identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DA02879C1A747F7AFE41FC18BBE6B2D5.text	DA02879C1A747F7AFE41FC18BBE6B2D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus koreanus Ahmad & Park & Lee & Choi 2009	<div><p>Tylencholaimus koreanus sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1 and 2; Table 1)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Body ventrally curved, C-shaped upon fixation, tapering slightly towards anterior extremity. Outer cuticle finely striated; inner layer irregular and loosened from the outer layer. Radial refractive elements abundant. Lateral chords about onequarter of body width at mid-body. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset from the body by a deep constriction, about 2.3–2.6 times as wide as high and about one-third as wide as body width at neck base. Lips amalgamated and with their inner part scarcely elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae not interfering with labial contour. Amphids small, funnel-shaped, and with a small slitlike aperture at the level of cephalic constriction; fusus 15–16 µm from behind aperture. Odontostyle typical of the genus, about 0.75–0.78 times the lip region width long, with aperture about one-third of its length. Guiding ring simple, at 0.6–0.7 times the lip region width from anterior end. Odontophore rod-like with small basal knobs, 1.2–1.3 times the odontostyle length. Nerve ring encircling anterior slender part of pharynx at 39–42% of neck length from anterior end. Pharyngeal expansion gradual; expanded part occupying about 47–52% of neck length from anterior end. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices clear; DN large, close to pharyngeal expansion; S1N weak, located halfway between DN and S2N; S2N distinct, their locations are as follows: DO = 61–62; DN = 64–65; DO–DN = 2; S1N1 = 76–77; S1N2 = 79–80; S2N = 90–91; S2O = 91–92. Cardia short conoid. Genital system monodelphic–prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 45–102 µm with oocytes arranged in a single row except near tip. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, 57–76 µm or 2.4–3.2 times the corresponding body width long with distinct pars dilatata. Uterus 35–50 µm or 1.5–2.3 times the corresponding body width long. Sphincter present at oviduct–uterus junction. Posterior branch represented by a large sac usually filled with spermatozoa, 43–75 µm or 2.0–3.4 times the corresponding body width. Vagina slightly less than half the corresponding body width, often bent slightly forward. Pars proximalis vaginae 7–8 µm long with convex walls encircled by weak musculature; pars refringens vaginae absent; pars distalis vaginae 2–3 µm. Vulva transverse. Prerectum 3.2–5.1 times the anal body width long. Rectum about as long as anal body width. Tail short, conoid, with bluntly rounded terminus and a distinct terminal caudal pore.</p> <p>Note: n = number of specimens; L = body length; a = body length / maximum body width; b = body length / neck length; c = body length / tail length; c′ = tail length / body width at anus; V = (distance from head end to vulva / body length) × 100; G1 = (overall length of anterior genital branch / body length) × 100; G2 = (overall length of posterior genital branch / body length) × 100.</p> <p>Male. Similar to female in general morphology except for the posterior region being more curved ventrally because of the presence of copulatory muscles. Supplements, an adanal pair and two well-developed ventromedians. Spicules dorylaimoid, ventrally arcuate, 1.1–1.3 times the anal body width long. Lateral guiding pieces absent. Prerectum 4.1–5.0 anal body widths long. Rectum 1.1–1.2 times anal body width long. Tail short, conoid, similar to female.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil around the roots of forest trees from Heugsando, Jeollanam-do, South Korea.</p> <p>Type specimens</p> <p>Holotype female and a paratype male on slide Tylencholaimus koreanus sp. nov. /1; paratype females and males on slides Tylencholaimus koreanus sp. nov. /2–4, deposited with the nematode collection of the Division of Applied Entomology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Suwon, Korea. Four females and two males deposited with the nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India.</p> <p>Diagnosis and relationships</p> <p>Tylencholaimus koreanus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.49–0.58 mm long body; lip region distinctly offset; small funnel-shaped amphid with slit-like aperture; 5.5–6.0 µm long odontostyle; odontophore with small knobs; muscular pharynx with gradually expanding basal part; monodelphic–prodelphic genital system with long post-uterine sac and short conoid tail.