identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DC7EE8592705FFD7F6BFFC00FBC0F84A.text	DC7EE8592705FFD7F6BFFC00FBC0F84A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat & McConnell)	<div><p>Formicococcus robustus (Ezzat &amp; McConnell) revived combination</p><p>Planococcoides robustus Ezzat &amp; McConnell, 1956: 59 .</p><p>Indococcus pipalae Ali, 1967: 35 .</p><p>Dysmicoccus cucurbitae Avasthi &amp; Shafee, 1986: 437 .</p><p>Planococcoides bengalensis Ghosh &amp; Ghose, 1988: 604 .</p><p>Ferrisicoccus cucurbitae, Tang, 1992: 286 . Change of combination.</p><p>Ferrisicoccus psidii Mukhopadhyay &amp; Ghose, 1994: 71 .</p><p>Formicococcus robustus Williams, 2004: 307 . Change of combination.</p><p>Paraputo robustus, Danzig &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin 2015: 18 . Change of combination.</p><p>The species was described and illustrated by Ezzat &amp; McConnell (1956) based on a single adult female found on mango, Mangifera indica L. ( Anacardiaceae) imported into the U.S.A. from India and intercepted in New York. The four junior synonyms of this species are all based on specimens collected in India; for a full synonymy with collection data and depositories for type specimens, refer to ScaleNet (García Morales et al. 2016). When Williams (2004) revised the genus Formicococcus, he examined many specimens of F. robustus from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh and provided a revised description, two illustrations of the adult females from different collections, and discussed the morphology. Danzig &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin (2015) transferred the species to Paraputo Laing because it has 6 anal ring setae; they restricted the definition of Formicococcus to species with more than 6 anal ring setae, although they transferred only two species of Formicococcus, viz., F. robustus and F. lingnani (known from India) to Paraputo . However, as discussed by Williams (2004) and Zhang &amp; Wu (2017), the number of anal ring setae is not a robust genus-level character, especially as the number of setae can vary between the two sides of the anal ring. Furthermore, in both genera there are 6 basic anal ring setae and, if more are present, the extra setae are usually short and slender and variable in position. Adult females of Formicococcus and Paraputo are morphologically similar and these genera clearly are related, but have been distinguished by the presence ( Formicococcus) or absence ( Paraputo) of the anal lobe bar (Williams 2004; Zhang &amp; Wu 2017). Formicococcus robustus and the other seven species of this genus known from India each have anal lobe bars. The type species of Formicococcus, F. cinnamomi Takahashi, is from Taiwan (Takahashi 1928; Ezzat &amp; McConnell 1956; Tu et al. 1988), whereas the type species of Paraputo, now called P. anomalus (Newstead), is from Africa (and was redescribed by Williams 1958).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC7EE8592705FFD7F6BFFC00FBC0F84A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Jose, Bindu K.;Gullan, Penny;Sajeev, T. V.;Anoop, E. V.	Joshi, Sunil, Jose, Bindu K., Gullan, Penny, Sajeev, T. V., Anoop, E. V. (2020): A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Tectona grandis L. f. (Lamiaceae) in southern India. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 391-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.7
DC7EE8592705FFD7F6BFFF24FB30FC91.text	DC7EE8592705FFD7F6BFFF24FB30FC91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus Takahashi 1928	<div><p>Formicococcus Takahashi 1928</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 52462B3D-80E2-4729-85E0-E952839A44FB</p><p>Type species: Formicococcus cinnamomi Takahashi</p><p>Generic diagnosis (adapted from Williams, 2004). Anal lobe bar present. Cerarii basically numbering 18 pairs; auxiliary setae present or absent. Sometimes 1 or 2 pairs of cerarii on thorax indistinct, but preopercular pair (C 2) always present. Anal lobe cerarii each bearing 2 or more cererian setae, each seta conical or with a flagellate tip. Anterior abdominal cerarii each usually with more than 2 conical or flagellate setae; if with only 2, then auxiliary setae often present. Cerarii on head and thorax either with 2 or more conical or flagellate setae and a group of trilocular pores. Cerarii all with at least 1 or 2 trilocular pores next to setal collar, or, if with only 2 enlarged setae, then sometimes associated with slender auxiliary setae. Antennae each 6–8 