taxonID	type	description	language	source
DC5987CB8F7DAE55321DFA88FD13BB78.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Several specimens of both sexes (one male dissected), SAM A 19278. two males, two females, NMV J 47028. Diagnosis Body dorsally smooth, mid-dorsal crest and tubercles absent. Pereonites 2 – 4 with a laterally expanded margin, uninterupted in both sexes; pereonite 5 narrower, pereonites 6 – 7 and pleonites laterally expanded, not continuous. Pleonite 3 smoothly domed. Male to 6.5 mm; female to 7.0 mm. Remarks The species is one of the most flattened of the genus with tergal plates well expanded on anterior pereonites. The species occurs off False Bay, south-western South Africa, at 13 – 84 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F73AE553226FE0DFC51BE31.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Five males (one dissected), one ovigerous female, four juveniles, SAM A 17802. One male, NMV J 47029. Diagnosis Body with pair of submedial dorsal rows of tubercles dominated by pair of spines on head and pair of large irregular spines (especially in female) on pereonite 3. Pereonites 2 and 3 with lateral triangular wings (much more pronounced in female), discontinuous; pereonite 4 with short rectangular wings in female, obsolete in male; pereonites 6 – 7 and pleonites with discontinuous wings in female. Pleonite 3 with mid-dorsal spine on dorsal dome. Male to 7.0 mm; female to 7.5 mm. Remarks Austroarcturus dayi is the only species with a strong spine on pleonite 3. The female has a prominent pair of submedial dorsal plate-like spines. It occurs off Saldanha Bay, south-eastern South Africa, at 9 – 18 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F73AE553216FBC5FE49BC83.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Several specimens of both sexes (one male dissected), SAM A 19281. Two males, one female, NMV J 47031. Diagnosis Body dorsally pitted, with mid-dorsal crest most prominent on head and pereonites 4 – 5. Pereonites 2 – 5 with a laterally expanded, evenly curved margin, uninterrupted in both sexes; pereonites 6 – 7 and pleonites barely expanded, margin continuous. Pleonite 3 smoothly domed. Male to 7.0 mm; female to 9.0 mm. Remarks This, the type species, is illustrated. The dorsal crest diagnoses the species which occurs off False Bay and Still Bay, south-western and southern South Africa, at 71 – 200 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F71AE5631D9FADDFB9CBB59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Numerous specimens of both sexes (one male dissected), SAM A 13852. One male, one female, NMV J 47032. Diagnosis Body dorsally smooth, mid-dorsal crest and tubercles absent. Pereonites 2 and 3 each laterally convex (less so in male), margin discontinuous; pereonite 4 barely laterally expanded; pereonites 5 – 7 and pleonites not laterally expanded. Pleonite 3 smoothly domed. Male to 6.6 mm; female to 6.4 mm. Remarks A smooth body and separate convex pereonal margins are distinctive. The species occurs off False Bay, south-western South Africa, at 75 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F70AE5631FCFEEBFB8FB9EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Eight males (one dissected), 12 ovigerous females, 22 juveniles, SAM A 17825. Two males, two females, NMV J 47030. Diagnosis Body with pair of submedial dorsal rows of tubercles, a pair of conical spines on head and each pereonite, plus pair of dorsolateral conical spines on most pereonites. Pereonites 2 and 3 with lateral triangular wings (more prominent in female), margin discontinuous; pereonite 4 slightly exanded, 5 and 6 less so; pleonites not expanded. Pleonite 3 without mid-dorsal spine on dorsal dome. Male to 4.0 mm; female to 5.6 mm. Remarks The four conical tubercles in a row across each pereonite are diagnostic. The species occurs off Still Bay, southern South Africa, at 80 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F70AE5131D2FBBDFCADBADC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Numerous specimens of both sexes (one male dissected), SAM A 13869. Three males, three females, NMV J 47033. Diagnosis Body with pair of submedial dorsal rows of irregular low tubercles; dorsolaterally irregularly tuberculate on each pereonite. Pereonites 2 and 3 with lateral triangular wings (more prominent in female), margins discontinuous; pereonites 4 and 5 slightly expanded; pereonite 7 and pleonites without lateral expansions. Pleonite 3 without mid-dorsal spine on dorsal dome. Male to 6.6 mm; female to 7.2 mm. Remarks Austroarcturus similis is a finely tuberculate species with low submedial rows of tubercles. The species is the most common in the collections of the South African Museum and is recorded from Lüderitz to East London, south-western to southeastern South Africa, at 15 – 240 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F77AE513276FB0AFB60BC83.taxon	description	1941: 262; Kensley, 1975: 40, figure 2 a – j; Kensley, 1978 b: 25 – 26, figure 10 a, b; Wägele, 1989: 137. Material examined One male dissected, one female, one juvenile, SAM A 13980. One male, one female, NMV J 47038. Remarks The species, illustrated here more completely than previously, is distinguished from species of Austroarcturus by the combination of triangular tergal wings on pereonites 2 – 4 and smooth dorsum. The male possesses a triangular crest on the head. The species occurs from Saldanha Bay to Agulhas Bank, south-western South Africa, at 60 – 240 m depth. The male is up to 5.5 mm long; the female to 6.0 mm.