identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5.text	D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus signifer (Girard 1853)	<div><p>Physalaemus signifer clade</p><p>Species in this clade usually have A calls with low fundamental frequency, below 500 Hz (except P. bokermanni; see below). Usually the fundamental band is absent or with very low energy, barely visible in audiospectrograms (all species except some calls of P. irroratus, P. obtectus, and P. nanus). Most of the species (66.6 %) have more than one call type. Nonlinear phenomena, subharmonics and deterministic chaos, are common in the clade (see P. angrensis, P. atlanticus, P. bokermanni, P. camacan, P. crombiei, P. irroratus, P. moreirae, P. nanus, P. obtectus, P. signifer, and P. spiniger) even though usually restricted to parts of some calls (i.e., polymorphic in presence and position; vs. present in all calls in the same call positions in species of P. cuvieri clade). Eight species ( P. angrensis, P. atlanticus, P. bokermanni, P. crombiei, P. irroratus, P. moreirae, P. nanus, and P. obtectus) have calls with strong PAM, with silence periods between pulses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9.text	D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner 1863)	<div><p>Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note usually emitted in sequences of three or four calls (Fig. 3A and B), but longer sequences, with dozens of calls, can be sporadically emitted.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 3 A–F and 4A). We examined 15 recordings, a total of 21 minutes, with ca. 5500 calls from 28 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.057 to 0.074 s. The abrupt call rise is much shorter than the call fall, which is more gradual; the amplitude peak is within the first third of the call’s duration (usually at the very beginning of the call). The envelope of the call resembles a triangle pointed right. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated at the first 26 % of the call duration (Fig. 3C, E). The call has no PAM. The call is composed of clear harmonics (Fig. 3D, F, 4A). The fundamental frequency is around 330 Hz and it is usually present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency of the calls varies from 703 to 1031 Hz. Within each call, the dominant harmonic varies from the first to third, but it is usually the second or third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1050 Hz (often, two harmonics). Frequency modulations are very subtle in this species. Nonetheless, the frequency bands have a general downward FM with a slight rapid up-downward FM at the beginning and a short down or upward FM at the end. There is no PFM (Fig. 3D, F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFFFFFECBE8BFB22FD35FD5D.text	D435E640FFFFFFECBE8BFB22FD35FD5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus maculiventris (A. Lutz 1925)	<div><p>Physalaemus maculiventris (A. Lutz, 1925)</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were common in recordings in which several males were more active and calling close to each other. Calls B are commonly observed after overlapping periods of A calls. Call B resembles a long call A with higher fundamental frequency, pulse-PAM rate, and stronger PFM.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 5 A–D and 4B). We examined two recordings, a total of six minutes, with ca. 400 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.172 to 0.260 s. The rise of the call is longer than the fall; the amplitude peak is approximately at the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. Since both rise and fall are relatively similar in slope and not too different in duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (Fig. 5A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a subtle PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 5C). The rate of the PAM is ca. 39 Hz, forming ca. six amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call is composed of usually clear harmonics (Fig. 4B), however, eventual decreases of the wave periodicity make the harmonics less clear. The fundamental frequency is approximately 220 Hz and it can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 820 to 1510 Hz (Fig. 5B, D). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the sixth, but it is usually the fifth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1500 Hz (often comprising five harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a rapid up-downward FM at the beginning forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward-FM segment at the end (Fig. 5B). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 5D).</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>...Continued on the next page</p><p>Call B (Fig. 5 E–F and 6A). We examined one recording, a total of one minute, with six calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.375 to 0.675 s. The call rise is longer than the fall with a long regular sustain or shallow valley separating them; the shallow valley yields two amplitude peaks at the beginning and end of the call. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the call duration (i.e., second amplitude peak). Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the peaks, the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 5E). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the peaks; Fig. 5E). The rate of the PAM is ca. 32 Hz, forming ca. 13 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 6A). Usually the harmonics are clear, however, eventual decreases of the wave periodicity make the harmonics less clear. Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks, of some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 123 Hz; see Table 2), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001). The fundamental frequency is usually ca. 240 Hz and it can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1030 to 1310 Hz (Fig. 5F). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the eighth, but it is usually the fourth or the fifth harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (ca. three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a up-downward FM segment at the beginning forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM segment at the end (Fig. 5F). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 5E, F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFFFFFECBE8BFB22FD35FD5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD0FFEDBE8BFF32FCCFFED6.text	D435E640FFD0FFEDBE8BFF32FCCFFED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus deimaticus	<div><p>Physalaemus deimaticus species group</p><p>The two species analyzed have a call A with low fundamental frequency (&lt;300 Hz) and short duration (&lt;0.2 s). Calls are usually emitted in long series with short and regular intercall intervals. Frequency bands of the calls are not clear due to the signal aperiodicity (deterministic chaos).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD0FFEDBE8BFF32FCCFFED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD0FFEEBE8BFEDAFDC5FBA5.text	D435E640FFD0FFEEBE8BFEDAFDC5FBA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus erythros Caramaschi, Feio & Guimaraes 2003	<div><p>Physalaemus erythros Caramaschi, Feio &amp; Guimarães, 2003</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. B calls were commonly observed after overlapping periods of calls A. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, presence of pulse-PAM and PFM. Additionally, the envelope of A calls is elliptic whereas that of the B calls is triangular or rectangular.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 7 A–D and 4D). We examined 21 recordings, a total of 56 minutes, with ca. 4900 calls from 15 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.041 to 0.077 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration, rendering an elliptic call envelope; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise is steeper. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (Fig. 7A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 4D). The harmonics are very close to each other and hardly distinguished due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 250 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1020 to 1160 Hz (Fig. 7B, D). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the tenth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 300 and 2000 Hz (ca. seven harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call.</p><p>Call B (Fig. 7 E–J and 6B). We examined eight recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with 93 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.200 to 0.875 s. The call rise is abrupt and a little shorter than the fall, which is also very short but gradual. The call has a long sustain. The amplitude is usually regular throughout the call (Fig. 7H). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the end of the call (Fig. 7E, G). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (Fig. 7E, G, H). Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks, the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (Fig. 7H) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 7E, G). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a weak to intermediate PAM (there is no silence interval between the peaks; Fig. 7E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 27 Hz, forming ca. 13 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The envelope of this PAM cycles is variable but the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 6B). Usually the harmonics are clear, however, eventual decrease in the wave periodicity makes the harmonics less clear with deterministic chaos regimes. Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks in some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see Table 2), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001). The fundamental frequency is around 250 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 840 to 1780 Hz (Fig. 7F, I, J). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the third and fourth harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (three to four harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 7F, I, J). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 7 E–J).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD0FFEEBE8BFEDAFDC5FBA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15.text	D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus rupestris Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio 1991	<div><p>Physalaemus rupestris Caramaschi, Carcerelli &amp; Feio, 1991</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration and pulse- PAM with irregular silence intervals. Additionally, the envelope of call A is elliptic or triangular whereas that of call B is triangular or rectangular.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 8 A–D and 4D). We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 18 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration ranges from 0.057 to 0.149 s. The call rise is similar in duration or shorter than the fall; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise has an exponential shape. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first sixth of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 8A, C, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 28 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 8D). In those calls the rate of this PAM is ca. 15 Hz, always forming two pulses. The envelope of these pulses is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually ca. 1.5 times longer than the first (Fig. 8C). The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 4D). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 225 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1890 to 2550 Hz (Fig. 8B). The dominant harmonic varies from the fifth to the 38 th harmonic, but it is usually the eighth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1200 and 2800 Hz (ca. six harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call.</p><p>Call B (Fig. 8 E–F and 6C). We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with ca. 10 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration ranges from 1.269 to 1.727 s. Both call rise and fall are very short and abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude decreases gradually throughout this segment, from the amplitude peak until the end of it. The amplitude peak is at the very beginning of the call duration. The slope of the sustain makes the envelope of the call triangular (pointed right; Fig. 8E). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 8E, F). The rate of the PAM is considerably irregular with an average of ca. 19 Hz, forming ca. 30 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable but it is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually ca. 3.5 times longer than the others. The call is composed of harmonics (Fig. 6C). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency, short pulse duration, and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call (deterministic chaos regimes). Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks, of some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see Table 2), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001). The fundamental frequency is around 130 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2060 to 2560 Hz (Fig. 8F). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 57 th, but it is usually around the 15 th harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1700 and 4100 Hz (up to 20 harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call (Fig. 8F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69.text	D435E640FFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus signifer (Girard 1853)	<div><p>Physalaemus signifer species group</p><p>Several species in this group have pulsed call ( P. angrensis, P. atlanticus, P. bokermanni, P. crombiei, P. irroratus, P. moreirae, P. nanus, and P. obtectus) and show nonlinear regimes (acoustic features more complex than usually expected for simple oscillators; see Material and Methods above) such as subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and frequency jumps ( P. angrensis, P. atlanticus, P. bokermanni, P. camacan, P. crombiei, P. irroratus, P. moreirae, P. nanus, P. obtectus, P. signifer, and P. spiniger). All species, except P. bokermanni, have at least one call with structures long enough to make them sound, to the human ear, as nasal-like whines with high timbre; due to the energy concentrated in higher and dense harmonics.