taxonID	type	description	language	source
DC2687A4E53AFFA368CC0CF0188C5C57.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Gonatocerus longicornis Nees ab Esenbeck, by monotypy. Subsequent taxonomic references: Foerster 1847: 209 – 210 (diagnosis); Foerster 1856: 116 – 118 (key, discussion); Dalla Torre 1898: 429 – 430 (catalog); Girault 1911: 273 – 277 (North American species); Kryger 1934: 503 – 505 (nomenclatural remarks); Nikol’skaya 1952: 538 (key); Bouček & Graham 1972: 125 – 130 (genus and type species identity); Hellén 1974: 8 – 9 (diagnosis, key to Finnish species); Sahad 1982 c: 198 (key to Japanese species); Sahad & Hirashima 1984: 7 – 8 (historical review), 11 – 13 (diagnosis and key to species of Japan and adjacent regions); Schauff 1984: 36 – 37 (genus definition); Matthews 1986: 214, 216 (key to species groups and British species); Huber 1986: 220 – 222 (historical review, host records, etc.); Huber 1988: 5 – 7, 23 – 24, 29 – 30 (historical review, species groups and Nearctic species of two groups); Noyes & Valentine 1989: 34 – 35 (diagnosis and remarks on New Zealand species); Yoshimoto 1990: 36 – 42 (species groups and list of Western Hemisphere species); Zeya & Hayat 1995: 52 – 59 (redescription, relationships, and key to species groups); Huber & Beardsley 2000: 51 – 53 (species in the Hawaiian Islands); Triapitsyn & Huber 2000: 614 (key to species groups in the Palaearctic region); Baquero & Jordana 2003: 3 – 5 (diagnosis, key to species groups and species in Navarre, Spain); Viggiani 2005: 65 (comments on male genitalia); Donev 2005: 376 – 377 (key to species groups in the Balkan Peninsula); Lin et al. 2007: 34 – 37 (short diagnosis, list of Australian species); Huber et al. 2009: 272 (key), 278 (key), 288, 291 (brief diagnosis, comments); Triapitsyn et al. 2010: 10 – 13 (synonymy, diagnosis, summary on the former species groups, identification key to subgenera); Guo et al. 2011: 53 – 54 (short overview); Triapitsyn & Proshchalykin 2012: 207 – 208 (catalog).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53AFFA368CC0CF0188C5C57.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Gonatocerus (Gastrogonatocerus) membraciphagus Ogloblin, by original designation. Treated as a subgenus of Lymaenon by Ogloblin 1938: 93 – 106 (in part) and Annecke & Doutt 1961: 4, and synonymized under Lymaenon by Debauche 1949: 25 and under Gonatocerus by Bouček & Graham 1972: 127; formally reinstated as a subgenus of Gonatocerus by Triapitsyn et al. 2010: 11, 57.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53AFFA368CC0CF0188C5C57.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Triapitsyn et al. (2010). The following combination of features will separate all Palaearctic Gonatocerus from Ooctonus, the only other genus in the region with 5 - segmented tarsi whose female also has antenna with 8 funicle segments. Both sexes: face with subantennal sulci (Figs 50, 116, 180, 318); marginal vein with two macrochaetae and the hypochaeta about midway between them. Female: gastral segment 1 similar in length to segment 2. Male: genitalia not encapsulated in a tubular capsule or phallobase; instead, aedeagus attached directly to the apical sternum, with two long apodemes united distally (V-shaped) and a long median apodeme. Classification. Gonatocerus is a relatively easily recognized genus, so any generic key to the Mymaridae may be used for its recognition in the Palaearctic region: Annecke & Doutt (1961) for the world genera, Schauff (1984) for the Holarctic genera, and Triapitsyn & Huber (2000) for the Palaearctic genera.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53AFFA368CC0CF0188C5C57.taxon	discussion	Triapitsyn et al. (2010) commented on the place of Gonatocerus within the higher classification of Mymaridae and its relationships with other genera and rediagnosed the genus and its subgenera and species groups of G. (Cosmocomoidea). The latter subgenus as well as G. (Lymaenon Walker) and G. (Gonatocerus Nees ab Esenbeck) occur in the Palaearctic region whereas G. (Gahanopsis Ogloblin) and G. (Gastrogonatocerus Ogloblin) are native to the New World and occur mainly in the Neotropics. The latter two subgenera seem to be derived offshoots of G. (Lymaenon) and G. (Gonatocerus), respectively, that parasitize mainly eggs of Membracidae (Hemiptera).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53AFFA368CC0CF0188C5C57.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Hosts. See Sahad & Hirashima (1984), Huber (1986, 1988), Zeya & Hayat (1995), and Triapitsyn et al. (2010) for lists by genus or under each species treated by them. In the Palaearctic region, reliable host records of Gonatocerus spp. are from eggs of Cicadellidae and Membracidae (Hemiptera: Membracoidea). Miridae (Hemiptera) is a new host family record presented here (see under G. fuscicornis). Other, non-membracoid, host records need confirmation.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53BFFAC68CC0BE119B35B3F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Gonatocerus longicornis Nees ab Esenbeck, by monotypy.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53BFFAC68CC0BE119B35B3F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Triapitsyn et al. (2010). In the Palaearctic species, pronotum divided mediolongitudinally, the two lobes abutting; dorsellum triangular to rhomboidal; fore wing with discal setae extending at least to base of marginal vein.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E53BFFAC68CC0BE119B35B3F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cosmopolitan. Hosts. In the Palaearctic region, reliable records are from Cicadellidae and Miridae.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 7)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from PPDD] (not examined). Type locality: Shareh ElHaram, Giza, Egypt.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [USNM] (not examined). Type locality: Saipan Island, Northern Mariana Islands. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [IARI] (not examined). Type locality: Delhi, India. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [KUEC] (not examined, but a photograph is available at: http: // konchudb. agr. agr. kyushu-u. ac. jp / elkutype / exec / refile. cgi? & lang = en & no = 2386 & tax = Gonatocerus % 20 miurai % 20 Sahad). Type locality: Matsue, Shimane Prefecture (Honshū Island), Japan. Synonymized under G. tarae (Narayanan & Subba Rao) by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 84. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female (see Zeya & Hayat (1995) for details on the possible holotype) [ZDAMU] (not examined). Type locality: Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Synonymized under G. tarae (Narayanan & Subba Rao) by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 84. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Hatfield Forest, Essex Co., England, UK. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Gonatocerus aegyptiacus Soyka: paratypes [NHMW]: 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: 1. “ Giza Panicum colonum Nov. 1931 ”, 2. “ Para-Type ”, 3. “ Gonatocerus aegyptiacus (Soyka) Ƥ ”, 4. “ 16 ”; 3 Ƥ on individual slides, same data except lacking labels # 2 and # 4; 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: 1. “ Egypt Piramids’ Road on citrus 4. XI. 31 ”, 2. “ Gonatocerus aegyptiacus (Soyka) Ƥ ”. Lymaenon saipanensis Doutt: 3 3 paratypes [EMEC] on individual slides labeled: 1. “ by sweeping 3 Saipan, M. I. July 26, 1948 R. L. Doutt ”; 2. “ Lymaenon saipanensis Doutt Paratype ”; 2 Ƥ, 2 3 on individual slides labeled: 1. “ by sweeping grass [relevant Ƥ or 3 symbol] Saipan, M. I. Nov. 11, 1948 R. L. Doutt ”; 2. “ Lymaenon saipanensis Doutt Paratype ”. The specimens are poorly mounted (uncleared). There was also one male paratype (collected 11. xi. 1948) (Doutt 1955) that I have not seen. Gonatocerus minor Matthews: holotype female [BMNH] on slide labeled: 1. “ Holotype Ƥ Gonatocerus minor sp. nov. det. Matthews 1984 Holo-type [in red circle] ”; 2. “ ENGLAND: ESSEX Hattfield Forest 23. viii. 1975 Noyes BM 1975 – 265 26 Nov 1983 M 1022 / 6 ”. The holotype is in good condition, dissected under 5 coverslips. Also examined was the entire paratype series (all from England, UK), as listed by Matthews (1986). Material examined. AUSTRIA. VIENNA, Vienna: 9. vii. 1952 [1 Ƥ, 2 3, NHMW] [misidentified by W. Soyka as G. litoralis (Haliday)]; 25. ix. 1953, H. - J. Stammer [2 3, NHMW]. CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [8 3, UCRC]. DENMARK. HOVEDSTADEN, Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island), Fortunens Indelukke, 4. vii. 1925, J. P. Kryger [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. EGYPT. GIZA, Giza, xi. 1930, H. Priesner (on Echinochloa colona [as “ Panicum coloxynum ”]) [3 Ƥ, NHMW] (identified by W. Soyka as G. aegyptiacus but not listed in the paratype series). Also formally not part of the published paratype series are 2 males on slides [NHMW] labeled: 1. “ Giza Panicum colonum Nov. 30 ”, 2. “ Co-Type ”, 3. “ 736 ”, 4. “ 3 Gonatocerus aegyptiacus (Soyka) 3 ”; and 1. “ October 31 Pyramids Road on Grasses ”, 2. “ Co-Type ”; 3. “ 737 ”; 4. “ Mym: 3 Gonatocerus aegyptiacus (Soyka) 3 ”. FRANCE. GARD, near Gard River, 43 ° 55 ’ 45 ’’ N 4 ° 23 ’ 25 ’’ E, 10 – 13. vi. 2005, J. George [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, M. van Helden: 2. vii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 30. vii. 1998 [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 13. viii. 1998 [20 Ƥ, 7 3, UCRC]; 9. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, 13 – 19. vi. 2006, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. HUNGARY. BÁCS-KISKUN, Tompa, 28. vii. 1949, J. Erdös [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. ITALY. LAZIO, Viterbo Prov., 5.5 km E of Monte Romano, 42 ° 15.284 ’ N 11 ° 57.315 ’ E, 207 m, 9. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 3, UCRC]. JAPAN. SHIMANE, Matsue, Honjo Farm, 20. ix. 1979, K. A. Sahad (ex. Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler on Oryza sativa) [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY, Bishkek, Thor-Aryk (Boz-Peldek Mt.), 42 ° 46 ’ 55 ’’ N 74 ° 34 ’ 11 ’’ E, 1094 m, 14. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, 23, UCRC]. DZHALAL-ABAD: near jct. Kara Kysmak and Chatkal River, 42 ° 04 ’ 00 ’’ N 71 ° 35 ’ 41 ’’ E, 2240 m, 18. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 18 km WSW of Kazaeman, 41 ° 21 ’ 01 ’’ N 73 ° 48 ’ 37 ’’ E, 1550 m, 15. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. NARYN, Dzhumgal-Too Ridge, Seok River E ravine, 42 ° 13 ’ 13 ’’ N 75 ° 00 ’ 55 ’’ E, 2620 m, 24. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. OSH, Karakuldzha, Lajsu Ravine, 40 ° 31 ’ 20 ’’ N 73 ° 37 ’ 10 ’’ E, 1815 m, 25. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. TALAS, 18 km WSW of Taldy Bulak, 42 ° 26 ’ 31 ’’ N 72 ° 49 ’ 12 ’’ E, 1930 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MONGOLIA. ÖMNÖGOVI, Naran Bulag, 43 ° 27 ’ N 100 ° 27 ’ E, 1405 m, 17 – 20. vii. 1994, J. Carpenter [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, V. V. Kostjukov: 30. viii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 31. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, 7 – 15. vii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Achikulak, 23. viii. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [2 3, UCRC, ZIN]. Prietokskiy, 2. ix. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [2 3, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 29 – 31. v. 2000 [1 3, UCRC]; 11 – 12. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Richmond Park, J. S. Noyes: 18. vii. 1996 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]; 15. viii. 1997 [1 3, CNCI]. Extralimital records. AMERICAN SAMOA. Tutuila Island, Mapusaga, 13 – 20. i. 2002, M. Schmaedick [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. AUSTRALIA. QUEENSLAND: Acacia Ridge (near Brisbane): 1 – 6. ix. 1980, G. Gordh [2 3, UCRC]; 27. ix. 1980, G. Gordh, E. C. Dahms [5 Ƥ, 1 m, UCRC]. Biggenden (32 km SE of Munna Creek), 24. ix. 1995, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, 8 3, UCRC]. Blackbutt Creek (9 km E of Blackbutt), 22. ix. 1995, J. D. Pinto [1 3, UCRC]. Brisbane Forest Park, 27 ° 24.05 ’ S 152 ° 48.11 ’ E, 13 – 19. xii. 2002, J. George, J. Munro, A. Owen [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Cooloola State Forest, Camp Milo, 5. ix. 1979, G. Gordh, E. C. Dahms [1 3, UCRC]. 9.3 km N of Ellis Beach, 30. iv. 1990, J. M. Heraty [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. 5 km E of Gordonvale, 28. iv. 1990, J. M. Heraty [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Great Sandy National Park, 26 ° 00.62 ’ S 153 ° 02.80 ’ E, 16 – 17. xii. 2002, J. Munro, A. Owen [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Indooroopilly, 3. ix. 1980, G. Gordh [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Nambour, 18 – 22. xi. 2000, C. Freebairn [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. 19 km S of Port Douglas, 19. xi. 1979, E. C. Dahms, J. B. Woolley, J. LaSalle [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. FIJI. Viti Levu, 25 km N of Sigatoka, 17. iv. 1990, J. M. Heraty [1 3, UCRC]. INDIA. GOA, Bambolim Beach (S of Panaji), 15 ° 26 ’ 46 ’’ N 73 ° 51 ’ 19 ’’ E, 5 m, 15. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. KARNATAKA: near Dandeli Reserve, 15 ° 20 ’ 36 ’’ N 74 ° 37 ’ 19 ’’ E, 530 m, 17. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. E of Hassan, 12 ° 58 ’ 36 ’’ N 76 ° 14 ’ 34 ’’ E, 923 m, 26. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kathagal, 14 ° 30 ’ 41 ’’ N 74 ° 31 ’ 49 ’’ E, 44 m, 18. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mudigere, 13 ° 07 ’ 09 ’’ N 75 ° 37 ’ 41 ’’ E, 994 m, 24 – 25. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. W of Mudigere, J. M. Heraty: 13 ° 07 ’ 05 ’’ N 75 ° 30 ’ 20 ’’ E, 850 – 912 m, 24. xi. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13 ° 07 ’ 08 ’’ N 75 ° 30 ’ 37 ’’ E, 950 m, 25. xi. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. [NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF] DELHI, New Delhi, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 28 ° 37 ’ 51 ’’ N 77 ° 09 ’ 50 ’’ E, 220 m, 5 – 6. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEPAL. Kathmandu, 4500 ’, 19. xi. 1961, E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CAS]. PAKISTAN. PUNJAB, Faisalabad, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Horticulture Fruit Garden, 31 ° 25.844 ’ N 73 ° 03.665 ’ E, 184 m, 1 – 8. x. 2011, M. S. &. C. D. Hoddle, citrus orchard [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA. MPUMALANGA, Sabie, Bridal Veil, 11. xii. 2003, I. Mikó, G. Melika [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. THAILAND. CHIANG MAI, 1 – 10. ii. 1998, S. Sonthichai [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. ABU DHABI, Al Ajban, 24 ° 36 ’ N 55 ° 01 ’ E, 9. xi – 7. xii. 2005, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. FUJAIRAH, Wadi Maidaq, 25 ° 18 ’ N 56 ° 07 ’ E, 26. x – 9. xi. 2006, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]. RAS AL-KHAIMAH, Wadi Shawkah, 31. x – 27. xi. 2006, A. van Harten [3 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]. SHARJAH, Sharjah Desert Park, 6 – 28. xii. 2006, A. van Harten [7 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]. USA. NEW YORK, Seneca Co., 4.5 mi. SW of Lodi, Silver Thread Vineyard, 42 ° 33 ’ 45.5 ’’ N 76 ° 52 ’ 27.2 ’’ W, 202 m, 24. v. 2011, S. V. Triapitsyn, G. Loeb [1 3, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria *, Bulgaria (Donev 2005 [as G. minor], China *, Denmark *, Egypt, France *, Greece (Donev 2003, 2005) [as G. minor], Hungary *, Italy *, Japan (Sahad 1982 c [as G. miurai]; Sahad & Hirashima 1984 [as G. miurai and G. sulphuripes]), Kyrgyzstan *, Republic of Korea (Sahad & Hirashima 1984) [as G. miurai], Mongolia *, Russia *, Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003) [as G. minor], and UK (England) (Matthews 1986) [as G. minor]. AFROTROPICAL *: Republic of South Africa *, and United Arab Emirates *. AUSTRALASIA *: Australia *. OCEANIA: American Samoa *, Fiji *, Northern Mariana Islands (Doutt 1955) [as G. saipanensis]. ORIENTAL: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995; Zeya & Khan 2011) [as G. tarae], Nepal *, Pakistan *, and Thailand *. NEARCTIC *: USA *.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 630 – 960 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Head dark brown; scape, pedicel, and usually F 1 – F 4 light brown, F 5 – F 8 and clava brown; mesosoma and metasoma normally mostly yellow or light brown with brown markings on mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, propodeum, and apical gastral terga, but sometimes mesosoma mostly brown with yellow or light brown areas and apical gastral terga brown to dark brown; legs mostly light brown. Antenna (Fig. 1) with radicle 0.32 – 0.4 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.1 – 3.1 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 2 about as long as F 3 and often F 8 (the longest funicle segments), F 4 the shortest funicle segment, F 7 about as long as F 8 when bearing mps but notably shorter when lacking mps; F 1 – F 6 withouts mps, F 7 with 1 or 2 mps but sometimes without mps, F 8 with 2 mps; clava with 8 mps, 3.2 – 4.1 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8 or slightly shorter when F 7 lacks mps. Mesosoma (Fig. 3) a little shorter than gaster. Propodeum (Fig. 2) with submedian lines often hardly visible. Fore wing (Fig. 4) 3.8 – 4.4 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.38 – 0.52 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc slightly infumate throughout, bare behind submarginal vein, setose behind and beyond marginal vein although occasionally setae sparse between marginal vein and cubital row of setae. Hind wing 26 – 30 × as long as wide; disc bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few additional setae, slightly infumate throughout; longest marginal seta 3.3 – 4.3 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 4). Petiole wider than long. Ovipositor 0.8 – 0.9 × length of gaster, at most barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.4 – 1.5: 1. MALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region, previously unknown from Europe). Body length 630 – 800 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Coloration of body and legs usually at least a little darker than in female; scape and pedicel light brown, flagellum brown. Antenna (Fig. 5) with scape minus radicle about 1.8 × as long as wide. Fore wing (Fig. 6) 4.4 – 4.7 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 7.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus aegyptiacus may be difficult to distinguish from G. fuscicornis (especially the darker-colored specimens and females in which F 7 of the antenna bears 2 mps) but in the latter species the discal setae originate behind about middle of the submarginal vein (Figs 20, 24, 26) whereas in the former the fore wing disc is bare behind the entire submarginal vein (Figs 4, 6). In most specimens from Egypt identified by W. Soyka as G. aegyptiacus, and also in some other, small, specimens from Europe F 7 of the female antenna either lacks mps or bears just 1 mps.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E534FFA868CC0E9C1FDE5DDC.taxon	discussion	Gonatocerus aegyptiacus is also very similar to G. (Gonatocerus) californicus Girault, known from the New World and the Hawaiian Islands (Triapitsyn et al. 2010; Luft Albarracin & Triapitsyn 2012), and G. (Gonatocerus) utahensis Girault, known from the Nearctic region (Triapitsyn et al. 2010), but females of the latter two species have the antenna with F 1 deeply incised dorsoapically (Huber 1988). Hosts. Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Cidadellidae) (Sahad 1982 a [as G. sp. r], 1982 c [as G. miurai]; Sahad & Hirashima 1984 [as G. miurai]), as well as Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Delphacidae) (Zeya & Hayat 1995) [as G. tarae].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFAA68CC0DD11CA95F0C.taxon	description	(Figs 8 – 11)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFAA68CC0DD11CA95F0C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [CAS] on slide: RUSSIA. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, ca. 6 km E of Sokol, 47 ° 15.08 ’ N 142 ° 48.10 ’ E, 12. viii. 2001, D. J. Bennett, T. Anderson, MT. Paratype female [ZMUC] on slide: DENMARK. SJAELLAND, Zealand Island, Nyvang, 9. viii. 1946, O. Bakkendorf.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFAA68CC0DD11CA95F0C.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length (paratype) 1200 µm. Head and mesosoma brown to dark brown; radicle yellowish, scape and pedicel light brown to brown, F 1 brown, remainder of flagellum dark brown; gaster and legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Fig. 8) with radicle about 3.0 × as long as wide, 0.29 × total length of scape, rest of scape longitudinally striate, 3.5 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 2 a little shorter than F 3, F 4 as long as F 5 (the longest funicle segments), F 6 – F 8 each a little shorter than preceding segment, F 4 – F 8 each with 2 mps; clava with 8 mps, 2.4 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 10). Mesoscutum and scutellum finely longitudinally striate. In the holotype, propodeum (Fig. 9) with submedian lines distinct and complete, wider at propodeal posterior margin than at anterior margin and not connecting to each other, as typical for G. (Gonatocerus), in the paratype apparently joining at anterior margin of propodeum but not extending to posterior margin of dorsellum (possibly an artifact due to poor mounting). Fore wing (Fig. 11) 3.8 – 4.1 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta about 0.28 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc notably infumate throughout, mostly bare behind submarginal vein (except for a few setae behind its apex) and setose elsewhere. Hind wing 19 × as long as wide; disc bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few additional, scattered setae, slightly infumate; longest marginal seta about 2.6 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 10). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole short. Ovipositor occupying almost 0.9 × length of gaster, exserted beyond its apex by about 0.1 × own length; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.3 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 450; petiole 27; gaster 584; ovipositor 510. Antenna: radicle 72; rest of scape 173; pedicel 76; F 1 39; F 2 46; F 3 52; F 4 72; F 5 72; F 6 67; F 7 64; F 8 58; clava 200. Fore wing 1070: 264; longest marginal seta 75. Hind wing 867: 45; longest marginal seta 118. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFAA68CC0DD11CA95F0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus bukashka is characterized by the antenna (Fig. 8) with 2 mps on F 4 – F 8 and relatively short F 1 – F 3.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFAA68CC0DD11CA95F0C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition meaning “ a bug ” in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFB468CC08191E7859A4.taxon	description	(Figs 12 – 15)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFB468CC08191E7859A4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [KUEC] (not examined, but its photograph is available at: http: // konchudb. agr. agr. kyushu-u. ac. jp / elkutype / exec / refile. cgi? & lang = en & no = 2385 & tax = Gonatocerus % 20 cincticip itis % 20 Sahad). Type locality: Matsue, Shimane Prefecture (Honshū Island), Japan.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFB468CC08191E7859A4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN. KANAGAWA, Yokohama, 4. viii. 1920, C. P. Clausen [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KOCHI, Agawa-gun, Iuo-cho, Niyodo, 7 – 10. viii. 1974 (ex. Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) [2 Ƥ, 1 3, EMEC]. NIIGATA, Nagaoka, Teradomari, 25. x. 1981, K. A. Sahad (ex. N. cincticeps on Oryza sativa) [5 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. SHIGA, Kohoku-Cho, Imanishi, 17 – 25. x. 1974 (ex. N. cincticeps) [1 Ƥ, 2 3, EMEC]. SHIMANE, Matsue, Honjo Farm, 20. ix. 1979, K. A. Sahad (ex. N. cincticeps on O. sativa) [4 Ƥ, 6 3, UCRC]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GANGWON-DO, Pyengchang, Jinbu, Cheokchun, 23. ix. 1998, J. - Y. Choi [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong, Seoul National University: 10. x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17. ix. 2002, J. - W. Kim [5 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFB468CC08191E7859A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Japan, and Republic of Korea (Sahad & Hirashima 1984).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFB468CC08191E7859A4.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (non-type specimens). Body length 700 – 950 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Head dark brown; often scape, pedicel, and F 1 light brown, remainder of flagellum brown but sometimes only radicle light brown and the rest of antenna brown; mesosoma light brown to brown with dark brown areas; metasoma light brown basally and brown or dark brown apically; legs yellow to light brown. Antenna (Fig. 12) with radicle 0.35 – 0.36 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.0 – 3.2 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 a little shorter than F 2 and about as long as F 4 and F 6, F 2 about as long as F 3, F 5, F 7, and F 8 except when F 5 sligtly shorter when lacking mps; mps on F 5 (1 on one antenna and 0 or 1 on the other antenna), F 7 (2) and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 3.1 – 3.2 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8 or slightly shorter when F 5 lacks mps. Mesosoma (Fig. 14) shorter than gaster. Propodeum (Fig. 13) with fine submedian lines. Fore wing (Fig. 15) 4.0 – 4.3 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.43 – 0.47 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc slightly infumate throughout, mostly bare behind submarginal vein and setose behind apex of submarginal vein and beyond. Hind wing 27 – 29 × as long as wide; disc bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few additional setae, slightly infumate throughout; longest marginal seta 3.9 – 4.4 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 14) with petiole wider than long. Ovipositor 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, at most barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.4 – 1.5: 1. MALE (non-type specimens from Japan). Body length 630 – 920 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Scape and pedicel light brown, flagellum brown. Antenna with scape minus radicle 2.3 – 2.6 × as long as wide. Fore wing 4.0 – 4.2 × as long as wide.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E532FFB468CC08191E7859A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus cincticipitis is similar to G. aegyptiacus and G. fuscicornis from which it differs by the presence of mps on F 5 on at least one antenna. It also differs from G. aegyptiacus, which also has a narrow fore wing (Figs 4, 6), by the discal setae on the fore wing (Fig. 15) originating behind apex of the submarginal vein (behind base of the marginal vein in G. aegyptiacus). Host. Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Cidadellidae) (Sahad 1982 a [as G. sp. y], 1982 b [as G. sp. y], 1982 c; Sahad & Hirashima 1984). Biological traits of G. (Gonatocerus) cincticipitis were reported by Sahad (1982 a) [as G. sp. y], Miura (1990 a, 1990 b), and Sahad & Hirashima (1984).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	description	(Figs 16 – 27)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: unknown (? UK).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Aachen area, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Ramiszów (near Wrocław, Gmina Długołęka, Wrocław County), Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland [mentioned in original description (p. 38) as “ Ramischau bei Breslau ” (Schlesien, at the time of collection part of Germany; the place name was changed in 1937 to Fürstengrund); Noyes (2012) incorrectly listed it in Germany]. Synonymized under G. sulphuripes by Matthews 1986: 218. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Egenhoven (as Eegenhoven in original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Synonymized under G. sulphuripes by Matthews 1986: 218. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Egenhoven (as Eegenhoven in original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Synonymized under G. sulphuripes by Matthews 1986: 218. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Egenhoven (as Eegenhoven in original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Synonymized under G. sulphuripes by Matthews 1986: 218. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lymaenon fuscicornis Walker: lectotype female [MVMA], here designated to avoid ambiguity about the status of the type specimen (s) of this species, on card without an original label, labeled later: “ Anaphes fuscicornis * 1 Curtis Collection ”. The lectotype was initially in good condition although it is somewhat shriveled, mounted laterally, and complete (Fig. 16) but unfortunately after examining it and confirming its identity the body was accidentally destroyed when I tried to insert the very short pin into the hard bottom of the mailing box. The following appendages of the specimen remain: 1 entire antenna and F 7, F 8, and clava of the other antenna; 1 fore wing and apex of the other fore wing; 1 hind wing and apex of the other hind wing; 2 legs without the coxae and 1 tarsus without the basitarsus. Paralectotype: 1 complete female [MVMA] on F. Walker-style card without an original label, labeled later: “ NATIONAL MUSEUM VICTORIA 50716 Anaphes fuscicornis Europe ”. The specimen actually belongs to G. litoralis. Rachistus sulphuripes Foerster: lectotype female [NHMW], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding the status of the type specimens of this species, on slide labeled (Fig. 17): 1. [in A. Foerster’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus sulphuripes m. ”; 2. [partially in? A. Foerster’s handwriting, partially printed] “ Gon. sulphuripes Förster, Type ”; 3. [printed] “ Collect. G. Mayr ”; 4. [W. Soyka’s slide number] “ 41 ”; 5. [red, Soyka’s label] “ Holo-Type ”; 6. [Soyka’s label] “ Gonatocerus Ƥ sulphuripes Förster Type ”. The lectotype was poorly remounted by Soyka from a minuten pin, only several parts of the specimen remain (Fig. 18): head and mesosoma with scape, pedicel, and F 1 – F 4 of one antenna, 1 fore wing and 2 hind wings attached; the other antenna is detached and incomplete (F 8 and clava are missing). Paralectotype Ƥ [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Gon. sulphuripes Förster, Type ”; 2. “ Collect. G. Mayr ”; 3. “ 42 ”; 4. [red] “ Type ”; 5. “ Gonatocerus sulphuripes Förster ”. The paralectotype is also incomplete: only head and a part of mesosoma remain, with one antenna attached (Fig. 19); detached are scape, pedicel, and F 1 – F 3 of the other antenna and 1 fore wing (Fig. 20). Matthews (1986: 218) mentioned the holotype of Rachistus sulphuripes (on Soyka’s slide No. 41) but that was not a valid designation (Article 74.5, [ICZN] 1999) because the original description mentioned 4 female and 1 male specimens, all of which were thus syntypes. Gonatocerus pictosimilis Soyka: holotype female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus Ƥ pictosimilis (Soyka) Type ”, 2. [red] “ Type ”, 3. “ 814 ”, 4. “ Ramischau bei Breslau [a long illegible word] Juli 1934 lg Soyka coll. Soyka Canadabalsam ”. Lymaenon synaptus Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon synaptus Deb. Ƥ Type “; 2. “ Université de Louvain LAB. ENTOMOLOGIE Eegenhoven 16. V. 42 – 180 ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, poorly mounted more or less laterally. Paratype: allotype male [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon synaptus 1943 3 Deb. ALLO TYPE [sic, on red rectangle glued onto the label] “; 2. “ Université de Louvain LAB. ENTOMOLOGIE Eegenhoven 16. V. 42 – 180 ”. Lymaenon alecto Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Lymaenon sulphuripes alecto Deb. Ƥ TYPE [on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”; 2. “ Eegenhoven 4. IX. 41 – n o 153 23,7 / 74,2 ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared; the body is mounted laterally separate from the head under the same coverslip. Paratypes: 1 Ƥ [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon alecto Deb. 1943 Ƥ PARA TYPE [sic, on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”, 2. “ Héverlé 1. VI. 41 – n o 140 ”; 1 3 [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Lymaenon sulphuripes alecto Deb. 3 ALLO TYPE [sic, on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”, 2. “ Eegenhoven 4. IX. 41 – n o 153 ”; 1 3 [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon alecto Deb. 1943 3 PARA TYPE [sic, on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”, 2. “ Eegenhoven 4. IX. 41 – n o 154 ”; 1 3 [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon alecto Deb. 19.43 Ƥ PARA TYPE [sic, on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”, 2. “ Eegenhoven 4. IX. 41 – n o 154 ”. Matthews (1986) was first to notice that the latter male paratype was incorrectly labeled by H. R. Debauche as a female. Lymaenon crassipes Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon crassipes Deb. 1943 Ƥ TYPE [on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”; 2. “ Lab. d’Entomologie de l’Université Louvain Eegenhoven 11. V. 42. 177. 26 [in pencil] ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, mounted laterally. Paratypes (all on individual slides labeled “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon crassipes Deb. 1943 [respective female or male symbol] PARA TYPE [sic] (or ALLO TYPE [sic] for one male paratype) [on red rectangle glued onto the label] ” on the first label, and with the heading “ Lab. d’Entomologie de l’Université Louvain ” on the second label), each also labeled: 1 Ƥ, “ Eegenhoven 11. V. 42. 178 8 [in pencil] ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Eegenhoven 11. V. 42. 178 9 [in pencil] ”; 1 3, “ Eegenhoven 11. V. 42. 177 ”; 3 3, “ Eegenhoven 11. V. 42. 178 ” (one of them is the allotype); 2 3, “ Eegenhoven 16. V. 42. 180 ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Héverlé 1. VII. 42. 224 12 [in pencil] ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Héverlé 22. VII. 42. C / III. 34 229 39 [in pencil] ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Héverlé 22. VII. 42. C / III. 34 229 ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Héverlé 22. VII. 42. C / III. 34 229 35 [in pencil] ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Héverlé 22. VII. 42. C / III. 34 229 37 [in pencil] ”; 1 Ƥ, “ Tervueren [sic] Bois des Capucins 20. VI. 42. 205 23 [in pencil] ”. Material examined. ARMENIA. SYUNIK, above Lichk, 3000 m, 18. vi. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (blooming meadows at snow level) [2 3, ZIN]. AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA: Hainburg an der Donau, 48 ° 08 ’ 45 ’’ N 16 ° 55 ’ 31 ’’ E, 142 m, 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [15 Ƥ, 6 3, UCRC]. 1 km W of Hollern, 48 ° 04 ’ 22 ’’ N 16 ° 52 ’ 37 ’’ E, 150 m, 16. vi. 2007, C. Thuróczy, S. V. Triapitsyn [19 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. Hundsheim: 2. ix. 1941, S. Novicky [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 14. v. