identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4ECB5FCDBFB85.text	DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4ECB5FCDBFB85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cionus amictus Germar 1821	<div><p>Cionus amictus Germar, 1821</p><p>Germar (1821) described Cionus amictus from specimens collected in Portugal by Schüppel. He noted that his new species is very closely related to Curculio teter (presently Rhinusa tetra) but differs by the slightly sparser vestiture, the slightly less convex and smaller body, and the edentate femora. Reitter (1907) and Zumpt (1933) considered Germar's taxon as a distinct species or a subspecies of R. tetra, respectively, whereas Brisout de Barneville (1862), Desbrochers des Loges (1893), Hoffmann (1958) and Smreczyński (1976) placed R. amicta among the varieties of R. tetra . In Portugal only two species of the R. tetra group are present: R. tetra and R. moroderi (Reitter, 1906) . The latter has a longer, cylindrical female rostrum (Caldara 2008). Because Germar mentioned unarmed femora in the original description, it appears clear that he described this taxon based on females and that there is no difference in shape between the rostra of R. amicta and R. tetra . Unfortunately we did not find specimens that can be considered as belonging to the type series of Cionus amictus in Germar's collection at ZMHU as well as in other collections. Therefore, following the provisions of the Article 75 of the ICZN (1999), with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status of this taxon, we decided to designate a neotype for Cionus amictus which agrees with R. tetra . It is deposited at the MSNM and has the following label data: “Lisbona Lu., 9.6.1935, A. Schatzmayr [printed on white card] / Neotype, Cionus amictus Germar, des. R. Caldara 2011 [printed on red card]”. This specimen is a female, 3.6 mm long (rostrum excluded), in good condition and glued on a white rectangular card. The type locality of R. amicta now becomes Portugal, Lisboa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4ECB5FCDBFB85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4EDDCFB91FE56.text	DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4EDDCFB91FE56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Curculio teter Fabricius 1792	<div><p>Curculio teter Fabricius, 1792</p><p>This species was described very briefly from specimens collected by Dr. Allioni in Italy. In Fabricius' collection (ZMUC) stand eleven possible syntypes of Curculio teter (A. Solodovnikov, pers. comm.), all of which were studied by us and found to agree with the current concept of this species. However, only two of them were collected in Italy, but one of these by Bergsöe rather than Allioni. Because of these discrepancies with the data in the original description, we believe that only one specimen, a male, can be considered as a syntype of Curculio teter . It is labelled as follows: “ Italia, Mus: S: gT: L, Tetrum Fabr. ” (lectotype here designated).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4EDDCFB91FE56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4E8EFFB8AF96E.text	DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4E8EFFB8AF96E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron eoum Rosenschoeld 1838	<div><p>Gymnetron eoum Rosenschoeld, 1838</p><p>Gymnetron eoum was described from female specimens collected in Nepal, without precise locality, on Verbascum niveum and reported as being closely related to Gymnetron tetrum (presently Rhinusa tetra). Subsequently no authors referred to this taxon other than Klima (1934), who quoted it as a valid species. At NHRS we examined a female syntype labelled “ Typus / Nepaul [the then name of the present Nepal] in semin: Verbasci nivei, Falderm.” (lectotype here designated). The specimen fully agrees with the lectotype of R. tetra .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4E8EFFB8AF96E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4E986FCF7FAB3.text	DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4E986FCF7FAB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron hispidum Brulle	<div><p>Gymnetron hispidum Brullé</p><p>This nominal species was recently synonymized with R. tetra after examination of a syntype from Morea (Greece), which was designated as the lectotype (Caldara et al. 