identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DA288784FFA69851F396028F2A7CF488.text	DA288784FFA69851F396028F2A7CF488.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhopalus maculatus (Fieber 1837)	<div><p>Rhopalus maculatus</p><p>General nymphal description (Figs. 1–8, 9–13, 19–23, 34–41, 46, 48–62, Table 2). Body weakly elongate to oval, lateral abdominal margins slightly convex.</p><p>Color. General body color green in 1 st instar, pink with red spots around bases of setae in 2 nd –5 th instars. Head, antennae, labium, thorax, and femora reddish brown. White rings on apices of antennomeres 2–3 and on bases of antennomeres 3–4, apex of antennomere 4 pale in 1 st –4 th instars, brown in 5 th instar. Reddish brown spots around bases of setae on tibiae. Eyes red. Thorax with mediolongitudinal only lightly pigmented stripe.</p><p>Head triangular in outline, anteclypeus (A) longer than mandibular plates (Mp) (Figs. 1–3, 34, 35). Antennae four-segmented with cylindrically shaped antennomeres; antennomere 1 short, robust; antennomeres 2–4 long, slender, 4 slightly swollen medially, pointed apically (Figs. 1–3, 9–13); antennomeres 2–3 roughly similar in length in 1 st instar, antennomere 2 longer than 3 in 2 nd –5 th instars (Figs. 9–13, Table 2).</p><p>Labium four-segmented, length decreasing during development relative to body length, reaching beyond or between hind coxae.</p><p>Legs with two-segmented tarsi and two claws (Figs. 1–3, 34).</p><p>Two unpaired ostioles (Os) of DAGs on distinct, dark, pigmented, medial sclerites between abdominal segments 4–5 and 5–6; evaporatorium compounded from medial area between ostioles and two pairs of stripeshaped areas laterally from ostioles (Figs. 1–3, 34, 35, 40, 41).</p><p>Trichobothria ventrally on abdominal segments 3–7. Spiracles ventrolaterally on abdominal segments 2–8 (Figs. 19–23, 48–62).</p><p>Chaetotaxy. Two types of covering setae distinguishable in all instars: long, stout, erect, black setae slightly swollen apically; and short, stout, dark brown setae. Dorsal surface of head, thorax, and abdomen, and entire antennae and legs, covered with long, stout, erect, black setae. Ventral surface of abdomen with dark brown setae that are shorter than setae on dorsal surface. Setae on dorsum arranged in roughly regular rows symmetrically along longitudinal body axis (Figs. 1–3). Setae on both dorsal and ventral surfaces increase in number during ontogenetic development, present in alveoles that are almost flat in 1 st instar, protuberant in 2 nd –5 th instars. General pattern of setae constant within each nymphal instar. Two other types of setae, not regularly arranged, occur in 3 rd –5 th instars: fine, short, dark brown setae located among long setae on abdominal venter; and fine, white setae of variable length, often short, on dorsal surface.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA288784FFA69851F396028F2A7CF488	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rohanová, Markéta;Vilímová, Jitka	Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4
DA288784FFAC9842F3960272292AF3A7.text	DA288784FFAC9842F3960272292AF3A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorosoma schillingii	<div><p>Chorosoma schillingii</p><p>General nymphal description (Figs. 14–18, 24–33, 42–45, 47, 63–71, Table 2). Body elongate, narrow, distinctly longer than wide, lateral margins subparallel (Figs. 42, 43); abdominal segments 2–8 dorsoventrally, narrowly flattened laterally.</p><p>Color. General body color beige with longitudinal pink strip each side dorsolaterally from eyes to apex of abdomen; similar strip present each side ventrolaterally. Antennae generally brown. Apex of antennomere 4 and ventral surface of antennomere 1 pale; white rings on apices of antennomeres 1–3, reaching base of following antennomere in 1 st –3 rd instars; antennae entirely dark brown in 4 th and 5 th instars. Legs brownish, each apical tarsomere dark brown. Eyes red.</p><p>Head ovoid to trapezoidal, distinctly longer than wide, anteclypeus (A) longer than mandibular plates (Mp) (Fig. 44). Antennae four-segmented, antennomeres cylindrically shaped, antennomere 1 short, robust; antennomeres 2–4 long, slender; antennomere 2 swollen basally; antennomere 4 slightly stouter than 3 and pointed apically in 2 nd –5 th instars (Figs. 14–18). Labium four-segmented, length decreasing during development from distinctly reaching beyond hind coxae to only reaching between middle coxae.</p><p>Legs with two-segmented tarsi and two claws.