mm long, cream colored, with 22–23 internal longitudinal folds, running from the final portion of oesophagus to the beginning of intestine, sometimes visible on the exterior surface. The stomach has a longitudinal flat region along the side touching the body wall, with internal transverse grooves. A ligament is observed between the posterior portion of the stomach and the first loop, but there is no gastric caecum. The intestine is isodiametric and forms primary and secondary loops, secondary loop being wider than the primary (Fig. 3D). The anus opens near the base of the atrial siphon, with a multilobed margin. Short and numerous filiform tentacles are present at the base of the atrial siphon, forming a ring from which at each side of the dorsal mid-line two elongated regions also covered by tentacles project towards the dorsal tubercle. The digestive tube attaches to the body wall through thin ligaments and detaches easily during dissection. Endocarps of varying sizes and normally not abundant protrude from the body wall and, usually, from the first intestinal loop too (Fig. 3H).</p><p>Hermaphroditic gonads are present on both sides, from five to eight on the right side (Figs. 3D and 3F) and from four to five on the left side. The ovary is elongated, cream colored, straight to sinuous in shape with round cross section, usually filled by oocytes of 0.218 –0.228 mm in diameter (Fig. 3F). The length of the ovary is 9.5–17.6 mm on the right side and 7.6–14.3 mm on the left side. The ovaries end with the orifice directed toward the atrial siphon into a free and usually short oviduct. Bifurcations in the ovarian tubes may be present in the middle length of some ovaries. One to three most dorsal ovaries on the left side, usually smaller than the others, are located entirely within the second intestinal loop. Testicular follicles are numerous, whitish and equally distributed beside and close to the ovaries. They are digitiform and very long, sometimes branching at the proximal end to form up to four lobes per follicle (Fig. 3G). The follicles are attached to the body wall by the proximal end only, where a thin sperm duct connects them all to the main tube that runs along the surface of each ovary to open at the beginning of the oviduct in a papilla of varying length.</p><p>The specimens collected in Venezuela have been preserved in ethanol, so they have completely lost their colors (Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C). They are slightly smaller than the Brazilian specimens and accordingly, two small individuals have 12 and 24 oral tentacles, but most have 40–50 (Fig. 4D). The pharynx has fewer stigmata per mesh (5–8), and one large individual had the following vessel formula: E4(13)6(20)6(18)6(23)6DL4(22)6(18)7(15)7(15)6. The number of folds in the stomach wall (23–24) and gonads is like Brazilian specimens (4–6 in the left side and 6–9 in the right side, Fig. 4E), but all individuals had at least one bifurcated ovary. Shape and arrangement of testis follicles is the same (Fig. 4F).</p><p>The phylogenetic reconstruction of available COI sequences of Styela (Fig. 5) was unable to clearly resolve the relationships among the species included in the analyses. However, the phylogenetic tree shows that S. multicarpa sp. nov. and S. panamensis sp. nov. are closely related with S. plicata, S. canopus and S. clava .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D416879A3A5C02368DF5A097FB34FA77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa De;Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da	Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa De, Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da (2021): Two new species of Styela (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from the tropical West Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4948 (2): 275-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4948.2.7