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69.text	D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus camacan Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano 2005	<div><p>Physalaemus camacan Pimenta, Cruz &amp; Silvano, 2005</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM. It is spectrally polymorphic with clear harmonics, sidebands, and deterministic-chaos regime.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 9 A–D and 4E–F). We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with ca. 130 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.676 to 0.980 s. The call rise is gradual and longer than the call fall, which is more abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude of the call is regular throughout the call (Fig. 9A). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the amplitude peak at the end of the call (Fig. 9C). The amplitude peak is at around four fifths of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (Fig. 9A) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 9C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (with no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 9A, C). The rate of the PAM is ca. 13 Hz, forming ca. 10 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The calls can have two different spectral patterns (Fig. 4E, F). The bands of one of these patterns (Fig. 9B) are multiple of each other and were considered harmonics. The fundamental frequency of this series is ca. 400 Hz (Fig. 9B). In the other spectral pattern (Fig. 9D), there is a series of bands with fundamental frequency of ca. 100 Hz, which varies continuously and the bands are not integral multiple of each other. The bands of this 100 Hz series seem to be sidebands (i.e., 100 Hz wave as the modulating signal) with the 410 Hz series as the carrier signal (Fig. 9D). In most calls, the sidebands are the only bands noticeable. In these calls, the bands are not very clear since there is considerably deterministic chaos (Fig. 9D) due to the irregularity of the wave periods of the 100 Hz signal. In the calls where the 400 Hz series are evident, the harmonics are clear due to the higher fundamental frequency and the more regularity (periodicity) of the wave periods. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1380 to 1660 Hz (Fig. 9B). Considering the 400 Hz series, the dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 1800 Hz. This bandwidth corresponds to two harmonics of the 400-Hz series. The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 9B). There is a PFM in the parts of the call where the bands are clear (Fig. 9B). This PFM is synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (Fig. 9A, B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D.text	D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus obtectus Bokermann 1966	<div><p>Physalaemus obtectus Bokermann, 1966</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, however deterministic-chaos regimes can be present at the beginning of the pulses where jumps of the fundamental frequency are common.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 10 A–J and 4G). We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with ca. 280 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.415 to 0.553 s. Usually, call rise and fall durations are similar, both resembling logarithmic shape; the amplitude peak is at around (usually just before) the middle of the call duration (Fig. 10A, D, E, F). However, some calls have an exponential or linear rise, followed by a long sustain and an abrupt fall (Fig. 10C). In calls with rise and fall similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is symmetric (Fig. 10A, D, E, F), whereas in calls with sustain the envelope is rectangular or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 10C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has pulse-PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 10 A–J). The rate of the PAM is ca. 9 Hz, forming ca. four pulses throughout the call. The pulses of the first half of the call have rise similar to fall and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. On the other hand, the pulses of the second half have rises sharper and shorter than falls, which are more gradual, with amplitude peaks at the beginning of the pulses (Fig. 10A, D, E, F). In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others (Fig. 10E). There is a long silence interval between the pulses, equivalent to ca. 1.5 times the pulse duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 4G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Most of the wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmoncis, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and end of the pulses (Fig. 10H, I). At the same parts of the pulse, the low fundamental frequency can lead to the wave peaks to be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1210 to 1230 Hz (Fig. 10B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the seventh, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (often, two or three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (Fig. 10B, G, I, J). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e., each pulse has an up-downward FM (Fig. 10A, B, D–F, H–J).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5.text	D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus irroratus Cruz, Nascimento & Feio 2007	<div><p>Physalaemus irroratus Cruz, Nascimento &amp; Feio, 2007</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, and some pulses have PFM, which is synchronic and directly proportional to the slight PAM.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 11 A–F and 4H). We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with 29 calls from two males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.489 to 0.954 s. The call rise and fall durations are similar; both are usually linear-shaped. In some calls, the rise and/or fall can be more abrupt and have a logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration, except in calls with very few pulses (e.g., two pulses). Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (Fig. 11A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 11 A–F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 6 Hz, forming ca. four pulses throughout the call. Usually, pulses have an abrupt rise, shorter than fall, which is more gradual, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 11A, C, D). However, the first pulses of the longer calls have rises similar to falls and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others. There is a long silence interval between pulses, ca. 5.5 times the pulse duration (Fig. 11A, C, D). Some pulses have an internal slight PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 4H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 400 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and at the end of the pulses, or even in the entire pulse (usually the last one). Short pulses can be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (first pulse in Fig. 11A). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1250 to 1720 Hz (Fig. 11B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the ninth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1300 and 2000 Hz (often, three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (Fig. 11B). There is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e., each pulse has an up-downward FM (Fig. 11F). Additionally, another PFM is present within some pulses and it is directly proportional to the synchronic slight PAM within the pulses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD.text	D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus nanus (Boulenger 1888)	<div><p>Physalaemus nanus (Boulenger, 1888)</p><p>We found three different calls, referred to as call A, B, and C (Fig. 12). Calls B and C were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B is shorter than Call A with a lower fundamental frequency, irregular FM segments, and absence of pulse-PAM. Call C is composed of two notes, the first and the second notes are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 12 E–H and 13A). We examined 20 recordings, a total of 77 minutes, with ca. 3500 calls from 33 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.178 to 0.218 s. The call envelope is variable; however, calls often have rise, a regular sustain (or shallow valley), and falls sections. Call rise and fall are usually gradual and linear but they can have different durations, being long or abrupt. The amplitude peak of the calls measured here is at around the end of the first fourth of the call duration (Fig. 12A, C, D, E). The envelope of the call can be elliptic (Fig. 12A, D), rectangular (Fig. 12E), or triangular (Fig. 12C). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 12 A–H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 28 Hz, forming ca. five pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is also highly variable; however, the middle pulses tend to have amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse with similar rise and fall. Often, the first pulse has very little amplitude and the last pulse is the longest one (Fig. 12C, D, F, G). Silence intervals are present between pulses, slightly shorter than pulse duration (Fig. 12 A–H). Some pulses have a down-upward AM at the middle of their durations, yielding two amplitude peaks per pulse. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13A). The fundamental frequency varies from 620 to 1100 Hz and the band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics can be present at the beginning and end of the pulses and jumps of the fundamental frequency can happen at the end of the call (fourth pulse in Fig. 12B). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2240 to 2540 Hz (Fig. 12B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fourth one, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 1800 and 2800 Hz (ca. two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general and slight downward FM throughout the call (Fig. 12B). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 12 A–H).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 12 I–N and 6D). We examined five recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with ca. 40 calls from 13 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.027 to 0.090 s. Often, the call rise is longer than the fall, both exponential; there is a long regular sustain (or shallow valley) between them. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (Fig. 12I, K, L). The envelope of the call varied from rectangular (Fig. 12K) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 12I, L). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 31 % of the component duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 6D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 300 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, harmonics are not very clear with considerably deterministic chaos in some parts of the call (Fig. 12N). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics (Fig. 12N). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1680 to 1850 Hz (Fig. 12J). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 41 st, but it is usually the ninth or tenth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 1300 and 2200 Hz (three or four harmonics). The frequency bands can have a general down or upward FM throughout the call with either short down or upward FM at the end (Fig. 12J, M, N). Some calls have no clear general FM. Additionally, some calls have a subtle PFM throughout the call (Fig. 12J, M, N).</p><p>Call C (Fig. 12 O–T and 6E). We examined 16 recordings, a total of 60 minutes, with ca. 200 calls from 28 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Calls are composed of two notes, the first and the second are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively. Call duration varies from 0.188 to 0.311 s. The amplitude, temporal, and spectral traits of the components are similar to those described above. However, the first note can have more pulses and the envelope of the second note has steeper rise and fall in call C (Fig. 12O, Q, R). Although the amplitude decreases at the transition between notes, their limits are not clear (Fig. 12Q, R). At this transition, there is a decrease in the fundamental frequency and wave peaks emitted at low repetition rates (e.g., 90 Hz) are shown as clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; Fig. 12P) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (e.g., below 90 Hz). This rate gets faster until the beginning of the center of the second note. In C calls, the harmonics of the second note usually have a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end of the call (Fig. 12P but see Fig. 12S, T).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B.text	D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro 1926)	<div><p>Physalaemus spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B has two very different components. The first component is similar to call A, whereas the second one is composed of nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 14 A–L and 13B). We examined 16 recordings, a total of 43 minutes, with ca. 800 calls from 12 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.221 to 0.492 s. The envelope of the call is highly variable (Fig. 14A, C–G). Often, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and vary from linear to exponential shape; there is a long regular sustain or a shallow valley connecting them (Fig. 14A, C). The amplitude peak of the calls is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope of the call can be elliptic (Fig. 14D, F), rectangular (Fig. 14A, C), or triangular (Fig. 14E, G) depending on the shape of the sustain. There can be a short and deep amplitude valley at the beginning of the call (Fig. 14G). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency of the call varies from 1120 to 1981 Hz (Fig. 14B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 1700 Hz (ca. two or three harmonics). The call usually has a general upward FM (Fig. 14I, J, K), a few calls have downward FM (Fig. 14B, H, L). Additionally, many calls have a rapid up-downward FM at their outset, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 14B, J, K, L). In calls with short amplitude valleys the bands have down-upward FM, synchronically to the valley (Fig. 14L). Some calls showed a slight PFM (Fig. 14I, J).