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA2FF9E0BD4E986FCF7FAB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA2FF9D0BD4EBADFA9EFDC0.text	DD3F87C1FFA2FF9D0BD4EBADFA9EFDC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron comosum Rosenschoeld 1838	<div><p>Gymnetron comosum Rosenschoeld, 1838</p><p>Rosenschoeld (1838) described this species from specimens of Chevrolat's collection from Smyrne (Turkey). The description is based on a brief comparison with Gymnetron eoum (presently Rhinusa eoa). The few differences were: vestiture lighter in colour and denser, rostrum more finely punctate and bearing sparse scales, femora with more pronounced tooth. However, Rosenschoeld reasoned whether his new species might actually be the male of R. eoa, evidently described from females only (see above). Brisout de Barneville (1862) noted that Rosenschoeld's taxon, of which he knew only the male, differs from R. tetra by the shape of the rostrum, which is less tapered in lateral view and more flattened and not sulcate in dorsal view. Subsequently, Brisout de Barneville (1865) reported to have examined also a female G. c o m o s u m, from Kefalonia in Greece, which had a similar rostrum as female R. asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807) . Desbrochers des Loges (1893) ignored Brisout de Barneville (1865) and treated R. comosa as a variety of R. tetra with a large body and denser vestiture. Reitter (1907) placed R. comosa as a synonym under R. amicta, which he considered a good species with a different vestiture and rostrum than R. tetra . However, Hoffmann (1958) agreed with Desbrochers des Loges (1893) and considered R. amicta and R. comosa as varieties of R. tetra .</p><p>We examined two syntypes of Gymnetron comosum at NHRS with the following label data: “Smyrne / Coll. Chevr.” (female, lectotype here designated) and “Smyrne / 665 / Gymnetron comosus Sch. [sic] / Gymnetron comosus Chevr., Anatolia / Coll. Chevr. / Typus ” (male, paralectotype). Due to the shapes of the rostrum and the aedeagus, this species is clearly different from R. tetra as correctly observed by Brisout de Barneville (1865).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA2FF9D0BD4EBADFA9EFDC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EE99FD29FAF5.text	DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EE99FD29FAF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron fuscescens Rosenschoeld 1838	<div><p>Gymnetron fuscescens Rosenschoeld, 1838</p><p>Rosenschoeld (1838) described Gymnetron fuscescens from specimens from Tauria (Turkey) and reported that they were very similar to R. plagiella but smaller. After the examination of a syntype, Brisout de Barneville (1865) provisionally concluded that this taxon might be a distinct species very closely related to R. tetra . Desbrochers des Loges (1893) synonymized this taxon with R. tetra, an opinion followed by Reitter (1907) and Hoffmann (1958). At the NHRS we examined a male syntype labelled “♂ / Tauria, Steven / Typus ” (lectotype here designated), which we identified as R. tetra based on the shape of the rostrum, which is shorter than that of male R. verbasci, and the size, which is larger than in R. moroderi (see below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EE99FD29FAF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EFC4FB3BFC82.text	DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EFC4FB3BFC82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron plagiellum Gyllenhal 1838	<div><p>Gymnetron plagiellum Gyllenhal, 1838</p><p>Gyllenhal (1838) described G. plagiellum from specimens from Odessa (Ukraine) and Tauria (Turkey) and reported that it differs from R. tetra mainly by the smaller body size. Brisout de Barneville (1862, 1865) synonymized this taxon with R. tetra and all subsequent authors agreed with his opinion. At the NHRS we examined two syntypes of G. plagiellum: a male labelled “♂ / Typus / Khersonia, Lundstedt” (lectotype here designated) and a female labelled “♀ / Tauria, Steven / Allotypus” (paralectotype). We confirm that both specimens belong to R. tetra .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EFC4FB3BFC82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EB8FFCA7F872.text	DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EB8FFCA7F872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron trigonale Gyllenhal 1838	<div><p>Gymnetron trigonale Gyllenhal, 1838</p><p>Gymnetron trigonale was described from specimens collected at Odessa (Ukraine) and compared with R. antirrhini (Paykull, 1800) . Brisout de Barneville (1865) considered this taxon as a variety of R. tetra with the elytral integument broadly reddish. We examined a female syntype at NHRS labelled “ Typus / Khersonia, Lundstedt” (lectotype here designated) and agree with Brisout de Barneville's opinion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4EB8FFCA7F872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4E816FD2AF993.text	DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4E816FD2AF993.