</p> <p>The new species is closely related to T. stecki Steiner, 1914 and T. vulvulatum Rahman et al., 1987 because of perioral region not disc-like, slender part of pharynx muscular and expanding gradually and the posterior genital branch with large sac (see Steiner 1914; Rahman et al. 1987). However, it differs, from T. stecki in having smaller body size (versus 0.7–1.0 mm); the shape of lip region (versus lip region offset by a shallow constriction); in having smaller amphids (versus amphid aperture about two-thirds of lip region width); smaller expanded part of pharynx (versus 90–102 µm); longer prerectum (versus two anal body widths); shorter tail (versus 19.5–25 µm), and shorter spicules (versus 23.5–27 µm (Peña-Santiago and Coomans 1996); 25 µm (Sauer 1969); 27–31 µm (Loof and Jairajpuri 1968), and in the presence of a distinct terminal caudal pore (versus absent).</p> <p>From T. vulvulatum, the new species differs in having a smaller body size (versus 0.80–0.93 mm); in having symmetrical vulval lips (versus asymmetrical); shorter tail (versus 19–22 µm, c′ = 1.0 in female); tail always shorter than anal body diameter in the new species. The new species further differs from T. vulvulatum in having shorter and distinctly arcuate spicules (versus spicules 28–32 µm, slightly arched).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A747F7AFE41FC18BBE6B2D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A7F7F76FE5CFF30BACFB6FF.text	DA02879C1A7F7F76FE5CFF30BACFB6FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus parvus Ahmad and Araki 2003	<div><p>Tylencholaimus parvus Ahmad and Araki, 2003</p> <p>(Figure 3A–E; Table 2)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, about twice as wide as high and about one-third as wide as body width at neck base. Amphids small, cup-shaped with a small slit-like aperture. Odontostyle about 0.7–0.8 times the lip region width long. Guiding ring simple, at 0.60–0.65 times the lip region width from anterior end.</p> <p>Odontophore rod-like with small basal knobs, 1.0–1.1 times the odontostyle length. Anterior part of pharynx slender and rather muscular, expanding gradually into the basal expanded part; latter occupying 41–45% of total neck length. Cardia short conoid. Genital system monodelphic–prodelphic; posterior genital branch completely absent. Vagina bent forward, about half the corresponding body width deep. Vulva transverse. Tail short hemispheroid, always with a distinct terminal caudal pore.</p> <p>Male. Not found.</p> <p>Habitats and localities</p> <p>Soil around the roots of forest trees from (1) Heugsando, Jeollanam-do; (2) Uleungdo, Gyeongsangbuk-do; (3) Geomoondo, Jeollanam-do; (4) Jincheon, Jincheon-gun, Gyeongi-do; (5) Jungmisan mountain, Yangpeong-gun, Gyeongi-do. All localities in South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Ahmad and Araki (2003) described this species from Japan. This species appears to be widely distributed in forest soils of Korea. The present specimens agree fairly well with the Japanese population except that the Korean specimens have a comparatively smaller expanded part of the pharynx (versus 47–50% in Japanese specimens), slightly posterior vulva (versus V = 69–74.5, mean 71), and slightly longer tail (versus tail 9.5– 12 µm, c′ = 0.55–0.88). Ahmad and Araki (2003) described this species based on a large number of females and a single male but in none of our samples could we find a male. Tylencholaimus parvus along with T. chathami Yeates, 1979; T. micronanus Yeates, 1979, T. nanus Thorne, 1939 and T. ibericus Peña-Santiago and Coomans, 1994 constitute a group of very closely related species with minor differences in morphometrics (see Yeates 1979; Thorne 1939; Peña-Santiago and Coomans 1994).</p> <p>Tylencholaimus confusus Ahmad and Araki, 2003</p> <p>(Figure 3F–L; Table 2)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Lip region cap-like, conical, offset from the body by deep constriction; lips moderately separate and angular with inner part elevated and protruding. Labial and cephalic papillae slightly protruding. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture slit-like, occupying about half of lip region width. Odontostyle 0.8–0.9 times the lip region width long, with aperture about one-quarter of its length. Guiding ring single, at 0.66–0.75 times the lip region width from anterior end. Odontophore rod-like, about 1.5–1.6 times the odontostyle length, with well-developed basal flanges appearing as two posteriorly directed lobes; the flanges are very distinct in fresh specimens. Anterior slender part of pharynx weakly muscular expanding abruptly into an elongate basal bulb, occupying about 44–48% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, conoid. Genital system monodelphic–prodelphic; posterior genital branch represented by a small sac, measuring 9–12 µm. Vagina cylindrical, bent forward, about half of the corresponding body width deep. Vulva transverse. Tail short, conoid, ventral side straight, dorsal side convex, with rounded tip, and with a pair of caudal pore on each side.