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F6BAE4D31DFFD33FD3DBF77.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ovigerous female, paratype male, SAM A 17797. Paratypes: five males (one dissected), one ovigerous female, 12 juveniles, SAM A 17798. Diagnosis Eyes pigmented. Dorsum irregularly tuberculate, without dominant spines. Pereonites 2 and 3 of female with convex lateral margins, discontinuous, pereonite 4 tapering posteriorly (parallel-sided in male). Pleotelson apex obtusely angled, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins evenly curved. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 5.0 mm; female to 5.0 mm. Remarks Males and females are evenly tuberculate dorsally and lack posterolateral angles on the pleotelson. The species is known only from off East London, south-eastern South Africa, at 90 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F6BAE4F31DCFA01FD23BBF8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype juvenile (not male as stated by Kensley), two paratype males, SAM A 15467. Diagnosis Eyes colourless. Dorsum with dominant submedial dorsal spines on pereonites 1 – 7 and pleonites 1 – 3, dorsolateral spines on pereonites 2 and 3. Male pereonite 1 without lateral projections, pereonites 2 – 7 with triangular lateral wings, weaker posteriorly; female unknown. Pleotelson apex almost right-angled, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins with well-defined angular flanges. Male pleonites 1 – 3 each with paired submedial dorsal spines, none strongly elevated as dorsal bosses. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 4.8 mm. Remarks This probably blind species is most unlike other members of the genus in having well-defined rows of submedial spines on the body segments and lacking the elevated domes on pleonite 2 of the male. It is found off KwaZulu-Natal, north-eastern South Africa, at 1300 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F69AE4F322AFD8CFDBCBF2B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Nine males (one dissected), five ovigerous females, 20 juveniles, SAM A 17809. Two males, one female, NMV J 47036. Diagnosis Eyes pigmented. Dorsum irregularly weakly tuberculate and with dominant pairs of submedial and dorsolateral spines on pereonites 2 and 3 (especially female). Pereonites 2 and 3 of female with conical lateral projections (weaker in male); pereonite 4 tapering posteriorly, pereonites 5 – 7 and pleonites parallel-sided. Pleotelson dome with dorsolateral spines, apex almost right-angled, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins with well-defined angular flanges. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 5.3 mm; female to 6.0 mm. Remarks The paired submedial and dorsolateral spines on only pereonites 2 and 3 are diagnostic. Kensley’s (1984) figures illustrate the variability in degree of tuberculation in this species, some larger individuals being smoother than others. The species has been collected off KwaZulu-Natal and Transkei, eastern South Africa, at 150 – 775 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F69AE4A325BFAFDFC18BF5B.taxon	description	Microarcturus oudops: Kensley, 1978 b: figure 13 a; Kensley, 1984: 252 (part), figure 19 a. Material examined South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal to Transkei, 680 m (stn SM 103): holotype male 5.2 mm, SAM A 43165; paratype male 5.2 mm, paratype female 5.1 mm, three juveniles 4.4 – 4.8 mm, SAM A 17819. South Africa, Cape Point area, 1400 m: two paratype ovigerous females 4.8 mm, SAM A 41950. Diagnosis Eyes colourless. Dorsum irregularly tuberculate, especially on transverse ridges, without dominant spines. Pereonites 2 – 4 with weak triangular lateral wings in female (obsolete in male); pereonites 5 – 7 and pleonites obsoletely produced. Pleotelson apex broadly acute, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins evenly convex. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male deeply incised, with pair of tubercles on margin. Male to 5.2 mm; female to 5.1 mm. Description Colour. Clear white. Body of paratype female. Head with ocular lobes lateral; eyes colourless, separated by notch from lateral margin of maxillipedal somite. Pereonites 1 – 3 with broad rounded transverse ridges, more pronounced dorsolaterally. Pereonite 4 with dorsal transverse ridge bounded laterally by longitudinal ridge running anteriorly from it. Pereonites 2 – 4 with second obsolete transverse ridge anterior to major one. Pereonites 5 – 7 and pleonites 1 and 2 with dorsal transverse ridges. Pleonite 3 with lower medial dorsal boss. Remaining pleotelson evenly domed dorsally and with evenly curved to broadly acute apex. Coxa of pereopod 1 triangular; lateral tergal extensions of pereonites 2 and 3 rounded and barely extended beyond coxae, peronite 4 less so. Coxae 5 – 7 rounded in dorsal view. Whole dorsal and lateral integument (and peduncles of antenna 2, bases of pereopods 5 – 7, uropod and oostegite coxal supports) irregularly tuberculate-thorny, without enlarged tubercles. Body of holotype male. Pereonites 1 – 7 and pleonite 1 with more acute transverse ridges than in female. Pereonites 1 – 3 with small lateral dimple on each ridge. Lateral margin of pereonite 4 defined by longitudinal ridge. Pleonite 2 with ridge especially elevated and dorsolaterally expanded. Pereonites 2 – 4 with second transverse ridge anterior to major one more pronounced than in female. All pereonites with obsolete lateral projections. Integument more spinulose than in female, extending on to bases – ischia of pereopods 5 – 7, and to sternites of pereonites. Posterior ventral margin of pereonite 4 deeply incised, bearing pair of submedial spinulose tubercles; anterior margin of pereonite 5 with spinulose medial projection. Limbs of male. Antenna 2 peduncle 54 % of total body length; ratio of articles 3 – 5 and flagellum, 10: 18: 18: 10; ratio of flagellum articles 100: 74: 40; antenna 2 with more or less regular clusters of setae along lower margin. Mandible and maxillae not dissected. Maxillipedal endite evenly curved distolaterally, sparsely setose. Maxillipedal palp articles 1 – 5 with ratio of lengths 28: 43: 100: 71: 24; articles 1 – 5 with 0, 4, 10, 10, 5 medial and posterior facial setae, respectively, most serrulate; article 3 the widest, article 4 68 % of greatest width of article 3, article 5 42 % width of article 4. Pereopod 1 merus anterodistally tuberculate; carpus posterodistally tuberculate; propodus oval, width 43 % length; dactylus (including unguis) 75 % propodus; ischium and merus with long simple setae along and near posterior margin; carpus with six posterior serrulate setae; propodus with ten posterior serrulate setae, 34 mesial facial simple and serrulate setae loosely arranged in oblique rows; dactylus with oblique row of eight serrulate setae and one more proximal on anterior margin; unguis 55 % length of body of dactylus, minutely serrate; secondary unguis half unguis length, minutely serrate. Pereopod 2 with propodus as long as carpus; secondary unguis absent; basis – propodus with setae along posterior margin, in five to six pairs of long setae accompanied by shorter one on carpus – propodus. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2, propodus 80 % length of carpus; body of dactylus 42 % length of propodus; unguis 1.9 times as long as dactylus body (ratios differ slightly). Pereopod 4 with propodus 75 % length of carpus; body of dactylus 45 % length of propodus; unguis 90 % length of dactylus body; secondary unguis present, third length of unguis. Pereopods 5 – 7 progressively shorter, carpus and propodus each with three and four posterior robust setae, respectively. Pleopod 1 exopod 64 % length of endopod; endopod with three plumose setae on distomesial margin; this margin exceeded by rounded setulose lobe; groove on posterior face opens on lateral margin at base of this lobe; lateral margin defined distally by notch proximal to groove opening, with 13 submarginal simple setae along posterior face, becoming closer together distally, and with four thick setulose setae on anterior face distally. Pleopod 2 exopod with 12 lateral and ten distal plumose setae; endopod slightly exceeding exopod, with one medial and 12 distal setae; appendix masculina longer than endopod by 10 % of its length, with a mesial longitudinal field of rows of fine setae, apex with mesial swelling and oblique angle laterally. Uropod exopod less than half length of endopod, both rami with distal seta, that on exopod well exceeding endopod. Etymology The species is named for Brian Kensley whose contributions to knowledge of the southern African isopod fauna make the region exceptionally well documented. Remarks The species was confused with N. oudops by Kensley (1978 b) who figured the two species under the latter name on the one page and reproduced the figure of N. kensleyi as N. oudops in his 1984 guide-book (Poore, 1991). The new species is most easily distinguished from N. oudops in lacking angles on the posterolateral margins of the pleotelson. The transverse ridges which dominate each pereonite are evenly and finely tuberculate whereas in N. oudops they