identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D42387FBDB34FFEF1BB064E7469AC6A1.text	D42387FBDB34FFEF1BB064E7469AC6A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turris grandis (Gray 1834)	<div><p>1. Turris grandis (Gray, 1834) (pl. 1, fig. 1)</p> <p>Pleurotoma grandis (Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834: 599, pl. 23, fig. 1 (find in Powell, 1964).</p> <p>Turris crispa (Lamarck), Hedley, 1922: pl. 215; Tsi Chung­yen et al, 1983: 139; 2004:113, pl. 067, fig. M.</p> <p>Turris crispa crispa (Lamarck), Powell, 1964: 330, Color pl. 181, figs. 9, 10 (not 11, 12); Springsteen F. J. &amp; F. M. Leobrera, 1986: 265, pl. 76, fig. 2, only the lower left one (not the top right one); Olivera, 1999: 297, pl. 1, sp. 1 a, 1b &amp; pl. II, rightmost fig., VI. Leftmost fig.</p> <p>Turris grandis Vera­Peláez J.L., et al, 2000: pl. 7, figs. 8–10.</p> <p>Material examined (1). 2 spms, MBM300232, Xincun (Hainan Is.), CN 55­873, Dec. 26, 1955; (2). 1 spm, MBM 300233, Zhelang (Guangdong Province), CN 80 M­268; (3). 4 spms, MBM300234, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.5/lat 20.25)">Shuidong</a> (Guangdong Province), CN 58 ­M0842, Mar. 10, 1958; (4). 1 spm, CN Q180 B­49, Beibu Gulf, 108 º 30´E, 20 º 15´N, 61.5 m, Apr. 15, 1960, sandy mud, collected by AT, collector Fuzeng Sun; (5). 1 spm, MBM028469, SCS, 113 º 00´E, 20 º 30´N, CN K65 B­ 57, 87 m, collected by AT, collector Xiutong Ma.</p> <p>Diagnosis Shell large, 119.8–148.0 mm in height, sculptured with various sized spiral cords, peripheral keel not prominent. Sinus deep, narrow, on a spiral rib immediately above the peripheral carina.</p> <p>Habitat Sandy mud sediment, at the depth of 61–87 m..</p> <p>Range Guangdong, Beibu Gulf, Hainan, Japan, Philippines.</p> <p>Remarks Before Vera­Pelez J.L., et al (2000) clearly distinguished the two species, they were often confused. In some previously published papers, the two species were confused as same species (Powell, 1966; Springsteen F. J. &amp; F. M. Leobrera, 1986; Okutani, 2000). In China, Tsi Chung­yen et al (1983 &amp; 2004) reported this species as Turris crispa (Larmarck).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D42387FBDB34FFEF1BB064E7469AC6A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Baoquan;Li, Xinzheng	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2007): An account of the Genus Turris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Turridae) from the East and South China Seas. Zootaxa 1397: 63-68
D42387FBDB34FFEC1BB0604A406CC10E.text	D42387FBDB34FFEC1BB0604A406CC10E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turris crispa (Larmarck 1816)	<div><p>2. Turris crispa (Lamarck, 1816) (pl. 1, figs. 2, 3)</p> <p>Pleurotoma crispa Lamarck, 1816: 8, pl. 439, fig. 4; Reeve, 1843: pl. 2, fig. 11.</p> <p>Pleurotoma gracillima Weinkauff, 1875: 26, pl. 5, figs. 4, 5.</p> <p>Turris crispa crispa (Lamarck), Powell, 1964: 330, Color pl. 181, figs. 11, 12 (not figs. 9, 10); Springsteen F. J. &amp; F. M. Leobrera, 1986: 265, pl. 76, fig. 2, only the top right one (not the lower left one).</p> <p>Turris crispa (Lamarck), Vera­Pelez J.L., et al, 2000: pl. 7, figs. 11–13.</p> <p>Material examined 1 spm, MBM300236, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.86667/lat 7.4)">Nansha Islands</a>, 104º 52´E, 7º 24´N, CN SSVIIIB 8­16, 44 m depth, muddy sand, AT, Jun. 9, 1990.</p> <p>Diagnosis Shell of medium size, 55.5 mm in height, elongated and narrowly fusiform, very slim, with a long and straight siphonal canal. Teleoconch of 11–12 whorls, protoconch broken; spire slightly taller than the height of the aperture plus canal; sculpture of the spire whorls consisting of a subsutural sharp spiral cord, followed by a deeply excavated area between the subsutural cord and the terraced sinus cord, with 3–4 fine spiral threads in the concave area. Next comes the sharply terraced sinus cord and the prominent sharply peripheral carina. Below this is a relatively strong spiral cord and a deeply concave area with two additional spiral threads in it. The prominent peripheral carina is at the middle of the whorl. Shell also with dense axial lamellate threads. Aperture shorter than the spire, outer lip thin; siphonal canal long and straight. Colour cream white, finely speckled with light brown, but the brown speckles not connected vertically, on the subsutural cord the brown speckles are regularly spaced while those on the body whorl are sparse, inner part of outer lip white.