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron verbasci Rosenschoeld 1838	<div><p>Gymnetron verbasci Rosenschoeld, 1838</p><p>This species was described based on female specimens collected at Tiflis (currently Tbilisi in Georgia) on Verbascum formosum, which were distinguished from R. tetra by the longer rostrum. Brisout de Barneville (1865) studied a female syntype and considered it a large specimen of R. amicta . Hoffmann (1958) considered both taxa as synonyms of R. tetra . We examined a syntype of G. verbasci (probably the same examined by Brisout de Barneville) at NHRS labelled “♀ / Typus / Cleopus in Verbasco formoso, Tiflis, Steven” (lectotype here designated). It differs from female R. tetra by the distinctly longer rostrum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA1FF9D0BD4E816FD2AF993	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4E975FE9BF9D5.text	DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4E975FE9BF9D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cleopus uncinatus Dufour 1843	<div><p>Cleopus uncinatus Dufour, 1843</p><p>Just after Cleopus verbasci, Dufour described C. uncinatus (also collected in Vallée d'Ossau, on Verbascum phlomoides), which differed from the first taxon by the longer rostrum, the apex of the protibiae with two denticles (i.e. mucro and premucro) and the unarmed femora. It is noteworthy that this name was completely ignored by all subsequent authors. The description agrees completely with that of the female of a species of the R. tetra group (Caldara et al. 2010). Unfortunately, syntypes of this taxon are not in Dufour's collection at MNHN. Therefore, following the provisions of the Article 75 of the ICZN (1999), with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status of this taxon, we decided to designate as the neotype of Cleopus uncinatus Dufour a specimen of R. tetra . It is deposited at MNHN and has the following label data: “ France, Bilhères d'Ossau, 4.VIII.2011, sur Verbascum blattariae L., leg. P. Weill &amp; J. Pelletier [printed on white card] / Neotype, Cleopus uncinatus Dufour, des. R. Caldara 2011 [printed on red card]”. This specimen is a female, 3.2 mm long (rostrum excluded), in good condition and glued on a white rectangular card. The type locality of this taxon becomes now France, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Bilhères d'Ossau.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4E975FE9BF9D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4EDDCFE15FC16.text	DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4EDDCFE15FC16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cleopus verbasci Dufour 1843	<div><p>Cleopus verbasci Dufour, 1843</p><p>Cleopus verbasci was quoted by Dufour (1843) as being described by Fabricius, but the name had not been used in this combination by any previous author. Fabricius (1787) actually described Curculio verbasci [currently Cionus and synonymous with C. tuberculosus (Scopoli, 1763)], which Dufour reported on the same page as Cionus . Certainly Dufour followed Dejean (1821) who cited a Cionus verbasci (surely the above Fabrician species) from “Paris”, and immediately below a Cleopus verbasci (attributed to “Meg.[erle] Rossi?” from “ Gal.[lia] mer.[idionalis]”). Since, however, Dejean did not write any description, Dufour is the author of this species (type locality: Vallée d'Ossau, French Pirenees), as correctly reported by Desbrochers des Loges (1893), Zumpt (1933) and Klima (1934). This taxon was described by Dufour very briefly after some species of Cionus and quoted as being collected on Verbascum . Desbrochers des Loges (1893) placed Cleopus verbasci among the synonyms of R. vestita (Germar, 1821) without explanation, a decision followed by Zumpt (1933) and Klima (1934). Péricart (1973) reported that there are no syntypes of this taxon in Dufour's collection at MNHN, but stated that the synonymy with R. vestita is very doubtful on the basis of the host plant ( R. vestita lives on Antirrhinum majus) and the brief description. We agree with Péricart's opinion and consider Cleopus verbasci as synonymous with R. tetra . This position is corroborated by the arguments reported below with regard to Cleopus uncinatus . Therefore, following the provisions of the Article 75 of the ICZN (1999), with the express purpose of clarifying taxonomic status of this taxon, we designate a neotype for Cleopus verbasci Dufour which agrees with R. tetra . It is deposited at MNHN and has the following label data: “ France, Bilhères d'Ossau, 4.VIII.2011, sur Verbascum blattariae L., leg. P. Weill &amp; J. Pelletier [printed on white card] / Neotype, Cleopus verbasci Dufour, des. R. Caldara 2011 [printed on red card]”. This specimen is a male, 3.0 mm long (rostrum excluded), in good condition and glued on a white rectangular card. The type locality of this taxon becomes now France, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Bilhères d'Ossau.</p><p>It should be noted that the name verbasci Dufour in the genus Rhinusa is a secondary homonym with R. verbasci (Rosenschoeld, 1838) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4EDDCFE15FC16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4EB36FBBEF873.text	DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4EB36FBBEF873.