bear pairs of larger tubercles among the smaller ones. All preserved specimens are clear white while those of N. oudops are muddy yellow. Both have colourless eyes. Neoarcturus kensleyi co-occurs with N. oudops and is known from only two localities off KwaZulu-Natal to Transkei, eastern South Africa, and the Cape area, south-western South Africa, at 680 and 1400 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F6CAE4531C8FAF3FB62BBFC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype female, SAM A 17810; paratype male, SAM A 17811. Diagnosis Eyes pigmented. Dorsum scarcely tuberculate, with dominant pairs of submedial spines on head (two pairs), pereonites 1 – 7 and pleonites 1 – 3 (one pair on each) and dorsolateral spines on pereonites 1 – 3 (especially female). Pereonites 2 and 3 of female with prominent lateral wings, each with anterior and posterior spines; pereonites 4 – 7 and pleonites with similar but smaller lateral wings (male with shorter less spinose wings). Pleotelson apex strongly apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins with well-defined spines. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 6.5 mm; female to 6.2 mm. Remarks This is the only species with a long produced pleotelsonic apex. The species is found in the East London area, south-eastern South Africa, at 650 – 775 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F63AE4531C3FD94FE52BEBC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Paratype male dissected, SAM A 17814; paratype female, SAM A 17813. Diagnosis Eyes pigmented. Dorsum irregularly tuberculate, without dominant spines but with granulate tubercles in pairs. Pereonites 2 – 4 of female with convex, obtusely angled lateral wings, contiguous and forming lateral plate (male without lateral wings). Pleotelson apex almost right-angled, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins with well-defined angular flanges. Male pleonites 1 and 2 weakly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 5.4 mm; female to 7.0 mm. Remarks The female of N. nordenstami has granulate dorsal tubercles on pereonites 2 and 3. The species is found in the East London area, south-eastern South Africa, at 90 and 710 – 775 m.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F63AE443225FB54FD79BB7C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Five males (one dissected), SAM A 17818. One male, NMV J 47035. Diagnosis Eyes pigmented. Dorsum irregularly weakly tuberculate and with dominant pairs of submedial and dorsolateral conical spines on pereonites 1 – 3, weaker on more posterior pereonites (especially female). Pereonites 2 and 3 of female with rounded triangular lateral wings; pereonites 4 – 7 and pleonites not projecting (male without wings). Pleotelson apex almost right-angled, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins with well-defined angular flanges. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 5.0 mm; female to 6.4 mm. Remarks The species is found on the Agulhas Bank and off Transkei, southern and eastern South Africa, at 150 – 700 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F62AE473277FE15FBADBBDC.taxon	description	Neoarcturus oudops Barnard, 1914: 214 – 216, pls 18 C, 19 B; Barnard, 1920: 397 – 398; Barnard, 1940: 493; Poore, 1991: 4 – 7, figures 1 a – k, 2 a – k, 3 a – d.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F62AE473277FE15FBADBBDC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Three males (two dissected), one ovigerous female, SAM A 17820. One female, SAM A 39991. One male, one female, NMV J 47037. Diagnosis Eyes colourless. Dorsum irregularly tuberculate, especially on transverse ridges, without dominant spines. Pereonites 2 and 3 of female with triangular lateral wings (obsolete in male); pereopods 4 – 7 and pleonites without lateral wings. Pleotelson apex obtuse, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margins with well-defined triangular angular flanges. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male deeply incised, with pair of tubercles on margin. Male to 6.5 mm; female to 7.0 mm. Remarks Poore (1991) and Kensley (1978 a, 1984) illustrated the setulose lobe of the male pleopod 1 endopod of N. oudops with an anterior row of teeth-like short setae. These seem not to be universally present in this species and an alternative figure is given here (figure 10, PL 1). The confusion of this species with N. kensleyi n. sp. was discussed by Poore (1991) and above where the new species is described. The species occurs off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, at 650 – 1510 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F61AE473220FE74FDBCBEA0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Four males (one dissected), two ovigerous females, one juvenile, SAM A 17832. One male, SAM A 17819. One male, one female, NMV J 47034. Diagnosis Eyes pigmented. Dorsum irregularly weakly