segmented. Legs well developed, with translucent pores on hind coxa and often on hind tibia, sometimes also present on hind femur; often tibia + tarsus shorter than trochanter + femur. Claw stout, without a denticle. Dorsal setae often short and stiff, slender or conical, or sometimes long and flagellate, rarely stout. Cisanal and obanal setae always conspicuous. Ostioles prominent. Circulus present or absent. Anal ring bearing 6 basic setae; sometimes with multiple setae (as in F. dispersus Williams, 2004) but if so, then usually 6 setae longer than others. Anal ring either situated at apex of abdomen or slightly dorsal in position. Multilocular disc pores present, at least on venter of abdomen. Oral collar tubular ducts present, at least on venter of abdomen, sometimes also around margins of head and thorax. Microducts present or absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC7EE8592705FFD7F6BFFF24FB30FC91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Jose, Bindu K.;Gullan, Penny;Sajeev, T. V.;Anoop, E. V.	Joshi, Sunil, Jose, Bindu K., Gullan, Penny, Sajeev, T. V., Anoop, E. V. (2020): A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Tectona grandis L. f. (Lamiaceae) in southern India. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 391-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.7
DC7EE8592704FFD6F6BFFF5CFC77FC81.text	DC7EE8592704FFD6F6BFFF5CFC77FC81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus lingnani (Ferris)	<div><p>Formicococcus lingnani (Ferris) revived combination</p><p>Planococcus lingnani Ferris 1954: 52 .</p><p>Planococcoides lingnani Williams 1970: 163 . Change of combination.</p><p>Formicococcus lingnani Williams 2004: 290 . Change of combination.</p><p>Paraputo lingnani Danzig &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin 2015: 18 . Change of combination.</p><p>Formicococcus lingnani was redescribed by Williams (1970) from material collected from Malaysia, China and Thailand; he found these materials to be in agreement with the original material from China, with minor morphological differences, hence in Williams (2004) he made two illustrations based on specimens from China and Thailand. He further suggested inclusion of this species in Exallomochlus Williams because of the presence of a sclerotized area on the dorsum and venter of each anal lobe, but retained it in Formicococcus because of the presence of anal lobe bars each connected to an anal lobe bar seta. The species has been collected on Cyperus rotundus L. ( Cyperaceae) and Areca catechu L. ( Arecaceae) from Karnataka, India (S. Joshi, unpublished data). Danzig &amp; Gavrilov-Zimin (2015) transferred the species to Paraputo Laing because it has 6 anal ring setae, which is not justifiable based on the facts provided on the revived combination of F. robustus in the discussion above.</p><p>The only molecular phylogenetic study (Hardy et al. 2008) that has included examples of Paraputo found that the sampled African species was not related to the sampled Neotropical species. There appear to have been no molecular phylogenetic studies including species of Formicococcus . The taxonomy of Formicococcus and Paraputo may change in the future if informative new data become available; however, the stability of nomenclature is important to users and changes should be avoided unless there is strong justification.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC7EE8592704FFD6F6BFFF5CFC77FC81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Jose, Bindu K.;Gullan, Penny;Sajeev, T. V.;Anoop, E. V.	Joshi, Sunil, Jose, Bindu K., Gullan, Penny, Sajeev, T. V., Anoop, E. V. (2020): A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Tectona grandis L. f. (Lamiaceae) in southern India. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 391-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.7