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron haemorrhoum Rosenhauer 1847	<div><p>Gymnetron haemorrhoum Rosenhauer, 1847</p><p>Gymnetron haemorrhoum was described from specimens from Hungary and compared with G. spilotum (Germar, 1821) [formerly Cionus and currently a synonym of R. bipustulata (Rossi, 1794)]. Desbrochers des Loges (1893) considered this taxon as a variety of R. bipustulata, whereas Reitter (1907) reported that he did not know this taxon but that it might be closely related to R. moroderi . Endrödi (1970) placed G. haemorrhoum in synonymy with R. tetra . We can confirm Endrödi’s opinion after the study of a female syntype preserved at MNHN and labelled “ Hungaria / haemorrhous Rosenh. / Ex Musaeo Rosenhauer” (lectotype here designated).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA0FF9C0BD4EB36FBBEF873	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4EDDCFD9AFBF2.text	DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4EDDCFD9AFBF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron crassirostre Lucas 1849	<div><p>Gymnetron crassirostre Lucas, 1849</p><p>This taxon was described from specimens from Chevrolat's collection collected in the surroundings of Algiers. It was compared with R. tetra and said to differ by the smaller and narrower body and mainly by the distinctly shorter and more curved rostrum. Lucas (1849) illustrated habitus, rostrum in lateral view and antenna. Brisout de Barneville (1862) considered this taxon as a variety of R. tetra with yellow vestiture but, after examination of a syntype, placed it in synonymy with G. verbasci Rosenschoeld (Brisout de Barneville, 1865). In Klima (1934) and Hoffmann (1958), G. crassirostre is considered as a synonym of R. tetra . In Chevrolat's collection at NHRS we found two male specimens, placed next to each other and labelled respectively “425 [handwritten under a round card blue upside and white downside] / crassirost [sic] Lucas - Gymnetron teter Meg. Alger [handwritten upside and downside the same rectangular white thin card]” and “183 [printed on a rectangular white card] / crassirostris Luc Ba[rbarie] [handwritten on a blue rectangular card]”. These specimens are almost identical with the lectotype of G. verbasci (see above) and one of them is probably the specimen that Brisout de Barneville (1865) received from Boheman as a syntype of G. crassirostre . They agree with the original description in the body length of 5 mm, the colour of the elytral integument and the vestiture composed of moderately dense, short, greenish yellow scales, but not at all in the shape of the rostrum (long and straight in lateral view in these specimen vs. very short and distinctly curved in lateral view in Lucas' original description and line drawing). We think that this intriguing conflict can be resolved with another specimen we found adjacent to the previous two specimens. It is the holotype of Gymnetron lanigerum Brisout de Barneville, 1862 (presently R. lanigera) which is labelled “191. [handwritten under a semicircular card blue upside and white downside] / Gymnetron lanigerum Chv. Barb [arie]. Lucas [handwritten on a blue rectangular card] / 191. [printed on a rectangular white card]”. This specimen corresponds exactly to that illustrated by Lucas as crassisostre. In conclusion we believe that Lucas erroneously combined the characters of two different species in a single description. Therefore, following Boheman's opinion (Brisout de Barneville, 1865). we here designate the first of the two above mentioned male specimens, which is labelled with the number “425”, as the lectotype of Gymnetron crassirostre .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4EDDCFD9AFBF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4E929FBFBFA89.text	DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4E929FBFBFA89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron moroderi Reitter 1906	<div><p>Gymnetron moroderi Reitter, 1906</p><p>Reitter (1906) described this taxon from specimens collected at Valencia (Spain). We examined two syntypes of this species at HNHM, which are labelled “Valencia, Hispania / Paratypus 1906, Gymnetron Moroderi Reitter / Coll. Reitter” (female, lectotype here designated) and “Valencia, Hispania / Holotypus 1906, Gymnetron Moroderi Reitter /Coll. Reitter” (male, paralectotype). They are very similar to the lectotype of R. tetra from which they differ by the small size (2.5 mm vs. 3.5 mm). Whereas the males of both taxa do not differ substantially by other characters, including genitalia, the females differ distinctly by the shape of the rostrum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4E929FBFBFA89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4E882FF33F848.text	DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4E882FF33F848.