</p> <p>Note: n = number of specimens; L = body length; a = body length / maximum body width; b = body length / neck length; c = body length / tail length; c′ = tail length / body width at anus; V = (distance from head end to vulva / body length) × 100; G1 = (overall length of anterior genital branch / body length) × 100; G2 = (overall length of posterior genital branch / body length) × 100.</p> <p>Male. Not found.</p> <p>Habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil around roots of forest trees from Uleungdo, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Tylencholaimus confusus Ahmad and Araki, 2003 is a unique species in the genus Tylencholaimus, characterized by the presence of a flanged odontophore rather than basal knobs. Ahmad and Araki (2003), while describing this species, emphasized this apomorphic state of character which is clearly a divergence from all the species of the group and might represent a new genus when more similar forms are recorded. We collected several specimens of this species from Uleungdo. Interestingly, we did not find any male in the Korean population, although in the Japanese population males were quite common. However, our current specimens completely fit the description and measurements of the type population except for having a slightly wide amphidial aperture (versus 4 µm), longer expanded part of the pharynx (versus 83–93 µm), and a slightly lower b value (versus b = 3.8–4.4).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A7F7F76FE5CFF30BACFB6FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A7C7F73FEF9FD78BA59B2EC.text	DA02879C1A7C7F73FEF9FD78BA59B2EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylencholaimus intermedius Pena-Santiago and Coomans 1996	<div><p>Tylencholaimus intermedius Peña-Santiago and Coomans, 1996</p> <p>(Figures 4F–J, 5F–H; Table 3)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Lip region cap-like, rather flattened, offset by slight constriction, about twice as wide as high. Lips amalgamated; labial papillae not interfering with the labial contour. A weakly developed post-labial sclerotization present. Amphids small, cup-shaped, their aperture about one-third of corresponding body width. Odontostyle relatively slender, about as long as lip region width; its aperture about one-third of its length. Guiding ring single, at 0.76 times the lip region width from anterior end. Odontophore rod-like, 1.14 times the odontostyle length, practically without basal knobs. Anterior part of pharynx slender, weakly muscular, expanding abruptly into a long cylindrical basal bulb, occupying about 40% of total neck length. Cardia short conoid. Genital system monodelphic–opisthodelphic; anterior genital branch completely absent. Vagina somewhat pyriform, extending inward and backward to about one-third of the corresponding body width. Vulva a transverse slit. Tail short, hemispheroid, rather cylindrical with a weak terminal caudal pore.</p> <p>Male. Not found.</p> <p>Habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil around roots of forest trees from Jincheon forest, Jincheon-gun, Gyeongi-do, South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Tylencholaimus intermedius Peña-Santiago and Coomans, 1996 is an interesting species of the genus Tylencholaimus with the shape of its lip region, post-labial thickening, almost absence of basal knobs and DN situated rather posteriorly, quite uncommon for the species in this group. Peña-Santiago and Coomans (1996) described this species from Spain. Ahmad and Araki (2003) recorded two females of this species from Japan while a single specimen was recovered from Jincheon forest during our present study. The Korean specimen is similar to Spanish and Japanese specimens. We also noted a distinct hemizonid in our specimen similar to the one recorded in Japanese specimens. Hemizonid was not recorded in Spanish specimens.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A7C7F73FEF9FD78BA59B2EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A677F6DFE5CFF30B933B1C7.text	DA02879C1A677F6DFE5CFF30B933B1C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chitwoodiellus nipponi Ahmad and Araki 2003	<div><p>Chitwoodiellus nipponi Ahmad and Araki, 2003</p> <p>(Figure 6A–G; Table 4)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, about twice as wide as high and about half as wide as body width at neck base. Lips moderately separate, with their inner part elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct. Amphids large, stirrup-shaped, their aperture occupying almost entire lateral surface. Cheilostome a truncate cone with thickened wall ending in a simple guiding