DC7EE8592704FFD0F6BFFC05FDA7FE88.text	DC7EE8592704FFD0F6BFFC05FDA7FE88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus tectonae Joshi, Bindu & Gullan. A. Body 2020	<div><p>Formicococcus tectonae Joshi, Bindu &amp; Gullan sp. n.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 06BFACAF-529A-4F73-9800-3EA7607372D0</p><p>Type material. Holotype adult ♀ on a slide together with four paratypes, INDIA, Kerala / Vettigapadam, Thrissur / Tectona grandis, 07.XII.2018 / Bindu Jose leg. / [ICAR / NBAIR /PSEUDO/Form/71218-01]; holotype marked by encircling with permanent marker . Paratypes: 9 ♀♀, data same as holotype; four paratypes on the same slide as the holotype; the remaining five paratypes are mounted on a separate slide [ICAR / NBAIR /PSEUDO/Form/71218-02]</p><p>.</p><p>Description of the adult female.</p><p>Live appearance. Body oval or rotund, peach-pink; legs and antennae yellowish brown; bodies of nymphs and adult female covered by flocculent white mealy wax (Fig. 1 F &amp; G), without bare areas on dorsum; intersegmental areas without mealy wax; very short lateral wax filaments present on abdominal segments, the pair on the last abdominal segment longer and curved; wax filaments absent from thorax and head. Ovisac absent; eggs gleaming cream (Fig. 1 E), laid singly, not covered with mealy wax powder. All life stages occurring on above-ground parts of host, under the bark in borer tunnels, and are sometimes attended by ants (Fig. 1 D).</p><p>Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 2). Measurements based on 10 type specimens. Body of adult female broadly oval to almost circular (Fig. 2 A, Fig. 3 A), membranous; largest specimen 3.05 mm long and 2.37 mm wide (holotype 2.05 mm long, 1.50 mm wide). Eyespots each 37–40 µm in diameter, not associated with discoidal pores. Antennae 7 segmented each about 320 µm long (Fig. 2 B, Fig. 3 B); apical segment 94–98 µm long and 25–27 µm wide. Labium 90–95 µm wide at base and 200–215 µm long, noticeably longer than clypeolabral shield, at about 190 µm long. Mesothoracic spiracles each 75–80 µm long including apodeme, 37–42 µm wide across peritreme; metathoracic spiracles each 82–87 µm long including apodeme, 45–55 µm wide across peritreme. Anal lobes well developed, ventral surface of each lobe bearing stout apical seta about 250 µm, bar seta 112–130 µm long, and anal lobe bar about 100 µm long (Fig. 2 C, Fig. 3 C), developed mainly forwards from bar seta. Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur about 270–280 µm long, hind tibia + tarsus 240–260 µm long; claw stout, about 37–40 µm long. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur about 0.96. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus about 1.50. Hind trochanter with longest seta 62–70 µm long; tarsal digitules on each leg capitate, 50–55 µm long; claw digitules capitate, 30–33 µm long; claw denticle not discernible (Fig. 2 D). A total of 37–40 translucent pores present on anterior and posterior surfaces of hind coxa (22–26 on anterior surface and 14–15 on posterior surface) (Fig. 2 E, Fig. 3 D, and translucent pores on posterior surface of hind tibia rare (2 out of 10 females with 6 to 7 pores on posterior surface) or absent (Fig. 2 F, Fig. 3E). Circulus present between abdominal segments III and IV irregular in shape (Fig. 2 G), 100–120 µm wide, divided by an intersegmental line. Trilocular pores unusual in appearance, with a smaller triangle containing 3 swirled loculi situated within a larger outer triangle (Fig. 3 L). Both pairs of ostioles well developed (Fig. 2 H); anterior ostioles 100–125 µm wide, each lip with 8–9 setae and 32–50 trilocular pores; posterior ostiole 52–62 µm wide, each lip with 7–8 setae and 40–51 trilocular. Anal ring 55–75 μm long and 65–85 μm wide (Fig. 3 F), situated at apex of abdomen; anal ring with 6 setae, each 90–95 μm long. Number of cerarii highly variable, their number varying from 11 to 15 pairs (only 1 out of 10 females examined possessed 18 clearly defined pairs of cerarii); all cerarian setae conical with flagellate tips. Anal lobe cerarii each bearing 4 or 5 conical setae (Fig. 2 I, Fig. 3G), each 22–28 µm long and about 7.5 µm wide at base, with 1 auxiliary seta and a few trilocular pores, all situated on a membranous area. Penultimate cerarii (C 17) each with 7 or 8 conical setae, 1 or 2 auxiliary setae (Fig. 2 J, Fig. 3H) and a few trilocular pores. Other abdominal cerarii as far forward as abdominal segment II each containing 2–5 conical setae, 1 or 2 auxiliary setae and few trilocular pores. Cerarii on thorax not discernible. Frontal cerarii each with 4 conical setae (Fig. 2 K), preocular cerarii each with 3 conical setae and ocular cerarii each with 2 conical and 1 auxiliary setae (Fig. 2 L, Fig. 3I). All cerarii each associated with a few trilocular pores.</p><p>Dorsal surface with thick, stiff setae each with a flagellate tip (Fig. 2 M, Fig. 3 J), of variable size, fairly numerous on median area. Smaller setae, each 12–17 μm long, medium setae each 25–30 μm long, and longer setae mostly each 35–37 μm long (Fig. 3K). Many setae each with 1 or 2 trilocular pores around setal collar. Even longer setae present dorsally just anterior to clypeolabral shield between antennal bases, each 55–65 μm long. Trilocular pores numerous (Fig. 3 L), evenly distributed, each about 5 µm wide. Discoidal pores (Fig. 3 M), each as wide as a trilocular pore, scattered. Oral collar tubular ducts and multilocular pores absent.