taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
DA5BB272BF35FFF02EAD6D81FD48F89A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957399/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957399	Figure 2: Light micrographs of Karenia papilionacea cells (Figure 2A–C: strain KW-F3- 015;Figure 2D–G: strain KW-E1-014; Figure 2N: strain KW-G4-062; Figure 2H–M, O-R: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the open sulcal extension onto the epicone; n marks the nucleus): (A, B) ventral view showing apical groove, open-ended sulcus onto the epicone, and nucleus in the left lobe of hypocone; (C) epifluorescence microscopy under bluelight illumination showing numerous kidneyshaped chloroplasts; (D, E) ventral and dorsal views of the same cell showing apical groove, sulcus, and nucleus; (F) apical view in deep focus showing dorso-ventral compression; (G) epifluorescence microscopy showing several elongated chloroplasts; (H) two cells in ventral and dorsal view; (I–K) cells in left lateral, apical, and antapical views showing dorso-ventral compression; (L) ventral view showing apical groove and open-ended sulcus onto the epicone; (M) dorsal view showing apical groove over epicone; (N) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view; (O–R) contracted cells during butterfly-like movement. Scale bars: 10 µm.	Figure 2: Light micrographs of Karenia papilionacea cells (Figure 2A–C: strain KW-F3- 015;Figure 2D–G: strain KW-E1-014; Figure 2N: strain KW-G4-062; Figure 2H–M, O-R: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the open sulcal extension onto the epicone; n marks the nucleus): (A, B) ventral view showing apical groove, open-ended sulcus onto the epicone, and nucleus in the left lobe of hypocone; (C) epifluorescence microscopy under bluelight illumination showing numerous kidneyshaped chloroplasts; (D, E) ventral and dorsal views of the same cell showing apical groove, sulcus, and nucleus; (F) apical view in deep focus showing dorso-ventral compression; (G) epifluorescence microscopy showing several elongated chloroplasts; (H) two cells in ventral and dorsal view; (I–K) cells in left lateral, apical, and antapical views showing dorso-ventral compression; (L) ventral view showing apical groove and open-ended sulcus onto the epicone; (M) dorsal view showing apical groove over epicone; (N) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view; (O–R) contracted cells during butterfly-like movement. Scale bars: 10 µm.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
DA5BB272BF35FFF02EAD688EFA94FB35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957401/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957401	Figure 3: Light micrographs of Karenia selliformis cells (Figure 3A–D, L: strain KW-D10- 060; Figure 3C–K: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;n marks the nucleus):(A, B) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone; (C) squashed cell showing numerous elongated chloroplasts and transversely elongated nucleus in the hypocone; (D) epifluorescence microscopy under blue-light illumination showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (E, F) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;(G) lateral view showing strong dorso-ventral compression;(H, I) dorsal view of different cells showing apical groove over epicone and nucleus position;(J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell showing transversely elongated nucleus in hypocone; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	Figure 3: Light micrographs of Karenia selliformis cells (Figure 3A–D, L: strain KW-D10- 060; Figure 3C–K: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;n marks the nucleus):(A, B) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone; (C) squashed cell showing numerous elongated chloroplasts and transversely elongated nucleus in the hypocone; (D) epifluorescence microscopy under blue-light illumination showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (E, F) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;(G) lateral view showing strong dorso-ventral compression;(H, I) dorsal view of different cells showing apical groove over epicone and nucleus position;(J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell showing transversely elongated nucleus in hypocone; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
DA5BB272BF35FFF12D3F6BE0FEEFF862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957403/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957403	Figure 4: Light micrographs of Karlodinium ballantinum cells (Figure 4A–C, F, G: strain KW- JL-07; Figure 4D, E, H–L: strain KW-E9-046; n marks the nucleus):(A–C) ventral view showing apical groove (arrow) and short finger-like sulcal intrusion onto the epicone (arrowhead); (D) dorsal view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone; (E) apical view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone and no dorsoventral compression; (F) dividing motile cell; (G) squashed cell in dorsal view showing the knob-like structures lining the lower margin of the cingulum (arrows); (H) squashed cell showing large central nucleus surrounded by several chloroplasts; (I) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in dorsal view showing centrally located nucleus; (J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in lateral view showing nucleus close to the dorsal side; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts with internal pyrenoids (white arrows); (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	Figure 4: Light micrographs of Karlodinium ballantinum cells (Figure 4A–C, F, G: strain KW- JL-07; Figure 4D, E, H–L: strain KW-E9-046; n marks the nucleus):(A–C) ventral view showing apical groove (arrow) and short finger-like sulcal intrusion onto the epicone (arrowhead); (D) dorsal view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone; (E) apical view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone and no dorsoventral compression; (F) dividing motile cell; (G) squashed cell in dorsal view showing the knob-like structures lining the lower margin of the cingulum (arrows); (H) squashed cell showing large central nucleus surrounded by several chloroplasts; (I) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in dorsal view showing centrally located nucleus; (J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in lateral view showing nucleus close to the dorsal side; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts with internal pyrenoids (white arrows); (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