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron tetrum (Fabricius)	<div><p>Gymnetron tetrum (Fabricius) var. subrotundatum Reitter, 1907</p><p>Reitter (1907) described the variety subrotundatum based on small specimens of R. tetra from Germany, Hungary, Dalmatia and Greece, in our opinion giving an infrasubspecific rank to this name according to Art. 45.6.1 of the ICZN (1999). However, since Zumpt (1933) treated this taxon as a subspecies of R. tetra, the name subrotundatum must be considered as available according to Art. 45.6.4.1. Subsequently, this name was consistently placed among the synonyms of R. tetra (Hoffmann 1958; Smreczyński 1976). At HNHM we examined three syntypes of this taxon and designated as the lectotype a female labelled “Dalmatien, Budua [presently in Montenegro], Reitter [printed] / subrotun-, datum [sic] var., 1905 [handwritten by Reitter] / Holotypus, 1907 Gymnetron (Rhinusa) tetrum Fabr. var. subrotundatum Reitter [label arbitrarily handwritten by a museum curator] / Coll. Reitter [printed]”. The other two specimens, a male and a female, are labelled “Dalmatien, Budua, Reitter [printed] / Paratypus, 1907 Gymnetron (Rhinusa) tetrum Fabr. var. subrotundatum Reitter [label arbitrarily handwritten by a museum curator] / Coll. Reitter [printed]”. We agree with Reitter's original opinion that these specimens are only small specimens of R. tetra .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA7FF9B0BD4E882FF33F848	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EDDCFAFDFE33.text	DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EDDCFAFDFE33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnetron otini Hustache 1946	<div><p>Gymnetron otini Hustache, 1946</p><p>Gymnetron otini was described from a single female collected by Otin at Sidi Harazem (Morocco), which we could not find in Hustache's collection at MNHN. However, in the same museum, but in Hoffmann's collection, we found one female specimen labelled “Sidi Ameur, 14-VII-1939, Maroc Bleton / N Ameur, 14-7-39, Maroc Bleton / Gymnetron ♀, otini Hust., Hoffmann det. / Bulletin Soc. S. Nat. Maroc 1944 p. 59”, which corresponds exactly to Hustache's original description and is probably the holotype of G. o t i n i which Hoffmann misappropriated from Hustache's collection (H. Perrin, pers. comm.) along with several other species by changing the original labels (Perrin 1998). This specimen does not show any substantial differences from the lectotype of R. moroderi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EDDCFAFDFE33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6.text	DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius 1792) Fabricius 1792	<div><p>Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792)</p><p>Cionus amictus Germar, 1821</p><p>Gymnetron hispidum Brullé, 1832</p><p>Gymnetron eoum Rosenschoeld, 1838 (syn. n.) Gymnetron plagiellum Gyllenhal, 1838</p><p>Gymnetron fuscescens Rosenschoeld, 1838 Gymnetron trigonale Gyllenhal, 1838</p><p>Cleopus verbasci Dufour, 1843 (syn. n.) Cleopus uncinatus Dufour, 1843 (syn. n.) Gymnetron haemorrhoum Rosenhauer, 1847 Gymnetron tetrum subrotundatum Reitter, 1907</p><p>Remarks. This is one of the commonest and most widespread species in the genus Rhinusa . In the southern part of its area of distribution it can be confused with two other very similar species, R. verbasci and R. moroderi . It can be separated from these only by the shape of the female rostrum, most easily in lateral view. Unfortunately the males of these three species differ only by average length of rostrum and aedeagus (see key to the species). It is well known that adults of R. tetra vary greatly in size (from 2.0 mm to 4.5 mm) even in specimens collected on the same plant. Since this species is oligophagous, with larvae feeding in seeds of different species of Verbascum, it is possible that the size of the specimens is influenced by the different size of the seeds in various species of Verbascum as already speculated by Peyerimhoff (1911). The same is probably true for the different lengths of the rostra of the female in various populations as is known to occur in several species of herbivorous “long-nosed weevils”.</p><p>Biological notes. Larva and adult were quoted as collected on various species of Verbascum . However, some of these observations possibly refer to other species closely related to R. tetra . We could verify the following plant associations: V. blattaria L., V. boerhavii L., V. creticum (L.) Cav., V. lychnitis L., V. n i g r u m L., V. phlomoides L., V. phoeniceum L., V. pulverulentum Vill., V. speciosum Schrader, V. thapsiforme Schrader, V. thapsus L. Sometimes adult R. tetra were collected also on Scrophularia ( S. auriculata L., S. canina L.).