</p><p>Two unpaired ostioles of DAGs on distinct medial sclerites on anterior and posterior areas of abdominal segment 5 (Figs. 42, 43).</p><p>Trichobothria (T1, Ts) ventrally on abdominal segments 3–7. Spiracles (Sp) ventrolaterally on abdominal segments 2–8 (Figs. 29–33, 63–71).</p><p>Chaetotaxy. Dorsal and ventral surfaces covered with long, white setae; and long, dark brown setae, with white setae only on abdominal segments 6–9 and on antennae. Numbers of both types of setae increase during development. Specific structures such as flat setae or thorn-shaped processes in R. maculatus not found in C. schillingii nymphs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA288784FFAC9842F3960272292AF3A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rohanová, Markéta;Vilímová, Jitka	Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4
DA288784FFB49840F39606992903F1F5.text	DA288784FFB49840F39606992903F1F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorosoma schillingii	<div><p>Chorosoma schillingii</p><p>First instar (Figs. 29, 45, 47, 63–66). Sternum 3: median long trichobothrium, middle short trichobothrium, and lateral precursor seta medially in wide V-shaped pattern. Sternum 4: median long trichobothrium, middle short trichobothrium and lateral long trichobothrium medially in transverse line. Sternum 5: median short trichobothrium, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium laterally in transverse line. Sternum 6: median short trichobothrium, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium laterally in transverse line. Sternum 7: only two trichobothria present, median short trichobothrium and lateral long trichobothrium laterally in transverse line.</p><p>Second instar to adult (Figs. 30–33, 67–71). Sternum 3: median long trichobothrium, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral short trichobothrium in wide V-shaped pattern. Sterna 4–7: trichobothrial pattern identical to that of 1 st instar.</p><p>Variation. Several differences from the general trichobothrial pattern described were recognized. Four trichobothria arranged asymmetrically in a transverse line on only one side of sternum 4 occurred in several Chorosoma schillingii adults. The following unusual arrangement was recognized in several specimens of the 3 rd – 5 th instars and the adults of both species — the trichobothria on one side of the sternum 5 or 6 are not in a straight line but the middle is distinctly more anterior or more posterior than the others. Also, in one specimen of the 1 st instar of C. schillingii, we found a precursor seta on one side of sternum 5 in the position of a median short trichobothrium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA288784FFB49840F39606992903F1F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rohanová, Markéta;Vilímová, Jitka	Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4
DA288784FFB49843F39601CA2997F412.text	DA288784FFB49843F39601CA2997F412.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhopalus maculatus (Fieber 1837)	<div><p>Rhopalus maculatus</p><p>First instar (Figs. 19, 46, 48–52). Sternum 3: median long trichobothrium, middle precursor seta, and lateral precursor seta medially, in wide V-shaped pattern. Sternum 4: median long trichobothrium, middle short trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium medially in transverse line. Sternum 5: median precursor seta, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium laterally in transverse line. Sternum 6: median precursor seta, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium laterally in transverse line. Sternum 7: only two setae present, median precursor seta and lateral long trichobothrium laterally in transverse line.</p><p>Second instar (Figs. 20, 53–57). Sternum 3: median long trichobothrium, middle short trichobothrium, and lateral precursor seta in wide V-shaped pattern. Sternum 4: median long trichobothrium, middle short trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium in transverse line. Sternum 5: median short trichobothrium, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium in transverse line. Sternum 6: median short trichobothrium, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral long trichobothrium in transverse line. Sternum 7: only two trichobothria present, median short trichobothrium and lateral long trichobothrium in transverse line.</p><p>Third instar to adult (Figs. 21–23, 58–62). Sternum 3: median long trichobothrium, middle long trichobothrium, and lateral short trichobothrium in wide V-shaped pattern. Sterna 4–7: trichobothrial pattern identical to that of 2 nd instar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA288784FFB49843F39601CA2997F412	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rohanová, Markéta;Vilímová, Jitka	Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4