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 19. v. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 16. vii. 1943, W. Soyka (from hay on window) [1 Ƥ, 1 3, EMEC; 2 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]; 26. vii. 1943 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; vii. 1943, W. Soyka (from hay on window) [2 Ƥ, 2 3, NHMW]; 12. ix. 1944 [1 3, NHMW]; 27. vii. 1946 [1 3, NHMW]; 16. ix. 1956, W. Soyka (from hay on window) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. TYROL: Gschnitztal, 16. ix. 1948, E. Pechlaner [1 3, NHMW]. Near Innsbruck, 6. viii. 1950, E. Pechlaner [2 Ƥ, NHMW]. Krössbach, W. Soyka: 24. vi. 1945 [1 3, NHMW] (misidentified as G. pictus (Haliday) by W. Soyka); 7. vii. 1945 (on window) [3 Ƥ, NHMW] (one female misidentified as G. pictus by W. Soyka); 8. vii. 1945 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 11. vii. 1945 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 20. vii. 1945 [1 Ƥ, NHMW] (misidentified as G. pictus by W. Soyka); 5. ix. 1945 (on window) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 7. viii. 1947 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 8. viii. 1950 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW] (two females and 1 male misidentified as G. pictus by W. Soyka); 1. viii. 1954 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 15. viii. 1956 [1 Ƥ, NHMW] (misidentified as G. pictus by W. Soyka); ix. 1956 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 1. viii. 1957 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 5. viii. 1957 [3 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]; 8. viii. 1957 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 15. vii. 1958 [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; 30. viii. 1959 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 1. vii. 1960 [1 3, NHMW]; 7. vii. 1960 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 27. vii. 1960 [1 3, NHMW]; 30. vii. 1960 [4 Ƥ, NHMW]; 30. vii. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 31. vii. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 9. viii. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 16. viii. 1962 [3 Ƥ, NHMW]. Lienz, 7. ix. 1941, S. Novicky [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Locality unclear, E. Pechlaner [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. VIENNA, Vienna, Kalksburg, 8. vii. 1915, F. Ruschka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. BELGIUM. FLEMISH BRABANT, Leuven, Heverlee (as Héverlé on the label), 22. vii. 1942, [H. R. Debauche] [1 3, ISNB] (incorrectly labeled by H. R. Debauche as a female paratype of Lymaenon alecto Debauche: it was not listed by him as part of the type series in the original description). LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, R. Detry: 25. viii – 8. ix. 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 8 – 22. ix. 1989 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 11 – 25. v. 1990 [4 Ƥ, ISNB]. WALLOON BRABANT, Waterloo, P. Dessart: 30. vi. – 5. vii. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 26. vii – 2. viii. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 30. viii – 9. ix. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 10 – 20. ix. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. BULGARIA. KYUSTENDIL, Kyustendil, 1928, L. Biró [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, 7 3, UCRC]. CZECH REPUBLIC. KARLOVY VARY, Sokolov District, Dolní Rychnov, 50 ° 09 ’ 18.902 ’’ N 12 ° 39 ’ 38.824 ’’ E, 461 m, 27. viii. 2007, J. Macek [1 3, CUPC]. HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ, Králický Snĕžník Mt., 50 ° 09 ’ 50.2 ’’ N 16 ° 51 ’ 23.4 ’’ E, 1198 m, 26. ix. 2005, J. Jažek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM, České Švýcarsko National Park, 50 ° 52 ’ 37.823 ’’ N 14 ° 22 ’ 07.665 ’’ E, 424 m, 18. vii. 2007, J. Macek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. DENMARK. HOVEDSTADEN: Copenhagen, Grøndalsparken, 4. vi. 1976, T. Munk [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island): 15. i. 1928, O. Bakkendorf (emerged from unknown eggs on Phalaris arundinacea [as “ Baldingera arundinacea ”]) [2 Ƥ, 2 3, ZMUC]; 18. vii. 1935, J. P. Kryger [1 3, ZMUC]; 21. viii. 1953, O. Bakkendorf (“ Ex ovum Rhopaloto-mus ater … in Poa ” [1 larva (on slide), ZMUC]; Fortunen: 21. vii. 1924, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ZMUC]; Fortunens Indelukke, O. Bakkendorf: 23. vii. 1948 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ZMUC]; 23. vii. 1951 [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]; 29. vii. 1951 [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]; 4. ix. 1959 [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]; “ Ridestien ”, 9. v. 1952, O. Bakkendorf: “ Bred 7 – 11 / 6 ex ovae Rhopalotomus ater Linn. in Cynosurus cristatus ” [2 Ƥ, 3 3, ZMUC]; “ Bred 17.6.52 e ovum Rhopalotomus ater L. in Cynosurus cristatus ” [1 Ƥ + host egg, ZMUC]; “ Bred 18.6 ex ovae Rhopalotomus ater Lin. in Cynosurus cristatus ” [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. MIDTJYLLAND: Ramten, 17. viii. 1997, T. Munk [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Samsø Island, Vejrø (7 km E of Samsø), 22. viii. 1997, T. Munk [1 3, ZMUC]. Skramsø, 56 ° 17 ’ N 10 ° 40 ’ E, 11. viii. 1997, T. Munk [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Sillerup (12 km SW of Silkeborg), T. Munk: 17. v. 1986 [1 3, ZMUC]; 26. v. 1986 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ZMUC]; 11. ix. 2000 [2 Ƥ, ZMUC]. SJAELLAND, 22. viii. 1925, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. SYDDANMARK, Rømø, 24. ix. 2000, T. Munk [1 3, ZMUC]. FRANCE. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, M. van Helden: 2. vii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 30. vii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. viii. 1998 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 27. viii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. LOIR-ET-CHER, Ouchamps, 24. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn [10 Ƥ, 8 3, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA, Shuahevi district, Olodauri, Chirukhi River bank, 5. viii. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin [3 Ƥ, ZIN]. GERMANY. BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG, Altglashütten, 13. ix. 1962, M. Boness [1 3, NHMW]. NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA: [no locality indicated]? Aachen [1 Ƥ, NHMW] (misidentified by A. Foerster as “ Gon. pictus Hal ”). Near Burscheid, 13 – 20. ix. 1962, M. Boness [1 3, NHMW]. Cologne, M. Boness: 20. ix. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 28. vii. 1963 [1 3, NHMW]. Leverkusen, M. Boness: 1 – 8. x. 1965 [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; 1. ix. 1966 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 12 – 16. ix. 1966 [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; 19 – 29. ix. 1966 (at Rhine River bank) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 6. x. 1966 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Rheinbach, 26. v. 1959, B. Petersen [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. “ Schmerten-Eifel ” [sic], 19. ix. 1963, M. Boness [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, G. Ramel: 16 – 22. v. 2006 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 30. v – 5. vi. 2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20 – 26. vi. 2006 [6 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]. HUNGARY. BÁCS-KISKUN, Tompa, J. Erdös: 30. viii. 1948 [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]; 18. ix. 1948 [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. ITALY. CAMPANIA: Benevento Prov., 1.8 km E of Faicchio, 41 ° 16.329 ’ N 14 ° 29.884 ’ E, 210 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 3, UCRC]. Caserta Prov.: 2.2 km SW of Passo di Miralago, 41 ° 23.421 ’ N 14 ° 24.784 ’ E, 1025 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Salerno Prov., 2.5 km SW of Acerno, 40 ° 43.54 ’ N 15 ° 02.36 ’ E, 560 m, 6. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [4 3, UCRC]. LAZIO: Roma Prov.: Castelporziano Presidential Estate, coastal dunes in N corner, 41 ° 41.954 ’ N 12 ° 21.060 ’ E, 3 m, 12. vi. 2003, J. Munro, A. Owen [1 3, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso, 42 ° 02.209 ’ N 12 ° 02.209 ’ E, 264 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 3, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov., Roccaccia, 42 ° 19.809 ’ N 11 ° 45.671 ’ E, 125 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MOLISE, Campobasso Prov., 2.5 km SW of Guardiaregia, 41 ° 26.322 ’ N 14 ° 32.635 ’ E, 860 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY, KaragajlyBulak, 9 km W of Ak-Tyuz, 42 ° 52 ’ 47 ’’ N 76 ° 0213 ’’ E, 2180 – 3400 m, 26. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [10 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. DZHALAL-ABAD: Near jct. Kara Kysmak and Chatkal River, 42 ° 04 ’ 00 ’’ N 71 ° 35 ’ 41 ’’ E, 2240 m, 18 – 19. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [7 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. 18 km WSW of Kazaeman, 41 ° 21 ’ 01 ’’ N 73 ° 48 ’ 37 ’’ E, 1550 m, 15. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 5 km E of Kosh Bulak, 41 ° 28 ’ 12 ’’ N 74 ° 24 ’ 58 ’’ E, 1820 m, 30. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. ISSYK-KUL, S Shore of Lake Issyk-kul, 10 km E of Kadzhi-Saj, 42 ° 10 ’ 33 ’’ N 77 ° 18 ’ 55 ’’ E, 1675 m, 2 – 6. vii. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NARYN: Alabuga River, 25 km W of Baetov, 41 ° 17 ’ 47 ’’ N 74 ° 39 ’ 20 ’’ E, 1700 m, 29. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]. Dzhaman-Davan River near Saz, 41 ° 17 ’ 31 ’’ N 74 ° 42 ’ 29 ’’ E, 1826 m, 29. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kichi-Kara-Kudzhur Ravine, 7 km ESE of Dolon Pass, 41 ° 49 ’ 28 ’’ N 75 ° 48 ’ 06 ’’ E, 2958 m, 31. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. Moldo-Too Ridge, E of Kara-Go Pass, 41 ° 30 ’ 22 ’’ N 74 ° 44 ’ 11 ’’ E, 2260 m, 1. vii. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 3, UCRC]. OSH, Gulcha Ravine, 50 km SSW of Gulcha, 39 ° 52 ’ 17 ’’ N 73 ° 21 ’ 26 ’’ E, 2530 m, 23. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. TALAS: near Boo-Terek, 42 ° 35 ’ 15 ’’ N 71 ° 45 ’ 49 ’’ E, 1000 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [5 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Kara Buura Ravine (20 km S of Kyzyl-Adyr), 42 ° 26 ’ 23 ’’ N 71 ° 3316 ’’ E, 1300 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [3 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]. Talas Valley, Kirov Reservoir, 42 ° 3919 ’’ N 71 ° 35 ’ 44 ’’ E, 930 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 3, UCRC]. 18 km WSW of Taldy Bulak, 42 ° 26 ’ 31 ’’ N 72 ° 49 ’ 12 ’’ E, 1930 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. NETHERLANDS. LIMBURG, Epen, 23. v. 1959, B. Petersen [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. POLAND. LESSER POLAND VOIVOIDESHIP, Babica, 14. ix. 1935, S. Novicky [1 Ƥ, EMEC] (identified by W. Soyka as G. pictosimilis Soyka). LOWER SILESIA: “ Hoke Eule ” (unclear locality in former Schlesien, Germany), 6. vi. 1934 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Ramiszów (labeled as “ Ramischau bei Breslau, Schlesien ”), vii. 1934, W. Soyka [3 Ƥ, NHMW] [one female incorrectly labeled as “ Co-Type of G. pictosimilis by W. Soyka: the species was described from a single holotype (Soyka 1946)]. Wrocław, Świniary (labeled as “ Weidenhof, Schlesien ”), vii. 1934, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Near Wrocław: 27. viii. 1933, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, EMEC] (det. by W. Soyka); vii. 1934, W. Soyka [2 Ƥ, EMEC] [one female misidentified by W. Soyka as G. pictus (Haliday)]. LUBUSZ, Sława Lake (near Sława; on the original label as “ Schlawa-See, Schlesien ”, now Jezioro Sławskie), 22. vii. 1934, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. OPOLE, Prudnik, v. 1934, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GANGWON-DO, Pyengchang, Jinbu, Cheokchun, 23. ix. 1998, J. - Y. Choi [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong: Seoul National University: 10. x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17. ix. 2002, J. - W. Kim [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Yeogisan, 7 x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, viii. 2001, V. V. Kostjukov [1 3, UCRC]. LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST’, 69 - km Railway Station (near Sosnovo), 25 – 26. viii. 1985, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 3, ZIN]. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’: Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M. E. Tretiakov: 2 – 15. vi. 2000 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 25. vi – 2. vii. 2000 [6 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 3 – 8. vii. 2000 [5 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 7 – 15. vii. 2000 [11 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 22. vii – 14. viii. 2000 [7 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 15 – 25. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25 – 31. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6 – 26. vi. 2001 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21. vi. 2001 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8. vii. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20. vii. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14. vii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, E. Ya. Shuvakhina: 10 – 20. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20 – 31. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, ZIN]; 5 – 15. vii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 27. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999 [2 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC]; 6 – 14. ix. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 31. v. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 21. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 30. vi. 2000 [5 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 1 – 10. vii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 17. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 31. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26 – 31. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 30. ix. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10 – 19. vii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. ix – 5. x. 2002 [3 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 17 – 23. vii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, 6 km E of Sokol, near Belaya River, D. J. Bennett, T. Anderson: 24. vii. 2001 [5 Ƥ, 1 3, CAS]; 31. vii. 2001 [8 Ƥ, CAS]; 16. viii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, CAS]. SAMARSKAYA OBLAST’, Zhigulevskiy zapovednik [Zhiguli National Park], Bakhilova Poliana, 17. vii. 1985, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Achikulak, V. V. Kostjukov: 21. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26. viii. 2002 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Apanasenkovskiy rayon, 15 km N of Kievka, “ Dundinskoye ” hunting establishment, 4. vii. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 29. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. ix. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. vii. 2003 [10 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 16. vii. 2003 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 27. vii. 2003 [10 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 7. viii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Stavropol’, “ Yagodka ” Agricultural Station, 14. v. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND: Lancashire Co., Wesham, Kings Downs, 14. vii. 1924, J. P. Kryger [1 3, ZMUC]. London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Richmond Park, J. S. Noyes: 28. vii. 1995 [5 Ƥ, 3 3, CNCI, UCRC]; 15. viii. 1997 [17 Ƥ, 19 3, CNCI, UCRC]. Surrey Co.: Barnes Common, 8. vii. 1995, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]. Dorking: Box Hill, J. S. Noyes: 4. ix. 1988 [2 Ƥ, CNCI]; 16. vii. 1994 [2 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]; White Downs, 21. ix. 1986, J. S. Noyes [5 Ƥ, CNCI]. Pyrford, 26. vi. 1914, C. O. Waterhouse [1 Ƥ, BMNH]. WALES: Bridgend Co. Borough, Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, J. S. Noyes: 18. viii. 1988 [1 Ƥ, CNCI]; 4. viii. 1994 [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. Vale of Glamorgan Co. Borough, Pendoylan, Hensol, Llanerch Vineyard, 9. ix. 1999, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 3, UCRC]. Extralimital records. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. RAS AL-KHAIMAH, Wadi Shawkah, 31. x – 27. xi. 2006, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. USA. ALASKA, Fairbanks North Co., Fairbanks, H. Andersen: 18. vii. 1985 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; Chena & Tanana Rivers confluence bank, 19. vii. 1985 [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Most previous records of this species were as G. sulphuripes, unless stated otherwise. PALAEARCTIC: Armenia *, Austria (Hellén 1974), Belgium, Bulgaria (Donev 1986 [also as G. alecto and G. crassipes], 1987, 1988 d [also as G. alecto], 1988 e [also as G. alecto], 1990, 2005), China (Guo et al. 2011), Czech Republic *, Denmark (Bakkendorf 1934), Finland (Hellén 1974), France *, Georgia *, Germany, Greece (Donev 1988 c [also as G. alecto and G. crassipes], 2005), Hungary *, Ireland (Matthews 1986), Italy *, Kyrgyzstan *, Macedonia (Donev 1988 a [as G. alecto], 2005), Netherlands *, Norway (Hellén 1974), Poland, Republic of Korea *, Romania (Radu & Boţoc 1958 [as Lymaenon alecto]; Boţoc 1963; Pricop 2009 b, 2010 a), Russia (Hellén 1974), Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003), Sweden (Hedqvist 2003), Turkey (Donev 2001, 2005), and UK (England, Scotland, and Wales *). AFROTROPICAL *: United Arab Emirates *. NEARCTIC *: USA * (Alaska). ORIENTAL: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (lectotype of Lymaenon fuscicornis, lectotype and paralectotype of Rachistus sulphuripes, holotype and paratype of L. alecto, holotype and paratypes of L. crassipes, holotype of L. synaptus, and non-type specimens from Europe). Body length 730 – 1120 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Body normally mostly brown to dark brown except mesosoma often with some yellow or light brown and basal gastral terga light brown, occasionally mesosoma mostly yellow-orange with brown or dark brown areas; scape and pedicel light brown to brown, flagellum brown to dark brown; legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Figs 18, 19, 21) with radicle 0.27 – 0.35 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.5 – 2.9 × as long as wide, faintly striate; pedicel a little longer than F 1; F 2 longer than F 1 and following funicle segments (but sometimes F 2 about as long as F 3); F 1 – F 6 almost always without mps except very rarely either F 3 with 1 mps (in one aberrant non-type specimen only) or F 6 apparently with 1 mps on one antenna only [as in the holotype of L. synaptus which otherwise is a typical G. fuscicornis], F 7 and F 8 each with 2 mps; clava with 8 mps, 3.1 – 4.4 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8 or slightly shorter. Mesosoma (Figs 18, 23). Propodeum (Fig. 22) with submedian lines more or less distinct. Fore wing (Figs 18, 20, 24) 3.6 – 3.8 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.33 – 0.4 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc infumate throughout, setose from about middle of submarginal vein and beyond. Hind wing (Fig. 18) 22 – 26 × as long as wide; disc mostly bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few additional setae; longest marginal seta 3.1 – 3.3 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 23). Metasoma with petiole wider than long. Ovipositor 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.1 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the lectotype of Rachistus sulphuripes. Mesosoma 462. Antenna: radicle 75; rest of scape 133; pedicel 69; F 1 49; F 2 69; F 3 64; F 4 56; F 5 49; F 6 46; F 7 55. Fore wing: width 381; longest marginal seta 97. MALE (non-type specimens from Europe). Body length 630 – 1120 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Basal gastral terga sometimes a little darker than in female. Antenna (Fig. 25) with scape minus radicle 2.1 – 2.3 × as long as wide. Fore wing (Fig. 26) 3.7 – 4.0 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 27.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus (Gonatocerus) fuscicornis is characterized by the combination of its female antenna (Fig. 21) with mps almost always only on F 7 and F 8 and the fore wing disc setose from about middle of the submarginal vein (Figs 20, 24, 26). The lectotype of Lymaenon fuscicornis (Fig. 16) differs in some details of coloration (particularly the legs being notably lighter) from Walker’s (1846) original description (p. 51): “ Nigro-piceus, antennis pedibusque piceis ” [= pitchy-black (or black with a reddish tinge), antenna and legs pitch-black], probably due to some fading of the specimen over the years. Hosts. Capsus ater (Linnaeus) (Miridae) [new record]. The record of Oscinella frit (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Chloropidae) by Thompson (1958) is probably incorrect (Noyes 2012).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E52CFFBD68CC0EB11F655F78.taxon	discussion	Comments. I wondered how could it happen that both Haliday (1833) and Walker (1846) failed to describe a species conspecific with G. sulphuripes, arguably the second most common European species of Gonatocerus after G. litoralis. It turned out that the long forgotten Lymaenon fuscicornis, poorly described by Walker (1846), was that species. Apparently no mymarid taxonomist had seen its type specimen (s) since J. Curtis / A. H. Haliday / F. Walker time, and Graham (1982) did not even mention it. After reading Graham’s (1972) article about the type material of Lymaenon acuminatus Walker being discovered among the John Curtis’ specimens in MVMA, and with a similar hint from John T. Huber (CNCI), I asked Ken Walker (MVMA) to check for the type material of L. fuscicornis. He found it and sent me its digital image (Fig. 16), which I recognized as being conspecific with G. sulphuripes. Examination of the specimen, later received on loan, confirmed the conspecificity, hence the synonymy of Foerster’s species.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E525FFBF68CC088A1CA95BF4.taxon	description	(Figs 28 – 31)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E525FFBF68CC088A1CA95BF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide labeled: 1. “ KYRGYZSTAN: Osh, Karakuldzha, Lajsu Ravine, 1815 m, 40 ° 31 ’ 20 ’’ N 73 ° 37 ’ 10 ’’ E, 25. VIII. 1998, C. H. Dietrich, vacuum 98 - 018 - 01: 2. [bar code] “ UCRC ENT 00281496 ”. Paratypes: KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY, Kashka-Suu Ravine, ca. 32 km S of Bishkek, 42 ° 38 ’ 50 ’’ N 74 ° 30 ’ 50 ’’ E, 1759 m, 12. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC; 3 Ƥ on points, CNCI, INHS, UCRC]. NARYN: Alabuga River, 25 km W of Baetov, 41 ° 17 ’ 47 ’’ N 74 ° 39 ’ 20 ’’ E, 1700 m, 29. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC; 2 Ƥ on points, INHS, UCRC; 1 Ƥ on card, UCRC]. Dzhaman-Davan River near Saz, 41 ° 17 ’ 31 ’’ N 74 ° 42 ’ 29 ’’ E, 1826 m, 29. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ on card, UCRC]. OSH, Karakuldzha, Lajsu Ravine, 40 ° 31 ’ 20 ’’ N 73 ° 37 ’ 10 ’’ E, 1815 m, 25. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ on slides, INHS, UCRC; 3 Ƥ on points, INHS (1), UCRC (2)].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E525FFBF68CC088A1CA95BF4.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length (dry-mounted paratypes) 960 – 1190 µm. Head and mesosoma mostly dark brown with some brown; radicle yellowish, scape and pedicel light brown to brown, flagellum dark brown; gaster yellow or light brown basally and brown to dark brown apically; legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Fig. 28) with radicle 3.4 – 4.0 × as long as wide, 0.34 – 0.39 × total length of scape, rest of scape finely longitudinally striate, 2.8 – 3.1 × as long as wide; pedicel at least slightly longer than F 1; F 1 shorter than F 2 (usually the longest funicle segment), F 3 as long as or almost as long as F 2, F 4 about as long as F 5, F 6 normally the shortest funicle segment (when lacking mps) or almost as long as F 4 (when bearing a mps), F 7 as long as F 8, mps on F 5 (1), F 6 (usually 0, occasionally 1 on one antenna), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 3.6 – 4.5 × as long as wide, at least slightly longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 29). Propodeum with submedian lines fine, incomplete, usually barely visible. Fore wing (Fig. 30) 3.9 – 4.1 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.38 – 0.4 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc slightly infumate throughout, mostly bare behind submarginal vein (except for a few setae behind its apex) and setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 31) 26 – 29 × as long as wide; disc bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few additional, scattered setae, slightly infumate; longest marginal seta about 3.5 – 4.0 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 29). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole short, trapezoidal. Ovipositor 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.3 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 443; petiole 30; gaster 615; ovipositor 473. Antenna: radicle 73; rest of scape 113; pedicel 69; F 1 52; F 2 70; F 3 68; F 4 55; F 5 55; F 6 48; F 7 61; F 8 61; clava 219. Fore wing 1323: 326; longest marginal seta 124. Hind wing 1039: 39; longest marginal seta 139. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E525FFBF68CC088A1CA95BF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus koziavka is most similar to G. cincticipitis from which it differs by the female characters indicated in the key, and also by the larger body size.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E525FFBF68CC088A1CA95BF4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition meaning “ a bug ” in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	description	(Figs 32 – 38)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Unspecified number of female and male syntypes [lost (destroyed) from the University of Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany according to Bouček & Graham (1972)]; neotype female [BMNH] (examined during a visit to BMNH but the label data not recorded), designated by Bouček & Graham 1972: 129. Original type locality: near Sickershausen (near Kitzingen), Bavaria, Germany; neotype locality: Quart, Aosta Valley, Italy.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality as indicated in the original description: “ Aachen area ”; on the lectotype label itself: Aachen [North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany]; lectotype designated by Matthews (1986: 218). Synonymized under G. longicornis by Bouček & Graham 1972: 127.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from ZIN] (not examined). Type locality: KyzylAsker District, Bishkek Region, Kyrgyzstan. Synonymized under G. longicornis by Triapitsyn 2003: 211 – 212.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [IARI] (not examined). Type locality: Mandya, Karnataka (as Mysore State in the original description) [although Zeya & Hayat (1995) indicated it under “ Specimens examined ” (p. 82) as “ INDIA: DELHI ”], India. Synonymized under G. longicornis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 80.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [MMUE] (not examined). Type locality: Skirwith, Cumbria Co., England, UK. Synonymized under G. longicornis by Bouček & Graham 1978: 235.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Type status not indicated even though Matthews (1986) assumed (without providing any justification) that there had been a holotype (an invalid designation), possibly syntype female (s) and male (s) [apparently lost] (not examined). Type locality: near Cluj-Napoca (near a well in an orchard), Cluj County, Romania. Synonymized under G. longicornis by Matthews 1986: 218.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [USNM] (not examined). Type locality: Munnar, Kerala [but indicated (p. 82) as being in Tamil Nadu by Zeya & Hayat (1995)], India. Synonymized under G. longicornis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 81.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Rachistus terebrator Foerster: lectotype female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Gon. terebrator Förster, Type Coll. G. Mayr, Förster, Aachen ”; 2. “ 44 ”; 3. “ Gonatocerus terebrator Förster ”; 4. “ Lectotype des. by Matthews (1986) labeled by S. Triapitsyn 2007 = G. longicornis Nees ”. Paralectotypes [both NHMW]: 1 Ƥ on slide with the same labels as the lectotype except numbered “ 45 ”; 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: 1. “ Gon. terebrator Förster, Type ”, 2. “ Coll. G. Mayr ”, 3. “ Aach. Först ”, 4. “ In Canadab. ”, 5. “ Gonatocerus terebrator Förster det. Soyka et design ”, 6. [red] “ Type ”. Foerster (1847), however, mentioned just one female of this species but it is now impossible to know which one. Paratypes of G. cicadellae Nikolskaja [DEZA]: 2 Ƥ (under the same coverslip) on slide labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus cicadellae Nik., sp. n. Paratypus, Ƥ ”; 2. [in Russian] “ Frunzenskaya obl. [Frunze region], Kirgizia Sokolenko, 7. VII. 949 eggs Cicadella viridula ”; 2 3 (under the same coverslip) on slide labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus cicadella Nik., sp. n. Paratypus, 3 ”; 2. [in Russian] “ Frunzenskaya obl. [Frunze region], Kirgizia Sokolenko, 7. VII. 949 eggs Cicadella viridula ”.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA: Hainburg an der Donau, 48 ° 08 ’ 45 ’’ N 16 ° 55 ’ 31 ’’ E, 142 m, 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy (on tall grasses near Danube River) [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Hundsheim: Spikes Berg (S side), 2. ix. 1941, S. Novicky [1 Ƥ, NHMW] (det. by W. Soyka as G. terebrator); 10. vi. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW] (det. by W. Soyka as G. terebrator); 18. vii. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, EMEC] (det. by W. Soyka as G. terebrator). VIENNA, Vienna, Kalksburg, 8. vii. 1915, F. Ruschka [1 Ƥ, NHMW] (det. by W. Soyka as G. terebrator). CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District: Liyan Ling, Linshan Mts., 40 ° 00.28 ’ N 115 ° 30.75 ’ E, 1749 m, 2. viii. 2002, G. Melika [1 3, UCRC]. Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. CZECH REPUBLIC. SOUTH MORAVIAN [REGION], Bílé Karpaty (White Carpathians Mountain Range), Machová Nature Reserve, 48 ° 49 ’ 38.632 ’’ N 17 ° 32 ’ 29.934 ’’ E, 439 m, 18. v. 2007, J. Macek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. FRANCE. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, 14. ix. 2000, M. van Helden [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA, Batumi, Kakhaberi, V. A. Trjapitzin: 9. vii. 1953 (Gruzbiolaboratoriya) [6 Ƥ, 4 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 16. vii. 1953 (nursery # 1) [2 Ƥ, ZIN]; 28. vii. 1953 (Gruzbiolaboratoriya) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]; 20. vii. 1953 (fruit tree nursery) [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ZIN]; 22. ix. 1953 (Gruzbiolaboratoriya) [2 Ƥ, ZIN]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, G. Ramel: 9 – 15. v. 2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 16 – 22. v. 2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23 – 29. v. 2006 [18 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 30. v – 5. vi. 2006 [31 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 6 – 12. vi. 2006 [11 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 13 – 19. vi. 2006 [47 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 20 – 26. vi. 2006 [118 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 25. iv – 1. v. 2007 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13 – 19. vi. 2007 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. HUNGARY. BÁCS-KISKUN, Tompa, 15. vi. 1946, J. Erdös [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM] (det. by W. Soyka as G. terebrator). PEST, Szigetszentmiklós, ix. 1911, L. Biró [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. ITALY. CAMPANIA: Avellino Prov., Montemarano, 40 ° 54.235 ’ N 15 ° 00.435 ’ E, 760 m, 6. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 3, UCRC]. Benevento Prov., 1.8 km E of Faicchio, 41 ° 16.329 ’ N 14 ° 29.884 ’ E, 210 m, 7 – 8. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Salerno Prov., 2.5 km SW of Acerro, 40 ° 43.54 ’ N 15 ° 02.36 ’ E, 560 m, 6. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. LAZIO: Roma Prov.: Castelporziano Presidential Estate, Fosso di Trafusina, 41 ° 46.670 ’ N 12 ° 24.751 ’ E, 30 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [8 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Mignone River near Rota, 42 ° 09.197 ’ N 12 ° 00.605 ’ E, 150 m, 9. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov., Ponte San Pietro, 42 ° 31.669 ’ N 11 ° 36.353 ’ E, 75 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [8 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. JAPAN. ISHIKAWA, Kitanoshoike, 25. iii. 1954, E. Kawase, H. Ishizaki (from eggs of Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus )) [2 Ƥ, 2 3, EMEC] (det. by R. L. Doutt as G. cicadellae). KYRGYZSTAN. TALAS: Near Boo-Terek, 42 ° 35 ’ 15 ’’ N 71 ° 45 ’ 49 ’’ E, 1000 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [204 Ƥ, 36 3, 1 gynandromorph, INHS, UCRC]. Kara Buura Ravine (20 km S of Kyzyl-Adyr), 42 ° 26 ’ 23 ’’ N 71 ° 33 ’ 16 ’’ E, 300 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. POLAND. LOWER SILESIA, near Wrocław, i. ix. 1933, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong, Seoul National University, 17. ix. 2002, J. - W. Kim [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY: Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, 31. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [12 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC, ZIN]. Sochi, Adler, 17. ix. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (on oak in forest at tee sovkhoz) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Terneyskiy rayon, Mel'nichnyi, M. V. Michailovskaya: 1 – 5. vi. 2001 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 29. vi – 1. vii. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 43.66 ° N 132.25 ° E, 200 m, M. V. Michailovskaya: 19 – 20. vi. 1999 [1 3, UCRC]; 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [16 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 1 – 4. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 5 – 11. viii. 1999 [16 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 12 – 18. viii. 1999 [21 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; viii. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; viii – ix. 1999 [9 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 6 – 14. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 26. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8 – 11. x. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 26. x. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 21. vi. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 30. vi. 2000 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 10 – 20. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 31. vii. 2000 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. viii. 2000 [12 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 11 – 20. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 26. viii. 2000 [14 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC]; 26 – 31. viii. 2000 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; viii. 2000 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 30. ix. 2000 [1 3, UCRC]; 5 – 8. x. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 31. vii – 10. viii. 2001 [11 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17 – 31. viii. 2001 [28 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. x. 2001 [5 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; ix – xi. 2001 [3 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 10 – 19. vii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 12 – 15. viii. 2002 [22 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 1 – 11. ix. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. ix – 5. x. 2002 [6 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 11 – 16. vii. 2003 [1 3, UCRC]; 1 – 5. viii. 2003 [7 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 15. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 27. viii – 5. ix. 2003 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6 – 15. ix. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20 – 30. ix. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Achikulak, 26. viii. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 7. viii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 12. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Extralimital record. THAILAND. CHIANG MAI, 1 – 10. xii. 1997, S. Sonthichai [2 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria (Kirchner 1867; Soyka 1946 [as G. terebrator]; Hellén 1974 [as G. terebrator]), Bulgaria (Donev 1986 [as G. terebrator], 1990, 2005), China *, Czech Republic (Bouček & Graham 1972), Finland (Hellén 1974) [as G. terebrator], France, Georgia *, Germany, Greece (Hellén 1974 [as G. terebrator]; Donev 1988 c [as G. terebrator], 2005), Hungary *, Italy, Japan (Doutt 1961 [as Lymaenon cicadellae]; Sahad & Hirashima 1984 [as G. cicadellae]), Macedonia (Donev 2005), Republic of Korea (Sahad & Hirashima 1984) [as G. cicadellae], Kyrgyzstan, Netherlands (Noyes 2012), Poland * (the record of Kirchner (1867) from Breslau (now Wrocław) is unconfirmed), Romania (Boţoc 1960 [as Lymaenon pictus]; Radu & Boţoc 1960 [as G. cicadellae]), Russia (Hellén 1974 [as G. terebrator]; Triapitsyn 2003), Serbia (Donev 1988 b) [as G. terebrator]; Slovakia (Bouček & Graham 1972), Sweden (Hedqvist 2003), Turkey (Donev 2001, 2005), and United Kingdom: England (Hincks 1960 [as Lymaenon britteni]), and Wales (Hincks 1960 [as L. britteni]; Matthews 1986). ORIENTAL: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995; Zeya & Khan 2011), and Thailand *. The records of G. uttarodeccanus Mani & Saraswat from Bangladesh and Thailand by Sahad & Hirashima (1984) [as G. uttardecanus] were due to misidentifications (Zeya & Hayat 1995).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 890 – 1450 µm (1.3 – 1.6 mm according to Bouček & Graham 1972). Head, F 2 – F 8, and clava dark brown, scape and pedicel mostly light brown, F 1 brown; mesosoma variably colored: pronotum from yellow to partially or mostly brown, anterior half or so of mesoscutum dark brown and its posterior half or so usually light or orange brown but often mostly brown; scutellum mostly dark brown but often with borders notably lighter; axilla light to dark brown, remainder of mesosoma mostly dark brown; gaster yellow to light brown basally, remainder of gaster mostly dark brown or occasionally brown (tip of gaster sometimes a little lighter); legs light brown except bases of meso- and metatibia brown. Antenna (Fig. 32) with radicle 3.0 – 3.4 × as long as wide, 0.32 – 0.35 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.8 – 3.1 × as long as wide, slightly striate; F 1 from a little shorter to a little longer than pedicel, shorter than F 2 – F 7 and sometimes almost as long as F 8; F 2 the longest funicle segment, following funicle segments progressively a little shorter (except often F 4 about as long as F 5); mps on F 4 (usually 0, occasionally 1), F 5 (2), F 6 (2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 7 mps, 3.5 – 3.9 × as long as wide, at least a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 34) shorter than metasoma. Pronotum longitudinally striate. Mesoscutum and scutellum with fine mesh-like retuculate sculpture. Propodeum (Fig. 33) with widely separated, faint (sometimes evanescent and incomplete) submedian lines and distinct lateral carinae, otherwise smooth. Fore wing (Fig. 35) 3.4 – 3.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.27 – 0.28 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc slightly infumate, with at most few setae behind apex of submarginal vein, setose just behind marginal vein, and densely setose beyond venation. Hind wing 27 – 28 × as long as wide; disc mostly bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few setae at apex; longest marginal seta 3.3 – 3.5 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 34). Petiole short, strap-like, 2.4 – 3.0 × as wide as long. Ovipositor from about 0.8 × to almost entire length of gaster, exserted beyond its apex by 0.1 – 0.2 × own length, 1.9 – 2.3 × mesotibia length. External plate of ovipositor with 1 or 2 distal setae. MALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 950 – 1420 µm. Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Antenna (Fig. 36) with scape minus radicle 2.0 – 2.2 × as long as wide. Fore wing (Fig. 37) 3.4 – 3.9 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 38.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus longicornis is recognized by the combination of female antenna (Fig. 32) with F 1 shorter than F 2 – F 7, F 2 being the longest funicle segment, and F 5 – F 8 always bearing mps, and the ovipositor (1.9 – 2.3 × mesotibia length) exserted beyond the gastral apex by 0.1 – 0.2 × own length (Fig. 34). It is very similar (especially the female antenna) to G. (Gonatocerus) huberi Zeya from India, in the holotype of which the ovipositor is 1.4 × mesotibia length (Zeya & Hayat 1995). Hosts. Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus) (Nikolskaja 1951; Nikol’skaya 1952; Sokolenko 1956; Doutt 1961 [as Tettigella viridis (Linné) for Lymaenon cicadellae]; Arzone 1974; Sahad & Hirashima 1984; Miura & Yano 1988 a, b [as T. viridis], all for G. cicadellae except when indicated otherwise; Viggiani & Jesu 1988; Viggiani 1991 [both for Lymaenon terebrator]), Cofana spectra (Distant) (Subba Rao & Kaur 1959 [as Tettigonella spectra (Distant) for Lymaenon shasthryi]; Zeya & Hayat 1995), and Nephotettix spp. (Zeya & Hayat 1995) (Cicadellidae).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E527FF8568CC0F011DC25884.taxon	discussion	Comments. I agree with Bouček & Graham (1972) who concluded that the original type material of G. longicornis is lost and justifiably designated a neotype for this species. A male on slide [NHMW] made by W. Soyka (Figs 39, 40) and mentioned by Soyka (1946) as part of Nees ab Esenbeck’s original material, is very unlikely to be a syntype of G. longicornis. The slide is labeled as follows (Fig. 39): 1. [the original Foerster’s label in his handwriting] “ Gonatocerus longicornis Nees. Ded. Först. ”; 2. [Soyka’s slide number] “ 33 ”; 3. [red, in Soyka’s handwriting] “ Geno-Type ”; 4. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus longicornis N. v. Esenb. Det. Soyka et design. ”. The original label glued to the slide by W. Soyka is different from the usual A. Foerster’s labels of Mymaridae; Soyka labelled this specimen as a “ Geno-Type ” but because of his peculiar nomenclatural views, commented upon by Graham (1982), his designation cannot be accepted. The specimen is most probably one of A. Foerster’s earlier (? pre- 1840 s) specimens, which were originally glued onto white triangle points rather than mounted on minuten pins, a technique that apparently was adopted by Foerster somewhat later (Hannes Baur, personal communication). Foerster could simply determine his own specimen as belonging to Nees ab Esenbeck’s species based solely on the original description. Moreover, Foerster himself wrote that he could not get any Nees ab Esenbeck’s specimens (Foerster 1841, 1847); on that fact Debauche (1949) based his conclusion that this male could not be part of the type series of G. longicornis. Theoretically, Foerster could have obtained a syntype from the C. G. D. Nees ab Esenbeck collection at the University of Bonn after the type series was returned from England where it had been on loan (Graham 1988) but if that were the case he would have likely mentioned this in his later publications given his apparent interest in Gonatocerus. Foerster (1841) also mentioned that Nees ab Esenbeck’s specimens of G. longicornis had been sent to England when he went to Bonn (not far from Aachen) to see them. The male in NHMW (Fig. 40) actually belongs to an unidentified species of G. (Gonatocerus), most likely G. fuscicornis, because it is too small (body length 0.78 mm) to be G. longicornis; the fore wing is 3.3 – 3.4 × as long as wide.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	description	(Figs 41 – 49)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype female [NMID], designated by Graham 1982: 223 (not examined, but examined were photographs made by Csaba Thuróczy of the entire card-mounted specimen (Fig. 41), left antenna (Fig. 42), and left pair of wings slide-mounted by him, and also the labels, as follows: 1. Box 12 A. No 29 ”; 2. “ Ooctonus pictus Haliday, 1833 LECTOTYPE M. de V. Graham det. 1970 ”). Type locality: near London, England, UK.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	materials_examined	Female [lost from NHMW], type status not indicated. Type locality:? Aachen [area], North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Synonymized under Rachistus pictus (Haliday) by Foerster 1847: 205 and listed as a synonym of G. pictus by Dalla Torre 1989: 429.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [ICXU] (not examined). Type locality: Wujiaqu [City], Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Syn. n. I am acting here as first reviser and based on the etymology of this species select orthopenitus as the correct original spelling.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Possible paralectotypes of Ooctonus pictus Haliday: 2 complete females [MVMA] on F. Walker-style cards on the same pin without an original label but with a folded note on the bottom which I did not dare to remove, labeled later: “ NATIONAL MUSEUM VICTORIA Anaphes pictus Europe ”; the lower card has a number (apparently “ 48 ” written near the pinhole). The upper specimen actually belongs to G. fuscicornis, and the lower specimen belongs to G. litoralis. Also 1 complete female, 1 complete male, and 1 specimen of undetermined sex [MVMA] on individual F. Walker-style cards (the upper card is oval) on the same pin without an original label, labeled later: “ NATIONAL MUSEUM VICTORIA Anaphes pictus Europe ”; the middle card has a number (apparently “ 75 ” written near the pinhole). The upper male probably belongs to G. pictus, the middle female is G. fuscicornis, and the lower specimen (which I could not examine properly because it is obscured by the middle card) likely belongs either to G. fuscicornis or G. pictus. I consider these to be likely part of the original syntype series of Haliday’s Ooctonus pictus because they have numbers written in pencil that are characteristic of F. Walker’s specimens, and it is known that A. H. Haliday, F. Walker, and J. Curtis exchanged / shared specimens freely (Graham 1982). Gonatocerus orthopenitus Guo, Lin & Hu: paratype male [ICXU] on slide labeled: 1. “ [Chinese characters] 12 km [Chinese character] 2006.8.1 N 43 ° 25.23 ’ E 83 ° 25.30 ° [sic] [Chinese characters] ”; 2. “ [Chinese characters] Gonatocerus orthopennitus Gou, Lin et Hu Paratype (3) ”. The collecting locality is in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang, China (Guo et al. 2011). Material examined. AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA: Hunsdsheim: 27. viii. 1941, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 14. v. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 3, EMEC] [misidentified by W. Soyka as G. litoralis]; 22. ix. 1954, W. Soyka [1 3, NHMW]. Spitzerberg (S slope, ca. 2.5 km S of Hundsheim), 48 ° 05 ’ 48 ’’ N 16 ° 56 ’ 29 ’’ E, 190 – 250 m, 16. vi. 2007, C. Thuróczy, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 3, UCRC]. TYROL, Krössbach, vii. 1947, W. Soyka (on window) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. BELGIUM. LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, R. Detry: 16 – 30. vi. 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 14 – 28. vii. 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 28. vii – 11. viii. 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [3 3, UCRC]. DENMARK. MIDTJYLLAND: Halgenaes, 12. viii. 1998, T. Munk [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Samsø Island, Vejrø (7 km E of Samsø), 22. viii. 1997, T. Munk [1 3, ZMUC]. SJAELLAND, 22. viii. 1925, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. FRANCE. GIRONDE: Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, M. van Helden: 2. vii. 1998 [1 3, UCRC]; 13. viii. 1998 [4 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. Tourtirac, 44 ° 53 ’ 57 ’’ N 00 ° 02 ’ 02 ’’ W, 27. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 3, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA, Batumi region, Kakhaberi, 28. vii. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (Gruzbiolaboratoriya) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. GERMANY. MECKLENBURGWESTERN POMERANIA, Jettchens Hof (near Malchin), viii. 1935, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA: Burscheid, vii – viii. 1959, M. Boness [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Leverkusen, 30. ix. 1965, M. Boness [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Refrath (near Bensberg), M. Boness, 25. v. 1955 [1 3, NHMW]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, 16 – 22. v. 2006, G. Ramel [1 3, UCRC]. HUNGARY. GYŐR-MOSON-SOPRON, Sopron, 28. vi. 1944, J. Erdös [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. PEST, Szigetszentmiklós, ix. 1911, L. Biró [1 3, NHMW / HNHM]. ITALY. CAMPANIA: Benevento Prov., 1.8 km E of Faicchio, 41 ° 16.329 ’ N 14 ° 29.884 ’ E, 210 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Caserta Prov.: SE end of Lago del Matese, 41 ° 24.411 ’ N 14 ° 24.800 ’ E, 1050 m, 8. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 2.2 km SW of Passo di Miralago, 41 ° 23.421 ’ N 14 ° 24.784 ’ E, 1025 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 3, UCRC]. LAZIO, Roma Prov.: Castelporziano Presidential Estate, Fosso di Trafusina, 41 ° 46.670 ’ N 12 ° 24.751 ’ E, 30 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 3, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso, 42 ° 02.209 ’ N 12 ° 02.209 ’ E, 264 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY: Karagajly-Bulak (9 km W of Ak-Tyuz), 42 ° 52 ’ 47 ’’ N 76 ° 02 ’ 13 ’’ E, 2180 – 3400 m, 26. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [4 Ƥ, 12 3, UCRC]. Near Telek, 43 ° 06 ’ 20 ’’ N 74 ° 05 ’ 40 ’’ E, 590 m, 13. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. DZHALAL-ABAD: 7 km ESE of Ak-Tash, 40 ° 41 ’ 31 ’’ N 70 ° 42 ’ 07 ’’ E, 1390 m, 21. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. At-Ojnoksky Ridge, Kurpsaj Ravine, 41 ° 30 ’ 55 ’’ N 72 ° 19 ’ 43 ’’ E, 924 m, 23. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Chandalash River, 41 ° 44 ’ 19 ’’ N 70 ° 52 ’ 22 ’’ E, 1630 m, 20. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 10 km W of Dzhalal-abad, 40 ° 55 ’ 57 ’’ N 72 ° 53 ’ 35 ’’ E, 807 m, 27. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kara-Kysmak Ravine, 42 ° 06 ’ 49 ’’ N 71 ° 33 ’ 28 ’’ E, 2500 m, 18. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, 5 3, UCRC]. TALAS: near Boo-Terek, 42 ° 35 ’ 15 ’’ N 71 ° 45 ’ 49 ’’ E, 1000 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kara Buura Ravine (20 km S of Kyzyl-Adyr), 42 ° 26 ’ 23 ’’ N 71 ° 33 ’ 16 ’’ E, 1300 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. 18 km WSW of Taldy Bulak, 42 ° 26 ’ 31 ’’ N 72 ° 49 ’ 12 ’’ E, 1930 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, V. V. Kostjukov: 10 – 12. viii. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 31. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 28. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. ix. 2002 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. vii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Stavropol’, Russkiy Les, “ Besputskaya Polyana ” Botanical Sanctuary, 9. vii. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SERBIA. “ Adrejonica ” [sic, no such location could be found], H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]. SLOVAKIA. BRATISLAVA, Jurský Šúr Nature Reserve, 48 ° 14 ’ 03 ’’ N 17 ° 12 ’ 47 ’’ E, 133 m, 8. viii. 2008, B. V. Brown (alder forest) [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND: Lancashire Co., Wesham, Kings Downs, 24. vii. 1924, J. P. Kryger [2 3, NHMW]. London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Richmond Park, 18. vii. 1996, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, 3 3, CNCI]. Surrey Co., Dorking, Box Hill, 4. ix. 1988, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]. WALES: Bridgend Co. Borough: Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, J. S. Noyes: 6. viii. 1988 [5 Ƥ, 14 3, CNCI, UCRC]; 4. viii. 1994 [4 Ƥ, 2 3, CNCI]; 18. viii. 1998 [20 Ƥ, 5 3, CNCI, UCRC]. City and Co. of Swansea: Oxwich National Nature Reserve, 5. viii. 1994, J. S. Noyes [4 Ƥ, 3 3, CNCI, UCRC]. Whiteford Burrows National Nature Reserve, 2. viii. 1988, J. S. Noyes [2 Ƥ, 4 3, CNCI, UCRC]. Vale of Glamorgan Co. Borough, Pendoylan, Hensol, Llanerch Vineyard, 9. ix. 1999, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 3, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria * (the previous record of G. pictus from Austria by Soyka (1946) is incorrect due to misidentification of G. fuscicornis), Belgium, Bulgaria (Donev 1986, 1987, 1988 d, 1990, 2005), China (Guo et al. 2011 [as G. orthopenitus]), Czech Republic (Noyes 2012), Denmark *, Finland (Hellén 1974), France *, Georgia *, Germany, Greece (Donev 2005), Hungary *, Italy (Viggiani & Jesu 1988), Kyrgyzstan *, Romania (Pricop 2009 b, 2010 a), Russia *, Serbia *, Slovakia (Noyes 2012), Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003), Sweden (Hedqvist 2003), and UK (England, and Wales).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (non-type specimens). Body length 900 – 1300 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Head dark brown; scape and pedicel yellow to light brown, flagellum brown; mesosoma yellow or light brown with brown or dark brown spots on pronotum, anterior part of mesoscutum, scutellum, dorsellum, and mesopleura; propodeum mostly brown; legs yellow to light brown except apical tarsomeres brown; basal gastral terga yellow or light brown, apical ones brown or dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 43) with radicle 0.35 – 0.37 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.5 – 2.6 × as long as wide, faintly striate; pedicel a little longer than F 1; F 2 and F 3 subequal and the longest of funicle segments; normally F 6 – F 8 with 2 mps but sometimes F 6 with just 1 mps or, rarly, without mps on one antenna, and, according to Matthews (1986), F 4 and F 5 occasionally with 1 mps; clava with 8 mps, 3.0 – 3.3 × as long as wide, almost as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8 or a little shorter. Mesosoma (Fig. 45) shorter than metasoma. Propodeum (Fig. 44) with fine submedian lines often hardly visible. Fore wing (Fig. 46) 3.5 – 3.8 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta about 0.22 – 0.27 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc slightly infumate throughout, bare behind submarginal vein and setose elsewhere. Hind wing 28 – 29 × as long as wide; disc bare except for rows of setae along margins and a few additional setae at apex, slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 3.0 – 3.7 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 45) with petiole wider than long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.9 × length of gaster, a little exserted beyond its apex (by at most 0.1 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.3 – 1.9: 1. MALE (non-type specimens). Body length 800 – 1060 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Dark spots on mesosoma sometimes somewhat larger, and legs often a little darker (light brown) than in female. Antenna (Fig. 47) with scape minus rather long radicle faintly striate, 2.0 – 2.2 × as long as wide. Fore wing (Fig. 48) 3.8 – 4.0 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 49.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51DFF8168CC0F911CA9583C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus pictus is characterized by body color and female antenna (Figs 42, 43) with mps on F 6 – F 8. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Lymaenon acuminatus Walker, by subsequent designation by Gahan & Fagan 1923: 82.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ooctonus litoralis Haliday, by subsequent designation by Gahan & Fagan 1923: 128.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Oophilus longicauda Enock, by monotypy.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Agonatocerus humboldti Girault, by original designation. Gonatoceroides Girault 1913 b: 255 (as subgenus of Gonatocerus).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Gonatocerus (Gonatoceroides) australicus Girault [as australica], by original designation.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Decarthrius straeleni Debauche, by original designation.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pronotum divided into 2 lobes widely separated by lightly sclerotized median area, except narrowly separated in a few Afrotropical species and median area sometimes strongly sclerotized in some Australasian species; female funicle usually 8 - segmented, rarely 7 - segmented (mostly in some Afrotropical species); dorsellum strap-like, with posterior margin more or less straight and parallel with anterior margin; propodeum with submedian lines instead of a median carina or submedian carinae (except in some Afrotropical species) and the area between them flat and often bearing minute spicules (as in Fig. 197); fore wing with cubital row (at least) of setae extending to base of marginal vein (except in G. (Lymaenon) karakum from Italy and Turkmenistan (Fig. 101) and some Afrotropical and Australasian species).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cosmopolitan.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Reliable host records of G. (Lymaenon) are from eggs of Cicadellidae and Membracidae.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E51AFF8368CC0DD1188B5D9F.taxon	discussion	Comments. It has been a challenge to compile a key to separate females of the Palaearctic species of G. (Lymaenon) because of variability of some traditionally used diagnostic features; good slide mounts of wellcleared specimens are thus particularly needed in this subgenus to be able to see and assess the characters used in the key, descriptions, and redescriptions.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	description	(Figs 50 – 57)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype female [MVMA] (not examined), designated by Graham 1972: 131. Type locality: unknown (UK).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype female [BMNH] (not examined), designated by Graham 1972: 131 – 132. Type locality: Richmond [Park], London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England, UK. Synonymized under G. acuminatus by Graham 1972: 132.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Paralectotype, here designated: 1 complete female [MVMA] on F. Walker-style card without an original label, labeled later: “ NATIONAL MUSEUM VICTORIA 50717 Anaphes acuminatus Europe ”. This female was not examined by Graham (1972) as it was in the different part of the MVMA collection but there is little doubt that it was one of the original syntype specimens. Material examined. DENMARK. HOVEDSTADEN, Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island): 30. viii. 1927, J. P. Kryger [1 3, ZMUC]; Fortunens Indelukke, O. Bakkendorf: 15. ix. 1927 [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]; 23. ix. 1927 [1 3, ZMUC]; 20. ix. 1929 [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. GERMANY. NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA, Aachen [1 3, NHMW] (paralectotype of G. ater Foerster). UK. ENGLAND: London Borough of Richmond upon Thames: Richmond, 7. ix. 1910, C. O. Waterhouse [1 Ƥ, USNM]. Richmond Park, J. S. Noyes: 28. vii. 1995 [3 Ƥ, CNCI]; 15. viii. 1997 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI, UCRC]. Suffolk Co., Minsmere Reserve, 23. viii. 1975, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. M. J. Matthews). Surrey Co.: Chobham Common, 26. viii. 1982, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. M. J. Matthews). Dorking, Leith Hill, 26. viii. 1984, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. M. J. Matthews). West Sussex Co., Kingley Vale National Nature Researve, 3. ix. 1981, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. M. J. Matthews).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Czech Republic (Noyes 2012), Denmark, Germany *, Slovakia (Noyes 2012), and UK (England).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (paralectotype and non-type specimens). Body length 1220 – 1540 µm. Body dark brown to black, antenna mostly brown or dark brown, legs light to dark brown. Face with fine sculpture particularly conspicuous between toruli (Fig. 50). Antenna (Fig. 51) with radicle 0.3 – 0.32 × total length of scape, rest of scape about 3.3 × as long as wide, with cross-sculpture; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 4 each shorter than following segments and F 2 – F 4 progressively a little longer than preceding funicle segment, F 5 – F 8 more or less subequal in length but F 8 a little wider than preceding funicle segments; mps usually on F 5 (1 or 2), F 6 (2 or 3), F 7 (2 or 3), and F 8 (4 or 5) [but according to Matthews (1986) their number may also vary as follows (although I did not see that in his specimens): F 6 (0 – 3) and F 8 (3 – 5)]; clava 3.2 – 3.5 × as long as wide, a little longer than combined length of F 7 and F 8, normally with 10 mps but sometimes with as many as 11 or 12 mps (up to? 15 mps according to Matthews (1986) but that needs verification because I counted at most 12 mps among the the four female specimens on slides at BMNH mounted very well by him). Mesosoma (Fig. 53). Propodeum (Fig. 52) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 54) 2.7 – 2.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.21 – 0.23 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc almost hyaline, mostly bare behind submarginal vein and with rather large, distinct bare area between marginal vein and cubital row of setae. Hind wing (Fig. 54) 15 – 19 × as long as wide; disc almost hyaline, unevenly setose; longest marginal seta 1.9 – 2.4 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 53) notably longer than mesosoma. Petiole 2 – 3 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying at least about 0.9 × length of gaster, markedly exserted beyond its apex (by about 0.2 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 2.8 – 3.0: 1. Measurements of the paralectotype (µm). Body: 1220. MALE. Body length 1200 – 1520 µm (slide-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Antenna as in Fig. 55, scape with cross-ridges. Fore wing (Fig. 56) 2.5 – 2.7 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 57.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E515FF8F68CC0DD11CA95C26.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus acuminatus is recognized by the following combination of features: antenna in female (Fig. 51) with mps normally on F 5 – F 8 (F 8 usually with 4 or 5 mps), fore wing in female 2.7 – 2.9 × as long as wide with a rather large, distinct bare area on the disc between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae in both sexes (Figs 54, 56), and the ovipositor 2.8 – 3.0 × length of mesotibia. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	description	(Figs 58 – 64)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from PPDD] (not examined). Type locality: Gedida, Dakhla Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. G. africanus Soyka: paratype female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dakhla Gedida, 21.3. 32 in Orange grove ”, 2. “ Co-Type ”, 3. “ Gonatocerus africanus (Soyka) female ”, 4. “ 738 ”.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HUNGARY. VAS, W of Köszeg, 47 ° 23 ’ 09 ’’ N 16 ° 31 ’ 19 ’’ E, 355 m, 16 – 20. vi. 2009, I. Mikó [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. ITALY. LAZIO, Roma Prov.: Castelporziano Presidential Estate, costal dunes in N corner, 41 ° 42.150 ’ N 12 ° 21.038 ’ E, 5 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso, 42 ° 02.967 ’ N 12 ° 02.209 ’ E, 264 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. DZHALAL-ABAD, 18 km WSW of Kazaeman, 41 ° 21 ’ 01 ’’ N 73 ° 48 ’ 37 ’’ E, 1550 m, 15. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. TALAS, 18 km WSW of Taldy Bulak, 42 ° 26 ’ 31 ’’ N 72 ° 49 ’ 12 ’’ E, 1930 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MONGOLIA. ÖMNÖGOVI, Naran Bulag, 43 ° 27 ’ N 100 ° 27 ’ E, 1405 m, 17 – 20. vii. 1994, J. Carpenter [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. SPAIN. ALICANTE, Alicante, 16. vii. 1952, J. K. Holloway (on Amaranthus sp.) [3 Ƥ, EMEC]. TURKMENISTAN. MARY, Baýramaly District, sovkhoz “ Karakumkanal ”, 15. vi. 1992, S. V. Triapitsyn (emerged 26. vi. 1992 in University of California, Riverside, quarantine from Salsola sp. plant material, S & R # 92 - 25 - 6).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Egypt, Italy *, Hungary *, Kyrgyzstan *, Mongolia *, Spain *, and Turkmenistan *.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (paratype and non-type specimens). Body length about 1120 µm (dry-mounted specimens from Italy). Head mostly brown, with some yellow; scape mostly light brown, pedicel mostly brown, and flagellum dark brown; pronotum yellow to brown, mesoscutum mostly brown to dark brown anteriorly and light brown posteriorly, scutellum and axillae light brown to brown, dorsellum and propodeum brown to dark brown; legs mostly light brown; gaster mostly yellow except light brown to brown apically. Antenna (Figs 58, 60, 61) with radicle about 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.1 – 3.6 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 3 about as long as F 4 or slightly longer, F 5 – F 7 more or less subequal in length, F 8 a little shorter and broader, with an incision at apex; mps on F 4 (usually 0 or, occasionally, 1), F 5 (usually 1 except 2 in the specimens from Mongolia), F 6 (2), F 7 (2) and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 3.5 – 3.8 × as long as wide, almost as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Figs 60, 63). Propodeum (Fig. 62) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Figs 59, 60, 64) 3.1 – 3.4 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.2 – 0.3 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc almost hyaline, bare behind submarginal vein, setose behind and beyond marginal vein. Hind wing 19 – 20 × as long as wide; disc almost hyaline, setose; longest marginal seta 2.4 – 2.6 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Figs 60, 63) longer than mesosoma. Petiole about 2 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.1 – 1.3: 1. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus africanus is characterized by the distinctive yellow-brown body color and the female antenna (Figs 58, 61) with F 3 and F 4 subequal in length and bearing usually 1 mps on F 5 and 2 mps on F 6 – F 8.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E517FF8A68CC0B3A1CA959A4.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	description	(Figs 65 – 77)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	discussion	Originally described from 3 female specimens, although only 1 female was designated as “ Type ” (“ on a slide together with Polynema and other mymarids ”, INHS Accession No. 44,215), thus it was the holotype (not examined); it is lost according to Huber (1988). The other two specimens mentioned (from Du Bois, Washington Co., Illinois, USA) had no type status. Type locality (both original and of the neotype designated here): Urbana, Champaign Co., Illinois, USA.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	discussion	Originally described from 2 female specimens, although only 1 female were designated as “ Type ” (i. e., the holotype on slide, INHS Accession No. 44,214, which is lost (Huber 1988), not examined). The other specimen (from Urbana, Illinois) mentioned had no type status; it belongs to G. aureus and is designated as its neotype. Type locality: Centralia, Illinois, USA. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Heverlee (as Héverlé in the original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from PPDD] (not examined). Type locality: Giza, Giza Governorate, Egypt. Gonatocerus vopros Triapitsyn nom. n. pro G. flavus Soyka, 1950 (nec G. flavus Foerster, 1841). Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [IARI] (not examined). Type locality: Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [USNM] (not examined). Type locality: Thana Hills, Krishnagiri, Mumbai (but in the original description indicated as Borivili National Park, below Kanheri caves, Bombay), Maharashtra, India. Synonymized under G. pahlgamensis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female (invalidly designated as lectotype by Matthews 1986: 227) [FMNH] (not examined). Type locality: Parikkala, Finland. Synonymized under G. chrysis by Matthews 1986: 227. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female (see Zeya & Hayat (1995) for details on the possible holotype) [ZDAMU] (not examined). Type locality: Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Synonymized under G. pahlgamensis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [KUEC] (not examined but its photograph is available at: http: // konchudb. agr. agr. kyushu-u. ac. jp / elkutype / exec / refile. cgi? & lang = en & no = 2397 & tax = Gonatocerus % 20 fukuokensis % 20 Sahad). Type locality: Hakozaki, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture (Kyūshū Island), Japan. Synonymized under G. pahlgamensis by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 114. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Gonatocerus aureus Girault: neotype female [USNM], here designated in accordance with Article 75.3 ([ICZN] 1999) to avoid any ambiguity regarding the identity of this species, to define this nominal taxon objectively and clarify its taxonomic status, and because the original type (i. e., the holotype) of this species is lost (Huber 1988), on slide (Fig. 65) labeled: 1. “ Urbana, Illinois July 1, 1910. Sweeping. Camptoptera pulla Girault, 1 Ƥ ”; 2. “ Gonatocerus 1 Ƥ aureus. [“ tenuipennis ” — crossed out in black ink] Ƥ [apparently “ brunneus ” or an earlier, illegible manuscript name — crossed out in black ink] anthonomi [added later in pencil]. I searched for the holotypes of G. aureus and G. brunneus tenuipennis Girault and the non-type specimens of G. aureus from Du Bois, Illinois (on which Girault (1911) also based his original description of G. aureus) during a visit to the INHS in September 2010 and confirm that these have been lost from that collection. The neotype of G. aureus (Fig. 66) is complete, poorly mounted more or less laterally except for the head under the same coverslip with a female of Camptoptera pulla Girault and 5 females of G. litoralis, the latter identified by A. A. Girault first apparently as G. brunneus Girault and then as G. anthonomi Girault. Girault first identified the neotype specimen as G. tenuipennis (Girault 1911) but later crossed out his initial identification and marked it on the label as G. aureus; apparently he struggled to separate his own species and that is no wonder because they turned out to be the same. Lymaenon chrysis Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon chrysis Deb. Ƥ 1943 TYPE [on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”; 2. “ Lab. d’Entomologie de l’Université Louvain Héverlé 14. VIII. 42 C / IV – 47 245 3 [faint, in pencil] ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, mounted laterally. Material examined. AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA: 1 km W of Hollern, 48 ° 04 ’ 22 ’’ N 16 ° 52 ’ 37 ’’ E, 150 m, 16 – 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Hundsheim, 12. xi. 1954, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. BELGIUM. ANTWERP, Turnhout, 12. viii. 1941, A. Raignier [2 Ƥ, ISNB]. FLEMISH BRABANT: Eyzer, 8. viii. 1944, [H. R. Debauche] [2 Ƥ, ISNB]. Tervuren, 23. viii. 1944, [H. R. Debauche] [5 Ƥ, ISNB]. LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, R. Detry: 16 – 30. vi. 1989 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ISNB]; 28. vii – 11. viii. 1990 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. BULGARIA. KYUSTENDIL, Kyustendil, 1928, L. Biró [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District: Liyan Ling (Linshan Mts.), 40 ° 00.28 ’ N 115 ° 30.75 ’ E, 1749 m, 2. viii. 2002, G. Melika [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. CZECH REPUBLIC. ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM, České Švýcarsko National Park, 50 ° 50 ’ 00.494 ’’ N 14 ° 19 ’ 49.508 ’’ E, 597 m, 16. v. 2007, J. Macek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. FRANCE. GARD, near Gardon River, 43 ° 55 ’ 45 ’’ N 4 ° 23 ’ 25 ’’ E, 10 – 13. vi. 2005, J. George [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. GIRONDE: Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, M. van Helden: 2. vii. 1998 [3 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 30. vii. 1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. viii. 1998 [26 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 10. ix. 1998 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9. vii. 1999 [6 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Tourtirac, 44 ° 53 ’ 57 ’’ N 00 ° 02 ’ 02 ’’ W: 27. viii. 1998, M. van Helden [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26 – 27. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. HÉRAULT, Lauret, 43 ° 50 ’ 04 ’’ N 03 ° 53 ’ 48 ’’ E, 29. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn (on grape) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA, Keda, V. A. Trjapitzin: 30. viii. 1953 (on alder at Adzharis-Tskali River bank) [1 3, ZIN]; 7. ix. 1953 (on pine) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. GERMANY. BAVARIA: Erlangen, “ 1950 s ”, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Veitshöchheim, 22. vii. 2003, S. V. Triapitsyn [7 Ƥ, UCRC]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini: Beles Mts., 41 ° 17 ’ 19.5 ’’ N 23 ° 12 ’ 18.4 ’’ E, 550 m, 9 – 15. v. 2005, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, G. Ramel: 9 – 15. v. 2006 [2 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 16 – 22. v. 2006 [12 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 23 – 29. v. 2006 [2 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 30. v – 5. vi. 2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6 – 12. vi. 2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13 – 19. vi. 2006 [4 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]; 20 – 26. vi. 2006 [14 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. HUNGARY. VAS, W of Köszeg, 47 ° 23 ’ 09 ’’ N 16 ° 31 ’ 19 ’’ E, 355 m, 16 – 20. vi. 2009, I. Mikó [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. ITALY. CAMPANIA, Benevento Prov., 1.8 km E of Faicchio, 41 ° 16.329 ’ N 14 ° 29.884 ’ E, 210 m, 7 – 8. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. LAZIO, Roma Prov.: Caldara di Manziana, 42 ° 05.607 ’ N 12 ° 05.906 ’ E, 305 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Castelporziano Presidential Estate: Fosso di Trafusina, 41 ° 46.670 ’ N 12 ° 24.751 ’ E, 30 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; Ponte Guidoni, 41 ° 45.415 ’ N 12 ° 23.851 ’ E, 80 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso, 42 ° 02.967 ’ N 12 ° 02.209 ’ E, 264 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov., Ponte San Pietro, 42 ° 31.669 ’ N 11 ° 36.353 ’ E, 75 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SICILY, Palermo, University of Palermo garden, 38 ° 06 ’ 27.2 ’’ N 13 ° 21 ’ 02.4 ’’ E, 41 – 43 m, 26 – 29. viii. 2005, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY: KaragajlyBulak, 9 km W of Ak-Tyuz, 42 ° 52 ’ 47 ’’ N 76 ° 02 ’ 13 ’’ E, 2180 – 3400 m, 26. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [9 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. Near Telek, 43 ° 06 ’ 20 ’’ N 74 ° 05 ’ 40 ’’ E, 590 m, 13. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 10 km N of Telek, 42 ° 10 ’ 51 ’’ N 74 ° 03 ’ 55 ’’ E, 570 m, 13. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. DZHALAL-ABAD, AtOjnoksky Ridge, Kurpsaj Ravine, 41 ° 30 ’ 55 ’’ N 72 ° 19 ’ 43 ’’ E, 924 m, 23. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. OSH, Karakuldzha, Lajsu Ravine, 40 ° 31 ’ 20 ’’ N 73 ° 37 ’ 10 ’’ E, 1815 m, C. H. Dietrich: 25. viii. 1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. POLAND. LUBUSZ, Sława Lake (near Sława; on the original label as “ Schlawa-See, Schlesien ”, now Jezioro Sławskie), 22. vii. 1934, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GANGWON-DO, Pyengchang, Jinbu, Cheokchun, 23. ix. 1998, J. - Y. Choi [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong: Seoul National University, J. - W. Kim: 15. ix. 2001, [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17. ix. 2001, [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Yeogisan, 7 x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, AllRussian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, V. V. Kostjukov: 10 – 29. viii. 2001 [27 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 23. vii. 2002 [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 31. viii. 2003 [8 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M. E. Tretiakov: 24 – 25. vii. 2000 [3 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 26. vii – 14. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25 – 31. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1. viii. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Terneyskiy rayon, Mel’nichnyi, 29. vi – 1. vii. 2001, M. V. Michailovskaya [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 28. vi – 4. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [3 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 19 – 20. vii. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 22. vii. 1999 [5 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 27 – 28. vii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 4. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 5 – 11. viii. 1999 [10 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [6 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17 – 18. viii. 1999 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 22 – 28. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6 – 14. ix. 1999 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10 – 15. ix. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25 – 26. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8 – 11. x. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 21. vi. 2000 [8 Ƥ, UCRC]; 22 – 30. vi. 2000 [7 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 1 – 10. vii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 31. vii. 2000 [9 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. viii. 2000 [14 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 12 – 26. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9 – 12. x. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 31. vii – 10. viii. 2001 [9 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17 – 31. viii. 2001 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. x. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix – xi. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10 – 19. vii. 2002 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 11. ix. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. ix – 5. x. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 15. viii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, 6 km E of Sokol, near Belaya River, D. J. Bennett, T. Anderson: 24. vii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, CAS]; 16. viii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, CAS]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Georgievskiy rayon, Nezlobnenskiy (stanitsa Nezlobnaya), 26. viii. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. Levokumskiy rayon, Achikulak, V. V. Kostjukov: 17. vii. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 29. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2. ix. 2002 [5 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 7. ix. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. vii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14. vii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 27. vii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. viii. 2003 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 12. viii. 2003 [9 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 14. viii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. SLOVAKIA. BRATISLAVA, Jurský Šúr Nature Reserve, 48 ° 14 ’ 03 ’’ N 17 ° 12 ’ 47 ’’ E, 133 m, 8. viii. 2008, B. V. Brown (alder forest) [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. Extralimital records. ARGENTINA. BUENOS AIRES, Luján, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 34 ° 35 ’ 0 ’’ S 59 ° 04 ’ 4 ’’ W, 32 m, 1. xii. 2006, C. Coviella [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. BERMUDA (BERMUDA ISLANDS). Bermuda Island, Southampton Parish: 4 Munro Lane, 32 ° 15 ’ 51 ’’ N 64 ° 52 ’ 08 ’’ W, 16 – 24. x. 2001, J. Munro [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. Munro Beach Cottages, 32 ° 15 ’ 34 ’’ N 64 ° 52 ’ 39 ’’ W, 2 – 16. iv. 2002, J. Munro [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. CHILE. REGIÓN IX: Lonquimay, Las Raíces tunnel, 38 ° 33.5 ’ S 71 ° 30.0 ’ W, 1033 m, 17. xii. 2001, E. Arias (canopy fogging of Nothophagus dombeyi) [1 Ƥ, UCDC]. Parque Nacional Vista Hermosa, 38 ° 45 ’ 08 ’’ S 71 ° 37 ’ 24 ’’ W, 816 m, 22 – 24. ii. 2005, J. M. Heraty et al. [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. INDIA. GOA, Bambolim Beach (S of Panaji), 15 ° 26 ’ 46 ’’ N 73 ° 51 ’ 19 ’’ E, 5 m, 15. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KARNATAKA: Bangalore, University of Agricultural Sciences campus (Ghandi Krishi Vignyan Kendra), Botanic Garden, 13 ° 04 ’ 49 ’’ N 77 ° 34 ’ 37 ’’ E, 935 m, 27. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Near Dandeli Reserve: 15 ° 20 ’ 36 ’’ N 74 ° 37 ’ 19 ’’ E, 530 m, 17. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 ° 24 ’ 43 ’’ N 74 ° 48 ’ 43 ’’ E, 604 m, 17. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kathagal, 14 ° 30 ’ 41 ’’ N 74 ° 31 ’ 49 ’’ E, 44 m, 18. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mudigere, 13 ° 07 ’ 09 ’’ N 75 ° 37 ’ 41 ’’ E, 994 m, 24 – 25. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. Nandi Hills, 13 ° 22 ’ 09 ’’ N 77 ° 41 ’ 11 ’’ E, 1462 m, 21. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. [NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF] DELHI, New Delhi, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 28 ° 37 ’ 51 ’’ N 77 ° 09 ’ 50 ’’ E, 220 m, 5. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. INDONESIA. Sumatra Island, NORTH SUMATRA, Bandar Jalan Indrapura, Bah Lias Estates, 03 ° 10 ’ 34.3 ’’ N 99 ° 20 ’ 13.6 ’’ E, 43 m, 16 – 23. ii. 2012, M. & C. Hoddle [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEW ZEALAND. North Island: Auckland, Whitford, 36 ° 56 ’ S 174 ° 58 ’ E, B. Hoddle: 22. ii – 4. iii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 5 – 15. iii. 2003 [8 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mochau, 36 ° 31 ’ S 175 ° 27 ’ E, 100 m, Sandy Bay Community, 6 – 18. ii. 2006, B. V. Brown [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Puketi State Forest, 31. iii – 3. v. 1999, R. A. Leschen, G. Hall [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Raglan, 37 ° 49 ’ 39 ’’ S 174 ° 49 ’ 28 ’’ E, 100 m, B. V. Brown: 5 – 8. ii. 2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8 – 21. ii. 2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Taupo District, Kaimanawa Forest, Tree Trunk Gorge, 39.1738 ° S 175.8957 ° E, 12 – 14. ii. 2006, B. V. Brown [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. South Island, Karamea Bluff, 9 – 20. ii. 1999, R. A. Leschen [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. PAKISTAN. PUNJAB, Faisalabad, University of Agriculture Faisalabad: Horticulture Fruit Garden, 31 ° 25.844 ’ N 73 ° 03.665 ’ E, 184 m, citrus orchard: 15 – 26. iii. 2011, M. S. Hoddle [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 4 – 11. vi. 2011, M. S. & C. D. Hoddle [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. PHILIPPINES. Luzon Island, CAMARINES SUR, Mt. Isarog, 9.3 km E of Naga City, 13 ° 39.922 ’ N 123 ° 21.239 ’ E, 918 m, 31. v – 2. vi. 2011, N. Chousou Polydouri, C. Griswold [1 Ƥ, CAS]. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA. GAUTENG: Pretoria, Agricultural Reserch Council campus, 9. xii. 2003, I. Mikó, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Roodeplaat Nature Reserve, 6 – 10. xii. 2003, I. Mikó, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. POOL, Lesio-Louna Reserve: Abio, 3 ° 06.02 ’ S 15 ° 31.44 ’ E, 330 m, 29. vii. 2008, M. Sharkey, Y. Braet [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Iboubikro, 3 ° 16 ’ 11 ’’ S 15 ° 28 ’ 16 ’’ E, 340 m, M. Sharkey: 23. vii. 2008 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25. viii. 2008 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. ABU DHABI, Al Ajban, 24 ° 36 ’ N 55 ° 01 ’ E, 9. xi – 7. xii. 2005, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. SHARJAH, Shariah, 25 ° 21 ’ N 55 ° 24 ’ E, 12 – 28. vi. 2005, A. van Harten [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. USA. CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Albany, University of California, Berkeley (UCB) quarantine laboratory, 1954 (reared in a ” test case ” on Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) eggs) [4 Ƥ, 2 3, EMEC]; originally from: MOROCCO. SOUSS-MASSA-DRAÂ, Agadir, Yachech [according to the unpublished quarantine records at UCB (Kent M. Daane, personal communication), the originators of the successfully established colony of Lymaenon sp. “ C ” were collected by C. B. Huffaker in Agadir (the host was N. tenellus on various plant material) and received 19. iv. 1954 in UCB quarantine under their Shipper / Receiver (SR) No. 54 - 7, but the original stock of these specimens, according to the hand-written label by R. L. Doutt, was collected (reared by C. B. Huffaker from eggs of the same host) in Agadir’s section of Yachech and received in UCB quarantine 10. v. 1954 under SR No. 54 - 11]. Amador Co., Sutter Creek, 38 ° 23 ’ 39 ’’ N 120 ° 46 ’ 58 ’’ W, 373 m, 20 – 26. vi. 2012, E. F. Drake [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. Santa Clara Co., Alum Rock Park, 37 ° 23 ’ 43 ’’ N 121 ° 49 ’ 23 ’’ W, 2 – 3. vii. 2002, A. Owen (1 Ƥ, UCRC). Stanislaus Co., Frank Raines Regional Park, Ranger Station, 37 ° 25.294 ’ N 121 ° 22.666 ’ W, 350 m, 20. viii – 18. ix. 2011, R. L. Zuparko [1 Ƥ, EMEC]. GEORGIA, Gordon Co., Fairmount, Salacoa Creek, 34 ° 24 ’ 12 ’’ N 84 ° 40 ’ 08 ’’ W, 16. v. 2002, D. Yanega [9 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEW YORK, Jefferson Co., E of Alexandria Bay, 44 ° 24 ’ 07 ’’ N 75 ° 48 ’ 07 ’’ W, 74 m, 31. vii. 2010, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NORTH CAROLINA, Scotland Co., Sandhills Game Lands, 36 ° 12 ’ 03 ’’ N 78 ° 53 ’ 13 ’’ W, 125 m, 5 – 19. iv. 2010, R. I. Blinn [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria *, Belgium, Bulgaria (Donev 1987, 1988 e, 1990, 2005), China *, Czech Republic *, Finland (as G. gracilentus), France (Triapitsyn et al. 2010), Georgia *, Germany *, Greece (including Crete) (Donev 1988 c, 2003, 2005), Hungary *, Italy *, Japan (Sahad & Hirashima 1984) [as G. fukuokensis], Kyrgyzstan *, Morocco *, Poland *, Republic of Korea *, Romania (Boţoc 1960; Pricop 2009 b, 2010 a, c), Russia (Triapitsyn et al. 2010), Serbia (Donev 1985 b), Slovakia *, Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003), Sweden (Hedqvist 2003), Turkey (Donev 2001), and UK: England (Graham 1973; Matthews 1986), Scotland, and Wales (Matthews 1986). AFROTROPICAL *: Republic of South Africa *, Republic of the Congo *, and United Arab Emirates *. AUSTRALASIAN *: New Zealand * (apparently accidentally introduced). NEARCTIC: Bermuda (Bermuda Islands), Canada, and USA (Triapitsyn et al. 2010). NEOTROPICAL: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile (Triapitsyn et al. 2010). ORIENTAL *: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995; Zeya & Khan 2011) [as G. pahlgamensis], Indonesia *, Pakistan *, and Philippines *. Most previous records were as G. chrysis except where indicated otherwise.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (neotype of G. aureus, holotype of Lymaenon chrysis, and non-type specimens from Palaearctic region). Body length 630 – 1365 µm. Body generally golden, yellowish-brown, or light brown with brown markings; antenna, particularly flagellum, darker (brown to dark brown) except radicle yellowish or light brown; legs yellowish to light brown. Antenna (Figs 66 – 69, 72) with radicle 3.2 – 4.1 × as long as wide, about 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.5 – 5.3 × as long as wide, faintly striate; pedicel notably longer than F 1; typically F 1 about as long as F 2 (or slightly shorter) and both slightly shorter than F 3, F 4 a little longer than F 3 and shorter than following funicle segments except sometimes F 8, F 5 – F 8 more or less subequal in length (F 8 a little shorter and broader and with an incision at apex); F 1 – F 4 without mps, F 5 and F 6 usually with 1 mps (Figs 66, 67) but sometimes either F 6 (Fig. 69) or both F 5 and F 6 (Fig. 68) without mps on one or both antennae in small specimens (in that case often F 5 and / or F 6 slightly shorter than F 7 or F 8) or, in some southern Palaearctic specimens, either only F 6 or both F 5 and F 6 (Fig. 72) with 2 mps (with 2 mps on both F 5 and F 6 in large specimens from Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia, and Slovakia), F 7 and F 8 with 2 mps; clava with 6 mps (4 shorter subapical mps and 2 longer mps in the middle), 3.0 – 3.5 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8 or a little shorter. Mesosoma (Figs 66, 70, 73). Propodeum with faint submedian lines, the distance between them shorter anteriorly than posteriorly. Fore wing (Figs 66, 71, 74) 4.1 – 5.4 × as long as wide; hypochaeta often not midway between the macrochaetae but closer to proximal macrochaeta; longest marginal seta 0.4 – 0.7 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc with a slight to conspicuous, uniform brownish tinge, almost bare behind submarginal vein except for at most a few setae behind its apex, setose behind marginal vein and elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 74) narrow, 29 – 35 × as long as wide; disc with a few scattered setae, slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 4.3 – 4.8 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Figs 66, 70, 73) normally a little longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.5 – 1.8 × as wide as long. Ovipositor 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not or barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9 – 1.3: 1. External plate of ovipositor with 2 or 3 distal setae. Measurements of the neotype of G. aureus (µm). Body: 713; mesosoma 294; gaster 300; ovipositor 248. Antenna: radicle 64; rest of scape 130; pedicel 55; F 1 24; F 2 27; F 3 31; F 4 36; F 5 54; F 6 52; F 7 55; F 8 52; clava 165. Fore wing? 787:? 175; longest marginal seta 91. Hind wing? 615:? 21; longest marginal seta? 91. MALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Also see Baquero & Jordana (2003) for the description of the male based on specimens from Navarre, Spain, and Triapitsyn et al. (2010) for the illustrations of the male from France, which are also provided here to facilitate recognition of this species. Body length 660 – 760 µm. In the slide-mounted specimen from France, antenna (Fig. 75) with scape 2.8 × as long as wide; fore wing (Fig. 76) 4.4 × as long as wide; genitalia as in Fig. 77.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus aureus is mostly a light-colored species with brown markings on the body (Figs 66, 70, 73), also characterized by the female antenna (Figs 66 – 69, 72) with 1 mps usually on F 5 and F 6 (sometimes without mps on one or both antennae in small specimens, or, occasionally, with 2 mps in some Palaearctic and Oriental specimens), 2 mps on F 7 and F 8, and 6 mps on the clava; a narrow (4.1 – 5.4 × as long as wide) fore wing (Figs 66, 71, 74, 76) with relatively long marginal setae (longest marginal seta 0.4 – 0.7 × maximum fore wing width); and a relatively short ovipositor (ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9 – 1.3: 1). In some extralimital specimens of G. aureus from India that were previously identified as G. pahlgamensis (Narayanan), the fore wing can be relatively wider (fore wing length: width as low as 3.8: 1) and the ovipositor relatively longer (up to 1.4 × length of mesotibia) (Zeya & Hayat 1995). Host. Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) (also in the laboratory) [new record] (Cicadellidae). The record of Lymaenon pahlgamensis from Quadraspidiotus perniciousus (Comstock) (Diaspididae) by Narayanan (1961) is probably incorrect (Noyes 2012).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	discussion	Comments. The newly designated neotype of G. aureus, first identified as belonging to G. brunneus tenuipennis by A. A. Girault (he later changed his mind, possibly when he was preparing his key published in 1929, and re-identified it as G. aureus), agrees in every regard with the original description of G. aureus and comes from its original type locality. Along with the conspecific female in UCRC, listed by Triapitsyn et al. (2010) (collected in Centralia, Illinois, 7. ix. 1993 by J. D. Pinto), this Girault’s specimen could very well serve also as a neotype of G. brunneus tenuipennis: it more or less agrees with its original description which Girault (1911) actually based on this specimen along with the lost holotype. That, however, is not necessary because I regard G. brunneus tenuipennis to be an obvious junior synonym of G. aureus. Both nominal taxa are clearly conspecific with the species known as G. chrysis from Europe and elsewhere (Debauche 1948; Matthews 1986; Baquero & Jordana 2003; Triapitsyn et al. 2010), which occurs in North America including Illinois (Triapitsyn et al. 2010). Girault (1911, 1929) seemingly struggled to separate G. aureus from G. tenuipennis based on the proportions of the funicle segments (mainly the relative length of F 4) of the female antenna; that likely could be the result of poor mounting, when the antenna is mounted at an angle, particularly when the head is mounted laterally. Also, the relative lengths of F 3 and F 4 of the female antenna may vary among the Holarctic specimens of the species known to me as G. chrysis, and generally large specimens of G. aureus tend to have relatively longer flagellar segments of the female antenna than small ones. Therefore, as first reviser (in almost exactly 100 years!), I have no doubt in synonymizing G. tenuipennis, G. chrysis, and G. gracilentus under G. aureus, which was described on the same page with G. brunneus tenuipennis but after it. However, G. aureus takes precedence according to Article 24.1 ([ICZN] 1999) as the originally described higher ranking taxon. Zeya & Hayat (1995) redescribed and illustrated G. pahlgamensis and considered it to be extremely close to G. chrysis except for a relarively wider fore wing and shorter marginal setae on it in some specimens. I consider these fore wing characters to be subject to intraspecific variability and thus insufficient to separate G. pahlgamensis from G. aureus confidently after finding both intermediate forms and specimens very similar to G. pahlgamensis from India and also to its synonym G. fukuokensis from Japan in southern (particularly a female from Krasnodar, Krasnodarskiy kray, Russia, in which F 5 and F 6 bear 2 mps each and the fore wing is 4.2 × as long as wide, and a very large female from Fryazevo, Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia, and a female from Slovakia, in which F 5 and F 6 also bear 2 mps each and the fore wing is 4.4 × and 4.1 × as long as wide, respectively) and eastern (several females from Primorskiy kray, Russia) Palaearctic region, hence the synonymy of G. pahlgamensis and its synonyms under G. aureus.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	materials_examined	Gonatocerus flavus Soyka was described from a single female, collected xi. 1931 on Echinochloa colona (as Panicum colonum) by H. Priesner (Soyka 1950); as mentioned here before the holotype is lost. From the poor description initially it had been difficult to figure out even to which subgenus this species may belong. Soyka, however, considered it to be similar to G. litoralis and G. priesneri (synonymized here under G. litoralis), so G. flavus should belong to the subgenus G. (Lymaenon). Based on the unique and distinctive morphological features mentioned in the original description, I consider G. flavus to be conspecific with G. aureus as some small specimens of the latter are known to lack mps on F 5 and / or F 6 of the female antenna and in that case F 6 may be slightly shorter than F 5, F 7, or F 8: Soyka (1950) indicated that in G. flavus mps are present only on F 7 and F 8 and the clava, and the proportions of its antennal segments fit those of such G. aureus very well. In two females of G. aureus from the United Arab Emirates F 6 lack mps (except on one antenna in one specimen) and are a little shorter than F 5 or F 7 (Fig. 69); these fit well the original description of G. flavus and are from an arid environment very similar to that of its type locality. The narrow fore wing (nearly 5 × as long as wide) with long marginal setae (more than 0.5 × the greatest fore wing width according to the original description), the light yellowish brown body color, and the short ovipositor in G. flavus also indicate to its conspecificity with G. aureus: it simply cannot be any other Palaearctic species of G. (Lymaenon). Since G. flavus Soyka, 1950 is a junior homonym of G. flavus Foerster, 1841, a synonym of G. pictus, a replacement name G. vopros Triapitsyn, nom. n. is given here for Soyka’s species. Etymology: vopros (a noun in apposition) stands for a question in Russian. In one aberrant female specimen from Mudigere, Karnataka, India, the antennal clava bears 8 mps whereas in the other three females captured in the course of the same collecting event, that number is 6 as it is normal for the species. In another aberrant female from Palermo, Italy, the clava bears 7 mps.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E512FF9368CC0EB11EDA59EC.taxon	discussion	According to Huffaker et al. (1954), J. K. Holloway made 20 shipments of Circulifer tenellus (Baker) “ parasite material ” to the University of California, Berkeley, quarantine laboratory from Spain and French Morocco (now Morocco) in 1953. During 1953 releases were made in California only of Lymaenon spp. “ A ” and “ B ”, which had been both originally collected in Spain. Huffaker also searched for natural enemies of C. tenellus in French Morocco and other countries in North Africa in 1954 (Huffaker et al. 1954). Unfortunately, voucher specimens from Huffaker’s collecting were poorly labeled, and releases and possible establishment of the Mymaridae, which included Lymaenon spp. “ A ” and “ B ” (identified by R. L. Doutt and B. D. Burks) and a Polynema sp. “ A ” from French Morocco, were not properly documented.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E50BFF9C68CC09791CA9583C.taxon	description	(Figs 78 – 80)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E50BFF9C68CC09791CA9583C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide: TURKMENISTAN. AHAL, Babadurmaz, 37 ° 38 ’ 50 ’’ N 59 ° 09 ’ 24 ’’ E, 195 m, 18 – 20. vi. 1997, V. V. Berezovskiy, MT in backyard orchard [UCRC ENT 294204].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E50BFF9C68CC09791CA9583C.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head and mesosoma dark brown, gaster yellow anteriorly and brown posteriorly; antenna brown, legs mostly light brown to brown except coxae dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 78) with radicle 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.2 × as long as wide, faintly sculptured; pedicel longer than F 1 (the shortest funicle segment); F 3 as long as F 5, both longer than respective following and preceding funicle segments; mps on F 4 (1 or 2), F 5 (2), F 6 (2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps (2 subbasal, 2 more or less in the middle, and 4 subapical), 3.6 × as long as wide, longer than combined length of F 7 and F 8. Mesosoma. Propodeum (Fig. 79) with submedian lines rather close to each other. Fore wing (Fig. 80) 3.2 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.23 × maximum wing width; disc with a brownish tinge throughout, bare behind submarginal vein and setose elsewhere although sparsely between marginal vein and cubital row of setae. Hind wing (Fig. 80) 22 × as long as wide; disc rather densely setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 2.5 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 79). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.9 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying entire length of gaster, slightly exserted beyond its apex (by 0.06 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.8: 1. Measurements (µm). Body 1218; mesosoma 437; petiole 30; gaster 578; ovipositor 603. Antenna: radicle 61; rest of scape 140; pedicel 61; F 1 32; F 2 55; F 3 73; F 4 69; F 5 73; F 6 69; F 7 65; F 8 56; clava 176. Fore wing 1015: 314; longest marginal seta 73. Hind wing 794: 36; longest marginal seta 91. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E50BFF9C68CC09791CA9583C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus berezovskiyi resembles no other Palaearctic species of G. (Lymaenon) and can be recognized by the female antenna (Fig. 78) with F 3 – F 7 much longer than wide and F 4 – F 8 with mps, and 8 mps on the clava (2 of them subbasal). It differs from G. beshbarmak, which has a similar body coloration in the female and chaetotaxy of the fore wing, in bearing mps on F 4 of the female antenna and a different arrangement of mps on the clava (mps lacking on F 4 and no subbasal mps on the clava in G. beshbarmak). From G. africanus, which also has 8 mps on the clava and rarely may have a mps on F 4 of the female antenna, G. berezovskiyi differs by the entirely dark brown coloration of the mesosoma, a different arrangement of mps on the clava, and by a relatively much longer ovipositor which occupies the entire length of gaster (the mesosoma is partially yellow to brown and dark brown, there are no sabbasal mps on the clava, and the ovipositor is occupying at most 0.8 × length of gaster in G. africanus).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E50BFF9C68CC09791CA9583C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after Vladimir Vasilievich Berezovskiy (UCRC), the collector of this species, an enthusiastic mymarid taxonomist, and an outstanding preparator who over the years has made thousands of excellent microscopic slides of various Mymaridae and other groups of parasitic Hymenoptera. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E505FF9F68CC0B9C1CA958A7.taxon	description	(Figs 81 – 87)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E505FF9F68CC0B9C1CA958A7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide: KYRGYZSTAN. DZHALAL-ABAD, Teke-Uyuk Ravine, 41 ° 29 ’ 12 ’’ N 74 ° 35 ’ 50 ’’ E, 1850 m, 30. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich, sweeping [UCRC ENT 294203]. Paratypes: KYRGYZSTAN. Same data as holotype [1 3 on slide, UCRC]. ISSYK-KUL, S Shore of Lake Issyk-kul, 10 km E of Kadzhi-Saj, 42 ° 10 ’ 33 ’’ N, 77 ° 18 ’ 55 ’’ E, 1675 m, C. H. Dietrich: 2 – 6. vii. 1999, MT [1 Ƥ on card, UCRC]; 5. vii. 1999, vacuum [3 Ƥ on slides, INHS, UCRC, ZIN, and 4 Ƥ on points, CNCI (1), INHS (1), UCRC (2)].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E505FF9F68CC0B9C1CA958A7.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 925 – 990 µm (dry-mounted paratypes). Head and mesosoma mostly dark brown, with a few yellow spots on mesosoma; gaster yellow (anterior half or so) and brown (posterior half or so); antenna brown, legs mostly brown to dark brown but with some yellow and light brown. Antenna (Fig. 81) with radicle 0.35 – 0.38 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.1 – 3.5 × as long as wide, with faint cross-ridges; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 about as long as F 2 and notably shorter than following funicle segments; F 5 and F 6 subequal in length, longer than F 3 or F 4 and slightly longer than F 7 or F 8; mps on F 5 (usually 2, occasionally 1), F 6 (2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 3.1 – 3.4 × as long as wide, a little longer than combined length of F 7 and F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 82). Propodeum with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 83) 2.7 – 2.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.21 – 0.29 × maximum wing width; disc with a faint brownish tinge throughout, bare behind submarginal vein and setose elsewhere although relatively more sparsely behind marginal vein. Hind wing (Fig. 84) 17 – 20 × as long as wide; disc rather densely setose apically, almost hyaline; longest marginal seta 2.1 – 2.9 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 82). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.8 – 1.9 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.8 – 0.9 × length of gaster, at most barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.7 – 1.8: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 406; petiole 30; gaster 566; ovipositor 517. Antenna: radicle 73; rest of scape 136; pedicel 61; F 1 30; F 2 30; F 3 42; F 4 54; F 5 67; F 6 67; F 7 65; F 8 60; clava 164. Fore wing 1027: 378; longest marginal seta 79. Hind wing 812: 47; longest marginal seta 100. MALE. Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Gaster entirely brown. Antenna (Fig. 85) with scape minus radicle 1.85 × as long as wide, with inner surface more notably sculptured. Fore wing (Fig. 86) 2.9 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 87.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E505FF9F68CC0B9C1CA958A7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus beshbarmak is somewhat similar to the European species G. vidanoi (Viggiani & Jesu) but its female differs from that of the latter in having only 8 (rather than 10 as in G. vidanoi) mps on the clava, and also by the fore wing at most 2.7 × as long as wide (fore wing is about 3.3 × as long as wide in G. vidanoi). Also see the diagnosis of G. berezovskiyi.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E505FF9F68CC0B9C1CA958A7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) is that of a popular dish in Kyrgyzstan. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	description	(Figs 88 – 90)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [BMNH] (not examined). Type locality: Srirangapatna (or Srirangapattana) [spelled as Srirangapatnum in the original description] (near Mysore), Mandya District, Karnataka, India.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA. BEIJING: Beijing (Haidian District), Fragrant Hills Park (Xiangshan Park), 23 – 24. vii. 2002, M. L. Buffington [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mentougou District: Liyan Ling (Linshan Mts.), 40 ° 00.279 ’ N 115 ° 30.753 ’ E, 1749 m, 2. viii. 2002, G. Melika [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.220 ’ N 115 ° 31.479 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [10 Ƥ, CNCI (1), UCRC (8), ZIN (1)]. Extralimital records. INDIA. KARNATAKA, Mudigere, 13 ° 07 ’ 09 ’’ N 75 ° 37 ’ 41 ’’ E, 994 m, 26. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. [NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF] DELHI, New Delhi, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, 28 ° 37 ’ 51 ’’ N 77 ° 09 ’ 50 ’’ E, 220 m, 5. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. PAKISTAN. PUNJAB, Faisalabad, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Horticulture Fruit Garden, 31 ° 25.844 ’ N 73 ° 03.665 ’ E, 184 m, 15 – 26. iii. 2011, M. S. Hoddle, citrus orchard [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC *: China *. ORIENTAL: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995), and Pakistan *.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (specimens from China). Body length 880 – 980 µm (slide-mounted specimens). Head and mesosoma brown to dark brown, gaster and appendages mostly brown except base of gaster, scape, pedicel, and tarsi light brown. Antenna (Fig. 88) with radicle 0.33 – 0.35 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.8 – 3.3 × as long as wide, faintly scuptured; pedicel much longer than F 1; F 1 – F 4 short, subequal in length (F 2 the shortest funicle segment) and a little shorter than F 5 or F 6, F 1 – F 6 notably shorter than F 7 or F 8, F 7 the longest and F 8 the broadest among funicle segments; mps on F 7 (2) and F 8 (2); clava normally with 9 mps but sometimes possibly with only 8 mps, 2.7 – 3.5 × as long as wide, from slightly shorter to slightly longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 89). Propodeum with submedian lines moderately apart from each other. Fore wing (Fig. 90) 3.0 – 3.2 × as long as wide; hypochaeta notably closer to distal macrochaeta than to proximal macrochaeta; longest marginal seta 0.35 – 0.4 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge, bare behind submarginal vein, with a large, distinct bare area between marginal vein and cubital row of setae, and setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 90) 16 – 18 × as long as wide; disc unevenly setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 2.3 – 2.8 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 89). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.7 – 2.0 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not or just slightly exserted beyond its apex (by at most 0.07 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.5 – 1.7: 1. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus bicoloriventris is similar to the western Palaearctic species G. thyrides (Debauche), from which it differs by the relatively shorter F 1 – F 6 of the female antenna (Fig. 88), and also in having normally 9 mps on the clava (sometimes possibly only 8), whereas in G. thyrides the clava bears 10 mps. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E507FF9968CC0FBA1CFC5AD4.taxon	discussion	Comments. Zeya & Hayat (1995) counted only 6 mps on the female clava; however, in the slide-mounted female specimen from Mudigere that I examined the number of mps on the clava is clearly 9 as in the specimens from China. According to the original description ,, the fore wing in the type series is at most 3 × as long as wide (longest marginal seta 0.24 – 0.28 × maximum wing width) whereas in the examined specimens from China the fore wing is at least 3.0 × as long as wide (longest marginal seta 0.35 – 0.4 × maximum wing width). I regard such minor differences as intraspecific variation, also because the longest marginal seta is 0.32 × maximum wing width in the non-type specimen of G. bicoloriventris from Mudigere. Also, in the specimen from Pakistan the ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio is 1.9: 1.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E501FF9B68CC08BA1CD95BF4.taxon	description	(Figs 91 – 94)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E501FF9B68CC08BA1CD95BF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Étang du Merisier, Tervuren, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Reinstated as a valid species from previous synonymy under Gonatocerus litoralis (Haliday) by Matthews 1986: 223. Stat. rev.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E501FF9B68CC08BA1CD95BF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype female of Lymaenon cunctator Mathot [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 91) labeled: 1. “ Université de Louvain LAB. ENTOMOLOGIE Tervueren [sic] 18. VIII. 45 no 288 Etang du Merisier ”; 2. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon cunctator Ƥ Type. Deb. ”. The holotype (Fig. 94) is in rather poor condition, uncleared, lacking one of the fore wings, and mounted laterally.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E501FF9B68CC08BA1CD95BF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Belgium, and Bulgaria (Donev 1987, 1988 d).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E501FF9B68CC08BA1CD95BF4.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Body (Fig. 94) mostly brown except gaster light brown (basally) to brownish (apical terga), appendages light brown to brown. Antenna (Figs 92, 94) with radicle 0.35 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.7 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 a little longer than F 2, almost as long as F 3 and slightly shorter than F 4, F 5 as long as F 8 and slightly longer than F 6, F 7 the longest funicle segment; mps on F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava 3.2 × as long as wide, almost as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8, with at least 8 mps. Fore wing (Figs 93, 94) 4.4 × as long as wide; disc hyaline, sparsely setose between marginal vein and cubital row of setae apparently leaving a small, indistinct bare area (the area is somewhat obscured by the hind wing) and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Figs 93, 94) 27 × as long as wide, disc hyaline. Metasoma (Fig. 94) longer than mesosoma. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor 1.2 × length of mesotibia. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Body: 830; head: 154; mesosoma 283; gaster 412; ovipositor 288. Antenna: radicle 48; rest of scape 91; pedicel 48; F 1 26; F 2 21; F 3 27; F 4 30; F 5 36; F 6 33; F 7 41; F 8 36; clava 45. Fore wing 738: 169. Hind wing 560: 21. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E501FF9B68CC08BA1CD95BF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus cunctator, known to me only from the female holotype (Fig. 94), is characterized by its antenna (Fig. 92) with F 5, F 6, and F 8 shorter than F 7, mps only on F 7 and F 8, and also by the narrow fore wing with sparse setae between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae apparently leaving a small, indistinct bare area (Fig. 93). I hesitantly disagree with Matthews (1986), who synonymized it with G. litoralis, because such a combination of features does not fit the latter species even if it were treated in the broad sense. Gonatocerus cunctator is rather superficially more similar to G. aureus which however has the female antenna (Figs 67 – 69, 72) with the clava bearing 6 mps, and F 5 – F 8 more or less subequal in length (F 6 or both F 5 and F 6 sometimes lack mps on one or both antennae in small specimens), and whose fore wing disc is more evenly setose between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (Figs 71, 74). Therefore, I am rather reluctantly reinstating G. cunctator as a valid, tentatively definable species until fresh and well prepared specimens that match the holotype become available for study. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E503FFE468CC0F011CA95C53.taxon	description	(Figs 95 – 98)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E503FFE468CC0F011CA95C53.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZMUC] on slide (Fig. 95) originally labeled: 1. [in India ink on the glass] “ MAGLEBY STRAND AMAGER J. P Kryger ”; 2. [in pencil] “ LYMAENON ”. The type locality seems to be Magleby, Amager Island, Hovedstaden, Denmark although is not clear if that was in Amager Strandpark (more likely since “ strand ” means “ beach ” however there is no location named “ Magleby Strand ” on Amager Island) or Store Magleby (a village South of Copenhagen Airport on Amager Island but there is no beach there). There is also a Magleby Strand, but this is in southern Zealand Island, well away from Amager Island (Lars B. Vilhelmsen, personal communication). The holotype is in fair condition although not sufficiently cleared, well spread out, mounted dorsoventrally.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E503FFE468CC0F011CA95C53.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head dark brown, the rest of body brown; scape and pedicel mostly light brown, flagellum brown; legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Fig. 96) with radicle about 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape slightly striate; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 4 gradually increasing in length, F 5 – F 7 subequal in length, longer than preceding segments and a little longer than F 8; mps on F 6 (2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (at least 2, possibly 3); clava apparently with 8 mps, short (2.9 × as long as wide), shorter than combined length of F 7 and F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 97). Propodeum with submedian lines rather wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 98) 4.0 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.3 × maximum wing width; disc almost hyaline, bare behind submarginal vein, sparsely setose between marginal vein and cubital row of setae thus leaving a small bare area, and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 98) 25.5 × as long as wide; disc with a row of setae along each margin and additional setae at apex, mostly hyaline but slightly infumate apically; longest marginal seta about 2.7 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 97). Gaster very long, much longer than mesosoma. Petiole strap-like, much wider than long. Ovipositor occupying entire length of gaster, exserted beyond its apex by 0.1 × own length; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 2.9: 1. Measurements (µm). Body 1550; head 172; mesosoma 375; gaster 1000; ovipositor 1105. Antenna: radicle 75; rest of scape 166; pedicel 60; F 1 37; F 2 46; F 3 61; F 4 73; F 5 91; F 6 91; F 7 90; F 8 79; clava 148. Fore wing 1292: 323; longest marginal seta 100. Hind wing 996: 39; longest marginal seta 106. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E503FFE468CC0F011CA95C53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus kalika is a large, distinctive species characterized by the combination of long funicle segments and short clava (Fig. 96), a narrow fore wing (Fig. 98), and a very long gaster (Fig. 97). It is most similar to G. novickyi Soyka but differs by the presence of a small bare area on the fore wing disc between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (discal setae originate behind base of marginal vein, Fig. 98), and a relatively shorter clava relative to the length of funicle segments (clava shorter than combined length of F 7 and F 8 and apparently bearing 8 mps), whereas in G. novickyi the clava is longer than the combined length of F 7 and F 8 and bears 10 mps, the discal setae on the fore wing originate behind the apex of the submarginal vein, and the area between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae is densely setose (Fig. 175). Gonatocerus kalika differs from G. acuminatus by its much narrower fore wing, 4.0 × as long as wide in the former compared to at most 2.9 × as long as wide in the latter (Fig. 54).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E503FFE468CC0F011CA95C53.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) stands for a wanderer in Russian folk tales. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57CFFE668CC0BE11CA95937.taxon	description	(Figs 99 – 102)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57CFFE668CC0BE11CA95937.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide: ITALY. LAZIO, Roma Prov., Castelporziano Presidential Estate, Fosso di Trafusina, 41 ° 46.670 ’ N 12 ° 24.751 ’ E, 30 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto, YPT (marsh, riparian habitat) [UCRC ENT 294202]. Paratype: TURKMENISTAN. AHAL, Central Kopet Dag Mts., Chuli Canyon, 11. vi. 1992, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57CFFE668CC0BE11CA95937.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length (paratype) 910 µm. Head and appendages mostly brown except lateral and posterior edges of midlobe of mesoscutum and four basal segments of all tarsi light brown. Antenna (Fig. 99) with radicle 0.27 – 0.32 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.8 – 3.1 × as long as wide, faintly sculptured; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 and F 2 shorter than following funicle segments, F 7 and F 8 subequal and longer and broader than preceding funicle segments; F 1 – F 6 without mps, mps on F 7 (1 or 2) and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps (but with 9 mps on one antenna in the holotype), 2.8 – 3.6 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 100). Propodeum with submedian lines moderately close to each other. Fore wing (Fig. 101) 2.8 – 2.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.29 – 0.32 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge, completely bare behind submarginal vein, with just a few setae behind the middle and apex of marginal vein (cubital row of setae not evident, not extending to base of marginal vein, thus leaving a bare area behind base of marginal vein), and densely setose elsewhere except for a very small, narrow bare area just beyond stigmal vein. Hind wing (Fig. 102) 13 – 14 × as long as wide; disc densely setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta about 1.9 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 100). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole about 2.7 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.3 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 375; petiole 25; gaster 467; ovipositor 357. Antenna: radicle 45; rest of scape 121; pedicel 58; F 1 27; F 2 27; F 3 35; F 4 33; F 5 42; F 6 39; F 7 52; F 8 51; clava 142. Fore wing 867: 314; longest marginal seta 90. Hind wing 707: 52; longest marginal seta 100. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57CFFE668CC0BE11CA95937.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus karakum is the only known Palaearctic species of the subgenus that has the fore wing with the cubital row of setae not extending to the base of the marginal vein (Fig. 101).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57CFFE668CC0BE11CA95937.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) is that of Karakum Desert which occupies much of the area of Turkmenistan. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57EFFE768CC0ECA1CA95DDA.taxon	description	(Figs 103 – 105)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57EFFE768CC0ECA1CA95DDA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide: CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.220 ’ N 115 ° 31.479 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [UCRC ENT 294199]. Paratypes: CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District: Liyan Ling (Linshan Mts.), 40 ° 00.279 ’ N 115 ° 30.753 ’ E, 1749 m, 2. viii. 2002, G. Melika (sweeping alpine meadows) [3 Ƥ on slides, UCRC]. Same data as holotype [9 Ƥ on slides, CNCI (1), UCRC (7), ZIN (1)]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong, Seoul National University, 15. ix. 2001, J. - W. Kim [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]. RUSSIA. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Achikulak, V. V. Kostjukov: 19. viii. 2002 [2 Ƥ, 1 3 on slides, UCRC]; 18. viii. 2003 [4 Ƥ, 4 3 on points, UCRC (2 Ƥ, 2 3), ZIN (2 Ƥ, 2 3)]. Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 7. ix. 2002 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 13. vii. 2003 [2 Ƥ on points, UCRC, ZIN, and 1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57EFFE768CC0ECA1CA95DDA.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 450 – 650 µm (point-mounted specimens) or 600 – 800 µm (slidemounted specimens). Head and mesosoma brown to dark brown, gaster and appendages mostly brown except base of gaster a little lighter (light brown). Antenna (Fig. 103) with radicle 0.3 – 0.36 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.9 – 3.3 × as long as wide, faintly sculptured; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 4 subequal in length and a little shorter than following funicle segments, F 8 the longest and broadest funicle segment and incised apically; mps on F 7 (usually 0, occasionally 1 on one or both antennae) and F 8 (2); clava with 7 or 8 mps, 3.1 – 3.7 × as long as wide, longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8 (sometimes about as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8). Mesosoma (Fig. 104). Propodeum with submedian lines rather close to each other anteriorly but very wide posteriorly. Fore wing (Fig. 105) 3.1 – 3.8 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.51 – 0.58 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge, mostly bare behind submarginal vein except for a few setae behind its apex and setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 105) 22 – 24 × as long as wide; disc about as wide as or a little wider subapically than just beyond hamuli, setose, and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 3.6 – 4.2 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 104). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.4 – 1.8 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.6 – 0.7 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.3 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Body 787; mesosoma 277; petiole 18; gaster 356; ovipositor 242. Antenna: radicle 43; rest of scape 98; pedicel 48; F 1 18; F 2 18; F 3 21; F 4 22; F 5 30; F 6 32; F 7 32; F 8 37; clava 129. Fore wing 633: 183; longest marginal seta 94. Hind wing 500: 22; longest marginal seta 79. MALE. Body length (dry-mounted paratypes) 450 – 650 µm. Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the longest marginal seta about 0.64 × maximum wing width (in only one slide-mounted specimen measured).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57EFFE768CC0ECA1CA95DDA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus karlik is very similar to G. kazak, from which it differs by usually lacking mps on F 7 of the female antenna, the relatively shorter F 1 – F 4 (Fig. 103), and especially by the consistently relatively longer marginal setae on the fore wing (the longest such seta is at least 0.5 × the maximum wing width). In G. kazak F 7 always bears 1 or 2 mps, F 1 – F 4 are relatively longer (Fig. 113), and the marginal setae on the fore wing are consistently relatively shorter (the longest such seta is at most 0.34 × the maximum wing width). Gonatocerus karlik differs from that of the similarly looking Nearctic species G. (Lymaenon) pygmaeus Girault in having F 3 subequal in length to F 1, F 2, and F 4, and also in lacking a distinct bare area on the fore wing disc behind the marginal vein anterior to the cubital row of setae, whereas in the latter F 3 is longer than F 1, F 2, or F 4, and the fore wing disc has a distinct bare area behind the marginal vein anterior to the cubital row of setae.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57EFFE768CC0ECA1CA95DDA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (a noun in apposition) stands for a dwarf in Russian; the species is named so because of its relatively minute size. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E578FFE168CC0DD11CF85DF5.taxon	description	(Figs 106 – 112)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E578FFE168CC0DD11CF85DF5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 10 – 14. vi. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya, MT. Paratypes: REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong, Yeogisan, 7 x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [2 Ƥ on points and 2 Ƥ on slides, UCRC]. RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 27 – 29. v. 1999 [2 Ƥ on points, UCRC]; 31. v – 2. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 6. vi. 1999 [2 Ƥ on points, CNCI, UCRC]; 5 – 11. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point and 1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 8. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 10 – 14. vi. 1999 [2 Ƥ on points, UCRC, ZIN]; 26 – 28. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, 1 3 on slides, UCRC]; 29 – 30. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, CNCI]; 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [1 3 on slide, UCRC]; viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ on slides, IBPV, UCRC]; 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 6 – 14. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 11 – 21. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ on card, IBPV, and 1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 22 – 30. vi. 2000 [1 3 on slide, UCRC]; 11 – 20. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 2 – 4. x. 2000 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 17. viii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, 1 3 on slides, UCRC]; 10 – 20. v. 2002 [1 3 on slide, UCRC]; 1 – 10. vi. 2002 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 12 – 15. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E578FFE168CC0DD11CF85DF5.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 860 – 1220 µm (dry-mounted paratypes). Head and mesosoma black, gaster mostly dark brown; scape and pedicel brown, flagellum brown to dark brown except F 1 sometimes a little lighter, legs mostly brown to dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 106) with radicle 0.32 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.0 – 3.3 × as long as wide, weakly sculptured; pedicel much longer than F 1; F 1 and F 2 shorter than following funicle segments, F 4 from about as long as to notably longer than F 3, F 5 – F 8 more or less subequal in length and longer than F 1 – F 4; mps on F 4 (almost always 0, rarely 1 on one antenna), F 5 (usually 2, occasionally 3 on one antenna), F 6 (usually 2, occasionally 3, or, rarely, 1 on one antenna in small specimens), F 7 (usually 2, sometimes 3), and F 8 (usually 3 or 4 but sometimes 2 in small specimens or 5 in large specimens); clava usually with 11 or 12 mps but sometimes with only 10 mps in small specimens, 2.9 – 3.5 × as long as wide, at least slightly shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 108). Propodeum (Fig. 107) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 109) 2.7 – 3.1 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.23 – 0.26 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge (often almost hyaline), bare behind submarginal vein and densely setose elsewhere except with a usually large and distinct bare area between marginal vein and cubital row of setae (a row of setae always present next to marginal vein and occasionally additional, sparse setae also present behind marginal vein so that the bare area sometimes less distinct). Hind wing 16 – 20 × as long as wide; disc rather sparsely setose and almost hyaline; longest marginal seta 2.1 – 2.5 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 108). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.9 – 2.5 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.9 × length of gaster, barely exserted beyond its apex (by at most 0.07 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio usually 1.5 – 1.7: 1 but rarely about 2.0: 1 in a few specimens. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 510; petiole 27; gaster 615; ovipositor 523. Antenna: radicle 73; rest of scape 158; pedicel 61; F 1 33; F 2 37; F 3 45; F 4 47; F 5 80; F 6 73; F 7 82; F 8 82; clava 215. Fore wing 1169: 437; longest marginal seta 103. Hind wing 959: 60; longest marginal seta 128. MALE. Body length 960 – 1155 µm (dry-mounted specimens before slide-mounting). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Head and mesosoma black, gaster dark brown to black, antenna brown, legs mostly brown to dark brown. Antenna as in Fig. 110, scape with cross-ridges. Wings (Fig. 111) hyaline; fore wing 2.6 – 3.0 × (usually 2.7 – 2.8 ×) as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 112.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E578FFE168CC0DD11CF85DF5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus katraps does not resemble any European species of G. (Lymaenon) except perhaps G. acuminatus which has a much longer, distinctly exserted ovipositor. It is somewhat similar to G. (Lymaenon) bakrotus Mani & Saraswat from high elevation in northern India (Mani & Saraswat 1973), and to the lesser extent, also to G. (Lymaenon) narayani (Subba Rao & Kaur) from Bangladesh, India, and Thailand (Zeya & Hayat 1995; Zeya & Khan 2011). Gonatocerus katraps differs from G. bakrotus in having a distinct bare area on the fore wing disc between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (Figs 109, 111), and from G. narayani by the much darker body color.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E578FFE168CC0DD11CF85DF5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is an arbitrary combination of letters treated as a noun in apposition. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E578FFE168CC0DD11CF85DF5.taxon	discussion	Comments. The following two small female specimens most likely belong to G. katraps but are not included in the paratype series because they have relatively shorter F 5 – F 8 of the antenna, a narrower fore wing (3.3 – 3.45 × as long as wide), and a relatively shorter ovipositor (1.3 – 1.4 × as long as mesotibia) than the typical G. katraps: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 10 – 14. vi. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya [2 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57AFFED68CC0A1F1C835BAC.taxon	description	(Figs 113 – 115) Lymaenon “ A ”: Huffaker et al. 1954: 786 – 788 (host association, imported from Spain, mass-reared in California and released in the western USA, see “ Comments ” to G. litoralis).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57AFFED68CC0A1F1C835BAC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, 31. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [UCRC ENT 263623]. The holotype lacks 1 fore leg and a pair of wings. Paratypes: same location and collector as the holotype: 16 – 17. viii. 2001 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 31. viii. 2003 [2 Ƥ on slides, CNCI, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Prietokskiy, 12. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]. Material examined. SPAIN. CÁDIZ, El Puerto de Santa María, 19. viii. 1952, J. K. Holloway (on Heliotropium europaeum [as “ Ex Heliotrope ”], Holloway’s “ No. 9 - 4 ”, University of California, Berkeley (UCB) quarantine (Albany, California, USA) SR No. 52 - 29, received 25. viii. 1952) [2 Ƥ, 4 3, EMEC]. These specimens, identified by R. L. Doutt as Lymaenon “ A ”, are uncleared and poorly mounted in gum Damar (Damar balsam medium) under the same coverslip on a slide and therefore are not included in the paratype series. Four females [EMEC] on 2 slides labeled: “ Spain. Aug. 1952. Emerged in Quarantine, Albany, Calif. Ex various plants. Used in rearing tests on beet leafhopper. J. K. Holloway. ” are also excluded from the type series. Other records. USA. CALIFORNIA, Alameda Co., Albany, UCB insectary / quarantine: 7. i. 1953, G. L. Finney (insectary culture of Lymaenon “ A ” from eggs of Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) [as Circulifer tenellus (Baker)] on sugar beet) [23 Ƥ, EMEC]; 31. vii. 1953 (“ Lymaenon “ A ” 1 st generation on C. tenellus ”) [3 Ƥ, EMEC]; 31. vii. 1953 (“ Lymaenon “ A ” Insectary stock ”) [2 Ƥ, EMEC]; 27. i. 1954, G. L. Finney (insectary culture of Lymaenon “ A ” from eggs of N. tenellus on sugar beet) [31 Ƥ, 2 3, EMEC]; originally from: SPAIN. [According to the unpublished quarantine records at UCB (Kent M. Daane, personal communication), the originators of the successfully established colonies of Lymaenon sp. “ A ” and “ B ” (Huffaker et al. 1954) were collected by J. K. Holloway in Spain likely in various localities during 1952 and 1953 (the host was N. tenellus on various plant material) and received in UCB quarantine under several Shipper / Receiver (SR) numbers, but the exact localities and collecting dates for the original stocks of these colonies are now impossible to figure out].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57AFFED68CC0A1F1C835BAC.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (type material only). Body length (dry-mounted paratypes measured before being slide-mounted) about 700 µm. Head and mesosoma brown to dark brown, gaster and appendages mostly brown. Antenna (Fig. 113) with radicle 0.31 – 0.33 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.2 – 3.4 × as long as wide, faintly sculptured; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1, F 2 and F 4 subequal in length and a little shorter than other funicle segments, F 8 usually the longest and broadest funicle segment (subequal to F 7 when the latter bears 2 mps); mps on F 6 (usually 0, rarely 1 on one antenna), F 7 (usually 1, sometimes 2) and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 2.7 – 3.3 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8 or a little shorter when F 7 bears 2 mps. Mesosoma (Fig. 114). Propodeum with submedian lines rather close to each other. Fore wing (Fig. 115) 3.2 – 3.3 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.29 – 0.34 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge, mostly bare behind submarginal vein except behind its apex and setose elsewhere although somewhat a little sparser between marginal vein and cubital row of setae. Hind wing (Fig. 115) 20 – 21 × as long as wide; disc unevenly setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 2.5 – 2.8 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 114). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole about 2 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying about 0.7 × length of gaster, not or at most barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.2 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Body 769; mesosoma 264; petiole 21; gaster 351; ovipositor 264. Antenna: radicle 43; rest of scape 94; pedicel 45; F 1 25; F 2 24; F 3 30; F 4 26; F 5 32; F 6 33; F 7 36; F 8 39; clava 118. Fore wing 702: 215; longest marginal seta 73. Hind wing 561: 27; longest marginal seta 76. MALE (non-type specimens from El Puerto de Santa María, Spain). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features such as antenna and genitalia; fore wing 2.9 – 3.0 × as long as wide. Also known as voucher specimens of Lymaenon “ A ” from the culture in California, USA of Spain origin (Huffaker et al. 1954).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57AFFED68CC0A1F1C835BAC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus kazak is similar to G. thyrides and specimens of G. litoralis that lack mps on F 5 of the female antenna. Gonatocerus kazak differs from both by having only 8 mps on the clava (10 mps in the latter two species). See also the diagnosis of G. karlik.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57AFFED68CC0A1F1C835BAC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) is that of a cossack (“ kazak ” in Russian). Kuban cossacks live in the Krasnodar region (Krasnodarskiy kray) of Russia where most of specimens of the type series of this new species were collected. Host. Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) [as Circulifer tenellus (Baker)] (Cicadellidae) (Huffaker et al. 1954) [as Lymaenon “ A ”].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E57AFFED68CC0A1F1C835BAC.taxon	discussion	Comments. Specimens from one R. L. Doutt's slide containing 7 females and 1 male were soaked off in absolute ethanol, cleared in 10 % KOH, and remounted onto individual slides thus making possible to count mps on the clava (8 in all the specimens); they are also identical in every other regard to the specimens of the type series of G. kazak. According to Clausen (1978), 127,810 individuals of Gonatocerus “ A ” originating from Spain were released in the beet-growing areas of California during 1953 – 1955 and its field recoveries were made during the latter part of the season of release, but they apparently did not persist, and thus the species did not become established there (see also “ Comments ” to G. litoralis). The following specimens also may possibly belong to this species: EGYPT. GIZA, Giza,? v. 1954, C. B. Huffaker, “ on Chenopodium sp. at Pyramids ”, emerged 4. vi. 1954 at UCB quarantine (Albany, California, USA, SR # 54 - 17), presumed host N. tenellus [1 Ƥ, EMEC]. USA. CALIFORNIA, Alameda Co., Albany, University of California, Berkeley (UCB) quarantine laboratory (progeny on N. tenellus eggs on sugar beet): 4. vi. 1954 (“ Lymaenon “ Y ” progeny on C. tenellus 54 - 11 Yachech to insectary 6 / 4 / 54 ”) [10 Ƥ, 6 3, EMEC]; 22. vi. 1954, J. Nakata (Lymaenon “ Y ”) [11 Ƥ, 4 3, EMEC] – originally from: MOROCCO. SOUSS-MASSA-DRAÂ, Agadir, Yachech [according to the unpublished quarantine records at UCB, SR No. 54 - 11 referred to the material reared by C. B. Huffaker from eggs of C. tenellus on various plants in Agadir’s section of Yachech and received in UCB quarantine 10. v. 1954].