tuberculate and with dominant pairs of submedial spines on pereonites 2 and 3 (especially female); without dorsolateral spines. Pereonites 2 and 3 of female with conical lateral wings (absent in male); pereonites 4 – 7 and pleonites with obsolete lateral projections. Pleotelson apex rounded, not apically produced as spine, posterolateral margin with well-defined angular flanges. Male pleonite 2 strongly elevated as paired dorsolateral bosses, pleonite 3 with lower dorsomedial boss. Posteroventral margin of pereonite 4 of male with bilobed flat plate. Male to 6.0 mm; female to 6.0 mm. Remarks The pairs of submedial spines on pereonites 2 and 3 diagnose this species which is found in the KwaZulu-Natal to Transkei area, eastern South Africa, at 680 – 850 m depth.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F66AE403263FF15FD29BB9D.taxon	discussion	Remarks The bifurcate pleotelson apex and undifferentiated dactyli of pereopods 2 – 4 suggest a species of Antarcturus. Kussakin (1971) is the only author to have treated ‘ Microarcturus ’ as a subgenus.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F66AE4032A0FE2DFD5DBE54.taxon	discussion	Remarks Members of Fissarcturus differ from Antarcturus in the possession of an elongate setiform unguis on dactyli of pereopods 2 – 4 and the lateral position of the opening of the groove on the male pleopod 2 endopod. Differences from Neoarcturus were discussed in the section ‘‘ Reallocation of non-southern African species ... ’’ above. Most of the species dealt with as members of Neoarcturus by Wägele (1991: 182 – 191) belong to Fissarcturus and his key could be used to differentiate some. Twelve, possibly 13, species are included, all from Antarctic waters. They are the type species Fissarcturus emarginatus Brandt, 1990; F. stephenseni Wägele, 1991; the five species described as members of Neoarcturus by Brandt (1990) — F. elongatus, F. minutus, F. robustus, F. scelerosus, F. stebbingnordenstami; F. poorei (Kussakin and Vasina, 1998 b) from Neoarcturus; F. mawsoni (Hale, 1946) from ‘ Microarcturus ’; F. hirticornis (Monod, 1926) and F. patagonicus (Ohlin, 1901) from Antarcturus but both placed in ‘ Microarcturus ’ by Nordenstam (1933); plus F. rugosus (Nordenstam, 1933) from ‘ Microarcturus ’. Also to be possibly considered is Antarcturus granulosus Nordenstam, 1933. See table 1 also. Only species at one time referred to ‘ Microarcturus ’ are dealt with below.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F66AE40321FFBE7FB59BC1F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This is one of the species listed by Nordenstam (1933) as a member of ‘ Microarcturus ’. Examination of reliably identified material in Museum Victoria (J 23435) and the South African Museum (A 16151, A 16152) confirms Brandt’s placement in Fissarcturus. The specimens illustrated by Stephensen (1947) are not this species and were described by Wägele (1991) as a new species, F. stephenseni.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F66AE433228F9AFFB28BAFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks The setiform unguis on pereopods 2 – 4 and the lateral opening on the male pleopod 1 exopod on which Hale remarked support the generic placement.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F65AE4331DDFE8AFBE8B878.taxon	discussion	Remarks Nordenstam (1933) listed this as a member of Microarcturus and Schultz (1981) as Rectarcturus. Park and Wägele (1995) redescribed the holotype female but included it in Neoarcturus. Unfortunately, their concept of Neoarcturus was influenced by Brandt (1990) whose species are transferred to Fissarcturus.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F65AE7C31C2FD06FD87BF48.taxon	description	‘ Microarcturus ’ rugosus Nordenstam, 1933: 163 – 167, pl. 2 figure 14, text-figures 38 a – e. Neoarcturus rugosus: Wägele, 1991: 183, 188, figure 70 B. Material examined Nordenstam (1933) mentioned 32 specimens from stn 17 of which he gave syntype status to a male of about 7 mm length and a female with marsupium of about 8.5 mm. SMNH ‘ typsaml 798 ’ contains two males and one female, almost complete specimens, from stn 17. Twenty additional specimens, both sexes, from stn 17, some partially dissected, are also available (SMNH Isopoda 7406). Thirty-six slides made by Nordenstam presumably from this material also exist but some contain limbs of both sexes. Parts of syntypes of Nordenstam’s ‘ Microarcturus ’ digitatus are almost certainly on slides and their carcases destroyed (see that species below). Presumably the same is true for this species so that today the syntypes and other material mentioned by Nordenstam are confused in the vials and slides. An intact specimen has been chosen for dissection and illustration but has no type status. SMNH ‘ typsaml 795 ’ is Nordenstam’s male from stn 94, of which his figure 14 on pl. 2 is a photograph. Figured specimen: Shag Rock