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 14 M–P and 6F). We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with seven calls from three males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.376 to 0.512 s. The call rise and fall are short and similar in duration; there is a long irregular sustain (Fig. 14M, O). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. Shallow amplitude valleys are present yielding secondary amplitude peaks at the beginning and end of the call. The envelope of the call is somewhat rectangular (Fig. 14M, O). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 6F). The call has two different components. The traits of the first component are similar to those of the call A, whereas in the second component, the harmonics can be not well defined due to deterministic chaos (high irregularity of the wave periods; Fig. 14N, P). Subharmonics are common in the second component of the call (Fig. 14N, P). The fundamental frequency is ca. 290 Hz. Although the amplitude often decreases slightly at the transition between components, their limits can be unclear in oscillograms (Fig. 14M). The dominant frequency of the call varies from 1163 to 1723 Hz (Fig. 14N). The dominant harmonic of the second component varies from the third to the 12 th, but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth. There is a slight increase in the relative energy of the higher harmonics throughout the call (Fig. 14N, P). Most of the second component’s energy is between 1200 and 2000 Hz (ca. three harmonics). The general FM is usually downward, with no additional FM at the end (Fig. 14N, P). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 14N). In highly variable calls, and mainly along the second component, there can be several parts with irregular up and downward FM mirroring the AM direction (Fig. 14N, P).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81.text	D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus crombiei Heyer & Wolf 1989	<div><p>Physalaemus crombiei Heyer &amp; Wolf, 1989</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were observed in recordings in which males emitted A calls with very long durations. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. A calls have pulses separated by silence intervals whereas B calls have not. Moreover, B calls have a general upward FM and FM segments (periodic or not) stronger than those of A calls.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 15 A–J and 13C). We examined nine recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with ca. 900 calls from 18 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.319 to 0.774 s. The call rise and fall durations are usually similar to each other and they can be gradual or abrupt, linear or logarithmic; there is a long sustain (Fig. 15A, C, D, E). This segment can be slightly concave or convex (Fig. 15D, E, respectively). The amplitude peak is often at around (usually just after) the middle of the call duration. Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (Fig. 15E) but can be rectangular (Fig. 15C, D) or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 15A) depending on the shape of sustained segment and the position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 15 A–J). The rate of this PAM is ca. 25 Hz, forming ca. nine pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the rise of the pulses is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the pulse duration (Fig. 15F). The last pulse has the inverse envelope with amplitude peak at its outset (Fig. 15F). In some calls, the last pulse is notably longer than the others (Fig. 15A, B, C, E, F, G, I, J). Silence intervals are present between pulses, ca. tenfold shorter than pulse duration (Fig. 15 A–J). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 370 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are very regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present between the first pulses. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1010 to 1380 Hz (Fig. 15B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fourth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 900 and 1300 Hz (two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 15B, G, H, I). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 15B, G, H, I, J).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 15 K–N and 16A). We examined one recording, a total of five minutes, with two calls from one male. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.709 to 0.945 s. The envelope of the call is variable; call rise and fall are short. There can be more than one sustain, with different amplitudes (Fig. 15K, M). Usually, the first has lower amplitude (Fig. 15K). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or beginning of the call duration. The envelope can be classified as elliptic, triangular (pointed right; Fig. 15M) or rectangular (Fig. 15K). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. One call clearly shows a section with a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 15K). The rate of this PAM is ca. 19 Hz, forming ca. seven emphasized peaks at the middle of the call duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 340 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. One call shows a sudden jump of the fundamental frequency at the end of the call. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1020 to 1160 Hz (Fig. 15L). The dominant harmonic is the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 2000 Hz (ca. five harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 15L, N). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM where it is present (15K–N).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15.text	D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus signifer (Girard 1853)	<div><p>Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853)</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were recorded in agonistic contexts (M. Bilate, personal communication). Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B tends to be longer and with lower fundamental frequency than Call A. Calls B have strong FM segments and nonlinear regimes, such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 17 A–L and 13D). We examined 68 recordings, a total of 213 minutes, with ca. 5800 calls from 135 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.453 to 0.579 s. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar to each other in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall (Fig. 17A, C, D, F). Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain (Fig. 17A, C, D, E, F, G). Usually it has a convex shape it can be quite irregular with periods of concave (amplitude valley) and convex shapes (Fig. 17E, D, respectively). In some calls the rise and the sustain can be fused. The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (Fig. 17A, C, E, F). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic (Fig. 17D), rectangular (Fig. 17F, G), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 17A, C, E) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 17 C, E, G). The rate of the PAM is ca. 50 Hz, forming ca. 22 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 280 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics are present at the very end of some calls. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 860 to 1550 Hz (Fig. 17B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1000 Hz (two harmonics). Usually, the call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 17B, H, I, J, K, L). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 17L). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (Fig. 17C, E, G, H, J, L).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 17 M–R and 16B). We examined two recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 64 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.883 to 1.355 s. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall. Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain, usually very irregular, with several amplitude peaks (Fig. 17M, O, P). The highest amplitude peak is at around the end of the first nine tenths of the call duration (see below; Fig. 17M, O, P). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic, rectangular, or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 17M, O, P) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 40 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks; Fig. 17M). Amplitude peaks are variable in intensity and some of them can show high amplitude. Usually, that is the case of the last peak, where the amplitude peak of the call is. The rate of the PAM is ca. 19 Hz even though highly variable, forming ca. 14 peaks throughout the call. The cycle ride and fall are usually similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some parts of the call can have poorly distinguished harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the high irregularity of the wave periods (Fig. 17Q). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call; Fig. 17Q). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics, usually at their ends (Fig. 17N). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 840 to 950 Hz (Fig. 17N). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1200 Hz (two or three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 17N, Q, R). Additionally, there is a remarkable PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM where the latter is present (Fig. 17 M–R).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5.text	D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus bokermanni Cardoso & Haddad 1985	<div><p>Physalaemus bokermanni Cardoso &amp; Haddad, 1985</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling at the same night. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and pulses (i.e., pulse-PAM). Call B has two notes while Call A has only one. The first note of call B is similar to that of call A. The second note of call B is much longer than that of call A and has an envelope with a long and gradual rise.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 18 A–D and 13E). We examined eight recordings, a total of 12 minutes, with ca. 650 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.177 to 0.197 s. The call rise is linear or logarithmic-shaped and longer than the fall, which is usually abrupt and logarithmic-shaped; the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (Fig. 18A). The envelope of the call is elliptic or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 18A, C). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 41 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 18 A–D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 35 Hz, forming ca. six pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 18C). The first one or two pulses have much lower amplitude than the others (Fig. 18A). Often, the second and the last pulses are the longest (Fig. 18A, B). Silence intervals are present between pulses, ca. fivefold longer than pulse duration. The first interval is usually much shorter than the others (Fig. 18 A–D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 780 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals (Fig. 18B, D). Some pulses can have not very clear harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the irregularity of the wave periods (Fig. 18B, D). There are jumps of the fundamental frequency between pulses in some calls. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2840 to 3660 Hz (Fig. 18B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the 10 th, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 2600 and 3900 Hz (ca. three harmonics). Usually, there is no clear general FM throughout the call, however, in some calls the first two pulses have their energy concentrated in lower frequency bands, making the general FM of the call upward (Fig. 18B).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 18 E–H and 16C). We examined three recordings, a total of six minutes, with 35 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.947 to 1.868 s and the call has two different notes. Duration of the second note is ca. 1.0 s. The amplitude, temporal and spectral traits of the first note resemble those of call A, although in call B the first note often has more abrupt rise and fall (Fig. 18E). Usually, there is a silence interval between the notes (Fig. 18E, F). However, in some calls, this interval is perceptible only as a decrease in amplitude. The rise of the second note is logarithmic-shaped and shorter than fall, which is gradual, almost linear; the amplitude peak of the note is at the end of the first tenth of the note duration (Fig. 18E). Due to the very short rise and the long and gradual fall, the envelope of the component B is triangular (pointed right; Fig. 18E). More than 50 % of the energy of the compound call is concentrated in ca. 34 % of the duration around the amplitude peak. Both notes have a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 18 E–H). The rate of the PAM is similar to that of the call A, ca. 30 Hz, yielding 28 pulses throughout the call. The rate of the PAM is less regular in the second note than in the first one. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (Fig. 18G). Some pulses can be twofold longer than the others. At the beginning of the second note the ratio between the silence interpulse-interval and pulse duration is similar to that in component A. The interval becomes longer (pulse duration remains the same) towards the end of the call (i.e., pulse-PAM rate decreases), mainly after the first fourth of the second-note duration (Fig. 18E, G). Spectral traits of the second note are similar to those of call A (Fig. 18F, H; see some quantitative differences in Table 2). There is no general FM in component B (Fig. 18F, H).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1.text	D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus angrensis Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva 2006	<div><p>Physalaemus angrensis Weber, Gonzaga &amp; Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B has no PAM. Moreover, call B has a stronger general upward FM. Call B can have irregular FM segments and jumps of the fundamental frequency (vs. absent in call A).