DA288784FFB79840F39602732DDFF440.text	DA288784FFB79840F39602732DDFF440.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhopalus maculatus (Fieber 1837)	<div><p>Rhopalus maculatus</p><p>1 Abdominal terga 2–7 without thorn-shaped robust processes each side, terga 5–7 with long, flattened, medially swollen, apically pointed setae on dark pigmented tubercles laterally (Figs. 1, 19, 34, 37); setae on dorsal abdominal surface arise from almost flat alveoles. Six distinct dark brown flattened setae on head between eyes. Wing pads not developed (Figs. 1, 4, 34). Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: average 0.14 (min. 0.12– max. 0.17), 0.26 (0.19–0.31), 0.27 (0.20–0.32), 0.39 (0.32–0.44), average body length =1.40 (range, 0.99–1.86). Body weakly elongated, general body color green................ 1 st instar</p><p>- Abdominal terga 2–7 sublaterally with distinct thorn-shaped robust process each side, process composed from anterior dark part bearing two distinct setae and posterior pale part, terga 5–7 without long, flattened, medially swollen, apically pointed setae (Figs. 2, 3, 20–23, 35, 38, 39); setae on dorsal abdominal surface arise from distinct protuberant alveoles. Flattened setae on head not developed. Wing pads not developed (2 nd instar) or developed. Average body length 1.67 or greater. Body oval or ovoid, general body color pink with red spots around bases of setae.............................................. 2</p><p>2 Mesothorax and metathorax slightly convex dorsally. Mesonotal wing pads not developed, posterior margin of mesonotum arcuate (Figs. 2, 5). Metanotum subrectangular. Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.19 (0.17–0.20), 0.37 (0.34–0.41), 0.35 (0.31– 0.39), 0.51 (0.48–0.54), average body length = 2.15 (range, 1.67–2.60)..................................... 2 nd instar</p><p>- Mesothorax and metathorax flattened. Mesonotal wing pads developed, posterolateral angles of mesonotum elongated at least into short, rounded wing pads (Figs. 3, 6–8, 35). Metanotum narrowly transverse or medially only as narrow strip. Average body length 2.15 or greater.............................................................................. 3</p><p>3 Transverse furrow on pronotum not developed, posterior margin of pronotum weakly arcuate. Beginning of scutellum not evident, posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads almost straight medially. Mesonotal wing pads short, rounded, reaching abdominal tergum 1 (Figs. 3, 6, 35). Metanotal wing pads not developed. Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.26 (0.24–0.31), 0.52 (0.46–0.56), 0.47 (0.43–0.51), 0.69 (0.65–0.75), average body length = 2.83 (range, 2.11–3.23).............. 3 rd instar</p><p>- Transverse furrow on pronotum shallow to distinctly developed, posterior margin of pronotum weakly to distinctly sinuate. Beginning of scutellum evident, posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads convex, rounded or pointed. Mesonotal wing pads elongate, reaching beyond abdominal tergum 1 (Figs. 7, 8). Metanotal wing pads developed, short, almost completely overlapped by mesonotal wing pads (Figs. 7, 8). Average body length 3.38 or greater.......................... 4</p><p>4 Beginning of scutellum evident on posterior margin of mesonotum, rounded, short, not covering metanotum, not detached from wing pad by mesonotal groove each side. Mesonotal wing pads reaching abdominal tergum 2 (Fig. 7). Metanotum medially only as narrow strip. Developing external genitalia not present. Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.36 (0.34–0.43), 0.74 (0.66–0.82), 0.64 (0.56–0.70), 0.96 (0.88–1.09), average body length = 4.10 (range, 3.38–4.95).................. 4 th instar</p><p>- Beginning of scutellum on posterior margin of mesonotum, triangular, large, covering metanotum, detached from wing pad by distinct mesonotal groove each side. Mesonotal wing pads long, reaching at least abdominal tergum 3 (Fig. 8). Metanotum medially covered by beginning of scutellum. Developing external genitalia present (male’s abdominal sternum 9 compact, female’s abdominal sternum 9 divided by longitudinal groove medially). Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.45 (0.40–0.50), 0.95 (0.86–1.06), 0.86 (0.79–0.97), 1.29 (1.09–1.45), average body length = 5.88 (range, 4.90–6.86).................. 5 th instar</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA288784FFB79840F39602732DDFF440	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rohanová, Markéta;Vilímová, Jitka	Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4