Bank, between Falkland Island and South Georgia, 53 ° 34 ∞ S, 43 ° 23 ∞ W (Swedish Antarctic Expedition stn 17), 160 m (male, 11.4 mm). Description of figured male Body of male. Length 11.4 mm. Head with eyes lateral, pigmented. Major dorsal spination arranged in submedial, dorsolateral and lateral rows of spines; intermediate small spines and prickles irregularly scattered between rows. Head with anterolateral pair of spines; head and pereonite 1 together with four submedial, three dorsolateral and one lateral pair of spines. Pereonites 2 – 4 each with one submedial, one dorsolateral and one lateral pair of spines; pereonites 5 – 7 each with one submedial, four dorsolateral and one coxal pair of spines; pleonites 1 – 3 each with one submedial, one dorsolateral and one lateral pair of spines; remaining pleotelson with three submedial, two dorsolateral and two lateral pairs of spines of which last lateral pair is produced beyond acute apex of pleotelson, plus subapical mid-dorsal group of three small spines. Limbs of male. Antenna 2 peduncle 54 % of total body length; ratio of articles 3 – 5 and flagellum, 10: 25: 31: 19; ratio of flagellum articles 100: 66: 40; antenna 2 with few setae along lower margin. Mouthparts not dissected. Pereopod 1 propodus oval, width 50 % length; dactylus (including unguis) 92 % propodus; ischium – carpus with long simple setae along and near posterior margin; propodus with eight posterior serrulate setae, 18 mesial facial simple and serrulate setae loosely arranged in oblique rows; dactylus mesial face with three setae near anterior margin, oblique row of three setae and two more near posterior margin; unguis 40 % length of body of dactylus. Pereopod 2 with anterodistal spine on ischium – carpus, proximal anterior spine on carpus; propodus as long as carpus; dactylus (including unguis) 1.13 times as long as propodus; unguis setiform, curved, 1.37 times as long as body of dactylus; secondary unguis absent; basis – propodus with setae along posterior margin, in five to six pairs of long setae accompanied by shorter one on carpus – propodus. Pereopod 4 with anterodistal spine on ischium – merus, more proximal anterior spines on basis; propodus 57 % length of carpus; dactylus (including unguis) 1.5 times as long as propodus; unguis setiform, curved, 1.15 times as long as body of dactylus; secondary unguis absent; basis – propodus with setae along posterior margin, in five to six pairs of long setae accompanied by shorter one on carpus – propodus. Pereopods 5 – 7 progressively shorter, merus – propodus each with two, two and four posterior robust setae, respectively. Penial plate tapering to rounded apex. Pleopod 1 exopod 80 % length of endopod; endopod with five plumose setae on distal margin; groove on posterior face opens on lateral margin three-quarters way along; an oblique margin distolateral to this defined proximally by shallow concavity and tuberculate corner; lateral margin with 18 marginal simple setae plus two stouter and shorter near opening of groove. Pleopod 2 exopod with 26 lateral and distal plumose setae; endopod exceeding exopod, with 13 distal setae; appendix masculina 1.2 times length of endopod, with acute apex, finely denticulate subdistally. Uropod exopod articulating more proximal than larger endopod; reaching 60 % of length of endopod, with two distal plumose setae; endopod with small distal setae. Remarks Fissarcturus rugosus has not been adequately illustrated previously. It differs from F. emarginatus and F. hirticornis in having the last pleotelsonic spine pair distant from the apex.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5AAE7F3265FAE2FB93BAFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Nordenstam (1933) listed this species as a member of ‘ Microarcturus ’ while describing new material. The specimen he illustrated did not belong to Beddard’s species and was placed in Litarcturus by Brandt (1990) on the basis of reduced body spination and multiarticulate antenna 2 flagellum. Nordenstam’s illustrated specimen is now Fissarcturus stebbingnordenstami Brandt, 1990 (see above).	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F59AE7F3217FC40FC66BEFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks ‘ Microarcturus ’ abnormis was the second species assigned to this genus after Nordenstam’s publication. Kussakin’s illustrations of pereopod 4 of the female holotype is the only confirmation of its generic placement.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F59AE7F31CAFA81FE76BC83.taxon	discussion	Remarks It was Nordenstam (1933) who suggested that Monod’s species belonged in ‘ Microarcturus ’. Schultz (1981) suggested the similarity to the type species of Acantharcturus, a view followed by Brandt (1990). She failed to note the setose dactyli clearly illustrated by Monod (1926) which put the species in Mixarcturus. Schultz’s illustrations of the male pleopods are also similar to those of M. digitatus offered here.