</p><p>Call A (Fig. 19 A–H and 13F). We examined nine recordings, a total of 32 minutes, with ca. 800 calls from 19 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.431 to 0.605 s. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelopes; see below; Fig. 19D). In calls where the limits are perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both have a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long sustain, which can have shallow valleys and short slopes (concave and convex shapes, respectively; Fig. 19A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 19D) to rectangular (Fig. 19A) depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 37 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 58 Hz, yielding ca. 30 pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the pulse rise is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is around two thirds of the pulse duration. The last pulse has the opposite envelope with amplitude peak at the beginning (Fig. 19E). The first pulses can have much lower amplitude than the others. The last pulse is the longest. There are short silence intervals between pulses, which can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses; Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H). Intervals are usually eightfold longer than the pulse durations. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13F). The fundamental frequency is at ca. 410 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1590 to 1780 Hz (Fig. 19B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 1200 and 1900 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM (Fig. 19B, G). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is usually directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 19E, H). Calls are usually emitted in short sequences with up to ten calls each (Fig. 19C, F).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 19 I–L and 16D). We examined three recordings, a total of 18 minutes, with ca. 150 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.309 to 0.353 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic-shaped). There is a sustain, which has shallow valleys, usually at its beginning and end (Fig. 19I, K). The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (Fig. 19I, K). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 19I, K). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 320 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1080 to 1310 Hz (Fig. 19J). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1400 Hz (two harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with short downward FM at the end (Fig. 19J, L). The sustain has an up-downward FM (Fig. 19J, L). There is clear PFM in some parts of the call. Additionally, several calls have parts with irregular up and downward FM, usually, inversely proportional to the AM directions (Fig. 19 I–L).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED.text	D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus atlanticus Haddad & Sazima 2004	<div><p>Physalaemus atlanticus Haddad &amp; Sazima, 2004</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses (pulse-PAM). Pulses of this call can have subharmonics.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 20 A–F and 13G). We examined six recordings, a total of 15 minutes, with ca. 450 calls from ten males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.096 to 1.377 s. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelope; see below). When perceptible, the call rise and fall of the call are similar in duration and shape, both with a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long and regular sustain. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (Fig. 20A). The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 20A) to rectangular (Fig. 20C), depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 20 A–F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 48 Hz, forming ca. 60 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is shorter than the fall and the amplitude peak is at their outset (Fig. 20D). In most calls, the last pulse is the longest (ca. four times the duration of the other pulses). Silence intervals are present between pulses, which is approximately as long as the pulses (Fig. 20D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 440 Hz and is generally absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals. Longer pulses have subharmonics (usually f 0 1/2). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 950 to 1380 Hz (Fig. 20B). The dominant harmonics varies between the second and third, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1500 Hz (two harmonics). Some calls have a slight upward general FM (Fig. 20B, E). Most calls have neither general FM nor other additional FM in the call.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC2FFF9BE8BF972FC83FC7D.text	D435E640FFC2FFF9BE8BF972FC83FC7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro 1937)	<div><p>Physalaemus moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)</p><p>We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of a single harmonic note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B is not. Moreover, call B has irregular FM segments (vs. absent in call A).</p><p>Call A (Fig. 21 A–J and 13H). We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 68 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.499 to 0.567 s. In most calls, the limits between call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelope; Fig. 21E). When perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both with a linear shape, and there is a long sustain. This segment can be regular and flat (Fig. 21A) or quite irregular with AM segments within it (Fig. 21C). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 21E) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 21C). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig 21A, C, E). The rate of the PAM is ca. 42 Hz, forming ca. 23 pulses throughout the call. Most pulses have an elliptic envelope with the amplitude peak around the middle of the pulse. The very first pulses have rise longer than fall, amplitude peak at the end of pulse and the very last pulses have the opposite shape (amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse; Fig. 21D, F). The last pulse is the longest (Fig. 21 A–J). Short silence intervals are present between the pulses, but can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses; Fig. 21A, C, D, E, F). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 13H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the short duration of the pulses (except the last) make the bands broad with narrow intervals. Where two pulses are juxtaposed, the wave periods are less regular, and the harmonics are less clear with deterministic chaos (Fig. 21B, G, H, I, J). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 770 to 1250 Hz (Fig. 21B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the eighth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 700 and 1300 Hz (three harmonics). A few calls have a slight upward general FM (Fig. 21H, I). Usually, there is no clear general FM (Fig. 21B). Calls have a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 21H, J) and PFM throughout the call without clear relationship with the synchronic pulse-PAM (Fig. 21E, F, I, J).</p><p>Call B (Fig. 21 K–L and 16E). We examined one recording, a total of one minute, with one call from one male. This call was also measured (see Table 2). A single call was recorded. Call duration is 0.254 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential-shaped). There is a long sustain, which is regular until the amplitude peak at the end of the call, around nine tenths of the call duration. The envelope is triangular (pointed left; Fig. 21K). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 54 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 16E). The fundamental frequency is at ca. 280 Hz and this band is generally absent in the audiospectrogram. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the wave periods are less regular at the middle of the call, with biphonation regime (Fig. 21L). The dominant frequency is ca. 860 Hz (Fig. 21L). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fifth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 800 and 1400 Hz (often, three harmonics). The long downward FM segment at the beginning makes the general FM of the call downward. There is a slight PFM throughout the call. Additionally, the call has parts with irregular up and downward FM (Fig. 21L).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC2FFF9BE8BF972FC83FC7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9.text	D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger 1826	<div><p>Physalaemus cuvieri clade</p><p>Species of this clade typically have one call type (but see P. cuvieri in Table 1). Whine-like calls are characteristic emissions in this clade (except in the P. henselii group and P. cicada). The major aspects of these calls are clear harmonics, high fundamental frequency (&gt; 400 Hz; except P. olfersii group and P. centralis), high energy in the lower harmonics (except in P. olfersii group), downward direction of the general FM (except in the P. olfersii group), and an up-downward FM at the beginning of the call, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and S-shaped bands when considering the entire call (except in P. henselii and P. olfersii groups). Nonlinear regimes are relatively rare in the clade (present in P. barrioi, P. cuvieri, P. ephippifer, P. gracilis, P. lisei, and P. soaresi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D.text	D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus fernandezae (Muller 1926)	<div><p>Physalaemus fernandezae (Müller, 1926)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single note with a strong PAM without silence interval between the cycles. There is a single frequency band with clear upward FM.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 22 A–B). We examined two recordings, a total of three minutes, with ca. 400 calls from 10 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.339 to 0.969 s. Usually, the limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear. Apparently, the rise is restricted to the very beginning of the call. Most of the segment with amplitude increase was classified as the sustain of the call. Therefore, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (linear or logarithmic). The sustain is long and with an exponential increasing pattern (Fig. 22A). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (Fig. 22A). The envelope of the call is triangular (pointed left; Fig. 22A). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (with no silence intervals present between amplitude peaks; Fig. 22A) with rate of ca. 31 Hz, yielding ca. 21 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise is similar to the fall, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. A single frequency band is present around 3000 Hz (Fig. 22B). The wave periods are regular and the band is narrow and clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2880 to 3230 Hz (Fig. 22B). Most of the energy is concentrated between 2700 and 3200 Hz. The call has upward FM (Fig. 22B). Additionally, there is a slight PFM, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (Fig. 22 A–B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FD16F9E5.text	D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FD16F9E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus henselii (Peters 1872)	<div><p>Physalaemus henselii species group</p><p>Only one call type was recorded for this group. Calls with high frequency bands (&gt; 1800 Hz). Physalaemus fernandezae is the only species with a single frequency band. Physalaemus henselli has two independent band-series, one harmonic series and another composed of sidebands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FD16F9E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC7FFFBBE8BFA44FC4DFDAD.text	D435E640FFC7FFFBBE8BFA44FC4DFDAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus henselii (Peters 1872)	<div><p>Physalaemus henselii (Peters, 1872)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses (i.e., pulse-PAM). The call is spectrally polymorphic; some calls have pulses with sidebands.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 23 A–F and 24A). We examined two recordings, a total of four minutes, with ca. 200 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.289 to 0.493 s. The call rise is usually very abrupt and shorter than the call fall (Fig. 23C), which has an exponential shape. The call rises are longer and more similar to falls. The sustain varies from flat to very steep in shape. The envelope of the call is elliptic, rectangular (Fig. 23C), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 23A). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 53 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 23 A–F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 54 Hz, forming ca. 20 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable; however, the pulse rise is usually shorter than the fall, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse. Silence intervals are present between pulses, with durations slightly longer than pulse duration except between the first pulses, where the intervals are very short or even absent (pulses are juxtaposed; Fig. 23A, C, D). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24A). The fundamental frequency is at ca. 1900 Hz and this band is also the dominant frequency (see below). The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The call shows an additional frequency series with bands separated by ca. 250 Hz series produced by a PAM present within pulses (Fig. 23E, F). This series is very variable (30 to 550 Hz) and it is not multiple of the harmonic series. Both seem to be independent of each other. Therefore, we called the 250-Hz bands as sidebands. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals. In parts where two pulses are juxtaposed, or at least very close to each other, the wave periods are less regular, the harmonics can be less clear with deterministic chaos (Fig. 23E). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1690 to 2160 Hz (Fig. 23B). The first harmonic is the dominant. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 650 and 2600 Hz (one harmonic). Most of the call energy is between 1400 and 2400 Hz. There is usually neither a clear general FM nor other shorter FM segment in the call. Some calls, mainly those with juxtaposed pulses, show a slight PFM following the PAM (see beginning of the call in Fig. 23E).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC7FFFBBE8BFA44FC4DFDAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15.text	D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner 1864)	<div><p>Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 25 A–H and 24B). We examined 14 recordings, a total of 24 minutes, with ca. 330 calls from 26 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.333 to 1.429 s. In most calls the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (for example, see elliptic envelope in Fig 25A). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or call fall is shorter than the rise. In some calls, there is a long regular sustain (Fig. 25E). The amplitude peak of the calls measured is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 25A, C, D) to rectangular (Fig. 25E). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 25A, C, D, E). The rate of the PAM is ca. 25 Hz, forming ca. 35 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 530 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1590 to 2440 Hz (Fig. 25B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the fifth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the fifth or sixth one (Fig. 25B, F, G, H). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 25F, G, H), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 25B, F, G, H). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (Fig. 25A, B, C, E, F, H). In a few calls, the rate of the PAM is very low and so is the number of cycles (Fig. 25D, G). In those calls, the PFM is equally slow and weak (Fig. 25D, G).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5.text	D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger 1826	<div><p>Physalaemus cuvieri species group</p><p>Only one call type was recorded for this group (but see P. cuvieri in Table 1). All species have calls similar, to the human ear, to nasal-like whines with downward FM. Calls have a general downward FM and a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning of the call, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and S-shaped bands when considering the entire call duration (e.g., P. erikae and P. kroyeri; this modulation is short and subtle in some species such as P. albonotatus, P. cuqui, and P. atim). A few species ( P. albonotatus, P. atim, P. cuqui, and P. ephippifer) have weak to intermediate PAM, i.e., silence intervals are absent between pulses. This PAM leads to amplitude cycles throughout the call. Subharmonics are always present in calls of two species in this clade ( P. cuvieri and P. ephippifer).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFC8FFF6BE8BFA36FD3CFED6.text	D435E640FFC8FFF6BE8BFA36FD3CFED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus cuqui Lobo 1993	<div><p>Physalaemus cuqui Lobo, 1993</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 26 A–B and 24C). We examined two recordings, a total of two minutes, with 47 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.215 to 1.500 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (see elliptic envelope in Fig. 26A); the envelope is linear- or exponential-shaped until the amplitude peak and logarithmic-shaped from the peak to the end of the call (Fig. 26A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 26A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 26 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 26A). The rate of the PAM is ca. 21 Hz, yielding ca. 29 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is ca. 2850 Hz (Fig. 26B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the sixth one (Fig. 26B). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 3000 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call in audiospectrograms, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 26B). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call (Fig. 26B). The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (26A–B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC8FFF6BE8BFA36FD3CFED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1.text	D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus atim Brasileiro & Haddad 2015	<div><p>Physalaemus atim Brasileiro &amp; Haddad, 2015</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a gradual downward FM throughout the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 27 A–D and 24D). We examined one recording, a total of 11 seconds, with 11 calls from four males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.779 to 0.995 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear (Fig. 27A). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or fall is shorter than rise. The sustain is irregular with short amplitude valleys (Fig. 27A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 27A), rectangular (Fig. 27C) or triangular (pointed left). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 33 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 45 Hz, forming ca. 24 peaks throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 430 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1980 to 2330 Hz (Fig. 27B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the sixth (Fig. 27D). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 2700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 27B, D). Additionally, the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 27D), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 27B, D). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no clear PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD.text	D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus albifrons (Spix 1824)	<div><p>Physalaemus albifrons (Spix, 1824)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a short single harmonic note with an elliptic envelope. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first three fourths of the call duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 28 A–F and 24E). We examined two recordings, a total of two minutes, with ca. 90 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.263 to 0.297 s. The call rise and fall durations are similar to each other in duration and shape (linear to exponential). There is a sustain, usually with a concave shape, yielding two amplitude peaks around the middle of the call (Fig. 28A). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 28A, C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 480 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2440 to 2670 Hz (Fig. 28B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the ninth, but it is usually the fifth. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the second harmonic and ending at the eighth or ninth (Fig. 28B, E, F; 24E). Thenceforth, it gets lower, ending in the seventh or sixth harmonic (Fig. 28B, E, F; 24E). Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 3700 Hz (six to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 28B, E, F). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first three fourths of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 28B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFCDFFF1BE8BFCE6FE29FE41.text	D435E640FFCDFFF1BE8BFCE6FE29FE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus erikae Cruz & Pimenta 2004	<div><p>Physalaemus erikae Cruz &amp; Pimenta, 2004</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 29 A–H and 24F). We examined two recordings, a total of four minutes, with 37 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.478 to 0.566 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (mainly in calls with elliptic envelope, see Fig. 29C, D). When perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration, or fall shorter than rise. Usually, call rise has an exponential shape, whereas call fall has a logarithmic shape. When present, the sustain is irregular, usually with short and very shallow amplitude valleys (Fig. 29A, E). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (Fig. 29C, D, E) to slightly rectangular (when flat sustains are present; Fig. 29A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 420 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2840 to 2890 Hz (Fig. 29B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the seventh (Fig. 24F, 29B, F, G, H). Most of the call energy is between 650 and 3450 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 29B, F, G, H). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 29B, F, G, H). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCDFFF1BE8BFCE6FE29FE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D.text	D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus kroyeri (Reinhardt & Lutken 1862)	<div><p>Physalaemus kroyeri (Reinhardt &amp; Lütken, 1862)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a general downward FM throughout the call and an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 30 A–F and 24G). We examined four recordings, a total of six minutes, with ca. 190 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.673 to 0.759 s. In some calls the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall is not very clear (mainly in calls with elliptic envelope, Fig. 30A). The call rise and fall are similar in duration. Usually, the call rise has a short logarithmic-shaped section followed by an exponential shape, whereas call fall has an exponential shape only. The sustain is irregular, usually with short or long shallow valleys (Fig. 30D). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 30A, C) to almost rectangular (when flat sustains are present; Fig. 30D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 480 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2060 to 2160 Hz (Fig. 30B). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth (Fig. 24G, 30E, F). There is a clear shift in the relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher until three fourths of the call duration, starting at the second harmonic and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it gets lower, ending at the third harmonic (Fig. 24G, 30E, F). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to seven harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 30B, E, F). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 30B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D.text	D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus centralis Bokermann 1962	<div><p>Physalaemus centralis Bokermann, 1962</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of single harmonic note with a very low fundamental frequency. Frequency modulations are subtle (20 Hz), still the call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 31 A–E and 24H). We examined 16 recordings, a total of 36 minutes, with ca. 1880 calls from 25 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.404 to 0.550 s. The call rise is much longer than call fall. Call rise has a short gradual increase followed by a long exponential part (Fig. 31C). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 31A). The sustain is regular, slightly decreasing towards the end of the call. The call fall is proportionally short and with logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 31C) to almost rectangular (in calls in which the rise is not gradual; Fig. 31A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 25 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 24H). However, due to the low fundamental frequency (see below), the wave peaks are shown as pulses in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (e.g., above 100 Hz; Fig. 31E). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (e.g., below 90 Hz; Fig. 31B, D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 90 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are generally absent in audiospectrograms. There are ca. 20 emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1410 to 1500 Hz (Fig. 31B). The dominant harmonic varies from the fourth to the 21 st, but it is usually between the 15 th and 18 th. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the fourth, fifth or sixth harmonic and ending at the 15 th, 19 th, 20 th, or 21 st (Fig. 24H, 31B, D). Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1650 Hz (eight to twelve harmonics). Frequency modulations are subtle and better perceptible in audiospectrograms with wide filter band- widths (e.g., Fig. 31E). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 31B, D). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E.text	D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger 1826	<div><p>Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, usually with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. It has a general downward FM, with an updownward FM segment in the first half of the call and a short upward FM segment at the end. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 32 A–V and 33A). We examined 75 recordings, a total of 94 minutes, with ca. 10200 calls from 228 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.257 to 0.311 s. The envelope is very variable (Fig. 32A, C–G, M–Q). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shape, are highly variable. Most calls have a fall longer than rise, or both have the same duration. Their shape varies from exponential to linear or logarithmic. The call rise has two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain, when present, is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 32A, C, D, G, M, Q). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 32A, C, D, N, O, P, Q) to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 32E, M). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 20 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 650 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present in ca. the first half of all calls examined (this part can be shorter or longer than one half of the call duration; Fig. 32B, H–L, R–V). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 690 to 780 Hz (Fig. 32B). The dominant harmonic is the first or second (at the very end of the call), but it is usually the first. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (Fig. 32K, L, T, V). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 1300 Hz (one or two harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 32B, H–L, R–V). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (Fig. 32B, H–L, R–V). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36.text	D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner 1864)	<div><p>Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner, 1864)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. There is usually a slight PAM (without silence intervals) in the final three fourths of the call duration. The call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third or first half of the call duration. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 34 A–F and 33B). We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with ca. 130 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.466 to 0.523 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is composed of a long and deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 34A, C). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow (Fig. 34A). The amplitude peak is at the end of the first fourth of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have an intermediate PAM only in the final three fourths of the call duration (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 34A). The rate of the PAM is ca. 26 Hz, forming ca. eight cycles throughout part of the call where the PAM is present. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 590 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present in ca. the first third or half of all calls examined (Fig. 34B, E, F). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 820 to 2630 Hz. The dominant harmonics are the first, third, fourth, fifth or sixth (usually the first or sixth; Fig. 33B, 34B). At the beginning of the call the subharmonic 1.5 is the dominant band (Fig. 34B, F). There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands in the second half of the call; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it dominant frequency gets lower, moving to the fourth or third harmonic (Fig. 33B, 34B). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 2750 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 34B, E). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third or half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 34B, E). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Calls have a PFM throughout the second half of the call, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (Fig. 34A, B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB0FF8EBE8BF8F3FE62FCA9.text	D435E640FFB0FF8EBE8BF8F3FE62FCA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus fischeri (Boulenger 1890)	<div><p>Physalaemus fischeri (Boulenger, 1890)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an envelope varying from elliptic to almost triangular, resembling an arrow-like shape. It has a general down- ward FM, with a slight up-downward FM segment in the first half of the call duration and a short upward FM at the end.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 35 A–B and 33C). We examined three recordings, a total of five minutes, with ca. 60 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.795 to 0.850 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is usually composed of a long and deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 35A). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two fifths of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 18 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 410 Hz, and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. There are ca. six emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, jumps of the fundamental frequency, subharmonics and deterministic chaos can be present at the end of the call (Fig. 35B). The dominant frequency is ca. 850 Hz (Fig. 35B). The dominant harmonic is the second. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands, higher bands getting more energy toward the end of the call (Fig. 33C, 35B). Most of the call energy is between 650 and 1800 Hz (two to four harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 35B). Additionally, calls have a slight up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short upward FM at the end (Fig. 35B). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB0FF8EBE8BF8F3FE62FCA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB2FF88BE8BF944FBBAFD61.text	D435E640FFB2FF88BE8BF944FBBAFD61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus aguirrei Bokermann 1966	<div><p>Physalaemus aguirrei Bokermann, 1966</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic or trapezium-like envelope. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 37 A–D and 33E). We examined seven recordings, a total of 11 minutes, with ca. 400 calls from 10 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.179 to 0.237 s. Usually, call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape. The call rise is usually composed of two consecutive exponential- or linear-shaped segments, whereas the call fall has an exponential or logarithmic shape (Fig. 37A). The sustain can be irregular with short and shallow valleys, composed of a single deep valley (concave shape), or regular without internal AM segments (Fig. 37A, C). In some calls, the rise is much longer than fall and it remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly. The amplitude peak is around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 37C) to slightly rectangular (in calls in which the rise is not gradual; Fig. 37A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 640 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 770 to 3380 Hz (Fig. 37B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the second and third). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher until three fourths of the call duration, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fourth and fifth, and ending at the sixth (Fig. 33E). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 3950 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 37B, D). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 37B), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 37B, D). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB2FF88BE8BF944FBBAFD61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62.text	D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus cicada Bokermann 1966	<div><p>Physalaemus cicada Bokermann, 1966</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic envelope and very short duration. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first half of the call (Fig. 36B, F). Calls are emitted in long sequences (more than 300 calls per sequence; Fig. 36C, D).</p><p>Call A (Fig. 36 A–G and 33D). We examined six recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with ca. 12500 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.004 to 0.047 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is short or absent. The envelope is elliptic (Fig. 36A. E). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two fifths of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 410 Hz and approximately the first ten harmonics (except the first one) are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1410 to 3560 Hz (Fig. 33D, 36B). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 10 th, but it is usually the eighth. There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the seventh or eighth harmonic and ending at the eighth, ninth or 10 th (Fig. 33D, 36F). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3850 Hz (eight harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 36B, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 36B, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call (Fig. 36F). There is no PFM. Calls are usually emitted in series, resulting in long call sequences of ca. 400 calls in each sequence (Fig. 36C, D, E, F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB5FF89BE8BF9CAFE9FFF69.text	D435E640FFB5FF89BE8BF9CAFE9FFF69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens 1856)	<div><p>Physalaemus olfersii species group</p><p>Only one call type was recorded for this group. Calls have long durations, varying from 1 to 5 s (higher durations observed in P. feioi, P. orophilus, and P. olfersii). Several species of this clade emit calls with rectangular-shaped envelopes (e.g., P. feioi, P. orophilus, P. lateristriga, and P. olfersii). Slight PAM is perceptible in calls of most species ( P. soaresi, P. maximus, P. lateristriga, and P. olfersii), but two species have calls with pulse-PAM ( P. feioi and P. orophilus). In some species ( P. maximus, P. lateristriga, and P. olfersii), the fundamental frequency is lower than 200 Hz, resulting in several close harmonics visible in audiospectrograms. All species have calls with PFM and most species (except for P. lateristriga and P. olfersii) have a clear general up-downward FM, yielding arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Fundamental frequency is lower than 400 Hz, except for P. soaresi which has call with fundamental frequency of ca. 600 Hz. Call energy is concentrated in many higher harmonics. This feature results in a high-pitched timbre for the calls. The long duration, large number of close harmonics (low fundamental frequency and dense-harmonic calls) and high-pitched timbre make the calls sound like human infant cries.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB5FF89BE8BF9CAFE9FFF69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26.text	D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus soaresi Izecksohn 1965	<div><p>Physalaemus soaresi Izecksohn, 1965</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with long duration, PFM, and a slight PAM, with no silence intervals. Bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Subharmonics, shifts of the fundamental frequency and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the calls.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 38 A–J and 33F). We examined three recordings, a total of five minutes, with 40 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.597 to 1.748 s. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear. Usually, call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic). In some calls, the rise is longer than fall. There is a long sustain. It is usually regular, with a convex shape, but it can be almost flat (Fig. 38A, C), or have irregular AM segments, yielding amplitude peaks and valleys over the segment (Fig. 38D, E, F). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies between elliptic (Fig. 38A, C), rectangular (Fig. E, F), or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 38D), depending on the shape and steepness of the sustain. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 38F). The rate of the PAM is ca. 16 Hz, forming ca. 22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 600 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are usually ca. six emphasized harmonics. Generally, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics (f 0 1/2), jumps of the fundamental frequency, and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the call (Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2450 to 3060 Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh, but it is usually the fourth or fifth (Fig. 33F). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call (Fig. 33F). Most of the call energy is between 2250 and 3750 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding an arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J). Additionally, there is clear PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent from the PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM (Fig. 38 A–J).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F.text	D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus maximus Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi 1999	<div><p>Physalaemus maximus Feio, Pombal &amp; Caramaschi, 1999</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a subtle PAM, with no silence intervals. It has a long duration and a very low fundamental frequency with subtle PFM throughout the call. The bands have a slight general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 39 A–D and 33G). We examined seven recordings, a total of five minutes, with ca. 90 calls from 11 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.887 to 2.446 s. The call rise is longer than call fall or both are similar in duration. Call rise and fall have exponential, linear or logarithmic shape. There is a long sustain. It is usually almost flat but slightly irregular (Fig. 39A). However, in some calls, the beginning of this segment has low amplitude, which gradually increases towards the end of the call (Fig 39C). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first two thirds the call duration. The amplitude of the call is usually at three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic, rectangular (Fig. 39A) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 39C) depending on the steepness of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 10 Hz, forming ca. 22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 170 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in audiospectrograms. There are usually ca. seven emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1000 to 1030 Hz (Fig. 39B). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the sixth (Fig. 33G). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1550 Hz (five harmonics). The call has a general FM slightly upward and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (Fig. 39B, D). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent of PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81.text	D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus feioi Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi 2010	<div><p>Physalaemus feioi Cassini, Cruz &amp; Caramaschi, 2010</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 40 A–H and 33H). We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 52 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.854 to 4.920 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat but some calls have sustains with a convex shape (Fig. 40A, D). The amplitude peak is often at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope of the call is rectangular (Fig. 40A, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals between pulses; Fig. 40A, D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 15 Hz, forming ca. 55 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at ca. two thirds of the pulse duration (Fig. 40C). The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse. Interval durations are similar to pulse duration (Fig. 40C). The last pulse is usually the longest (ca. 1.5 times longer than the other pulses; Fig. 40E). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest (Fig. 40A). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 33H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 330 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram. There are ca. four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2340 to 2470 Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the sixth to the 15 th, but it is usually the seventh (Fig. 33H). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2100 and 2950 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (Fig. 40B, G). There is a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e. up-downward FM in each pulse (Fig. 40A, B, C, F). Additionally, there is another PFM, which is perceptible within the pulses (Fig. 40H).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85.text	D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi 2010	<div><p>Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz &amp; Caramaschi, 2010</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM but with a subtle downward FM at the end, yielding slightly arc-shaped bands in the audiospectrogram of some calls when considering the entire call duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 41 A–H and 42A). We examined 10 recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with ca. 270 calls from 16 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.724 to 5.432 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (Fig. 41A, D), but convex in some calls (Fig. 41E). The amplitude peak of these calls is at the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (Fig. 41E) to rectangular (Fig. 41A, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between peaks; Fig. 41 A–H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 11 Hz, forming ca. 57 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at ca. two thirds of the pulse duration. The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse (Fig. 41C). Duration of silence intervals is similar to pulse duration. The last pulse is usually the longest (ca. 1.5 times longer than the other pulses). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 290 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in audiospectrograms (Fig. 41B). There are ca. four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2630 to 2910 Hz (Fig. 41B). The dominant harmonic varies from the seven to the 29 th, but it is usually the ninth (Fig. 42A). There is no shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2500 and 3350 Hz (three harmonics; Fig. 41F). The call has a slight general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, leading to arc-shaped bands in audiospectrograms when considering the entire call (Fig. 41B, G, H). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e. up-downward FM in each pulse.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45.text	D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner 1864)	<div><p>Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or only slight general FM, which is usually upward.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 43 A–F and 42B). We examined seven recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with ca. 160 calls from 16 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.330 to 3.746 s. The call rise is restricted to the very beginning of the call, most of the call corresponding to the sustain (Fig. 43C). Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. Sustain usually regular and almost flat (Fig. 43C), but some calls have convex or inclined segments, with amplitude gradually increasing towards its end (Fig. 43A, D). In some calls, there is a shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (Fig. 43A, C). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or at the end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (Fig. 43C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 43A, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks; Fig. 43A, D). The rate of the PAM is ca. 8 Hz, forming ca. 29 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 170 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram or with very low energy. There are ca. eight adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present at the beginning of some calls (Fig. 43B, F). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1590 to 1840 Hz (Fig. 43B). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 13 th, but it is usually the ninth or 10 th (Fig. 42B). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 2150 Hz (seven harmonics). Calls usually lack a clear general FM (Fig. 43B, E). In some calls, a slight up or downward general FM is observed, usually upward. A short downward FM is frequently present at the end of the call (Fig. 43E). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent (Fig. 43C, E), but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (Fig. 43A, B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFB5EFE5FFA75.text	D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFB5EFE5FFA75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope 1861)	<div><p>Physalaemus biligonigerus species group</p><p>Only one call type was recorded for this group. All species have calls composed of a single harmonic note. The fundamental frequency is usually around 500 Hz, except for P. riograndensis whose calls have a fundamental frequency at ca. 1000 Hz. All species have calls with S-shaped harmonics, resulting from a general downward FM with an up-downward FM segment in the beginning of the call. The call envelope is considerably variable within the species of this group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFB5EFE5FFA75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31.text	D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens 1856)	<div><p>Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein &amp; Martens, 1856)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a very long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has an irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or have only a slight FM, which is usually upward.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 44 A–D and 42C). We examined 13 recordings, a total of 35 minutes, with 332 calls from 31 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 3.530 to 4.837 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. The limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear in calls with triangular envelope (Fig. 44A). There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (slightly decreasing towards end of the segment – Fig. 44C), but some calls have very inclined sustains, where the beginning of the segment has low amplitude and gradually increases towards its end (Fig. 44A). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first tenth or at the very end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (Fig. 44C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 44A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 46 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals are absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 11 Hz, forming ca. 50 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42C). The fundamental frequency is ca. 150 Hz. The first seven harmonics have very low energy or are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are ca. 12 adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are usually regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some calls have deterministic chaos regimes in several parts, mainly at their outset (Fig. 44B). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1570 to 1870 Hz (Fig. 44B). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 19 th, but it is usually between the ninth and 12 th (Fig. 42C). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 2150 Hz (12 harmonics). Calls have no general FM (Fig. 44D), or have only a slight general FM, usually upward (Fig. 44B), but sometimes downward. There is usually a short downward FM at the end of the call (Fig. 44B). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent, but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (Fig. 44B, D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65.text	D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead 1960	<div><p>Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with high fundamental frequency (ca. 1000 Hz). It has a general downward FM throughout the call, with an up-downward FM segment in the its first third.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 45 A–F and 42D). We examined 14 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 820 calls from 50 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.691 to 0.835 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 45A, C, D). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Calls usually have a short segment with very low amplitude at the beginning of the call, separated from the rest of the call by an abrupt change in amplitude. The shape of the call rise and fall is usually exponential. The sustain is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 45D). The amplitude peak is often at around the middle or after one third of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 45A, D) to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 45C). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 27 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 1020 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 950 to 1030 Hz (Fig. 42D). The first harmonic is the dominant (Fig. 42D, 45B, E, F). There is a clear shift in relative energy among bands. Although, usually, there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (Fig. 42D). Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1150 Hz (one harmonic). The call has a general downward FM (45B, E, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (45B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial updownward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69.text	D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope 1861)	<div><p>Physalaemus biligonigerus (Cope, 1861)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 46 A–F and 42E). We examined 29 recordings, a total of 65 minutes, with ca. 2140 calls from 105 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.546 to 0.640 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 46A, C, D). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shapes, are highly variable. Most calls have rise and fall similar in duration, or the former longer than the fall. The shape of the envelopes varies from exponential or linear to logarithmic. The call rise can have two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (Fig. 46A, C, D). In some calls, the call rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 46D). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first third or two thirds of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 46C) to triangular (pointed left or right; Fig. 46D, A, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 570 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 600 to 650 Hz (Fig. 46B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first (Fig. 42E, 46B, E, F). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, ending at the third harmonic (sometimes skipping the fourth harmonic; Fig. 42E, 46B, E, F). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 46B, E, F). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, leading to a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 46B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0.text	D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt & Lutken 1862)	<div><p>Physalaemus marmoratus (Reinhardt &amp; Lütken, 1862)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 47 A–J and 42F). We examined 15 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 1100 calls from 44 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.614 to 0.938 s. The envelope of the call is highly variable (Fig. 47A, C–F). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between durations of call rise and fall, and their shapes, are highly variable. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (Fig. 47A, C–F). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (Fig. 47D). In other calls, the call fall has this same pattern, with an abruptly amplitude decrease after the sustain and thenceforth with low and constant amplitude until the end of the call (Fig. 47C). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first third of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from rectangular (Fig. 47E, F) to triangular (pointed left or right; Fig. 47D, A, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42F). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is ca. 500 Hz (Fig. 47B). The first is dominant harmonic (Fig. 42F). There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; although there is no shift in dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (Fig. 47 G–J). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 2100 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 47B, G–J). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and short downward FM at the end (Fig. 47B, G–J). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB1CF84B.text	D435E640FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB1CF84B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus santafecinus Barrio 1965	<div><p>Physalaemus santafecinus Barrio, 1965</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 48 A–D and 42G). We examined two recordings, a total of three minutes, with 61 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.330 to 0.375 s. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, the rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). In some calls, the limits between call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear, with linear or logarithmic-shaped rise and fall and the sustain with a convex shape (calls with elliptic envelope; Fig. 48C). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration or at the middle of the call. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 48C) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 48A). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow (Fig. 48A). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42G). The fundamental frequency is ca. 490 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 474 to 2627 Hz (fig. 48B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (rarely the second harmonic), but it is usually the first (Fig. 42G, 48B, D). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, usually skipping the fifth and ending at the third or second harmonic (Fig. 42G, 48B, D). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2650 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 48B, D). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 48B), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 48B, D). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB1CF84B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBEFF9CBE8BFA31FD63FEF5.text	D435E640FFBEFF9CBE8BFA31FD63FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus carrizorum Cardozo & Pereyra 2018	<div><p>Physalaemus carrizorum Cardozo &amp; Pereyra, 2018</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fourth of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 49 A–D and 42H). We examined one recording, a total of four minutes, with 44 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 2.360 to 4.118 s. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (Fig. 49C) and others are irregular (Fig. 49A), with short and shallow valleys. In some calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (Fig. 49A). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (Fig. 49C), to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 49A; rarely pointed right). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 42H). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 410 to 2630 Hz (Fig. 49B). The dominant harmonic is the first, fifth, or sixth (Fig. 42H). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth (Fig. 42H, 49B). Most of the call energy is between 350 and 3500 Hz (eight to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 49B, D). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first fourth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (Fig. 49B, D), and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 49B). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBEFF9CBE8BFA31FD63FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFBEFF83BE8BFBFDFC2DFAFF.text	D435E640FFBEFF83BE8BFBFDFC2DFAFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus gracilis (Boulenger 1883)	<div><p>Physalaemus gracilis species group</p><p>Only one call type was recorded for this group. All species have calls composed of a single harmonic note, with fundamental frequency around 500 Hz. All species have calls with S-shaped harmonics, resulting from a general downward FM with an up-downward FM segment in the beginning of the call. This pattern is less clear in P. lisei and P. jordanensis due to less defined initial FM in the former, and to discontinuity of harmonics as a result of pulse- PAM in the latter. Physalaemus jordanensis is the only species of the group with pulse-PAM and PFM in its call. The call envelope is considerably variable within the species of this group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBEFF83BE8BFBFDFC2DFAFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D.text	D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus gracilis (Boulenger 1883)	<div><p>Physalaemus gracilis (Boulenger, 1883)</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 50 A–T and 52A). We examined 40 recordings, a total of 158 minutes, with ca. 2480 calls from 106 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.451 to 0.565 s. The envelope of the call is variable (Fig. 50A, C–G, M–P). In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (Fig. 50A, G, M, N, O) and others are irregular, with short and shallow valleys, mainly at the beginning of the segment (Fig. 50D, F, P). In several calls, the sustain has a convex shape and the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (Fig. 50C). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (Fig. 50A, D, F, G, M, N, O) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 50C, E, P). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52A). The fundamental frequency is ca. 510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2 and f 0 1/3) are common at the beginning and middle of the call (Fig. 50I, L, Q, R). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2110 to 2760 Hz (Fig. 50B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh (except the second), but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth (Fig. 52A). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth, and ending at the sixth or seventh; thenceforth, the dominant frequency decreases in some calls, moving to the fourth harmonic (Fig. 52A, 50B). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3050 Hz (four to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (Fig. 50B, H–L, Q–T). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 50B, H–L, Q–T). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM (Fig. 50H, I, L).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41.text	D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus lisei Braun & Braun 1977	<div><p>Physalaemus lisei Braun &amp; Braun, 1977</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration, slight PAM (no silence intervals between peaks) and irregular PFM. The bands have a general downward FM and a short upward FM segment at the end. Calls usually have nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 51 A–N and 52B). We examined 19 recordings, a total of 89 minutes, with ca. 915 calls from 50 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.967 to 1.997 s. The envelope of the call is variable; durations of call rise and fall are usually short and similar in duration, with a long sustain in between; the rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat (Fig. 51E, F, H, I) or gradually ascending (Fig. 51C, G). Some calls have a final part with higher amplitude (Fig. 51C, G, I). Shallow and short amplitude valleys can be present, mainly at the beginning and end of the call (Fig. 51C, I). The amplitude peak is usually at the very end of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain, the envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 51E, F, H, I) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 51C, G). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 47 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks; Fig. 51E, G, H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 26 Hz, forming ca. 25 cycles throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52B). The fundamental frequency is ca. 480 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in audiospectrograms. Six adjacent harmonics are emphasized (first seven except the fundamental). Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, several calls show nonlinear regimes such as subharmonics (f 0 1/2, f 0 1/3, f 0 1/4, or f 0 1/5), biphonation, and deterministic chaos (Fig. 51D, J, K, M). These phenomena can occur over the entire call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2330 to 2460 Hz (Fig. 51D). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the fifth (except the second), but it is usually the fourth or fifth along the first half of the call (Fig. 52B). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (Fig. 51D, L, N). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3350 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a slight general downward FM (Fig. 51D, L, N). Additionally, calls have a very short and slight up-downward FM at their outset, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (Fig. 51L, N). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls show clear PFM (Fig. 51L, N). Calls are usually emitted in irregular sequences, with two or three calls (Fig. 51 A–B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D.text	D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus evangelistai Bokermann 1967	<div><p>Physalaemus evangelistai Bokermann, 1967</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with a general downward FM and an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration. Calls usually have intermediate PAM (with no silence intervals between peaks) and PFM throughout their duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 53 A–F and 52C). We examined eight recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with ca. 340 calls from 20 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.976 to 1.358 s. Call rise duration is very short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat or gradually ascending (Fig. 53D, C). There is a long shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (Fig. A, C, D). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (Fig. 53A, D) to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 53C). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls show an intermediate PAM only in the final two fourths of the call duration. This PAM yields emphasized cycles (with no silence intervals between peaks; Fig. 53A, C). The rate of the PAM is ca. 9 Hz, forming ca. 10 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52C). The fundamental frequency at ca. 540 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 670 to 2910 Hz (Fig. 53B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first or fourth (Fig. 52C). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fourth and fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it decreases, ending at the third (Fig. 52C, 53E, F). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 3100 Hz (three to four harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, with a short up-downward FM at the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 53B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a PFM during the entire call independent of the PAM. Other calls have PFM inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1.text	D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus barrioi Bokermann 1967	<div><p>Physalaemus barrioi Bokermann, 1967</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a long duration and general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 54 A–L and 52D). We examined eight recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with ca. 70 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 1.323 to 2.038 s. Call rise duration is short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is irregular, generally flat (Fig. 54A, E, F) or ascending (Fig. C, D, G). In this latter case, the amplitude gets higher towards the end of the call. There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain (Fig. 54A, C, D, E, G). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (Fig. 54F), rectangular (Fig. 54A, E, G) to triangular (usually pointed left; Fig. C, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52D). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and the first seven harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 470 to 2580 Hz. The dominant harmonic is the first or the sixth, but usually the first (Fig. 52D, 54B, H–L). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and moving to the sixth at the very end of the call (Fig. 52D, 54B, H–L). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM at the first seventh of call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (Fig. 54B, H–L). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901.text	D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physalaemus jordanensis Bokermann 1967	<div><p>Physalaemus jordanensis Bokermann, 1967</p><p>We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic or triangular envelope. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses (pulse-PAM) with silence intervals between pulses. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with a short and slight up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call duration.</p><p>Call A (Fig. 55 A–N and 52E). We examined 20 recordings, a total of 47 minutes, with ca. 1100 calls from 55 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2). Call duration varies from 0.980 to 1.961 s. The envelope of the call is variable. The call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other. The sustain is irregular (Fig. 55G), generally flat (Fig. 55A, C, F) or ascending (Fig. 55E, H). There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain. In several calls, the first half of the envelope has lower amplitude than the second half. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from elliptic (Fig. 54A) to rectangular (Fig. 55C, F) or triangular (pointed left; Fig. 54E, G, H). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between pulses; Fig. 55 A–N). The rate of the PAM is ca. 20 Hz, forming ca. 31 pulses throughout the call. The interpulse intervals are variable but they are usually fourfold longer than the pulse duration. Silence intervals are absent between the last pulses of the call (pulses are juxtaposed; Fig.55D, J)). The last pulse longer than the others (Fig. 55A, B, C, D, E, I, J, K). The call has a harmonic series (Fig. 52E). The fundamental frequency is ca. 450 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 560 to 2440 Hz (Fig. 55B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the third), but during the first half of the call, it is usually the first (Fig. 52E; 55B, I–N). There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth and ending at the sixth; at the end of the call, the dominant frequency jumps among the first, fourth, fifth and sixth harmonics (Fig. 52E; 55B, I–N). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 3700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, a short and slight up-downward FM in the first seventh of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and usually a short upward FM at the end (Fig. 55B, I–N). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional and synchronic with the pulse- PAM (Fig. 55D, J, G, M).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hepp, Fábio;Pombal, José P.	Hepp, Fábio, Pombal, José P. (2020): Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae). Zootaxa 4725 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1