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E576FFEF68CC0DD11CA95AD4.taxon	description	(Figs 116 – 119)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E576FFEF68CC0DD11CA95AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide: FRANCE. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, 13. viii. 1998, M. van Helden, MT [UCRC ENT 294201]. Paratype: same location and collector as holotype, 14. ix. 2000 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E576FFEF68CC0DD11CA95AD4.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head (Fig. 116) and mesosoma mostly dark brown, gaster mostly brown except light brown basally; scape and pedicel brown, flagellum dark brown, legs mostly brown or dark brown with some light brown. Antenna (Fig. 117) with radicle 0.29 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.1 × as long as wide, faintly sculptured; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 and F 2 shorter than following funicle segments, F 3 about as long as F 5 and both the longest funicle segments although only slightly longer than F 4, F 6, or F 7; mps on F 6 (0 or 1), F 7 (2) and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 3.3 × as long as wide, a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 118). Propodeum with submedian lines moderately close to each other. Fore wing (Fig. 119) 3.1 – 3.3 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.21 – 0.24 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge, mostly bare behind submarginal vein except behind its apex and setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 119) 20 × as long as wide; disc densely setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 2.5 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 118). Gaster notably longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.9 × as wide as long. Ovipositor projecting forward under petiole and extending to posterior margin of propodeum anteriorly and slightly exserted beyond gastral apex posteriorly (by 0.08 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 2.1: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 375; petiole 27; gaster 560; ovipositor 640. Antenna: radicle 58; rest of scape 140; pedicel 55; F 1 27; F 2 39; F 3 61; F 4 58; F 5 61; F 6 60; F 7 58; F 8 51; clava 155. Fore wing 1014: 333; longest marginal seta 70. Hind wing 775: 39; longest marginal seta 97. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E576FFEF68CC0DD11CA95AD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus komarik is characterized by the ovipositor projecting forward under the petiole to the posterior margin of propodeum (Fig. 118); it differs from G. kusaka, which sometimes also has this feature, in lacking mps on F 5 and in having only 2 mps on F 8, and also by the ovipositor relatively less exserted beyond the gastral apex. Among the European species of the subgenus, G. komarik is somewhat similar to G. longior Soyka from which it differs, besides the ovipositor projecting forward under the petiole, by bearing 8, rather than 10 (as in G. longior) mps on the clava. See also the diagnosis of G. kulik.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E576FFEF68CC0DD11CA95AD4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) stands for a little mosquito in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E577FFE868CC0C611CA959A4.taxon	description	(Figs 120 – 124)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E577FFE868CC0C611CA959A4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 21 – 26. viii. 2000, M. V. Michailovskaya, MT. Paratypes, same locality and collector: 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 5 – 11. viii. 1999 [3 Ƥ on points, CNCI, IBPV, UCRC]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 6 – 14. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E577FFE868CC0C611CA959A4.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 1200 – 1400 µm (dry-mounted paratypes). Head mostly yellowish except vertex variably brownish and brown around ocelli, trabeculae dark brown; scape mostly light brown with some brown, pedicel brown, flagellum dark brown; mesosoma usually mostly orange-light brown with some brown on scutellum and sometimes also on midlobe of mesoscutum; gaster mostly yellow with a light brown band on middle terga; legs mostly light brown. Antenna (Fig. 120) with radicle 0.36 – 0.4 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.3 – 3.7 × as long as wide, with faint sculpture; pedicel usually a little longer than F 1; F 1 – F 3 a little shorter than following funicle segments, F 5 the longest and F 8 the broadest among funicle segments, F 8 with an incision at apex; mps on F 4 (usually 1, occasionally 2), F 5 (2), F 6 (2 to 4), F 7 (3), and F 8 (5); clava with at least 12 mps (possibly sometimes with as many as 15 mps), 3.0 – 3.7 × as long as wide, slightly longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 121). Propodeum (Fig. 122) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 123) 2.9 – 3.2 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.2 – 0.25 × maximum wing width; disc with a faint brownish tinge (almost hyaline), bare behind submarginal vein and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 124) 20 – 23 × as long as wide; disc sparsely setose and almost hyaline; longest marginal seta 2.5 – 2.8 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 121). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.2 – 1.5 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.6 – 0.7 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio normally 1.1 – 1.2: 1 except 1.6: 1 in one paratype with a slightly darker-colored mesosoma. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 646; petiole 40; gaster 775; ovipositor 500. Antenna: radicle 136; rest of scape 202; pedicel 70; F 1 58; F 2 67; F 3 72; F 4 81; F 5 91; F 6 85; F 7 82; F 8 79; clava 282. Fore wing 1433: 449; longest marginal seta 109. Hind wing 1113: 48; longest marginal seta 136. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E577FFE868CC0C611CA959A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus krasavchik is most similar to G. ucri from which it differs by a notably lighter body color (Fig. 121) and also in bearing at least 1 mps on F 4 (F 4 without mps in G. ucri). Also, G. krasavchik differs from the Oriental species G. narayani in having F 2 and F 3 of the female antenna notably longer than wide (Fig. 120) and in bearing at least 1 mps on F 4 whereas in G. narayani F 2 and F 3 of the female antenna are quadrate to broader than long and F 4 lacks mps (Zeya & Hayat 1995).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E577FFE868CC0C611CA959A4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) means “ a handsome ” in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E570FFEA68CC0B931CA95EE8.taxon	description	(Figs 125 – 128)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E570FFEA68CC0B931CA95EE8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, viii – ix. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya, YPT. Paratypes, same locality and collector: viii – ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 10 – 15. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, CNCI]; 18 – 19. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ on slide, IBPV]; 17. viii. 2001 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 1 – 10. vi. 2002 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E570FFEA68CC0B931CA95EE8.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body mostly dark brown; scape and pedicel brown, flagellum dark brown; legs mostly brown. Antenna (Fig. 125) with radicle 0.31 – 0.35 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.8 – 3.7 × as long as wide, faintly longitudinally striate; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 3 a little shorter than F 4 and F 1 – F 4 shorter than following funicle segments, F 5 the longest among funicle segments; mps on F 5 (2), F 6 (1 or 2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2 or 3); clava usually with 9 mps but with 11 mps in one paratype, 2.5 – 3.0 × as long as wide, a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 126). Propodeum with submedian lines very wide apart posteriorly. Fore wing (Fig. 127) about 2.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.27 – 0.3 × maximum wing width; disc with a faint brownish tinge, bare behind submarginal vein except for 1 or 2 setae behind its apex, with setae sparse between marginal vein and cubital row of setae sometimes leaving a small bare area, and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 128) 16 – 19 × as long as wide; disc unevenly but rather densely setose and with a brownish tinge apically; longest marginal seta 2.3 – 2.6 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 126). Gaster longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.9 – 2.0 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying entire length of gaster, often projecting forward under petiole and extending to posterior margin of propodeum anteriorly, and exserted beyond its apex posteriorly by 0.05 – 0.11 × own length; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio normally 2.2 – 2.4: 1 but in two paratypes 2.6: 1 and 3.0: 1 respectively. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 320; petiole 29; gaster 535; ovipositor 591. Antenna: radicle 55; rest of scape 124; pedicel 50; F 1 25; F 2 29; F 3 34; F 4 42; F 5 59; F 6 55; F 7 55; F 8 52; clava 148. Fore wing 907: 314; longest marginal seta 94. Hind wing 726: 42; longest marginal seta 109. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E570FFEA68CC0B931CA95EE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus kulik differs from the following Palaearctic species of G. (Lymaenon) whose females have somewhat similar long ovipositors and general appearance: from G. komarik in bearing 2 mps on F 5 (F 5 without mps in the latter species); from G. acuminatus in having the ovipositor exserted by at most 0.11 × own length (usually significantly less) and in usually lacking a distinct or large bare area on the fore wing disc between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (the ovipositor is exserted by about 0.2 × own length and the fore wing has a large, distinct such bare area in the latter species); from G. berezovskiyi in having F 3 much shorter than F 5 and the clava with at least 9 mps (F 3 is about as long as F 5 and the clava with 8 mps in the latter species); and from G. kusaka in having the ovipositor exserted by at most 0.11 × own length, in bearing 2 or 3 mps on F 8, and in having usually setae sparse on the fore wing disc between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae sometimes leaving a small bare area (the ovipositor is exserted by at least 0.17 × own length, F 8 with 4 or 5 mps, and the fore wing disc is densely and more or less uniformly setose between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae in the latter species).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E570FFEA68CC0B931CA95EE8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. “ Kulik ” (a noun in apposition) is a common name in Russian for a sandpiper, curlew, or a snipe bird. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E572FFEB68CC08731CA95DEA.taxon	description	(Figs 129 – 131)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E572FFEB68CC08731CA95DEA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [CAS] on slide: RUSSIA. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island (SE part), near Anna River mouth, 47 ° 09.90 ’ N 143 ° 01.82 ’ E, 13. viii. 2001, D. J. Bennett.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E572FFEB68CC08731CA95DEA.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head dark brown, mesosoma mostly brown to dark brown except mesoscutum and scutellum partially light brown, gaster brown except light brown basally; scape and pedicel mostly light brown with some brown, flagellum brown, legs light brown. Antenna (Fig. 129) long, with radicle about 0.29 × total length of scape, rest of scape about 4.5 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest and F 5 the longest among funicle segments (all notably longer than wide), F 4 and F 6 a little shorter than F 5, F 8 the broadest funicle segment; mps on F 5 (1), F 6 (2), F 7 (2) and F 8 (2); clava with 10 mps, 3.4 × as long as wide, a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 130). Propodeum with submedian lines moderately close to each other. Fore wing (Fig. 131) 3.3 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta about 0.3 × maximum wing width; disc with a strong brownish tinge, mostly bare behind submarginal vein except for a few setae behind its apex and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 131) narrow, 27 × as long as wide; disc unevenly setose and with a strong brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 3.7 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 130). Gaster notably longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.8 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying about 0.9 × length of gaster, exserted strongly beyond its apex (by 0.35 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio about 2.1: 1. External plate of ovipositor with 4 distal setae, faintly sculptured in apical half. Measurements (µm). Body (total length measured before slide-mounting) 1320; head (length measured before slide-mounting) 165; mesosoma 510; petiole 36; gaster 738; ovipositor 1045. Antenna: radicle 100; rest of scape 250; pedicel 81; F 1 52; F 2 87; F 3 99; F 4 112; F 5 115; F 6 109; F 7 97; F 8 85; clava 282. Fore wing 1648: 504; longest marginal seta 150. Hind wing 1212: 45; longest marginal seta 167. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E572FFEB68CC08731CA95DEA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus kum is unique among Palaearctic species of the subgenus in having the ovipositor projecting beyond the apex of gaster by about 0.35 × own length (Fig. 130). It differs from G. novickyi, which also has a markedly exserted ovipositor (although by at most 0.22 × own length) in having a relatively wider (3.3 × as long as wide) fore wing (Fig. 131) (at least 4.2 × as long as wide in G. novickyi) and the ovipositor about 2.1 × as long as mesotibia (at least 2.6 × as long as mesotibia in G. novickyi). Gonatocerus kum differs from G. kusaka, which also has a strongly exserted ovipositor (although by at most 0.24 × own length), in having only 2 mps on F 8 (4 or 5 mps in G. kusaka).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E572FFEB68CC08731CA95DEA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) stands for a godfather of one’s child in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56CFFF568CC0A361CA95EC4.taxon	description	(Figs 132 – 135)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56CFFF568CC0A361CA95EC4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 27 – 29. v. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya, YPT. Paratypes: PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Terneyskiy rayon, Mel'nichnyi, 1 – 5. vi. 2001 M. V. Michailovskaya [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]. Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 31. v – 2. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 5 – 11. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide and 1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 10 – 14. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide and 1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 21. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 10 – 20. v. 2002 [1 Ƥ on slide, IBPV, and 4 Ƥ on points, CNCI (1), UCRC (2), ZIN (1)]; 20 – 31. v. 2002 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 1 – 10. vi. 2002 [2 Ƥ on points, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56CFFF568CC0A361CA95EC4.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 960 – 1220 µm (dry-mounted paratypes). Head and mesosoma dark brown to black, gaster brown to dark brown; antenna brown, legs mostly brown to dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 132) with radicle 0.34 – 0.36 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.8 – 3.3 × as long as wide, almost smooth (slightly longitudinally striate); pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 3 shorter than following funicle segments, F 5 and F 6 subequal in length and a little longer than F 4, F 7, or F 8; mps on F 4 (0 or 1), F 5 (2), F 6 (usually 2, rarely 3), F 7 (2), and F 8 (4 or 5); clava with 9 or 10 mps, 2.8 – 3.0 × as long as wide, a little longer than combined length of F 7 and F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 134). Propodeum (Fig. 133) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 135) 2.6 – 2.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.23 – 0.25 × maximum wing width; disc with a brownish tinge throughout, bare behind submarginal vein and setose elsewhere. Hind wing 16 – 17 × as long as wide; disc rather densely setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 1.9 – 2.3 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 134). Gaster notably longer than mesosoma. Petiole 2.7 – 3.2 × as wide as long. Ovipositor long, occupying from 0.9 × to usually entire length of gaster, markedly exserted beyond its apex (by 0.17 – 0.24 × own length) posteriorly and occasionally slightly projecting anteriorly under petiole; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 2.6 – 2.8: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 474; petiole 27; gaster 769; ovipositor 843. Antenna: radicle 72; rest of scape 133; pedicel 60; F 1 32; F 2 33; F 3 39; F 4 66; F 5 76; F 6 77; F 7 68; F 8 67; clava 179. Fore wing 1125: 424; longest marginal seta 97. Hind wing 922: 58; longest marginal seta 121. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56CFFF568CC0A361CA95EC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus kusaka is similar to G. acuminatus from which it differs by not having a bare area between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (Fig. 135). The antenna of G. kusaka often bears a mps on F 4 whereas that of G. acuminatus does not. Also see the diagnosis of G. kum.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56CFFF568CC0A361CA95EC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) means “ one that bites ” in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	description	(Figs 136 – 153)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype female [OUMNH], designated by Graham 1982: 223 – 224 (not examined). Type locality: near Holywood, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, UK.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Val Roseg, Upper Engadin, Graubünden, Switzerland. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Val Roseg, Upper Engadin, Graubünden, Switzerland. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	discussion	Originally described from the type series of 3 female and 1 male specimens, although only 1 female and 1 male, which are syntypes (the other 2 females are paratypes), were designated by Girault as “ Type ” under USNM No. 8435 (male not examined); later Girault (1911: 260) mentioned, besides the two aforementioned “ types ” of each sex (both according to him were tag-mounted), also “ 4 paratypes ” (a least two of these in fact have no type status), reared at the same time with the “ types ” (A. A. Girault deposited one of those “ paratypes ” in INHS).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Fort Valley, Peach Co., Georgia, USA. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co., Wisconsin, USA. Syn. n. Gonatocerus anthonomi Girault: Girault 1911: 256 – 257, 260 – 261 (comparison, type information, distribution, etc.), 274 (key), 324 (comment); Girault 1929: 26 (key, synonymy); Huber 1988: 31 (member of the litoralis species group). Gonatocerus americanus Brues: Girault 1911: 256 – 257, 261 (type information, diagnosis), 274 (key); Girault 1929: 27 (key); Huber 1988: 31 (member of the litoralis species group). Gonatocerus brunneus Girault 1911: 261 – 263, 274 (key).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Originally described from 2 female and 2 male specimens, which are all syntypes, although 3 females were designated as “ Types ” (2 females from Indiana on the same slide, USNM Accession No. 13,803) or “ Cotypes ” (1 female from Urbana, Illinois, on a slide, INHS Accession No. 44,237). The other specimens from Illinois mentioned (3 females, 2 males) are paratypes because they also belong to the type series. Type locality (of the lectotype designated here): an unspecified locality in Indiana, USA. Syn. n. Gonatocerus texanus Girault 1911: 270 – 271, 274 (key).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Originally described from 3 female specimens, although only 2 females were designated by Girault as “ Types ” (syntypes on a slide, USNM Accession No. 13,823). The other specimen mentioned in the original description (the same data, examined) is paratype because it belongs to the type series; it is mounted under the same coverslip with the two syntypes. Type locality: College Station, Brazos Co., Texas, USA. Synonymized under G. anthonomi Girault by Girault 1929: 26. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Gonatocerus maevius Girault 1911: 272, 273 (key) [as maevius].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female on a slide [INHS Accession No. 1692] (lost according to Huber (1988), not examined). Type locality: Normal, McLean Co., Illinois, USA. Synonymized under G. brunneus Girault by Girault 1929: 26. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Gonatocerus illinoiensis Girault 1917: 91 – 92.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Coulterville, Randolph Co., Illinois, USA. Syn. n. Gonatocerus radiculatus Ahlberg 1925: 85 – 86.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	3? syntype females [Matthews (1986) mentioned a holotype (an invalid designation) without seeing the original type material, supposedly deposited in NHRS] (not examined). Type locality: near Spånga, Sweden. Synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews 1986: 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Gonatocerus brunneus Girault: Girault 1929: 26 (key, synonymy); Huber 1988: 31 (member of the litoralis species group). Gonatocerus illinoisensis Girault: Girault 1929: 27 (key, misspelling or invalid emendation). Lymaenon effusi Bakkendorf 1934: 23 – 29.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype female [lost from ZMUC; according to John S. Noyes (personal communication), some of Bakkendorf’s type specimens of Gonatocerus were lost when they were returned to ZMUC from BMNH where they had been on loan to M. J. Matthews] (not examined), effectively designated by Matthews (1986) (Article 74.6, [ICZN] 1999) because although Bakkendorf (1934) did not designate any type material of the species described in that publication, it is apparent from it that only one female of Lymaenon effusi, which emerged 16. v. 1929 from the host eggs collected 26. xii. 1928, was available to him, and that specimen was later examined by Matthews. Type locality: Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island), Hovedstaden, Denmark. Synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews 1986: 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Lymaenon exiguus (Förster): Debauche 1948: 81 (list). Lymaenon fuscus (Förster): Debauche 1948: 81 (list). Lymaenon radiculatus (Ahlberg): Debauche 1948: 81 (list). Lymaenon paludis Debauche 1948: 91 – 93 + plate X (illustrations).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Abbaye du Parc, Heverlee (as Héverlé in the original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews 1986: 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Parc d’Arenberg (park at Kasteel van Arenberg), Heverlee (as Héverlé in the original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews 1986: 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from PPDD] (not examined). Type locality: Wadi Aideb, Gebel Elba, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [IARI] (not examined). Type locality: Delhi, India.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Ry de Grahais, Nafraiture, Vresse-sur-Semois, Namur, Belgium. Synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews 1986: 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [FMNH] (not examined). Type locality: Hauho, Finland. Synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews 1986: 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Alaptus fuscus Förster: lectotype female [NHMW], here designated to avoid confusion about the status of the type specimen (s) of this species, on slide (Fig. 136) labeled originally: 1. “ Alaptus. Ƥ fuscus m. [in black ink in A. Foerster’s handwriting] ”; 2. [in black ink, illegible but apparently] “ Rosegg Thal ”; 3. “ Först. ”; 4. “ Collect. G. Mayr ”; 5. “ Al. fuscus [in black ink in A. Foerster’s handwriting] Förster, Type]; 6. [in W. Soyka handwriting] “ (Alaptus fuscus Förster) Gonatocerus (Canada balsam) ”; 7. “ 21 ” [W. Soyka’s slide number]. The lectotype, remounted by Soyka from a minuten pin, is in poor condition, uncleared, dissected in many parts under the same coverslip: head and 1 antenna, the other antenna, mesosoma (dorsoventrally mounted) plus most of the legs and 1 fore wing and both hind wings, gaster (mounted laterally), the other fore wing, 2 tarsi. This seems to be an aberrant specimen of G. litoralis: that may be explained perhaps by an observation that mymarid specimens from high altitudes, besides being usually somewhat darker in color, sometimes show higher and weirder variation in some other morphological features than conspecific specimens from low elevation habitats. Gonatocerus exiguus Förster: lectotype male [NHMW], here designated to avoid confusion about the status of the type specimen (s) of this species, on a minuten pin labeled in black ink in A. Foerster’s handwriting: 1. “ Rosseg ”; 2. “ Gonatocerus 3 exiguus m ”; 3. “ Coll. Förster don. Mayr ”. Gonatocerus americanus Brues: lectotype female [MCPM], effectively designated (Article 74.6, [ICZN] 1999) by Girault (1911), on slide (Fig. 137) labeled: “ Milw. Public Museum Cat. No. 22256 Sp. Gonatocerus americanus Order Hymen Fam. MYMARIDAE TYPE ”. The lectotype (Fig. 138) is in poor condition, uncleared, mounted laterally, with F 5 – F 8 and clava of both antennae and one hind wing missing. The apical parts of the antennae were probably broken off at the time when A. A. Girault remounted the type specimen from a tag (Girault 1911); earlier, Brues (1907) described the antenna but did not mention presence or absence of longitudinal sensilla on the funicle segments; he did not designate any type (s). The label on the slide is glued over the earlier label; information on the original label of the tag-mounted specimen was provided by Girault (1911). Gonatocerus anthonomi Girault: lectotype female [USNM], here designated to avoid confusion about the status of the type specimens of this species, on point labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus anthonomi Girault ”; 2. “ Ƥ Type No. 8435 U. S. N. M. ”. The lectotype lacks the pedicel and flagellum of both antennae, one hind wing, and some leg segments. Gonatocerus brunneus Girault: lectotype female [USNM], here designated to avoid confusion about the status of the type specimens of this species, on slide (Fig. 141) labeled originally: 1. “ Gonatocerus brunneus Girlt Ƥ. 13803 [in pencil] Ind. Types USNM. ”; 2. [red] “ Type no. 13803 ”. The lectotype (circled in black ink) is the upper of the two original syntypes mounted under the same coverslip, the one at the bottom is the paralectotype. The lectotype is complete, mounted laterally; the paralectotype lacks pedicel and flagellum of one antenna. Gonatocerus texanus Girault: lectotype female [USNM], here designated to avoid confusion about the status of the type specimens of this species, on slide (Fig. 139) labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus texanus Girault texanus 2 Ƥ’s. Types Ƥ 13823 [in pencil] ”; 2. “ USNM. Spms. Re-mounted from tags “ College Station, Tex. Sept. Banks ”. “ Alaptus Ƥ ”. ”; 3. [red] “ Type no. 13823 ”. The lectotype (circled in black ink) is the upper left, most complete specimen of the three females mounted under the same coverslip, two of which are the original syntypes; one of the other two females (it is impossible to figure out which as both are incomplete) is the paralectotype. The lectotype is in a very poor condition, with several body parts detached. Gonatocerus illinoiensis Girault: holotype female [USNM] on slide (Fig. 140) labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus? n. sp. Beautiful when fresh + golden yellow [in pencil] Coulterville, [an illegible word, apparently a wrong locality name, crossed out], Ill. VI. 10.1911. aag. Laundry window ”; 2. [red] “ G. illinoisensis Gir. Ƥ 20631 ”. The holotype is complete but uncleared, the head is detached, and the rest of the body is mounted laterally. Lymaenon paludis Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon paludis Deb. Ƥ 1943 Type. ”; 2. “ Héverlé 28. VI. 41 – n o 142 ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, mounted laterally. Paratypes: 2 females [ISNB] on individual slides, labeled identically as the holotype except “ Para-type. ” instead of “ Type. ” on the first label. Lymaenon rhacodes Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon rhacodes Deb. Ƥ 1943 TYPE [on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”; 2. “ Héverlé 1. X. 41 – 161 6 [in pencil] ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, and mounted laterally. Gonatocerus priesneri Soyka: paratypes [both NHMW]: 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: 1. “ Gabal [sic] Elba W. Aideb 1.2.33 Lycium sp. ”, 2. “ Co-Type ”, 3. “ Ƥ Gonatocerus priesneri (Soyka) Ƥ ”, 4. “ 819 ”; 1 3 on slide labeled: 1. “ Gabal [sic] Elba W. Aideb 1.2.33 Lycium sp. ”, 2. “ Co-Type ”, 3. “ 818 ”, 4. “ Mym. 3 Gonatocerus priesneri (Soyka) 3 ”. Lymaenon arduennae Mathot: holotype female [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 142) labeled: 1. “ Université de Louvain LAB. ENTOMOLOGIE Nafraiture Ry des Grahais 9. IX. 48 no 279 ”; 2. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon arduennae Ƥ Type Deb. ”. The holotype (Fig. 143) is in fair condition although uncleared, lacking a pair of wings, and mounted laterally.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ARMENIA. SYUNIK: Lichk, 7. vi. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin [2 Ƥ, ZIN]. Megri, V. A. Trjapitzin: 9. vi. 1953 (on tamarisk) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]; 9. vi. 1953 (fruit orchard) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]; Megriget River bank, 23. vi. 1953 (Typha latifolia thicket) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]; 28. vi. 1953 [2 Ƥ, ZIN]. AUSTRIA. BURGENLAND, Sankt Andrä am Zicksee, 11. viii. 1942, S. Novicky [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. LOWER AUSTRIA: Hainburg an der Donau, 48 ° 08 ’ 45 ’’ N 16 ° 55 ’ 31 ’’ E, 142 m, 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. 1 km W of Hollern, 48 ° 04 ’ 22 ’’ N 16 ° 52 ’ 37 ’’ E, 150 m, 16 – 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [6 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Hundsheim: 19. v. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]; 2. vi. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 8. vi. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 10. vi. 1942, H. Bischoff [1 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW] (male misidentified by W. Soyka as G. terebrator); 12. vii. 1944, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 19. ix. 1953, W. Soyka (from hay in the garden) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 20. ix. 1953, W. Soyka (on window from hay in the garden) [3 Ƥ, NHMW]; 21. ix. 1953, W. Soyka [1 3, NHMW]; 23. ix. 1953, W. Soyka [1 3, NHMW]; 24. ix. 1953, W. Soyka [2 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]; 27. ix. 1953, W. Soyka [3 Ƥ, NHMW]; 22. ix. 1954, W. Soyka [1 3, NHMW]; 10. x. 1954, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 10. ix. 1956, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; ix. 1960, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 48 ° 07 ’ 14 ’’ N 16 ° 55 ’ 59 ’’ E, 220 m, 16 – 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [1 Ƥ, 4 3, UCRC]. Spitzerberg (S slope, ca. 2.5 km S of Hundsheim), 48 ° 05 ’ 48 ’’ N 16 ° 56 ’ 29 ’’ E, 190 – 250 m: 16. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [8 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]; 17. vi. 2007, C. Thuróczy, S. V. Triapitsyn [17 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]. TYROL: Gschnitztal, 16. ix. 1948, E. Pechlaner [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Innsbruck, Arzler Alm, 1200 m, 12. ix. 1948, E. Pechlaner [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Kematen, 9. x. 1949, E. Pechlaner [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Krössbach, W. Soyka: vii. 1947 (on window) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; ix. 1957 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Stubaital, 2300 m, 13. ix. 1951, E. Pechlaner [3 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]. [Locality unclear], 4. ix. 1949, E. Pechlaner [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. VIENNA, Vienna, 25. ix. 1953, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. BELGIUM. FLEMISH BRABANT: Leuven: Heverlee, [H. R. Debauche]: 19. ix. 1941 [2 Ƥ, ISNB] (one of them identified as Lymaenon paludis by H. R. Debauche); 9. vii. 1942 [4 Ƥ, ISNB]; 22. vii. 1942 [4 Ƥ, ISNB]; 14. viii. 1942 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 16. vii. 1945 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. Kessel-Lo, 27. viii. 1945, [H. R. Debauche] [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ISNB]. Tervuren: 23. viii. 1944, [H. R. Debauche] [5 Ƥ, ISNB] (one of them identified as Lymaenon rhacodes by H. R. Debauche, and also two identified as L. rhacodes and one as L. paludis apparently by G. Mathot); Étang du Merisier, 7. viii. 1945, [H. R. Debauche] [1 Ƥ, ISNB] (identified as L. paludis by H. R. Debauche). LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, R. Detry: 16 – 30. vi. 1989 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 1 – 14. vii. 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 14 – 28. vii. 1989 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 28. vii – 11. viii. 1989 [4 Ƥ, ISNB]; 11 – 25. viii. 1989 [5 Ƥ, ISNB]; 25. viii – 8. ix. 1989 [1 3, ISNB]; 8 – 22. ix. 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 6 – 20. x. 1989 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 20. x – 3. xi. 1989 [25 Ƥ, ISNB]; 17. xi – 1. xii 1989 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 27. iv – 11. v 1990 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 25. v – 8. vi. 1990 [3 Ƥ, ISNB]; 8 – 22. vi. 1990 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 28. vi – 6. vii. 1990 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 6 – 20. vii. 1990 [3 Ƥ, ISNB]; 3 – 17. viii. 1990 [2 Ƥ, ISNB]; 14 – 28. ix. 1990 [9 Ƥ, ISNB]. WALLOON BRABANT, Waterloo, P. Dessart: 1. iv – 13. v. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 30. vi – 5. vii. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 26. vii – 2. viii. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 30. viii – 9. ix. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]; 10 – 20. ix. 1992 [16 Ƥ, 3 3, ISNB]; 20 – 27. ix. 1992 [9 Ƥ, 1 3, ISNB]; 28. ix – 4. x. 1992 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. BULGARIA. KYUSTENDIL, Kyustendil, 1928, L. Biró [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District: Liyan Ling, Linshan Mts., 40 ° 00.28 ’ N 115 ° 30.75 ’ E, 1749 m, 2. viii. 2002, G. Melika [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. CYPRUS. LIMASSOL, Saitta (Saittas), 1. xi. 1967, G. P. Georghiou [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. CZECH REPUBLIC. KARLOVY VARY, Sokolov District, Dolní Rychnov, 50 ° 09 ’ 18.902 ’’ N 12 ° 39 ’ 38.824 ’’ E, 461 m, 27. viii. 2007, J. Macek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM, České Švýcarsko National Park, 50 ° 50 ’ 00.494 ’’ N 14 ° 19 ’ 49.508 ’’ E, 597 m, 16. v. 2007, J. Macek [2 Ƥ, CUPC]. DENMARK. HOVEDSTADEN: Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island), Fortunens Indelukke, 21. vii. 1924, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ZMUC]. Freerslev (as “ Frerslev Forest ”), 8. vii. 1954, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Lingby, 20. ix. 1951, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. MIDTJYLLAND: Glatved, 56 ° 17 ’ N 10 ° 50 ’ E, 18. viii. 1997, T. Munk [2 females, ZMUC]. Sillerup (12 km SW of Silkeborg): 13. x. 1986, T. Munk [1 female, ZMUC]. Skramsø, 56 ° 17 ’ N 10 ° 40 ’ E, 11. viii. 1997, T. Munk [1 female, ZMUC]. SJAELLAND: Liselund, 10. viii. 1924, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Rude, 7. ix. 1924, O. Bakkendorf [2 Ƥ, ZMUC]. FINLAND. [No locality or other label data] [3 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW]. FRANCE. AUDE, Lézignan-Corbières, 28. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn (on grape) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GARD: Near Gardon River, 43 ° 55 ’ 45 ’’ N 4 ° 23 ’ 25 ’’ E, 10 – 13. vi. 2005, J. George [6 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]. Sainte-Eulalie (W of Uzès), 43 ° 59 ’ 16 ’’ N 04 ° 17 ’ 53 ’’ E, 96 m, 10 – 12. vi. 2005, J. George [11 Ƥ, UCRC]. GIRONDE: Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, M. van Helden: 2. vii. 1998 [3 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]; 30. vii. 1998 [5 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]; 13. viii. 1998 [61 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]; 10. ix. 1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9. vii. 1999 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Tourtirac, 44 ° 53 ’ 57 ’’ N 00 ° 02 ’ 02 ’’ W, 100 m: 27. viii. 1998, M. van Helden [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26 – 27. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn [5 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. HÉRAULT, St. Clément de Rivière, 43 ° 41 ’ 47 ’’ N 03 ° 51 ’ 13 ’’ E, 29. vi. 2000, S. V. Triapitsyn (on grape near Lez River) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA: Batumi region, Kakhaberi, 5. ix. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (Gruzbiolaboratoriya) [1 3, ZIN]. Keda, V. A. Trjapitzin: 29. viii. 1953 (edge of pine forest) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]; 29 – 30. viii. 1953 [3 Ƥ, ZIN]; 7. ix. 1953 [9 Ƥ, ZIN]. Khulo, 2. vii. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. GERMANY. BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG, Schliffkopf (Schwarzwald, 1100 m), 27. viii. 1959 [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. BAVARIA: Erlangen, H. - J. Stammer [2 Ƥ, NHMW]. Veitshöchheim, 22. vii. 2003, S. V. Triapitsyn [13 Ƥ, UCRC]. MECKLENBURG-WESTERN POMERANIA, Jettchens Hof (near Malchin): viii. 1935, H. - J. Stammer [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; viii. 1936, H. - J. Stammer [3 Ƥ, NHMW]. NORTH RHINEWESTPHALIA: Aachen: [2 Ƥ, 2 3, NHMW] (det. by A. Foerster as “ G. littoralis ”); no other data [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. [No locality indicated],? Aachen [2 Ƥ, 1 3, NHMW] (both females det. by A. Foerster, one of them as “ G. littoralis ”, the male misidentified by him as “ longicornis ”). Arloff, 17. iii. 1963, M. Boness [1 3, NHMW]. Burscheid, vii – viii. 1959, M. Boness [3 Ƥ, NHMW]. Cologne, M. Boness: 4. x. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 28. viii. 1963 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Leverkusen, M. Boness: 25. vii – 3. viii. 1966 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 1. ix. 1966 [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; 5. ix. 1966 [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; 12 – 16. ix. 1966 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 30. ix. 1966 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini: Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, G. Ramel: 9 – 15. v. 2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 16 – 22. v. 2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23 – 29. v. 2006 [1 3, UCRC]; 30. v – 5. vi. 2006 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13 – 19. vi. 2006 [2 Ƥ, 13, UCRC]; 20 – 26. vi. 2006 [5 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC]. Kerkini Lake site, 41 ° 09 ’ 06.5 ’’ N 23 ° 11 ’ 55.0 ’’ E, 75 m, 11 – 17. iv. 2005, G. Ramel [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kerkini Marsh, 41 ° 13 ’ 32.8 ’’ N 23 ° 05 ’ 04.2 ’’ E, 45 m, G. Ramel: 28. iii – 3. iv. 2007 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 4 – 10. iv. 2007 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 17. iv. 2007 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 18 – 24. iv. 2007 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25. iv – 1. v. 2007 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Procom site, 41 ° 22 ’ 38.1 ’’ N 23 ° 21 ’ 58.8 ’’ E, 60 m, 20 – 26. vi. 2007, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Pumping station, 41 ° 12 ’ 48.7 ’’ N 23 ° 06 ’ 11.9 ’’ E, 40 m, G. Ramel: 13 – 19. vi. 2007 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2 – 8. v. 2007 [3 3, UCRC]. PELOPONNESE, 5 km S of Monemvasia, 27. xi. 1983, G. Christensen [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. THESSALIA, Larissa Prefecture, Ayiokambos, 39 ° 43 ’ N 22 ° 52 ’ E, 20 m, 7. iii. 2001, A. Kapranas [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. HUNGARY. BÁCS-KISKUN: Gara, 46.035 ° N 19.020 ° E, 87 m, 26 – 30. vi. 2009, I. Mikó [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kalocsa, J. Erdös: 26. ix. 1942 [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]; 3. v. 1945 [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. Tompa, J. Erdös: 18. ix. 1948 [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]; 16. iii. 1949 [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. PEST, Szigetszentmiklós, ix. 1911, L. Biró [1 3, NHMW / HNHM]. VAS, W of Köszeg, 47 ° 23 ’ 09 ’’ N 16 ° 31 ’ 19 ’’ E, 355 m, 16 – 20. vi. 2009, I. Mikó [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. ITALY. CAMPANIA: Avellino Prov.: Montemarano, 40 ° 54.235 ’ N 15 ° 00.435 ’ E, 760 m, 6. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Piana del Dragone, 40 ° 52.553 ’ N 14 ° 58.375 ’ E, 760 m, 6. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Piana Lacerno, 40 ° 49.049 ’ N 15 ° 05.904 ’ E, 1080 m, 6. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Benevento Prov., 1.8 km E of Faicchio, 41 ° 16.329 ’ N 14 ° 29.884 ’ E, 210 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Caserta Prov.: 8.5 km E of Capriati a Volturno, 41 ° 28.35 ’ N 14 ° 11.84 ’ E, 850 m, 8. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SE end of Lago del Matese, 41 ° 24.411 ’ N 14 ° 24.800 ’ E, 1050 m, 8. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. LAZIO: Roma Prov.: Bosco di Manziana, 42 ° 07.392 ’ N 12 ° 07.314 ’ E, 400 m, 9. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Caldara di Manziana, 42 ° 05.607 ’ N 12 ° 05.906 ’ E, 305 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [13 Ƥ, UCRC]. Castelporziano Presidential Estate: coastal dunes in N corner, 41 ° 41.954 ’ N 12 ° 21.060 ’ E, 3 m, 12. vi. 2003, J. Munro, A. Owen [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Fosso di Trafusina, 41 ° 46.670 ’ N 12 ° 24.751 ’ E, 30 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [21 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ponte Guidoni, 41 ° 45.415 ’ N 12 ° 23.851 ’ E, 80 m, 11. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mignone River near Rota, 42 ° 09.197 ’ N 12 ° 00.605 ’ E, 150 m, 9. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [11 Ƥ, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso, 42 ° 02.209 ’ N 12 ° 02.209 ’ E, 264 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [21 Ƥ, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov.: Ponte San Pietro, 42 ° 31.669 ’ N 11 ° 36.353 ’ E, 75 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [12 Ƥ, UCRC]. Roccaccia, 42 ° 19.809 ’ N 11 ° 45.671 ’ E, 125 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [10 Ƥ, UCRC]. San Giovenale, Vesca Creek, 42 ° 13 ’ 34 ’’ N 12 ° 00 ’ 02 ’’ E, 9. vi. 2003, J. Munro et al. [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MOLISE, Campobasso Prov., 2.5 km SW of Guardiaregia, 41 ° 26.322 ’ N 14 ° 32.635 ’ E, 860 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SICILY, Palermo, University of Palermo garden, 38 ° 06 ’ 27.2 ’’ N 13 ° 21 ’ 02.4 ’’ E, 41 – 43 m, 13 – 14. viii. 2009, S. V. Triapitsyn [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. CHUY: Karagajly-Bulak, 9 km W Ak-Tyuz, 42 ° 52 ’ 47 ’’ N 76 ° 02 ’ 13 ’’ E, 2180 – 3400 m, 26. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kashka-Suu Ravine, ca. 32 km S of Bishkek, 42 ° 38 ’ 50 ’’ N 74 ° 30 ’ 50 ’’ E, 1759 m, 12. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Suusamyr Valley, W side of Kichi-Korumdy River, 42 ° 13 ’ 28 ’’ N 73 ° 41 ’ 31 ’’ E, 2291 m, C. H. Dietrich: 16. viii. 1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14. vi. 1999 [3 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. 10 km N of Telek, 40 ° 31 ’ 20 ’’ N 74 ° 03 ’ 55 ’’ E, 570 m, C. H. Dietrich: 13. viii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 11. vi. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. DZHALAL-ABAD: 7 km ESE of Ak-Tash River, 40 ° 41 ’ 31 ’’ N 70 ° 42 ’ 07 ’’ E, 1390 m, 21. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Chandalash River, 41 ° 44 ’ 19 ’’ N 70 ° 52 ’ 22 ’’ E, 1630 m, 20 – 21. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [18 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. 10 km W of Dzhalal-abad, 40 ° 51 ’ 57 ’’ N 72 ° 53 ’ 35 ’’ E, 27. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kara-Kysmak Ravine, 42 ° 06 ’ 49 ’’ N 71 ° 33 ’ 28 ’’ E, 2500 m, 18. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [8 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Near jct. Kara-Kysmak and Chatkal Rivers, 42 ° 04 ’ 00 ’’ N 71 ° 35 ’ 41 ’’ E, 2240 m, 18 – 19. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [8 Ƥ, UCRC]. 18 km WSW of Kazarman, 41 ° 22 ’ 01 ’’ N 73 ° 48 ’ 37 ’’ E, 1550 m, 15. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. Jct. of Kokerim and Kugart Rivers, 41 ° 26 ’ 32 ’’ N 73 ° 57 ’ 07 ’’ E, 1247 m, C. H. Dietrich: 28. viii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 29. vi. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Teke-Uyuk Ravine, 41 ° 29 ’ 12 ’’ N 74 ° 35 ’ 50 ’’ E, 1850 m, 30. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. ISSYKKUL: Barskaun Ravine: 42 ° 07 ’ 13 ’’ N 77 ° 35 ’ 46 ’’ E, 1890 m, 5. vii. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 16 km of S Barskaun, 42 ° 02 ’ 47 ’’ N 77 ° 35 ’ 52 ’’ E, 2320 m, C. H. Dietrich: 4. ix. 1998 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. S Shore of Lake Issyk-kul, 10 km E of Kadzhi-Saj, 42 ° 10 ’ 33 ’’ N 77 ° 18 ’ 55 ’’ E, 1675 m, C. H. Dietrich: 5. ix. 1998 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2 – 6. vii. 1999 [15 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]; 22. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 5 km W of Karasaj, 42 ° 33 ’ 58 ’’ N 77 ° 51 ’ 50 ’’ E, 3300 m, 3. ix. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NARYN: Alabuga River, 25 km W of Baetov, 41 ° 17 ’ 47 ’’ N 74 ° 39 ’ 20 ’’ E, 1700 m, C. H. Dietrich: 29. viii. 1998 [1 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]; 16. vii. 2000 [8 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. Dzhaman-Davan River near Saz, 41 ° 17 ’ 31 ’’ N 74 ° 42 ’ 29 ’’ E, 1826 m, 29. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [4 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]. Moldo-Too Ridge, E of Kara-Go Pass, 41 ° 30 ’ 22 ’’ N 74 ° 44 ’ 11 ’’ E, 2260 m, 30. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. OSH: Gultcha Ravine, 50 km SSW of Gultcha, 39 ° 52 ’ 17 ’’ N 73 ° 21 ’ 26 ’’ E, 2530 m, 6. vii. 2000, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Karakuldzha, Lajsu Ravine, 40 ° 31 ’ 20 ’’ N 73 ° 37 ’ 10 ’’ E, 1815 m, C. H. Dietrich: 25. vi. 1998 [3 Ƥ, INHS, UCRC]; 25. vi. 1999 [13 Ƥ, 9 3, INHS, UCRC]. TALAS: Near Boo-Terek, 42 ° 35 ’ 15 ’’ N 71 ° 45 ’ 49 ’’ E, 1000 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [16 Ƥ, 1 3, INHS, UCRC]. Kara Buura Ravine, 20 km S Kyzyl-Adyr, 42 ° 26 ’ 23 ’’ N 71 ° 33 ’ 16 ’’ E, 1300 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Talas Valley, Kirov Reservoir, 42 ° 39 ’ 19 ’’ N 71 ° 35 ’ 44 ’’ E, 930 m, 15. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [4 Ƥ, UCRC]. 18 km WSW of Taldy Bulak, 42 ° 26 ’ 31 ’’ N 72 ° 49 ’ 12 ’’ E, 1930 m, 15 – 16. vi. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [9 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. MONGOLIA. ÖMNÖGOVI: Naran Bulag, 43 ° 27 ’ N 100 ° 27 ’ E, 1405 m, 17 – 20. vii. 1994, J. Carpenter [26 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ukhaa Tolgod, 43 ° 31 ’ N 101 ° 32 ’ E, 1517 m, 6 – 16. vii. 1994, J. Carpenter et al. [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NETHERLANDS. LIMBURG: Epen, 23. v. 1959, B. Petersen [1 3, ZMUC]. Valkenburg, W. Soyka: x. 1931 [1 3, NHMW]; 28. vi. 1932 [1 3, NHMW]; 28. vi. 1932 (on window, Ignatiuskolleg) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. POLAND. LOWER SILESIA: Lenartowice (labeled as “ Leonhardwitz, Schlesien ”), vii. 1934, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Wrocław: 28. viii. 1933 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 30. iv. 1978, G. Gordh, W. Pulawski [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Near Wrocław (various localities with old, pre- 1937 German names in former Schlesien, Germany): i. ix. 1933, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; vii. 1934, W. Soyka [6 Ƥ, NHMW]; viii. 1934, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. LUBUSZ, Sława Lake (near Sława; on the original label as “ Schlawa-See, Schlesien ”, now Jezioro Sławskie), 22. vii. 1934, H. - J. Stammer [1 Ƥ, 1 3, ISNB; 10 Ƥ, 2 3, NHMW]. REPUBLIC OF KOREA. GYEONGGI-DO, Suwon-si, Seodun-dong: Seoul National University: 10. x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15. ix. 2001, J. - W. Kim [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Yeogisan, 7 x. 1997, J. - Y. Choi [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. ROMANIA. CLUJ, Apahida, 26. vii. 1943, J. Erdös [2 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. RUSSIA. KARACHAYCHERKESSIA (KARACHAY-CHERKESS REPUBLIC), Karachayevsk, Dombay, ca. 1650 m, 19. vii. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, V. V. Kostjukov: 10. viii – 4. ix. 2001 [35 Ƥ, 17 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 23. vii. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 31. viii. 2003, [61 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST’, 69 - km Railway Station (near Sosnovo), 6. ix. 1987, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. MOSCOVSKAYA OBLAST’: Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo: 17. vi. 1996, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2 – 15. vi. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25. vi – 2. vii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [7 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 3 – 8. vii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7 – 15. vii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [14 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 24. vii – 14. viii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [10 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 15 – 25. viii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [14 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 25 – 31. viii. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8. vii. 2001, M. E. Tretiakov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20. vii. 2001, M. E. Tretiakov [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. viii. 2001, M. E. Tretiakov [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 13. vii. 2002, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14. vii. 2002, M. E. Tretiakov [6 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25. vii. 2002 [32 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 1. viii. 2002, M. E. Tretiakov [11 Ƥ, UCRC]. Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, E. Ya. Shuvakhina: 10 – 20. vii. 2000 [3 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 20 – 31. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20 – 31. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Terneyskiy rayon, Mel’nichnyi, M. V. Michailovskaya: 1 – 5. vi. 2001 [3 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC]; 26. vi. 2001 [9 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC]; 29. vi. – 1. vii. 2001 [3 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 27. v. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 10 – 14. vi. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17 – 27. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [4 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC]; 19 – 22. vii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [8 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 1 – 4. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 5 – 11. viii. 1999 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [19 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; 22 – 28. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 6 – 14. ix. 1999 [8 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 26. ix. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 28. x. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15 – 31. v. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 21. vi. 2000 [9 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 30. vi. 2000 [6 Ƥ, 1 3, IBPV]; 1 – 10. vii. 2000 [6 Ƥ, 1 3, ZIN]; 10 – 20. vii. 2000 [3 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 1 – 10. viii. 2000 [11 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 21 – 26. viii. 2000 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 5 – 8. x. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9 – 12. x. 2000 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17. viii. 2001 [11 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17 – 31. viii. 2001 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix – xi. 2001 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. x. 2001 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. v. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10 – 20. v. 2002 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20 – 31. v. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. vi. 2002 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 11. ix. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. ix – 5. x. 2002 [5 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island: 28 km W of Poronaysk, 4. viii. 2001, D. J. Bennett [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CAS]. 6 km E of Sokol, near Belaya River, 16. viii. 2001, D. J. Bennett, T. Anderson [2 Ƥ, CAS]. SAMARSKAYA OBLAST’, Zhigulevskiy zapovednik (Zhiguli National Park), Strel’naya Mt., 17. vii. 1985, V. A. Trjapitzin, E. Ya. Shuvakhina [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Achikulak, V. V. Kostjukov: 4 – 5. vi. 2002 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 20. vi. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 26. viii. 2002 [31 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. Apanasenkovskiy rayon, 15 km N of Kievka, “ Dundinskoye ” hunting establishment, 4. vii. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [5 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. Georgievskiy rayon, Nezlobnenskiy (stanitsa Nezlobnaya), 26. viii. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Mikhaylovskoye, “ Aviator ” farm near Stavropol’ airport, 22. viii. 2002, E. V. Khomchenko [10 Ƥ, 5 3, UCRC]. Novozavedennoye, 5. v. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 29. viii. 2002 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. ix. 2002 [24 Ƥ, 5 3, UCRC]; 13. vii. 2003 [22 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 14. vii. 2003 [6 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]; 27. vii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. viii. 2003 [15 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. viii. 2003 [36 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 14. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Stavropol’, Russkiy Les, “ Besputskaya Polyana ” Botanical Sanctuary, 18. v. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [9 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. TAMBOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Inzhavinskiy rayon, Talinka (7 km S of Pavlovka), 26 – 27. v. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. SERBIA. Mt. Avala (near Belgrade), H. - J. Stammer: 28. viii. 1934 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; viii. 1934 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. SLOVAKIA. BRATISLAVA, Jurský Šúr Nature Reserve, 48 ° 14 ’ 03 ’’ N 17 ° 12 ’ 47 ’’ E, 133 m, 8. viii. 2008, B. V. Brown (alder forest) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SPAIN. ANDALUCÍA, Fuengirola, 18. viii. 1952, J. K. Holloway (on Heliotropium sp.) [5 Ƥ, EMEC] (according to the unpublished University of California, Berkeley (UCB) quarantine records [Kent M. Daane, personal communication], these emerged from eggs of Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) and were received 25. viii. 1952 in UCB quarantine under their Shipper / Receiver (SR) No. 52 - 29). MADRID, Aranjuez, 3. viii. 1952, J. K. Holloway (on Portulaca sp.) [3 Ƥ, 1 3, EMEC] (according to the unpublished UCB quarantine records, these were reared from eggs of N. tenellus and received 11. viii. 1952 in UCB quarantine under SR No. 52 - 23). SWITZERLAND. ST. GALLEN, Rheintal, 1934, H. Kutter (in pea field) [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. TURKMENISTAN. AHAL: Babadurmaz, 18 – 20. vi. 1997, V. V. Berezovskiy [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Central Kopet Dag Mts., Chuli Canyon, 11. vi. 1992, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Enev, S. N. Myartseva (in beet field): 5. vii. 1993 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14. vii. 1993 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. [Old] Nisa (in fortress ruins), S. V. Triapitsyn: 9. vi. 1992 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 15. vi. 1992 (emerged 30. vi. 1992 in University of California, Riverside, quarantine from Atriplex sp. plant material, S & R # 92 - 26 - 8). ASHGABAT: Ashgabat, Karakum Canal bank, 10. vi. 1992, V. A. Trjapitzin [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND: Cheshire Co., Rostherne, 20. viii. 1933, H. Britten [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Cumbria Co.: Newton Reigny Moss, 5. ix. 1945, H. Britten [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Skirwith, 23. ix. 1933, H. Britten [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Dorset Co., Bournemouth, 8. x. 1981, S. G. C. Brown [3 females, BMNH]. East Riding of Yorkshire Co., Allerthorpe Common, 12. ix. 1950, W. D. Hincks [1 Ƥ, MMUE] (misidentified as Lymaenon ater (Foerster) by W. D. Hincks). Greater Manchester Co., Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Dunham Massey, Dunham Park (S of Dunham Town), 27. ix. 1947, H. Britten [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Richmond Park, J. S. Noyes: 28. vii. 1995 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, CNCI]; 15. viii. 1997 [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. Hampshire Co., Matley Bog, 15. vi. 1952, W. D. Hincks [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Merseyside Co., Freshfield, 19. ix. 1959, A. Brindle [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. North Yorkshire Co., Thornton-le-Dale (Thornton Dale), 12. ix. 1959, W. D. Hincks (on window) [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Surrey Co.: Barnes Common, 8. vii. 1995, J. S. Noyes [2 Ƥ, CNCI]. Dorking, White Downs, 21. ix. 1986, J. S. Noyes [8 Ƥ, CNCI]. WALES: Bridgend Co. Borough, Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, J. S. Noyes: 6. viii. 1988 [2 Ƥ, CNCI]; 31. viii. 1995 [3 Ƥ, CNCI]. City and Co. of Swansea: Oxwich National Nature Reserve, 5. viii. 1994, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. Whiteford Burrows National Nature Reserve, 2. viii. 1988, J. S. Noyes [3 Ƥ, CNCI]. Vale of Glamorgan Co. Borough, Pendoylan, Hensol, Llanerch Vineyard, 9. ix. 1999, S. V. Triapitsyn [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Extralimital records. ARGENTINA. BUENOS AIRES, Luján, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 34 ° 35 ' 07 " S 59 ° 04 ' 45 " W, 32 m, C. Coviella: 3. xi. 2006 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 22. xii. 2006 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2. ii. 2007 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. BERMUDA (BERMUDA ISLANDS). Bermuda Island, Southampton Parish, Munro Beach Cottages, 32 ° 15 ’ 34 ’’ N 64 ° 52 ’ 39 ’’ W, 2 – 16. iv. 2002, J. Munro [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. CAMBODIA. SIEM REAP, Angkor, Preah Khan Temple, 12. v. 2006, O. Yothin [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. CANADA. NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, km 240 Dempster Highway, 68.23 ° N 133.32 ° W, 10. viii. 2000, B. V. Brown, D. Currie [3 Ƥ, 2 3, UCRC]. SASKATCHEWAN, Eb’s Trails (14 km N of Duck Lake), 16. vi. 2004, M. Yoder [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. CHILE. REGIÓN IX, Rancho Flor del Lago (11 km NE of Villarica), 39 ° 12.5 ’ S 72 ° 08.1 ’ W, 290 m, 12. xii. 2001, E. Arias (canopy fogging of Nothophagus obliqua) [1 Ƥ, UCDC]. GREENLAND. Kap Farvel-området, Pamiagdluk, Anordliuitsoq, 29. viii. 1970, J. Bocher [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. Kuussuaq, 19 – 23. viii. 1982, P. Nielsen [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. INDIA. [NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF] DELHI, New Delhi, Indian Agricultural Research Institute: 28 ° 37 ’ 51 ’’ N 77 ° 09 ’ 50 ’’ E, 220 m, 5 – 6. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 28 ° 38 ’ 00 ’’ N 77 ° 09 ’ 53 ’’ E, 227 m, 3. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KARNATAKA, Mudigere, 13 ° 07 ’ 09 ’’ N 75 ° 37 ’ 41 ’’ E, 994 m, 26. xi. 2003, J. M. Heraty [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MAURITIUS. Rodrigues Island, Canyon Tyeul, 19 ° 44 ’ 32 ’’ S 63 ° 22 ’ 30 ’ E, 35 m, 14 – 28. ix. 2007, A. Meunier [2 Ƥ, CAS]. MEXICO. No locality indicated, intercepted with plants by customs (Fouts) at Nogales, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, USA, 12. ii. 1955 [1 Ƥ, USNM] (identified as Lymaenon brunneus by B. D. Burks). USA. CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Albany, University of California, Berkeley (UCB) insectary / quarantine: 29. viii. 1952 (“ Reared in quarantine. Ex Circulifer tenellus on sugar beet. Stock from Spain ”) [1 Ƥ, EMEC]; 31. vii. 1953, R. L. Doutt (“ 1 st generation ex C. tenellus Lymaenon B ”) [6 Ƥ, EMEC]; 11. xi. 1953, R. L. Doutt (insectary culture of Lymaenon “ B ” from N. tenellus eggs on sugar beet) [14 Ƥ, 6 3, EMEC]; 27. i. 1954, G. L. Finney (insectary culture of Lymaenon “ B ” from N. tenellus eggs on sugar beet) [10 Ƥ, 3 3, EMEC]; 10. i. 1955, G. L. Finney (insectary culture, “ Sample from cage of Lymaenon “ B ”, ex eggs of Circulifer tenellus on sugar beet ”) [10 Ƥ, EMEC]; originally from: SPAIN. [According to the unpublished quarantine records at UCB (Kent M. Daane, personal communication), the originators of the successfully established colonies of Lymaenon sp. “ A ” and “ B ” were collected by J. K. Holloway in Spain likely in various localities during 1952 and 1953 (the host was N. tenellus on various plant material) and received in UCB quarantine under several Shipper / Receiver numbers, but the exact localities and collecting dates for the original stocks of these colonies are now impossible to figure out]. Kern Co., Ave. A & 100 th St. W (near North Antelope Valley and Rosamond), 26. iv. 2000, I. M. Bayoun (from leafhopper eggs on Salsola sp.) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Riverside Co., Hemet (along Soboba St.), 9. vi. 1999, I. M. Bayoun (from sentinel eggs of N. tenellus in sugar beet leaves) [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. San Bernardino Co., S of Barton Flats, 34 ° 09 ’ 42 ’’ N 116 ° 52 ’ 23 ’’ W, 2090 m, 19 – 26. vi. 2007, F. Reuter [13 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Stanislaus Co., Frank Raines Regional Park, Ranger Station, 37 ° 25.294 ’ N 121 ° 22.666 ’ W, 350 m, 20. viii – 18. ix. 2011, R. L. Zuparko [1 Ƥ, EMEC]. ILLINOIS: Champaign Co., Urbana, 1. vii. 1910 [5 Ƥ, USNM] (identified by A. A. Girault as G. anthonomi). Marion Co., Centralia, 25. viii. 1909 [1 Ƥ, INHS] (identified by A. A. Girault as G. anthonomi). MINNESOTA, Clay Co., ca. 4 mi SEE of Glyndon, Bluestem Prairie, 46.85521 ° N 96.47353 ° W, 1 – 3. vi. 2004, R. A. Rakitov [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. OREGON: Jackson Co., 2 mi S of Exit # 6 on I 5, 42.0477 ° N 122.6052 ° W, 4. v. 2005, R. A. Rakitov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Lincoln Co., Waldport, 44 ° 25 ’ 36 ’’ N 124 ° 03 ’ 05 ’’ W, 56 m, 16 – 31. vii. 2010, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Armenia *, Austria (Kirchner 1867), Belgium, Bulgaria (Hellén 1974; Donev 1986 [also as G. effusi], 1987 [also as G. effusi], 1988 d [also as G. effusi and G. paludis], 1988 e [also as G. effusi], 1990 [also as G. paludis], 2005), China *, Czech Republic, Cyprus *, Denmark, Finland (Hellén 1974), France *, Georgia *, Germany, Greece (Donev 1985 a [as Lymaenon effusi and L. paludis], 1988 c [also as G. arduennae and G. effusi], 2003, 2005), Hungary *, Iran (Fallahzadeh & Huber 2011), Ireland (Graham 1973 [as G. paludis]; Matthews 1986), Italy *, Japan (Sahad & Hirashima 1984), Kyrgyzstan *, Macedonia (Donev 1988 a, 2005), Mongolia *, Netherlands (Soyka 1946), Norway (Mathot 1969; Hellén 1974), Poland (Soyka 1946), Republic of Korea *, Romania (Radu & Boţoc 1960; Pricop 2009 b, 2010 a, c), Russia (Hellén 1974), Serbia (Donev 1985 b, 1988 b [as G. paludis]), Slovakia, Spain (Arnaldos et al. 2003; Baquero & Jordana 2003), Sweden, Turkey (Donev 2001, 2005), Turkmenistan *, UK (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales). AFROTROPICAL *: Mauritius *. NEARCTIC: Canada *, Bermuda * (Bermuda Islands), Greenland *, Mexico, and USA (Triapitsyn et al. 2010). NEOTROPICAL: Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, and Chile (Triapitsyn et al. 2010). ORIENTAL *: Cambodia *, and India *. Sahad & Hirashima (1984) listed G. litoralis from Australia (most likely by mistake), but without references to any specimens or published records; Lin et al. (2007) did not include it in their list of the Australian species of Gonatocerus. This is arguably the most common and widespread Palaearctic species of Gonatocerus, so that it is just a matter of time until G. litoralis would be recorded from most if not all the European countries. Bayoun et al. (2008) reported specimens tentatively identified as G. litoralis from California, USA, and here I confirm that identification and further document its presence in the Nearctic region in addition to the records provided by Triapitsyn et al. (2010).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (holotypes of Lymaenon arduennae, L. paludis and L. rhacodes, and non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 600 – 1000 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Body generally brown to dark brown except mesosoma sometimes light brown along edges of midlobe of mesoscutum and scutellum in teneral adults, gaster mostly yellow-brown or light brown (particularly basally) to brown; appendages light brown to brown. Antenna (Figs 144, 145) with radicle 3.0 – 3.8 × as long as wide, 0.31 – 0.38 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.2 – 3.8 × as long as wide, faintly striate; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 4 subequal in length, shorter than following funicle segments; F 5, F 7, and F 8 subequal in length, F 6 a little shorter; F 1 – F 4 without mps, typically mps on F 5 (1), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2) but rarely F 5 with 2 mps or sometimes (often in small specimens) without mps, F 6 with 1 mps in a few, mostly large specimens (such as the holotype of Lymaenon rhacodes), and occasionally F 7 with just 1 mps; clava with 10 mps (4 in the middle and 6 subapical), 2.9 – 4.1 × as long as wide, from a little shorter to a little longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 146). Propodeum (Fig. 147) with faint submedian lines, the distance between them shorter anteriorly than posteriorly. Fore wing (Figs 148, 150) 2.8 – 4.1 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.28 – 0.52 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc almost hyaline (with a slight, uniform brownish tinge), almost bare behind submarginal vein except for a few setae behind its apex, more or less densely setose behind marginal vein and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Figs 149, 150) 17 – 24 × as long as wide; disc setose and slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 2.3 – 4.0 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 146) a little longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.6 – 2.1 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.6 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not or barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9 – 1.8: 1. MALE (non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 600 – 800 µm (dry-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Antenna (Fig. 151) with scape plus radicle 2.6 – 2.7 × as long as wide, notably striate on lateral surface. Fore wing (Fig. 152) 2.8 – 3.6 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 153.