DA288784FFB79841F39606912DDFF0F7.text	DA288784FFB79841F39606912DDFF0F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chorosoma schillingii	<div><p>Chorosoma schillingii</p><p>1 Mesonotal and metanotal wing pads not developed. Metanotum or metanotum and mesonotum with dark pigmented and strongly sclerotized spot each side laterally (Figs. 24, 25). Average body length up to 3.88............................ 2</p><p>- Mesonotal and metanotal wing pads developed (Figs. 26–28, 43). Mesonotum and metanotum uniformly pigmented and sclerotized, spots of different color and sclerotization not present. Average body length greater than 3.88................... 3</p><p>2 Labium reaching beyond posterior margin of hind coxae up to anterior abdominal sterna. Prothorax and abdomen flattened ventrally, mesothorax and metathorax convex ventrally. Posterior margin of mesonotum straight. Metanotum, with dark pigmented and strongly sclerotized spot each side laterally (Fig. 24). Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: average 0.19 (0.12–0.24), 0.40 (0.36–0.44), 0.44 (0.37–0.49), 0.49 (0.46–0.51), average body length = 1.66 (range, 1.34–2.79).............. 1 st instar</p><p>- Labium reaching posterior margin of hind coxae. Entire thorax and abdomen flattened ventrally. Posterior margin of mesonotum slightly sinuate. Mesonotum and metanotum with dark pigmented and strongly sclerotized spot each side laterally (Fig. 25). Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.34 (0.31–0.41), 0.61 (0.56–0.65), 0.61 (0.56–0.68), 0.65 (0.60–0.70), average body length = 3.88 (range, 2.70–4.70)................................................................... 2 nd instar</p><p>3 Pair of spots with different microsculpture than surrounding cuticle not developed on pronotum anteriorly. Posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads straight, beginning of scutellum not developed. Mesonotal wing pads short, rounded, not surpassing metanotum (Fig. 26). Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.48 (0.33–0.54), 0.87 (0.79–0.99), 0.85 (0.73–0.95), 0.81 (0.66– 0.92), average body length = 5.94 (range, 4.85–6.96)................................................... 3 rd instar</p><p>- Pair of spots with different microsculpture than surrounding cuticle on pronotum anteriorly (Figs. 27, 28). Posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads convex, with rounded or triangular beginning of scutellum developed. Mesonotal wing pads long, reaching beyond abdominal tergum 1 (Figs. 27, 28). Average body length greater than 5.94...................... 4</p><p>4 Posterior margin of pronotum straight. Pair of spots with different microsculpture on pronotum anteriorly not sharply delimited. Beginning of scutellum on posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads, rounded, not separated from wing pads by mesonotal groove each side. Mesonotal wing pads reaching abdominal tergum 2 (Fig. 27). Hind tibiae brownish. Developing external genitalia not present. Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 0.77 (0.69–0.83), 1.30 (1.16–1.45), 1.20 (1.12–1.39), 1.11 (1.02– 1.19), average body length = 8.34 (range, 6.17–9.90)................................................... 4 th instar</p><p>- Posterior margin of pronotum concave. Pair of spots with different microsculpture on pronotum anteriorly, delimited laterally and posteriorly by shallow furrows. Beginning of scutellum on posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads more evident, triangular, separated from wing pads by mesonotal groove either side. Mesonotal wing pads reaching to at least abdominal tergum 3 (Fig. 28). Hind tibiae dark brown. Developing external genitalia present (male’s abdominal sternum 9 compact, female’s abdominal sternum 9 divided by longitudinal groove medially). Lengths of 1–4 antennomeres: 1.14 (0.99–1.22), 1.94 (1.55–2.08), 1.76 (1.62–1.88), 1.47 (1.39–1.62), average body length = 11.23 (range, 9.31–13.52)................ 5 th instar</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DA288784FFB79841F39606912DDFF0F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Rohanová, Markéta;Vilímová, Jitka	Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4