</p><p>Ventral surface with flagellate setae (Fig. 2 N, Fig. 3 N), mostly each 20–67 µm long, but some on abdominal margins each 60–65 µm long. Ventral setae on head, just anterior to mouthparts, each about 75 µm long, whereas median areas of thorax and abdomen with setae each 25 to 67 μm long. Cisanal setae stout at base, each about 115 µm long; obanal setae each about 50 µm long. Multilocular disc pores each 9.8–10.0 µm in diameter (Fig. 2 O, Fig. 3 O), present posterior to vulva and medially at posterior edges of abdominal segments IV-VII; occasional pores also present on anterior edges of segments and on submargins of abdomen. Multilocular disc pores forming multiple transverse rows on abdominal segments VI and VII, a double row on V and a single row on segment IV. Trilocular pores same size and structure as those on dorsum but less numerous, evenly distributed. Discoidal pores scattered. Oral collar tubular ducts of 2 slightly different sizes present, both types narrower than a trilocular pore; wider type (Fig. 2 P, Fig. 3 P) present submarginally on abdominal segments VI and VII; and slender type (Fig. 2 Q, Fig. 3 Q) distributed across middle of abdominal segments V and VI, posterior to vulva, and in marginal groups on abdominal segments V–VIII.</p><p>Comments. Formicococcus tectonae is similar to F. robustus (Ezzat &amp; McConnell) in having more than 3 conical setae in most cerarii including the anal lobe pair; cerarii on the abdomen containing auxiliary setae; and similar distributions of ventral oral collar tubular ducts and types of dorsal and ventral setae. Formicococcus tectonae can be distinguished (characters of F. robustus given in parentheses) by having (i) multilocular pores on segments IV–VIII (V–VIII); (ii) cerarian setae conical with flagellate tips (conical but sometimes 1 or more setae with flagellate tips); and (iii) by the absence or rarity of translucent pores on the hind tibia (present). Formicococcus tectonae is also similar to F. polysperes Williams in having multilocular disc pores as far forward as abdominal segment IV, but differs (characters of F. tectonae given in parentheses) in having stout, stiff dorsal setae (thick, stiff setae with a flagellate tip) and in having oral collar tubular ducts on the thorax and head (oral collar ducts absent from thorax and head).</p><p>In view of the unusual structure of the trilocular pores in F. tectonae sp. n., those of some other species of Formicococcus were examined to see if this feature is shared with congeneric species. Trilocular pores with a similar structure were observed in F. lingnani, F. polysperes and F. formicarii .</p><p>Etymology. We have named this new species after the genus of the host plant ( Tectona) on which it was collected; the name is in the genitive singular.</p><p>Biological notes. At the first location (Fig. 1A), 36 of 45 trees (80.0 %) were infested by trunk borer to various degrees, whereas at the second location 40 of 55 trees (72.7 %) were infested. The trunks of borer-infested trees had a twisted appearance (Fig. 1 B). Each moth larva was found to make four to five entry holes in the trunk and produce tunnels while feeding on the heartwood (Fig. 1C). At both locations, all the borer-infested trees had mealybug populations. Mealybugs were found only at the entrance of the passageways made by the moth larvae. It is doubtful if there is any reciprocal relationship or even a dependency of the mealybug on the moth larvae, although the tunnels made by the borer provide suitable habitat for the mealybugs. Further studies are needed to investigate the association of these insects.</p><p>No parasitoids or predators of the mealybugs were obtained from the collections made in the present study. In the field, ants of an unidentified species of Tapinoma Foerster were found attending the mealybugs. In the first location, ants were found on 12 out of 36 mealybug-infested trees (33.3 %), while at second location, ants were found on 9 out of 40 infested trees (22.5 %).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC7EE8592704FFD0F6BFFC05FDA7FE88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Jose, Bindu K.;Gullan, Penny;Sajeev, T. V.;Anoop, E. V.	Joshi, Sunil, Jose, Bindu K., Gullan, Penny, Sajeev, T. V., Anoop, E. V. (2020): A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Tectona grandis L. f. (Lamiaceae) in southern India. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 391-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.7