ring. Distinct cuticularized plates present at the perioral region. Odontostyle relatively slender, 0.7–0.8 times the lip region width long with aperture about one-quarter to one-third of its length. Odontophore rod-like with distinct basal swelling, 1.4–1.7 times the odontostyle length; ellipsoidal swelling forming a spindle-shaped chamber. Guiding ring at 0.6–0.7 times the lip region width from anterior end. Pharyngeal expansion abrupt; expanded portion occupying about 33–36% of total neck length. Cardia elongateconoid. Genital system monodelphic–prodelphic; posterior branch represented by a very small sac, measuring 8–11 µm. Vagina anteriorly directed, about half of the corresponding body width deep. Tail short conoid to hemispheroid with distinctly enlarged hyaline area. Caudal pores two on each side.</p> <p>Male. Not found</p> <p>Habitats and localities</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of forest trees from: (1) Ulleungdo, Gyeongsangbuk-do; (2) Jungmisan Mt, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeongi-do; and (3) Gayasan Mt, near Haeinsa temple, Habcheon-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. All localities in South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Chitwoodiellus nipponi Ahmad and Araki, 2003 is an atypical species of the rare genus Chitwoodiellus Jiménez-Guirado and Peña-Santiago, 1992 in the absence of the characteristic isthmus-like portion at the junction of two parts of the pharynx and in having a monodelphic–prodelphic female genital system. Out of five known species representing this genus, only C. nipponi is monodelphic while the other four are didelphic. Three of these species, C. gracilis, C. heynsi and C. parafuscus, have been recorded only from Europe (Spain); C. fuscus only from Australia and C. nipponi from Japan and now from Korea. Although the Korean specimens completely fit the description and measurements of the Japanese specimens, the range of measurements and ratios are further extended.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A677F6DFE5CFF30B933B1C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A677F6EFE7BFA50B975B6BF.text	DA02879C1A677F6EFE7BFA50B975B6BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chitwoodielloides japonicus Ahmad and Araki 2003	<div><p>Chitwoodielloides japonicus Ahmad and Araki, 2003</p> <p>(Figures 6H–L; Table 4)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, about twice as wide as high or about one-third as wide as body width at neck base. Lips rounded and moderately separated. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture about half of lip region width. Stoma distinctly sclerotized. Odontostyle long, attenuated, straight or slightly dorsally curved, 2.3–2.7 times the lip region width long, and with small aperture and slightly thickened tip. Odontophore rod-like with distinct basal thickening, 0.80–0.85 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring single, at 1.4–1.6 times the lip region width from anterior end. Anterior slender part of pharynx weakly muscular; pharyngeal expansion gradual; expanded portion occupying about 50–52% of total neck length. Cardia short, hemispheroid. Genital system didelphic–amphidelphic. Tail short, rounded, conoid to hemispheroid with a pair of caudal pores on each side. A distinct terminal caudal pore always present.</p> <p>Note: n = number of specimens; L = body length; a = body length / maximum body width; b = body length / neck length; c = body length / tail length; c′ = tail length / body width at anus; V = (distance from head end to vulva / body length) × 100; G1 = (overall length of anterior genital branch / body length) × 100; G2 = (overall length of posterior genital branch / body length) × 100.</p> <p>Male. Not found.</p> <p>Habitats and localities</p> <p>Soil samples collected from around the roots of forest trees from: (1) Ulleungdo, Gyeongsangbuk-do; (2) Jungmisan Mt Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeongi-do; and (3) Gayasan Mt, near Haeinsa temple, Habcheon-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. All localities in South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Ahmad and Araki (2003) described a new genus Chitwoodielloides with the type and only species C. japonicus from forest soil in several localities of Japan. This species seems to be quite commonly distributed in forest soils of Korea. The Korean specimens are very similar to the Japanese population except for some minor differences in morphometrics and for the absence of males. All four populations recorded from Japan had males while in the Korean population no males were present nor were the females impregnated. The odontostyle as well as odontophore length in Korean specimens, though within the range found in Japanese specimens, were on average comparatively smaller. In the Japanese specimens, the odontostyle length varied from 28 to 33 µm (usually about 30 µm), whereas odontophore length ranged from 23 to29 µm (usually about 27–28 µm).