</p> <p>Habitat Muddy sand, 44 m depth.</p> <p>Range Nansha Islands; Philippines.</p> <p>Remarks This species usually was mistaken as Turris grandis (Gray, 1834) in most of the published papers until Vera­Pelez J.L., et al (2000) clearly distinguished the two species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D42387FBDB34FFEC1BB0604A406CC10E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Baoquan;Li, Xinzheng	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2007): An account of the Genus Turris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Turridae) from the East and South China Seas. Zootaxa 1397: 63-68
D42387FBDB37FFEC1BB064DF40D3C4A8.text	D42387FBDB37FFEC1BB064DF40D3C4A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turris annulata (Reeve 1843)	<div><p>3. Turris annulata (Reeve, 1843) (pl. 1, fig. 4)</p> <p>Pleurotoma annulata Reeve, 1843: pl. 5, fig. 35.</p> <p>Turris fagina Adams and Reeve, Yen, 1941: 238, pl. 25, fig. 184.</p> <p>Turris annulata (Reeve), Powell, 1964: 333, Color pl. 181, fig. 19 &amp; pl. 254; Olivera, 1999: 301, pl. 1, sp. 9 &amp; Pl. X; Vera­Pelez J.L., et al, 2000: pl. 7, figs. 5–7.</p> <p>Material examined 1 spm, MBM119714, ECS, 126º 00´E, 27º 30´N, CN V498 B­ 20, 131 m, Jul. 5, 1976, fine sand, collected by AT, collector Fengshan Xu.</p> <p>Diagnosis Shell large, 72.5 mm in height, spiral cord relatively broad and smooth, suture obvious and deep, sinus narrow and deep. Shell light yellow, without spots and axial streaks.</p> <p>Habitat 131 m in depth, fine sand sediment.</p> <p>Range East China Sea; Philippines.</p> <p>Remarks Powell (1966) proposed a new subgenus Annulaturris in genus Turris for this species. However, after carefully examining the specimen, we found many obvious differences from typical Turris species. First, the sinus is not on a spiral rib immediately above the peripheral carina, while the diagnostic characteristic of genus Turris as defined by Powell (1966) is that the sinus is on a spiral rib immediately above the peripheral carina; second, the spiral cords are relatively smooth and broad over the entire shell surface, and the peripheral cord is not obviously bigger than others, unlike in Turris species; furthermore, Powell (1966) noted that the radular morphology of subgenus Annulaturis was different from that of other species in the genus Turris.</p> <p>Olivera (1999) also doubted the taxonomic level of subgenus Annulaturris. He had realized the difference between Turris annulata and other typical Turris species. He mentioned that this species might be in genus Gemmula or be apart of a distinctive transitional group intermediate between Gemmula and Turris. He also suggested that the species might belong to the American genus Polystira because of the similarity of shell structure. In our opinion, although the shell form of this species is similar to that of in genus Gemmula, Polystira and Lophiotoma, it still can be easily separated from them. As defined by Powell (1966), the diagnostic feature of Gemmula is the peripheral keel mostly double, often flanged and always studded with gemmules, often cog­like in vertically studded pairs; sinus on the peripheral carina. Lophiotoma species also have a deep and narrow sinus on the peripheral keel. For genus Polystira, we had no specimen to check, but according to Powell (1966) ’s description and illustration, I can’t affirm the validity of placing this species in genus Polystira. In our opinion, it might be appropriate to upgrade the subgenus Annulaturris to genus level. Unfortunately, because we just have one empty shell, some other diagnostic features, such as the radula and operculum, are not available. So, we still tentatively place this species in genus Turris.