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F59AE7F32A7FE82FE78B9BB.taxon	discussion	Remarks Mixarcturus shares with Chaetarcturus Brandt, 1990 long setae on the dactylus of pereopods 2 – 4 and the two genera are the only antarcturids to have this. Chaetarcturus is not the only one as stated by Poore (1998). Brandt distinguished the two on the basis of dorsal spination (weak in Mixarcturus, stronger in Chaetarcturus) and an antennal 2 flagellum of never more than four articles in Mixarcturus. Neither difference is real (see for example species described or redescribed by Poore (1998) and new characters are necessary to differentiate the two genera. The presence of a short stout unguis on pereopods 2 – 4 in Mixarcturus (setiform in Chaetarcturus), broadened apex with distolateral opening to groove on the male pleopod 2 endopod (widest at mid-length and groove opening on a subdistolateral conical apex in Chaetarcturus), appendix masculina longer than pleopod 2 endopod (shorter in Chaetarcturus), and uropodal exopod absent (present in Chaetarcturus) are more reliable characters (see figures 14, 15 and Poore (1998) for illustrations). The only three species are those given below. ‘ Microarcturus ’ abnormis is the type species.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F58AE7B3201FF15FD4BB8D5.taxon	description	‘ Microarcturus ’ digitatus Nordenstam, 1933: 167 – 171, pl. 2 figures 15, 16, text-figure 39 a – e. Mixarcturus digitatus: Brandt, 1990: 97; Wägele, 1991: 173 – 174, figure 65. Material examined Nordenstam (1933) listed 11 specimens all from stn 34 of which two, a male of 12.5 mm and a female of 9 mm, were designated syntypes. Today the material in SMNH (‘ typsaml 796 ’) consists of four complete animals (5.8 – 11.4 mm) and 32 slides from at least two males, two females and one juvenile. The carcases of none of these survive. It is possible to identify among the slides a pleopod 1 of a male of 12.5 mm and six slides of a female with marsupium. These are the presumptive syntypes. An additional ‘ immature specimen’ of 3.2 mm from stn 17 no longer exists. A male was selected from complete specimens and dissected for illustration. Supplementary illustrations were made from Nordenstam’s slides of unidentified individuals, including a pleopod 1 from the male syntype. Figured specimen: South Georgia, mouth of Cumberland Bay, 54 ° 11 ∞ S, 36 ° 11 ∞ W (Swedish Antarctic Expedition stn 34), 252 – 310 m (male, 9.5 mm). Description of figured male Body of male. (Figures in parentheses from Nordenstam’s slides.) Length 9.5 mm. Head with eyes lateral, pigmented. Major dorsal spination arranged in submedial, dorsolateral and lateral rows of erect spines. Head with pair of small anterolateral spines and two submedial pairs. Pereonites 1 – 4 each with one submedial, one dorsolateral and one lateral pairs of spines; pereonites 5 – 7 each with one dorsolateral pair of spines; pleonite 1 with one sublateral and one lateral pair of spines; pleonites 2 and 3 each with one submedial and one strong backwardly directed lateral pair of spines; remaining pleotelson with two submedial, three dorsolateral and two lateral pairs of spines, plus two subapical mid-dorsal spines. Coxa of pereopod 4 with posteroventral spine; coxae 5 – 7 with two spines, more posterior larger. Limbs of male. Antenna 2 peduncle 64 % of total body length; ratio of articles 3 – 5 and flagellum, 10: 14: 17: 14 (10: 14: 16: 14); ratio of flagellum articles 100: 43: 50: 7 (100: 47: 65: 7), the last a small claw; antenna 2 peduncle with two dense rows of setae along lower margin, flagellum with shorter setae. Mandible and maxillae typical of Antarcturidae. Maxillipedal endite truncate, with transverse rows of three setae on posterior face and eight (five) distally plus longitudinal row of four along mesial margin; palp articles 1 – 5 with ratio of lengths 31: 53: 100: 81: 34 (33: 51: 100: 79: 33); articles 1 – 5 with 0, 11, 15, 13, 5 (0, 7, 22, 16, 8) medial and posterior facial setae, respectively; article 3 the widest, article 4 70 % (73 %) its greatest width, article 5 50 % (60 %) width of article 4. Pereopod 1 carpus with small posterodistal spine; propodus elongate, width 34 % length; dactylus (including unguis) 85 % propodus; ischium – propodus with long simple setae along and near posterior margin, others laterally; propodus with row of lateral facial setae; dactylus widest at mid-point, apically rounded, lateral, posterior and mesial face densely setose; unguis about tenth length of body of dactylus; secondary unguis almost as large. Pereopod 2 with anterodistal spine on basis – merus; ratio of lengths carpus – dactylus 100: 134: 150; dactylus tapering, curved; unguis 13 % length of dactylus; secondary unguis absent; basis – dactylus with setae along posterior margin, in ca ten pairs of long setae accompanied by