DC7EE859270FFFDDF6BFFF5FFA33FBE3.text	DC7EE859270FFFDDF6BFFF5FFA33FBE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus Takahashi 1928	<div><p>Key to adult females of the Indian species of Formicococcus Takahashi</p><p>1. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of anal lobes sclerotized, in addition to anal lobe bars...................... lingnani (Ferris)</p><p>- Dorsal and ventral surfaces of anal lobes membranous except for anal lobe bars.................................... 2</p><p>2. Ventral oral collar tubular ducts present anterior to abdomen, on head or on head and thorax.......................... 3</p><p>- Ventral oral collar tubular ducts confined to abdomen, absent from head and thorax................................. 6</p><p>3. Cerarian setae on abdominal segment VIII obviously longer than dorsal setae on same segment; dorsal setae on segment VIII obviously longer than those on segment VI................................................................. 4</p><p>- Cerarian setae on abdominal segment VIII mostly shorter than or same length as dorsal setae on same segment; dorsal setae on segment VIII about same length as those on segment VI....................................................... 5</p><p>4 Anal lobe inner margins meeting at base; dorsal setae on medial areas of abdominal segments VII and VIII longer than those on segment VI....................................................................... formicarii (Newstead)</p><p>- Anal lobe inner margins widely separated at base; dorsal setae on abdominal segment VII, especially in submarginal areas, much longer than those on segment VI......................................................... latens Williams</p><p>5. Dorsal setae anterior to abdominal segment VIII short and thick; bases of most setae each at least as wide as a trilocular pore. Ventral oral collar tubular ducts absent from opposite ocular cerarii (C 3) and from margins of meso- and metathorax............................................................................................ polysperes Williams</p><p>- Dorsal setae anterior to abdominal segment VIII short and slender; bases of setae each narrower than a trilocular pore. Ventral oral collar tubular ducts present opposite ocular cerarii (C 3) and on margins of meso- and metathorax..................................................................................................... mangiferacola Williams</p><p>6. Ventral setae thick, short and curved, including anal lobe bar setae, cisanal and obanal setae........... tripurensis Williams</p><p>- Ventral setae all flagellate............................................................................... 7</p><p>7. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical and 1 or 2 auxiliary setae.................................. erythrinae Williams</p><p>- Anal lobe cerarii with more than 2 conical setae in addition to auxiliary setae...................................... 8</p><p>8. Cerarii basically numbering 18 pairs, sometimes as few as 14 pairs discernible but number can vary between different sides of same specimen; all cerarian setae conical. Dorsal setae short and stiff, each 10–20 µm long. Multilocular disc pores present as far forward as abdominal segment V. Translucent pores present on hind coxa and tibia....... robustus (Ezzat &amp; McConnell)</p><p>- Cerarii numbering 11–15 pairs; all cerarian setae conical with a flagellate apex. Dorsal setae each thick and stiff, 17–65 µm long, with flagellate apex. Multilocular disc pores present only as forward as abdominal segment IV. Translucent pores present only on hind coxa, absent from or very rare on hind tibia.............................. tectonae Joshi, Bindu &amp; Gullan</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC7EE859270FFFDDF6BFFF5FFA33FBE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Jose, Bindu K.;Gullan, Penny;Sajeev, T. V.;Anoop, E. V.	Joshi, Sunil, Jose, Bindu K., Gullan, Penny, Sajeev, T. V., Anoop, E. V. (2020): A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Tectona grandis L. f. (Lamiaceae) in southern India. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 391-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.7