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A677F6EFE7BFA50B975B6BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A647F6EFE7BFCB8B994B2DF.text	DA02879C1A647F6EFE7BFCB8B994B2DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Promumtazium pyxidorum Siddiqi 1982	<div><p>Promumtazium pyxidorum Siddiqi, 1982</p> <p>(Figures 4K–O; Table 5)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Lip region low, cap-like, offset by constriction, about three times as wide as high and about one-third as wide as body width at neck base. Lips rounded; labial and cephalic papillae not interfering with the labial contour. Amphid aperture small, slitlike, with aperture about one-third as wide as lip region width. Odontostyle small, fusiform, asymmetrical, dorsal arm slightly arcuate, 0.6 times lip region width long. Odontophore rod-like, about 1.3 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring single, at 0.6 times lip region width from anterior end. Pharyngeal expansion gradual; expanded portion occupying about 45% of total neck length. Cardia short, conoid. Genital system didelphic–amphidelphic; both sexual branches almost equally developed. Tail short conoid to an obtusely rounded terminus, with a distinct terminal caudal pore.</p> <p>Male. Not found.</p> <p>Habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil around roots of forest trees from Heugsando, Jeollanam-do, South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Siddiqi (1982) described P. pyxidorum from Colombia. Ahmad and Araki (2003) redescribed it from Japan. We recorded a single specimen of this rare nematode species from a soil sample collected from Heugsan-Do. The Korean specimen is very similar to the Japanese specimen except for having a much smaller prerectum (3.2–3.8 times anal body width in Japanese specimens).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A647F6EFE7BFCB8B994B2DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A637F64FE0BFAE2BAE5B7F7.text	DA02879C1A637F64FE0BFAE2BAE5B7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proleptonchus orientalis Ahmad & Park & Lee & Choi 2009	<div><p>Proleptonchus orientalis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 7 and 8; Table 6)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Body slightly curved ventrad upon fixation, slender, tapering slightly towards anterior extremity. Cuticle with fine transverse striations; inner layer with irregular outline and often detached from the outer layer. Radial refractive elements abundant along entire body length. Lateral hypodermal chords about one-quarter to one-third as wide as body width at mid-body. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by slight constriction; labial and cephalic papillae not projecting above labial contour. Amphids large, stirrup-shaped, fovea simple; its aperture occupying slightly more than two-thirds of the corresponding body width; fusus large, 19–21 µm behind aperture. Stoma flask-shaped, its wall slightly sclerotized. Odontostyle slender, attenuated, about as long as lip region width. Guiding ring 0.66–0.70 times lip region width from anterior end. Odontophore almost straight with slightly thickened base, about as long as the odontostyle. Combined odontostyle and odontophore length about 15–17 µm. Pharynx with very slender, weak anterior part separated from the posterior cylindrical bulb by an abrupt expansion. Pharyngeal bulb about two and a half times as long as wide and occupying about 18–20% of total neck length. Nerve ring encircling the anterior slender part of pharynx at 45–50% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rather short conoid. DN 7–8 µm behind beginning of pharyngeal enlargement while S2N 10–11 µm anterior to base of pharynx. Genital system pseudo-mono-prodelphic. Anterior genital tract well developed; ovary reflexed, measuring 90–127 µm with oocytes arranged in a single row except near its tip. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, 106–123 µm long with well-developed pars dilatata. Uterus 60–73 µm long; pars dilatata of uterus containing weak refringent apophyses. Posterior branch 3.0–6.3 times mid-body width long, comprising a long sac-like uterine part and a small appendix representing rudiments of oviduct; a distinct sphincter present between the two parts. Vulva a transverse slit. Vagina muscular, 17–18 µm or about half of the corresponding body width deep. Pars proximalis vaginae 10–12 µm long with straight walls encircled by circular musculature; pars refringens vaginae absent; pars distalis vaginae spindle-shaped, 5–6 µm long. Prerectum five to eight anal body widths long, a small prerectal chamber present between the prerectum and intestine proper. Rectum 1.1–1.3 times anal body width long. Tail short, conoid with bluntly rounded terminus, 0.9–1.0 times anal body width long with a pair of caudal pores on each side.