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D42387FBDB37FFEC1BB064DF40D3C4A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Baoquan;Li, Xinzheng	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2007): An account of the Genus Turris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Turridae) from the East and South China Seas. Zootaxa 1397: 63-68
D42387FBDB31FFEA1BB066FF46C3C150.text	D42387FBDB31FFEA1BB066FF46C3C150.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turris normandavidsoni Olivera 1999	<div><p>4. Turris normandavidsoni Olivera, 1999 (pl. 1, fig. 5)</p> <p>Turris normandavidsoni Olivera, 1999: 300, pl. 1, sp. 3 &amp; pl. III.</p> <p>Material examined 1 spm, MBM119713, SCS, 109º 00´E, 18º 15´N, CN N157 B­ 47, 22 m, Mar. 12, 1960, muddy fine sand, collected by AT, collector Shoupeng Shen.</p> <p>Diagnosis Shell large, 78.4 mm in height, narrowly fusiform, subsutural cord prominent, sinus cord terraced, between subsutural cord and terraced sinus cord with excavated light brown zone. Ornamented with dark brown spots on the ribs.</p> <p>Habitat 22 m in depth, muddy fine sand sediment.</p> <p>Range South China Sea; Philippines.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D42387FBDB31FFEA1BB066FF46C3C150	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Baoquan;Li, Xinzheng	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2007): An account of the Genus Turris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Turridae) from the East and South China Seas. Zootaxa 1397: 63-68
D42387FBDB31FFEA1BB064FA47A3C6AE.text	D42387FBDB31FFEA1BB064FA47A3C6AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Turris undosa (Lamarck 1816)	<div><p>5. Turris undosa (Lamarck, 1816) (pl. 1, fig. 6)</p> <p>Pleurotoma undosa Lamarck, 1816: 8, pl. 439, fig. 5.</p> <p>Pleurotoma undosa Lamarck, Kiener, 1839 –40: 13, pl. 3, fig. 2; Reeve, 1843: pl. 3, sp. 18; Tryon, 1884: 166, pl. 3, fig. 21.</p> <p>Turris undosa (Lamarck), Vera­Pelez J.L., et al, 2000: pl. 4, figs. 4–6.</p> <p>Turris nadaensis (Azuma), Olivera, 1999: 309, pl. 1, sp. 11, the “Angular” form.</p> <p>Material examined (1). 4 spms, MBM300235, SCS, 108º 30´E, 18º 15´N, CN N219 B­ 60, 54 m, May. 16, 1960, coarse sand and shell debris, collector Jixing Liu; (2). 1 spm, MBM208551, Beibu Gulf, 108º 00´E, 19º 30´N, CN X15 B­ 61, 60 m, Dec. 6, 1959, muddy sand, collector Xiutong Ma.</p> <p>Diagnosis Shell medium­sized, 44.2–69.2 mm in height, spire whorls sharply angulate, subsutural fold weak, sinus rib prominent and above the peripheral carina. Shell ornamented with yellowish­brown axial streaks.</p> <p>Habitat Deep water species, coarse sand and muddy sand sediment.</p> <p>Range Beibu Gulf; Japan, Philippines.</p> <p>Remarks This species is closely similar to T. nadaensis, and often confused in some published papers. Our specimens are very similar to the angular form of Olivera (1999), which was tentatively assigned to T. nadaensis, but he mentioned that the angular form is different from both T. nadaensis and T. undosa. Olivera (1999) also suggested the angular form need more specimens to determine its systematic position. Vera­Pelez J.L., et al (2000) provided three clear figures of T. undosa (pl. 4, figs. 4–6) collected from Philippines that are identical to our specimens, so we identified our specimens as T. undosa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D42387FBDB31FFEA1BB064FA47A3C6AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Baoquan;Li, Xinzheng	Li, Baoquan, Li, Xinzheng (2007): An account of the Genus Turris species (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Turridae) from the East and South China Seas. Zootaxa 1397: 63-68