</p><p>Distribution. Europe, Siberia, North Africa, Middle East, central Asia, northern India (R. Caldara, pers. data). Introduced in North America (O'Brien &amp; Wibmer 1982), where it was proposed as a potential candidate for the biological control of invasive Common Mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. (see Anonymous 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA6FF9A0BD4EF21FB63F9A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA6FF990BD4EBE5FF17FEC3.text	DD3F87C1FFA6FF990BD4EBE5FF17FEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinusa verbasci (Rosenschoeld 1838) Rosenschoeld 1838	<div><p>Rhinusa verbasci (Rosenschoeld, 1838)</p><p>Gymnetron crassirostre Lucas, 1849</p><p>Remarks. This species differs from R. tetra by the shape and usually the length of the rostrum, especially in the female (see key to the species; measurements taken from 30 male and 30 female specimens for each species from the whole area of their distribution), although it is well known that the rostra are somewhat variable in length (Figs. 12- 13). It is noteworthy that the two taxa are sympatric in the entire area of distribution but were never collected on the same plant. This circumstance supports our current decision to consider R. tetra and R. verbasci as different species.</p><p>Biological notes. The lectotype of this species was collected on Verbascum formosum Schrank., a species distributed in southern Russia and Anatolia. In Sicily R. verbasci was collected on V. blattaria, V. thapsus and V. m a c - rurum sometimes together with R. comosa but never together with R. tetra (C. Baviera, pers. obs.) Distribution. Southern Spain, Italy (Sicily), Greece, Caucasian States, Turkey, Morocco (R. Caldara, pers. data).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA6FF990BD4EBE5FF17FEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA5FF990BD4EE8CFB18FA96.text	DD3F87C1FFA5FF990BD4EE8CFB18FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinusa comosa (Rosenschoeld 1838) Rosenschoeld 1838	<div><p>Rhinusa comosa (Rosenschoeld, 1838)</p><p>Remarks. R. comosa is clearly distinct from the previous three taxa by the shape of the rostrum (Figs. 3-4 and 8-9) and the aedeagus (Fig. 15). In dorsal view, the male rostrum is parallel-sided up to the apex and the sculpture, although equally distinctly striate-punctate, lacks a wide and deep longitudinal median sulcus (Fig. 3 vs. Fig. 1). The penis is parallel-sided to the apex and more elongate and narrow than in the other three taxa (Fig. 15 vs. Fig. 14).</p><p>Biological notes. In Italy this species was collected on V. pulverulentum L. in Liguria (northern Italy) and Latium (central Italy), whereas in Sicily it was collected on V. thapsus and V. m a c r u r u m, sometimes together with R. tetra or R. verbasci . We have no exact biological data for the specimens collected in the Balkans and Turkey, where about 230 species of Verbascum occur, a noteworthy 200 of them being endemic (Huber-Morath 1978).</p><p>Distribution. Italy, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Uzbekhistan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA5FF990BD4EE8CFB18FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
DD3F87C1FFA5FF990BD4ECDFFADEFC88.text	DD3F87C1FFA5FF990BD4ECDFFADEFC88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinusa moroderi (Reitter 1906) Reitter 1906	<div><p>Rhinusa moroderi (Reitter, 1906)</p><p>Gymnetron otini Hustache, 1946 (syn. n.)</p><p>Remarks. This southern Palaearctic species is closely related to R. tetra, with which it is sympatric in the entire area of its distribution. It differs from this species only, but constantly, by the shape of the female rostrum which in lateral view is cylindrical and not tapered from antennal insertion to apex (Fig. 10 vs. Fig. 7). Moreover it is noteworthy that the body length (rostrum excluded) in all specimens of R. moroderi is less than 3 mm whereas in R. tetra and R. verbasci specimens longer than 3 mm are common.</p><p>Biological notes. In Sicily, Spain and Cyprus this species was collected on Verbascum sinuatum L. (R. Caldara, pers. data). In eastern Sicily, where a detailed survey was conducted on all species of Verbascum, adult weevils were found only on V. sinuatum (C. Baviera, pers. obs.).</p><p>Distribution. Portugal, southern Spain, southern Italy and main isles (Sardinia, Sicily), Malta, Albania, continental Greece and isles (Kefalonia, Zakynthos), Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Turkey, Morocco, Algeria.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD3F87C1FFA5FF990BD4ECDFFADEFC88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Caldara, Roberto;Casalini, Roberto;Baviera, Cosimo	Caldara, Roberto, Casalini, Roberto, Baviera, Cosimo (2012): Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329: 31-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281230