smaller setae on carpus – dactylus. Pereopod 4 with anterior spines on basis; anterodistal spine on ischium – merus; ratio of lengths carpus – dactylus 100: 89: 81; propodus curved proximally; dactylus tapering; unguis 12 % length of dactylus; secondary unguis shorter (aberrant in 9.5 mm figured male); basis – dactylus with setae along posterior margin, in pairs of long setae accompanied by smaller setae on carpus, less abundant on propodus and dactylus. Pereopods 5 – 7 progressively shorter, anterior spine on basis, anterodistal spine on ischium – merus; ischium – propodus each with 3, 2, 4 and 6 (2, 3, 3, 7) posterior robust setae, respectively. Penial plate tapering to slightly notched apex. Pleopod 1 exopod 90 % length of endopod; endopod with six (five) plumose setae on distal margin; groove on posterior face opens on lateral margin 90 % way along, beyond which is a doubly lobed setose margin; lateral margin with 16 marginal simple setae. Pleopod 2 exopod with 40 lateral and distal plumose setae; endopod barely exceeding exopod, with 25 distal and mesial setae; appendix masculina 1.4 times length of endopod, with acute apex. Uropod peduncle with longitudinal row of five spines; exopod absent; endopod triangular, with only minute setae. Remarks Mixarcturus digitatus differs from M. acanthurus in not having the well-developed pleotelsonic projection but the two are similar in the details of the distolateral apex of the endopod of the male pleopod 1. Both are bilobed and setose (cf. Monod, 1925: figure 28 D) and this is a probable generic character. M. abnormis does not have a dorsally tuberculate pleotelson.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5DAE7B3274FD62FE5FBF37.taxon	description	The fifth, Arcturus serrulatus Whitelegge, 1904 was figured by him (pp. 414 – 416, figures 118 a – c), placed in Antarcturus by Stebbing (1908) and in ‘ Microarcturus ’ by Nordenstam (1933), Nierstrasz (1941) and by Hale (1946: 200 – 202, figures 23, 24) who also figured the species. The species is common in Australia but belongs in a new genus, as yet undiagnosed. ‘ Microarcturus ’ tannerensis Schultz (Schultz, 1966: 20, pl. 14 figures 1 – 10) was based on a single male specimen (LACM CR 19600802). Nothing in the description or illustrations suggest an unambiguous generic placement and examination of the holotype (especially pleopod 1, pereopods, uropod) suggests a new genus of Antarcturidae.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5DAE7B31FEFAC4FB37BFE0.taxon	discussion	Remarks The Austrarcturellidae are a family of five genera (Poore, 2001). Only one species has been included in ‘ Microarcturus ’ but has been well described recently.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5DAE7A3216F9AFFBD1BAFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Nordenstam (1933) suggested this was a species of ‘ Microarcturus ’. Poore and Bardsley (1992) redescribed it in detail and confirmed its true affinities.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5CAE7A3215FE48FE1EB953.taxon	discussion	Remarks Stephensen (1947) was the first to use ‘ Microarcturus ’ as a generic name after Nordenstam’s publication. Sheppard (1957) included Stephensen’s species in her synonymy of her ‘ sp. n. ’ and selected a holotype for it. Her name is both a synonym and a subjective homonym of Stephensen’s (1947) species which she realized was identical.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5CAE7A326CFE86FBDABBBE.taxon	discussion	Remarks A single species described in ‘ Microarcturus ’ belongs in this family.	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5CAE7A326AFC1BFDF7BE35.taxon	discussion	Remarks The type species of the only genus, Rectarcturus, was placed in ‘ Microarcturus ’ by Nordenstam (1933).	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
DC5987CB8F5CAE7A3264FBFCFC4BBC83.taxon	discussion	Remarks Nordenstam (1933) listed this as a member of Microarcturus. Park and Wägele (1995) redescribed the holotype female and discussed the differences between Rectarcturus Schultz, 1981, of which this is the type species, and Neoarcturus. Unfortunately their discussion treated species of Neoarcturus, Austroarcturus and Fissarcturus synonymously. They realized the differences between Brandt’s (1990) species (referred here to Fissarcturus) and holidoteids (see discussion under Neoarcturus above), and that Rectarcturus is closer to Fissarcturus than to Neoarcturus s. s. Significant differences are that the groove on the male pleopod 1 endopod opens distolaterally in Rectarcturus (not laterally as in Fissarcturus), there are no paired pleotelsonic spines, pereopods 5 – 7 lack robust setae on the posterior margin of carpus and propodus, and the unguis of pereopods 2 – 4 is shorter than the body of this article (longer and setiform in Fissarcturus).	en	Poore, G. C. B. (2003): Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846