</p> <p>Note: n = number of specimens; L = body length; a = body length / maximum body width; b = body length / neck length; c = body length / tail length; c′ = tail length / body width at anus; V = (distance from head end to vulva / body length) × 100; G1 = (overall length of anterior genital branch / body length) × 100; G2 = (overall length of posterior genital branch / body length) × 100.</p> <p>Male. Similar to females in general morphology except for posterior region being curved strongly because of the presence of copulatory muscles. Supplements, an adanal pair and four to five spaced ventromedians. Spicules dorylaimoid, slightly arcuate, 1.45–1.58 times anal body widths long. Lateral guiding pieces about onethird of spicule length. Prerectum 6.5–9.5 times anal body width long, terminating beyond the range of supplements. Rectum about 1.4–1.6 times anal body width long. Tail short conoid, with bluntly rounded terminus, 1.1–1.2 times anal body width long. Caudal pores two on each side.</p> <p>Type habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil around roots of forest trees from Jungmisan Mt, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeongi-do, South Korea.</p> <p>Type specimens</p> <p>Holotype female and a paratype male on slide Proleptonchus orientalis sp. nov. /1; paratypes females and males on slides Proleptonchus orientalis sp. nov. /2–3; deposited with the nematode collection of National Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Suwon, Korea. Two paratype females and males deposited with the nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India.</p> <p>Diagnosis and relationships</p> <p>Proleptonchus orientalis sp. nov. is characterized by having a small (0.86–0.97 mm in female and 0.99–1.13 mm in male), comparatively slender body; lip region slightly offset, low; 6–8 µm long, slender odontostyle; almost straight odontophore with slightly thickened base; pharyngeal bulb cylindrical, occupying about 18–20% of neck length; posterior genital branch with reduced terminal oviduct; a small prerectal chamber between intestine proper and prerectum; short conoid tail; 29–32 µm long spicules and four or five ventromedian supplements.</p> <p>The new species is distinctive in the presence of refringent apophyses in the pars dilatata of the uterus and a prerectal chamber. Mushtaq et al. (2007) described a new species, P. sclerouterinus from India, characterized by the presence of very strong refringent apophyses in the pars dilatata of uterus. Although our new species has refringent apophyses, they are weak. The new species further differs from P. sclerouterinus in having a smaller body size (versus 1.2–1.3 mm); almost straight odontophore (versus arcuate); in the presence of a prerectal chamber (versus absence) and in the shape and size of the tail (versus tail hemispherical with thick cuticle at terminus, c = 68.5–94, c′ = 0.6–0.8). By having a prerectal chamber, the new species resembles P. parkerus Choi and Jairajpuri, 1998, a species described from Korea, but differs in having a smaller body size (versus 1.33–1.37 mm), in the position of the prerectal chamber (versus between prerectum and rectum) and in having a much longer post-uterine sac with rudiments of oviduct (versus post-uterine sac 56–75 µm long without rudiments of oviduct).</p> <p>The new species is also similar to P. shamimi Bajaj and Bhatti, 1980; P. saccatus (Clark, 1962) Andrássy, 1963 and P. fagi Jiménez Guirado and Arcos, 1994 (see Bajaj and Bhatti 1980; Clark 1962; Andrássy 1963; Jiménez Guirado and Arcos 1994). However, it differs from the former in having comparatively smaller body size (versus 1.10–1.50 mm); in the nature of its odontophore, which is almost straight with thickened base (versus odontophore arcuate without thickened base); comparatively posterior vulva (versus V = 54–60); in the presence of prerectal chamber (versus absence) and longer tail (versus 11–18 µm).</p> <p>From P. saccatus, the new species differs in having a smaller body size (versus 1.56–1.68 mm); smaller stoma (versus 10 µm); in the nature of its odontophore (versus arcuate and base not thickened); relatively shorter expanded part of the pharynx (versus 22–26%); posterior genital branch with different morphology (versus apparently without sphincter between reduced oviduct and uterine region) and shorter spicules (versus 48–49 µm).</p> <p>From P. fagi, the new species differs in having a shorter body size (versus 1.69–2.23 mm); in the shape of the lip region (versus lip region with a disc-like perioral area); in the size of the tail (versus c = 69–109; c′ = 0.45–0.80), and smaller spicules (versus 41.5–49.5 µm).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A637F64FE0BFAE2BAE5B7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