DA5BB272BF38FFFD2E836EBBFB6EF8FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957401/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957401	Figure 3: Light micrographs of Karenia selliformis cells (Figure 3A–D, L: strain KW-D10- 060; Figure 3C–K: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;n marks the nucleus):(A, B) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone; (C) squashed cell showing numerous elongated chloroplasts and transversely elongated nucleus in the hypocone; (D) epifluorescence microscopy under blue-light illumination showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (E, F) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;(G) lateral view showing strong dorso-ventral compression;(H, I) dorsal view of different cells showing apical groove over epicone and nucleus position;(J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell showing transversely elongated nucleus in hypocone; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	Figure 3: Light micrographs of Karenia selliformis cells (Figure 3A–D, L: strain KW-D10- 060; Figure 3C–K: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;n marks the nucleus):(A, B) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone; (C) squashed cell showing numerous elongated chloroplasts and transversely elongated nucleus in the hypocone; (D) epifluorescence microscopy under blue-light illumination showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (E, F) ventral view showing apical groove and sulcal intrusion onto the epicone;(G) lateral view showing strong dorso-ventral compression;(H, I) dorsal view of different cells showing apical groove over epicone and nucleus position;(J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell showing transversely elongated nucleus in hypocone; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts; (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
DA5BB272BF38FFFA2D1D688BFC01FBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957399/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957399	Figure 2: Light micrographs of Karenia papilionacea cells (Figure 2A–C: strain KW-F3- 015;Figure 2D–G: strain KW-E1-014; Figure 2N: strain KW-G4-062; Figure 2H–M, O-R: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the open sulcal extension onto the epicone; n marks the nucleus): (A, B) ventral view showing apical groove, open-ended sulcus onto the epicone, and nucleus in the left lobe of hypocone; (C) epifluorescence microscopy under bluelight illumination showing numerous kidneyshaped chloroplasts; (D, E) ventral and dorsal views of the same cell showing apical groove, sulcus, and nucleus; (F) apical view in deep focus showing dorso-ventral compression; (G) epifluorescence microscopy showing several elongated chloroplasts; (H) two cells in ventral and dorsal view; (I–K) cells in left lateral, apical, and antapical views showing dorso-ventral compression; (L) ventral view showing apical groove and open-ended sulcus onto the epicone; (M) dorsal view showing apical groove over epicone; (N) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view; (O–R) contracted cells during butterfly-like movement. Scale bars: 10 µm.	Figure 2: Light micrographs of Karenia papilionacea cells (Figure 2A–C: strain KW-F3- 015;Figure 2D–G: strain KW-E1-014; Figure 2N: strain KW-G4-062; Figure 2H–M, O-R: isolates from field samples; arrows point to the apical groove; arrowheads point to the open sulcal extension onto the epicone; n marks the nucleus): (A, B) ventral view showing apical groove, open-ended sulcus onto the epicone, and nucleus in the left lobe of hypocone; (C) epifluorescence microscopy under bluelight illumination showing numerous kidneyshaped chloroplasts; (D, E) ventral and dorsal views of the same cell showing apical groove, sulcus, and nucleus; (F) apical view in deep focus showing dorso-ventral compression; (G) epifluorescence microscopy showing several elongated chloroplasts; (H) two cells in ventral and dorsal view; (I–K) cells in left lateral, apical, and antapical views showing dorso-ventral compression; (L) ventral view showing apical groove and open-ended sulcus onto the epicone; (M) dorsal view showing apical groove over epicone; (N) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view; (O–R) contracted cells during butterfly-like movement. Scale bars: 10 µm.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
DA5BB272BF38FFFA2D1D688BFC01FBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957397/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957397	Figure 1: Area of investigation: (A) general location of the sampling area; (B) map of Kuwait’s marine area; (C) satellite image of Kuwait Bay and adjacent waters showing location of sampling sites.	Figure 1: Area of investigation: (A) general location of the sampling area; (B) map of Kuwait’s marine area; (C) satellite image of Kuwait Bay and adjacent waters showing location of sampling sites.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
DA5BB272BF3FFFFB2D3F6B85FB24FC0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/16957403/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16957403	Figure 4: Light micrographs of Karlodinium ballantinum cells (Figure 4A–C, F, G: strain KW- JL-07; Figure 4D, E, H–L: strain KW-E9-046; n marks the nucleus):(A–C) ventral view showing apical groove (arrow) and short finger-like sulcal intrusion onto the epicone (arrowhead); (D) dorsal view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone; (E) apical view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone and no dorsoventral compression; (F) dividing motile cell; (G) squashed cell in dorsal view showing the knob-like structures lining the lower margin of the cingulum (arrows); (H) squashed cell showing large central nucleus surrounded by several chloroplasts; (I) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in dorsal view showing centrally located nucleus; (J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in lateral view showing nucleus close to the dorsal side; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts with internal pyrenoids (white arrows); (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	Figure 4: Light micrographs of Karlodinium ballantinum cells (Figure 4A–C, F, G: strain KW- JL-07; Figure 4D, E, H–L: strain KW-E9-046; n marks the nucleus):(A–C) ventral view showing apical groove (arrow) and short finger-like sulcal intrusion onto the epicone (arrowhead); (D) dorsal view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone; (E) apical view showing apical groove (arrow) over epicone and no dorsoventral compression; (F) dividing motile cell; (G) squashed cell in dorsal view showing the knob-like structures lining the lower margin of the cingulum (arrows); (H) squashed cell showing large central nucleus surrounded by several chloroplasts; (I) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in dorsal view showing centrally located nucleus; (J) epifluorescence microscopy of DAPI-stained cell in lateral view showing nucleus close to the dorsal side; (K) epifluorescence microscopy showing numerous peripherally located, elongated chloroplasts with internal pyrenoids (white arrows); (L) Lugol’s-fixed cell in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm.	2025-03-14	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah		Zenodo	biologists	Al-Kandari, Research Article Manal;Saburova, Maria;Polikarpov, Igor;Larsen, Jacob;Lundholm, Nina;Hussain, Sumaiah			