DA02879C1A6E7F61FE56FC60B8CBB097.text	DA02879C1A6E7F61FE56FC60B8CBB097.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Funaria thornei van der Linde 1938	<div><p>Funaria thornei Van der Linde, 1938</p> <p>(Figures 9 and 10; Table 5)</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Female. Body slightly curved ventrad upon fixation, slender, tapering slightly towards anterior extremity. Outer cuticle thin, finely transversely striated; inner layer coarsely striated, with irregular outline and often separated from the outer cuticle. Radial refractive elements abundant. Lateral chords about one-third of body width at mid-body. Lateral pores button-shaped; four in the neck region, arranged with first near middle of odontophore, second just anterior to nerve ring, third slightly anterior to beginning of pharyngeal enlargement and fourth near base of expanded part; five to seven pores between base of pharynx and vulva, six to 10 between vulva and anus and two on tail, located at variable distance from each other either on dorsal or ventral margin; two pores always at level of vulva, one each on dorsal and ventral margin. Lip region well offset, about twice as wide as high or about one-quarter to one-third as wide as body width at neck base. Labial papillae slightly projecting above labial contour. Amphids funnel-shaped, their aperture about two-thirds of the corresponding body width, fusus 19–21 µm behind aperture. Odontostyle delicate but with clear lumen, 0.65–0.85 times the lip region width long, its aperture about one-quarter of its total length. Stoma truncate cone, slightly wider at base with slightly thickened wall, fixed ring at 0.75–0.80 times lip region width from anterior end. Odontophore slightly arched with thickened base, 1.3–1.5 times the odontostyle length. Pharynx with a slender not muscular anterior part and a basal bulb, occupying about 22.5–25% of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices distinct. Cardia short conoid. Nerve ring located at 44–47% of neck length from anterior end. Genital system amphidelphic; both the sexual branches almost equally developed. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 63–67 µm (anterior) and 60–63 µm (posterior) with oocytes arranged in a single row except near its tip. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, 61–72 µm (anterior) and 57–66 µm (posterior) long with distinct pars dilatata. Uterus a short undifferentiated tube, measuring 37–54 µm (anterior) and 40–47 µm (posterior). No trace of sperm either in oviduct or uterus. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards about half of the corresponding body width; pars proximalis vaginae 11–12 µm long with almost straight to slightly convex walls surrounded by circular musculature; pars refringens vaginae appearing as a disc, measuring 4–5 by 13 µm; pars distalis vaginae with curved walls, 2 µm deep. Vulva longitudinal. Prerectum five to eight times anal body width long; intestine prerectum junction guarded by three cells. Rectum about 1.1–1.3 times anal body width long. Tail conoid with a terminal mucro, its length slightly less or more than anal body width. In the internal part of the tail there is always a terminal projection. Two pair of caudal pores present, one subdorsal and other subterminal.</p> <p>Male. Not found</p> <p>Habitat and locality</p> <p>Soil around roots of forest trees from Uleungdo, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Van der Linde (1938) described the genus Funaria with F. thornei as its type species collected from Ithaca, New York, USA. The original description of this species was incomplete and subsequent workers either synonymized the genus with Leptonchus (Andrássy 1963) or considered it as genus et species inquirenda (Goodey 1963). Goseco et al. (1974), while revising the family Leptonchidae, redecribed F. thornei based on specimens originating from several localities in USA and Canada. Our record of F. thornei from Korea is probably the first record outside North America. The Korean specimens completely fit the measurements of the species provided by Goseco et al. (1974).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA02879C1A6E7F61FE56FC60B8CBB097	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ahmad, Wasim;Park, Byeong-Yong;Lee, Jae-Kook;Choi, Dong-Ro	Ahmad, Wasim, Park, Byeong-Yong, Lee, Jae-Kook, Choi, Dong-Ro (2009): Some new and known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Korea. Journal of Natural History 43 (37 - 38): 2329-2356, DOI: 10.1080/00222930903097681, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930903097681