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus litoralis is a highly variable and thus difficult to diagnose species recognizable by the female antenna (Figs 144, 145) typically having 1 mps on F 5 and 2 mps on F 7 and F 8 but rarely with 2 mps on F 5 or sometimes, often in small specimens, without mps on F 5 and / or just 1 mps on F 7, and without mps on F 6 (rarely with 1 mps in large specimens), and 10 mps on the clava; a narrow to broad (2.8 – 4.1 × as long as wide) fore wing (Figs 148, 150) with a relatively densely setose area on the disc between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae thus leaving no bare area, the ovipositor not or barely exserted beyond the gastral apex; and generally brown to dark brown body except for the gaster, which is mostly light brown (particularly basally) to brown. Hosts. Aphrodes sp. (Bakkendorf 1934) [as Acocephalus sp. for Lymaenon effusi], Macrosteles sexnotatus (Fallén) (Ahlberg 1925; Nikol’skaya 1952) [as Cicadula sexnotata Fallén for G. radiculatus], Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) (Huffaker et al. 1954 [as Lymaenon “ B ”]; Bayoun et al. 2008) [as Circulifer tenellus (Baker)], and Zyginidia sohrab Zachvatkin (Fallahzadeh & Huber 2011) (Cicadellidae). Girault (1905) indicated that G. anthonomi had been supposedly bred from Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) but that record was almost certainly erroneous. Also almost certainly incorrect were the records of G. brunneus (the identifications also need confirmation) from eggs of Microlarinus lypriformis (Wollaston) (Curculionidae) by Stegmaier (1973) as well as from Aphis pomi De Geer and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as listed by Peck (1963) and Thompson (1958), respectively.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E56DFFC468CC08541EBE5DF4.taxon	discussion	Comments. Following Matthews (1986), I treat G. litoralis in the broad sense thus including specimens in which F 5 of the female antenna lacks mps (like for instance in G. texanus). However, there are also small specimens in the Palaearctic region listed below which often have relatively somewhat shorter funicle segments and lack mps on F 1 – F 7 of the female antenna (Figs 154, 156) or sometimes have 1 mps on F 7 only on one antenna in a few specimens from Mongolia, which otherwise fit G. litoralis well including the typical wings (Fig. 155). Particularly, they bear 2 mps on F 8 and 10 mps on the clava and are not conspecific with the Nearctic species G. pygmaeus because they have F 3 as short as F 2 or F 4 and have no distinct bare area between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae on the fore wing disc. Such specimens can only tentatively be attributed to G. litoralis and perhaps should rather be regarded as an undescribed taxon within the G. litoralis complex unless they turn out to be within the broader variability range of G. litoralis than we currently recognize. Describing them as a new species, however, without having at hand results of thorough morphometric studies and biological and molecular data would be counterproductive at this time: perhaps the loss of mps on both F 5 and F 7 of the female antenna could be attributed to parasitization of eggs of smaller hosts. Material examined: GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, pumping station, 41 ° 12 ’ 48.7 ’’ N 23 ° 06 ’ 11.9 ’’ E, 40 m, 13 – 19. vi. 2007, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. EGYPT. [Governorate unknown], El-Alag, 31. v. 1954, C. B. Huffaker, on Chenopodium sp., received 3. vi. 1954 at UC Berkeley (UCB) quarantine (Albany, California, USA, SR # 54 - 17), presumed host Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) [1 Ƥ, 1 3, EMEC]. GIZA, Giza,? v. 1954, C. B. Huffaker, “ on Chenopodium sp. at Pyramids ”, emerged 4. vi. 1954 at UCB quarantine (Albany, California, USA, SR # 54 - 17), presumed host Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) [5 Ƥ, 3 3, EMEC]. MONGOLIA. ÖMNÖGOVI: Naran Bulag, 43 ° 27 ’ N 100 ° 27 ’ E, 1405 m, 17 – 20. vii. 1994, J. Carpenter [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. Ukhaa Tolgod, 43 ° 31 ’ N 101 ° 32 ’ E, 1517 m, 6 – 16. vii. 1994, J. Carpenter et al. [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Prietokskiy, 12. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. TURKMENISTAN. ASHGABAT, Ashgabat, near Kurtlinskoye vodokhranilishche [reservoir] shore, 10. vi. 1992, S. V. Triapitsyn (emerged 25. vi. 1992 in University of California, Riverside, quarantine from Atriplex sp. plant material, S & R # 92 - 25 - 9). USA. CALIFORNIA, Riverside Co., Riverside, University of California at Riverside (UCR), Department of Entomology Insectary & Quarantine facility, viii. 1995, I. M. Bayoun (quarantine culture # 36 - GL [= Gonatocerus sp. 1 A of Walker et al. (1997)], first generation on eggs of Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) on sugar beet) [3 Ƥ, UCRC], originally from: IRAN. RAZAVI KHORASAN, Atar (near old Neyshabour-Mashhad road and Zax Road), 7. vii. 1995, N. Zareh (from eggs of N. tenellus on Kochia sp. leaves, UCR Quarantine S & R # 95 - 40 - 36 A). Identification of other voucher material of Walker et al. (1997) is very difficult. Specimens of their Gonatocerus sp. 2 (culture # 23 - GD) fit G. litoralis in every regard except setae on the fore wing (Fig. 157) disc between the marginal vein and the cubital line of setae are somewhat sparser (yet unlike in G. (Lymaenon) sp. 1 from Iran leaving no distinct bare area) than in the typical G. litoralis, and therefore they only tentatively are identified as such also considering that their culture was uniparental. Material examined: USA. CALIFORNIA, Riverside Co., Riverside, UCR Insectary & Quarantine facility: viii. 1995, I. M. Bayoun (quarantine culture, first generation on eggs of N. tenellus on sugar beet) [2 Ƥ, UCRC], originally from: IRAN. RAZAVI KHORASAN, 35 km from Mashhad on the road to Ghouchan, 4. vii. 1995, N. Zareh (from eggs of N. tenellus on Artemisia sp. and Salsola sp. leaves, mixed culture from UCR Quarantine S & R # 95 - 40 - 11 and S & R # 95 - 40 - 23); ix. 2000, I. M. Bayoun (insectary culture # 23 - GD on eggs of N. tenellus on sugar beet) [5 Ƥ, UCRC], of the same origin but collected only on Artemisia sp., S & R # 95 - 40 - 23. The specimens from Belgium and Germany in the H. R. Debauche collection at ISNB were misidentified by H. R. Debauche and G. Mathot as “ Lymaenon ater (Foerster) ”. From the redescription and illustrations of G. ramakrishnai in Zeya & Hayat (1995) I conclude that this Indian species might be conspecific with G. litoralis although the indicated number of mps (6, although in reality it is most likely more than that) on the clava on the holotype female does not fit that of G. litoralis (10). I examined several females of G. litoralis collected by John M. Heraty at IARI, the likely type locality of G. ramakrishnai (or in the general area of it), and they fit both the original description and Zeya & Hayat’s redescription of Subba Rao & Kaur’s species except for the fact that F 5 in these specimens bears 2 mps whereas the holotype of Lymaenon ramakrishnai bears only 1 mps on F 5 (Zeya & Hayat 1995), but that is within the known variability range of G. litoralis. However, I am reluctant to synonymize G. ramakrishnai under G. litoralis until the holotype of the former species is examined. The numerous slide-mounted voucher specimens of Lymaenon spp. “ A ” and “ B ” of the study by Huffaker et al. (1954) are stored in EMEC. Most specimens labeled by R. L. Doutt as Lymaenon “ B ” have the typical arrangement of mps on the female antenna (F 5 bearing a mps) and belong to G. litoralis but some (particularly those collected 10. i. 1955 and marked as “ Sample from cage of Lymaenon “ B ””) lack one and also have 8 mps on the clava, and are identical to the specimens of Lymaenon “ A ” (= G. kazak), thus indicating to a possible contamination of the colony at the later stages of the rearing campaign. According to Huffaker et al. (1954), both forms were imported from Spain (the culture originators were collected there by J. K. Holloway during 1952 and 1953) and then reared in the University of California, Berkeley quarantine / insectary at Albany, California on eggs of the beet leafhopper, N. tenellus [as Circulifer tenellus]. 112,455 individuals of Lymaenon “ A ” (8 sites) and 400 individuals of Lymaenon “ B ” (1 site) were released in California during 1953, and in addition also likely a good number of Lymaenon “ A ” were sent to Arizona, Idaho, and Utah (Huffaker et al. 1954). Post-release data on these parasitoids are very sketchy; Huffaker et al. (1954) only mentioned that specimens of Lymaenon “ A ” were recovered in two release sites of Fresno and Kern Counties soon after the releases but not at a later time; Clausen (1978) later stated that none of these introduced and released species became established. Difficulties in their identification probably contributed to the apparent failure of that project in the field, and as we know now G. litoralis occurs naturally in the USA; in California it was reared from eggs of N. tenellus (Bayoun et al. 2008). Girault (1911) considered G. americanus to be very close in structure to his G. anthonomi, which is synonymized here under G. litoralis based on examination of its lectotype and other, non-type, specimens identified as G. anthonomi by A. A. Girault himself and also on Girault’s descriptions (1905, 1911). Based on the habitus and other morphological features that can be observed on the poorly preserved lectotype, G. americanus is almost certainly conspecific with G. litoralis, hence its proposed synonymy under the latter. I believe that even though it is impossible to know the distribution of mps on the missing funicle segments in the lectotype of Brues’ species, which is known only from this single specimen, the synonymy is warranted. Brues’ (1907) description of the female antenna, particularly of the proportions of the funicle segments, is consistent with the female antenna of G. litoralis. From my own collecting, I found G. litoralis to be by far the most common species of G. (Lymaenon) in Illinois, USA, where diversity of this subgenus seems to be quite limited, and I expect that to be the case also in the nearby Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the type locality of G. americanus.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	description	(Figs 158 – 171)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Valkenburg, Limburg, Netherlands [not Hundsheim, Lower Austria, Austria as erroneously indicated in the original description].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Tervuren, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Gonatocerus longior Soyka: holotype female [NHMW] on slide (Fig. 158) labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus longior Ƥ (Soyka) det. W. Soyka ”; 2. [red] “ Type ”; 3. [Soyka’s slide number] “ 796 ”; 4. “ 14. Sept. 1930 Valkenburg [two words crossed out in ink] [two illegible words] Canadabalsam ”. The holotype is complete, uncleared, and mounted laterally. Gonatocerus conicus (Mathot): holotype female of Lymaenon conicus Mathot [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 159) labeled: 1. “ Université de Louvain LAB. ENTOMOLOGIE Tervueren [sic] 23. VIII. 44 266 ”; 2. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon conicus Deb. Ƥ Type ”. The holotype (Fig. 160) is in fair condition although it is uncleared, almost complete (lacking apex of one of the hind wings), and mounted laterally. Material examined. AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA, Hainburg an der Donau, 48 ° 08 ’ 45 ’’ N 16 ° 55 ’ 31 ’’ E, 142 m, 17. vi. 2007, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. DENMARK. HOVEDSTADEN, Tisvilde, 5. x. 1924, O. Bakkendorf [4 Ƥ, ZMUC]. FRANCE. GARD, Near Gardon River, 43 ° 55 ’ 45 ’’ N 4 ° 23 ’ 25 ’’ E, 10 – 13. vi. 2005, J. George [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 N 00 ° 02 ’ W, 2. vii. 1998, M. van Helden [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA: Batumi, Botanic Gardens, 24. viii. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (on maple) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. Keda, 7. ix. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. GERMANY. NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA, Roggendorf, 19. ix. 1963, M. Boness [2 Ƥ, NHMW]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini: Ecotourism site, 41 ° 08 ’ 15.6 ’’ N 23 ° 13 ’ 01.2 ’’ E, 65 m, 13 – 19. vi. 2006, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Procom Site, 41 ° 22 ’ 38.1 ’’ N 23 ° 21 ’ 58.8 ’’ E, 60 m, 20 – 26. vi. 2007, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. HUNGARY. BÁCS-KISKUN, Kalocsa, 28. vii. 1948, J. Erdös (on Acer campestre) [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM] (misidentified as G. ater Foerster by J. Erdös but correctly identified by W. Soyka). VAS, Köszeg, 20 – 22. ix. 2002, S. V. Triapitsyn, C. Thuróczy [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. ITALY. LAZIO: Roma Prov.: Bosco di Manziana, 42 ° 07.392 ’ N 12 ° 07.314 ’ E, 400 m, 9. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Caldara di Manziana, 42 ° 05.607 ’ N 12 ° 05.906 ’ E, 305 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Castelporziano Presidential Estate, La Focetta, 41 ° 41.474 ’ N 12 ° 22.633 ’ E, 10 m, 11 – 12. vi. 2003, J. Munro, A. Owen [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. 0.8 km W of Sasso, 42 ° 02.967 ’ N 12 ° 02.209 ’ E, 264 m, 9 – 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [5 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov., Ponte San Pietro, 42 ° 31.669 ’ N 11 ° 36.353 ’ E, 75 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SICILY, Palermo, University of Palermo garden, 38 ° 06 ’ 27.2 ’’ N 13 ° 21 ’ 02.4 ’’ E, 41 – 43 m, S. V. Triapitsyn: 13 – 14. viii. 2009 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14 – 17. viii. 2009 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN. ISSYK-KUL, S Shore of Lake Issyk-kul, 10 km E of Kadzhi-Saj, 42 ° 10 ’ 33 ’’ N 77 ° 18 ’ 55 ’’ E, 1675 m, 5. vii. 1999, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NETHERLANDS. LIMBURG, Valkenburg, ix. 1930, W. Soyka [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection, 31. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M. E. Tretiakov: 25. vii. 2002 [5 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 1. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Prietokskiy, 12. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Stavropol’, Russkiy Les, “ Besputskaya Polyana ” Botanical Sanctuary, 9. vii. 2003, E. V. Khomchenko [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SWITZERLAND. BERN, Interlaken, 31.7.1952, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. UK. WALES, Bridgend Co. Borough, Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, 4. viii. 1994, J. S. Noyes [2 Ƥ, CNCI].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria *, Belgium (Mathot 1969) [as Lymaenon conicus], Bulgaria (Donev 2001 [record needs conformation because Donev (2005) did not list this species from Bulgaria]), Denmark *, France *, Georgia *, Germany [may be a new record because the previous listing of this species from Germany by Donev (2001) needs confirmation], Greece (Donev 2005), Hungary *, Italy *, Kyrgyzstan *, Netherlands, Russia *, Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003), Switzerland *, Turkey (Donev 2001, 2005), UK: England (Matthews 1986), and Wales *. ORIENTAL: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995). The previous record of this species from Austria by Soyka (1946), cited by Baquero & Jordana (2003), was erroneous.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (holotypes of G. longior and Lymaenon conicus, and non-type specimens). Body length 825 – 1025 µm. Body (Fig. 160) mostly brown except gaster light brown basally, appendages light brown to brown. Antenna (Figs 160, 161, 164) with radicle 0.31 – 0.35 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.4 – 3.5 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 about as long as F 2, a little shorter than F 3 and F 4; F 5 the longest funicle segment, F 6 – F 8 slightly shorter and F 8 with an incision at apex; mps on F 5 (usually 1, rarely 0 or 2), F 6 (0 or 1), F 7 (1 or 2), and F 8 (2); clava with 10 mps, 3.1 – 3.8 × as long as wide, a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Figs 160, 165). Propodeum (Fig. 166) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Figs 160, 163, 167) 2.9 – 3.4 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.25 – 0.3 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc hyaline, bare behind submarginal vein, more or less sparsely setose between marginal vein and cubital row of setae (often leaving a bare area but occasionally such area not evident) and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 168) 22 – 23 × as long as wide; disc hyaline, unevenly setose; longest marginal seta 2.8 – 3.3 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Figs 160, 162, 165) longer than mesosoma. Petiole about 2.5 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying from about 0.8 × to entire length of gaster, usually exserted beyond its apex by 0.06 – 0.09 × own length; ovipositor usually 1.9 – 2.1 × length of mesotibia but occasionally as low as 1.7 ×. Measurements (µm) of the holotype of G. longior. Head: 132; mesosoma 338; gaster 529; ovipositor 550. Antenna: radicle 48; rest of scape 106; pedicel 57; F 1 30; F 2 30; F 3 37; F 4 40; F 5 64; F 6 52; F 7 58; F 8 60; clava 157. Fore wing 953: 332; longest marginal seta 84. Hind wing 800: 36; longest marginal seta 100. Description. MALE. Body length (measurement taken from dry-mounted specimen from Fryazevo, Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia before slide-mounting) 896 µm. Head and mesosoma mostly brown except pronotum yellow to light brown; scape and pedicel yellow to light brown, flagellum brown; legs yellow to light brown; basal gastral terga yellowish, apical ones brown. Antenna (Fig. 169) with scape 2.1 – 2.4 × as long as wide. Fore wing (Fig. 170) about 3.2 × as long as wide; hind wing (Fig. 170) about 24 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 171.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55EFFC368CC0DD11CA95B3F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus longior is recognizable by the fore wing (Figs 163, 167, 170) with sparse setae between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (often leaving a distinct bare area), the female antenna (Figs 161, 164) usually bearing 1 mps on F 5, 0 or 1 mps on F 6, 1 or 2 mps on F 7, 2 mps on F 8, and 10 mps on the clava, and also by the relatively long ovipositor (Figs 162, 165) which is usually 1.9 – 2.1 × as long as mesotibia. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	description	(Figs 172 – 175)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: “ Ziklake ” near Sankt Andrä am Zicksee and Neusiedler See, Burgenland, Austria [that most likely is Zicksee near Sankt Andrä am Zicksee because Zicklacke is near Illmitz and Neusiedler See].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [MMUE] (not examined). Type locality: Walker Butts Bank Dyke, Spurn, East Riding of Yorkshire Co., England, UK. Synonymized under G. novickyi by Matthews 1986: 227.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Presumed (Matthews 1986) holotype female [NHMW] on slide (Fig. 172) labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus Ƥ novickyi Soyka Type ”; 2. [red] “ Type ”; 3. [Soyka’s slide number] “ 806 ”; 4. “ St. Andrä, Ziklake Neusiedlersee 11 Aug. 1942 lg. Novicky coll Soyka In Canadab. 1942 ”. The specimen is complete, uncleared, and mounted laterally. Soyka (1946) described this species from a single female collected by S. Novicky on 11. viii. 1942, but I found 3 females in NHMW and also 1 female in EMEC, all with the same label data. Although two of the specimens in NHMW are identically labeled as “ Type ” on red labels, only one (on slide # 806) is also labeled so in W. Soyka’s handwriting on the white label, so Matthews (1986), who examined just this specimen sent to him on loan, called it the holotype although it is impossible to decide which of these two specimens was the true holotype. Unfortunately, ICZN does not have a provision for such situation (Doug Yanega, personal communication). The other specimens have no type status although it is almost equally possible that the female on Soyka’s slide # 805 was the actual holotype. Material examined. AUSTRIA. BURGENLAND, Zicksee, 11. viii. 1942, S. Novicky: [2 Ƥ, NHMW] (one of them, on slide # 805, was labeled by Soyka as “ Type ”); [1 Ƥ, EMEC] (labeled by Soyka as “ co-type ”). DENMARK. HOVEDSTADEN, Amager Island, 26. vii. 1940, J. P. Kryger [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. Locality unclear (“ Orences Str. [and] ”), 24. vii. 1946, O. Bakkendorf [1 Ƥ, ZMUC]. KYRGYZSTAN. NARYN, Alabuga River, 25 km W of Baetov, 41 ° 17 ’ 47 ’’ N 74 ° 39 ’ 20 ’’ E, 1700 m, 29. viii. 1998, C. H. Dietrich [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria, Denmark *, Finland (Hellén 1974), Kyrgyzstan *, Romania (Pricop 2010 c), Russia (Hellén 1974), and UK (England). Incorrectly listed from Germany by Pricop (2010 c).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Body length 1255 – 1385 µm. Body mostly brown or dark brown except pronotum, side lobes of mesoscutum posteriorly, and base of gaster light brown; scape and pedicel mostly light brown, flagellum brown; legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Fig. 173) with radicle about 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.1 – 3.5 × as long as wide, striate; pedicel longer than F 1; all funicle segments notably longer than wide, F 1 the shortest and F 5 the longest, F 1 – F 4 shorter than F 5 – F 8; mps on F 5 (1 or 2), F 6 (normally 1, sometimes 0 on one antenna), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2 or 3); clava with 10 mps, 3.2 – 3.5 × as long as wide, shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8 and a little longer than combined length of F 7 and F 8. Propodeum with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 175) 4.2 – 4.6 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.38 – 0.42 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc slightly infumate, partially setose behind apex of submarginal vein and setose behind and beyond marginal vein. Hind wing 26 – 29 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate apically, unevenly setose; longest marginal seta 3.3 – 3.7 × maximum wing width. Gaster (Fig. 174) much longer than mesosoma. Petiole strap-like, about 3 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying entire length of gaster, exserted beyond its apex by 0.2 – 0.22 × own length, 2.6 – 3.0 × length of mesotibia. Measurements of the presumed holotype (µm). Body: 1310; head: 160; mesosoma 375; petiole 21; gaster 836; ovipositor 1015. Antenna: scape minus radicle 130; pedicel 61; F 1 39; F 2 48; F 3 52; F 4 61; F 5 74; F 6 65; F 7 68; F 8 61; clava 168. Fore wing 1298: 283; longest marginal seta 109. Hind wing 1027: 39; longest marginal seta 130. Mesotibia 350. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus novickyi is characterized by the female antenna (Fig. 173) normally with mps on F 5 – F 8, the fore wing 4.2 – 4.6 × as long as wide with the disc partially setose behind the apex of the submarginal vein (Fig. 175), and the ovipositor (Fig. 174) 2.6 – 3.0 × length of mesotibia. It differs from G. kalika by having the area between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae on the fore wing disc evenly setose, without a bare area (with a small bare area in G. kalika), and from G. acuminatus, which has a distinct such bare area, also by the fore wing at least 4.2 × as long as wide (at most 2.9 × as long as wide in G. acuminatus). Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E55BFFCD68CC0CD21E115B3A.taxon	discussion	Comments. I agree with the synonymy of Lymaenon fossarum under G. novickyi by Matthews (1986) because, among other matching features, in the original description of L. fossarum Hincks (1952) mentioned and illustrated the characteristic body color of G. novickyi, and the antennal clava of the female antenna in L. fossarum is a little longer than the combined length of F 7 and F 8.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFCE68CC0DD11CA95EC2.taxon	description	(Figs 176 – 179)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFCE68CC0DD11CA95EC2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 1 – 10. vi. 2002, M. V. Michailovskaya, MT.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFCE68CC0DD11CA95EC2.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head and mesosoma dark brown, gaster mostly brown to dark brown except a little lighter basally; antenna brown except scape partially light brown, legs light brown with some light and dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 176) with radicle 0.27 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.6 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest and F 5 the longest among funicle segments (all notably longer than wide), F 8 the broadest funicle segment; mps on F 4 (0 or 1), F 5 (2), F 6 (1), F 7 (3) and F 8 (4); clava with 12 or 13 mps, 3.6 × as long as wide, almost as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 178). Propodeum (Fig. 177) with submedian lines moderately close to each other. Fore wing (Fig. 179) 3.0 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.21 × maximum wing width; disc with a brownish tinge, mostly bare behind submarginal vein except with setae behind its apex and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing about 21 × as long as wide; disc densely setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta about 2.5 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 178). Gaster a little longer than mesosoma. Petiole 2.2 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.6 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9: 1. Measurements (µm). Mesosoma 541; petiole 29; gaster 560; ovipositor 348. Antenna: radicle 70; rest of scape 185; pedicel 73; F 1 45; F 2 58; F 3 58; F 4 74; F 5 87; F 6 76; F 7 76; F 8 75; clava 224. Fore wing 1322: 443; longest marginal seta 94. Hind wing 996: 48; longest marginal seta 118. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFCE68CC0DD11CA95EC2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus saulfrommeri differs from the only two other Palaearctic species of G. (Lymaenon) which have 12 or more mps on the clava, G. katraps and G. krasavchik, by a shorter ovipositor which is 0.9 × length of mesotibia (ovipositor at least 1.1 × length of mesotibia in G. krasavchik, whose head and mesosoma are also much lighter, and at least 1.5 × length of mesotibia in G. katraps).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFCE68CC0DD11CA95EC2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named in honor of my good friend and colleague Saul I. Frommer, Curator Emeritus of the UCRC. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFC868CC08501CA9585F.taxon	description	(Figs 180 – 184)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFC868CC08501CA9585F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [UCRC] on slide: CHINA. BEIJING, Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.220 ’ N 115 ° 31.479 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [UCRC ENT 294200].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFC868CC08501CA9585F.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head and mesosoma brown to dark brown, gaster mostly brown except yellow to light brown basally; scape, pedicel, and F 1 light brown, rest of flagellum brown; legs light brown to brown. Head a little wider than mesosoma; subantennal sulci line-like, wide apart; upper face with peculiar crescent-shape sculpture (Fig. 180). Antenna (Fig. 181) with radicle 0.28 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.8 × as long as wide, almost smooth; pedicel much longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 2 and F 3 a little shorter than following funicle segments, F 4 – F 8 more or less subequal in length (F 5 or F 7 the longest); mps on F 7 (1) and F 8 (2); clava apparently with 8 mps, about 3.8 × as long as wide, slightly shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 182). Midlobe of mesoscutum with conspicuous sculpture, side lobes of mesoscutum and scutellum with weak sculpture. Propodeum with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 183) narrow, about 4.5 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.55 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge, with a few setae behind apex of submarginal vein and densely setose elsewhere except setae sparse between apex of marginal vein and cubital row of setae leaving a very small bare area. Hind wing (Fig. 184) about 32 × as long as wide; disc unevenly setose and with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta about 4.8 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 182) longer than mesosoma. Petiole 2.2 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying entire length of gaster, projecting anteriorly under petiole and extending to posterior margin of anterior scutellum and exserted posteriorly beyond gastral apex by about 0.12 × own length; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio about 3.4: 1. Measurements (µm). Body total length 1002; mesosoma 351; petiole 18; gaster 486; ovipositor 800. Antenna: radicle 45; rest of scape 115; pedicel 49; F 1 25; F 2 34; F 3 36; F 4 42; F 5 42 (45); F 6 42; F 7 45 (43); F 8 43; clava 131. Fore wing 836: 187; longest marginal seta 103. Hind wing 664: 21; longest marginal seta 100. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFC868CC08501CA9585F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus svat is unique among the Palaearctic species of the subgenus in having the ovipositor projecting anteriorly under the mesosoma and extending to the posterior margin of anterior scutellum (Fig. 182).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E556FFC868CC08501CA9585F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) stands for a father of one’s son-in-law or daughterin-law in Russian. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	description	(Figs 185 – 194)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Forêt de Loverval, Gerpinnes, Hainaut, Belgium.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype female [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 185) labeled: 1. “ Lymaenon thyrides Deb. Ƥ TYPE [on red rectangle glued onto the label] ”; 2. “ Forêt de Loverval 14. VIII. 41 – n o 147 32 [faint, in pencil] ”. The holotype (Fig. 186, a rather small specimen for the species) is complete, uncleared, mounted laterally. Material examined. ARMENIA. SYUNIK, Lichk, 17. vi. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (on apple tree in kolkhoz orchard) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. BELGIUM. HAINAUT, Gerpinnes, [Forêt de] Loverval, 10. viii. 1941, [H. R. Debauche] [1 Ƥ, ISNB] (misidentified by H. R. Debauche as Lymaenon effusi). LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, 3 – 17. viii. 1990, R. Detry [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. WALLOON BRABANT, Waterloo, 26. vii – 2. viii. 1992, P. Dessart [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. FRANCE. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44 ° 54 ’ N 00 ° 02 ’ W, 13. viii. 1998, M. van Helden [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. GEORGIA. ADJARA, Keda, 29. viii. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin [2 Ƥ, ZIN]. RUSSIA. MOSCOVSKAYA OBLAST’: Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo: 1. viii. 2002, M. E. Tretiakov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10. viii. 2003, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, E. Ya. Shuvakhina: 10 – 20. vii. 2000 [1 3, UCRC]; 6 – 26. vi. 2001 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 14. vii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. viii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. SLOVAKIA. BRATISLAVA, Jurský Šúr Nature Reserve, 48 ° 14 ’ 03 ’’ N 17 ° 12 ’ 47 ’’ E, 133 m, 8. viii. 2008, B. V. Brown (alder forest) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. WALES, Bridgend Co. Borough, Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, 31. viii. 1995, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, CNCI].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Armenia *, Belgium, Bulgaria (Donev 2001, 2005), Finland (Hellén 1974), France *, Georgia *, Greece (Donev 1988 c, 2005), Macedonia (Donev 2005), Romania (Dimitriu 2001; Pricop 2009 b), Russia *, Slovakia *, Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003), Turkey (Donev 2001, 2005), UK: England (Matthews 1986), and Wales *.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (holotype and non-type specimens). Body length 725 – 890 µm (dry-mounted specimens) or 830 – 1130 µm (slide-mounted specimens). Head and mesosoma mostly dark brown, gaster brown with base often a little lighter; radicle and also the remainder of scape and pedicel (partially) light brown, remainder of antenna brown; legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Figs 187, 188) with radicle about 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.8 – 4.1 × as long as wide, faintly striate; pedicel much longer than F 1; F 1 – F 3 subequal in length and a little shorter than F 4, F 5 normally slightly longer than following funicle segments (sometimes about as long as F 7 and / or F 8); mps on F 7 (normally 1 or 2 but occasionally 0 on one antenna, rarely lacking mps on both antennae in very small specimens) and F 8 (2); clava with 10 mps, 3.2 – 4.0 × as long as wide, a little longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 189). Propodeum with faint submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 190) 2.8 – 3.1 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.25 – 0.35 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc almost hyaline (at most with a slight brownish tinge), bare behind submarginal vein, at least sparsely setose behind marginal vein (normally leaving a distinct bare area between marginal vein and cubital row of setae), and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 191) 18 – 20 × as long as wide; disc unevenly setose, almost hyaline; longest marginal seta 2.4 – 2.8 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 189) longer than mesosoma. Petiole 2.3 – 2.6 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not exserted; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.1 – 1.6: 1 (usually 1.1 – 1.3: 1). Measurements of the holotype (µm). Body: 916; mesosoma 320; gaster 437; ovipositor 354. Antenna: radicle 51; rest of scape 110; pedicel 48; F 1 24; F 2 22; F 3 24; F 4 37; F 5 43; F 6 40; F 7 44; F 8 45; clava 140. Fore wing 880: 314; longest marginal seta 79. Hind wing 695: 36; longest marginal seta 91. Mesotibia 252. MALE (non-type slide-mounted specimen from Moscovskaya oblast’, Russia). Body length 920 µm. Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Antenna (Fig. 192) with scape plus radicle about 2.0 × as long as wide. Fore wing (Fig. 193) about 3.0 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 194.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus thyrides is characterized by the female antenna (Fig. 188) with mps normally on F 7 and F 8, the fore wing (Fig. 190) disc with a more or less distinct bare area between the marginal vein and cubital row of setae, and the ovipositor not exserted (Fig. 189). It differs from G. litoralis in lacking mps on F 5 of the female antenna (F 5 usually with a mps and the fore wing disc densely setose in G. litoralis). Also see the diagnosis of G. bicoloriventris. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E550FFD468CC0FF21EAD5817.taxon	discussion	Comments. Debauche (1948) clearly misidentified a poorly slide-mounted, very small female from Forêt de Loverval, Belgium, as Lymaenon effusi. It belongs to G. thyrides as both of its antennae lack mps on F 7 and the fore wing has a distinct bare area between the marginal vein and cubital row of setae, whereas in L. effusi, synonymized under G. litoralis by Matthews (1986), the fore wing disc is setose between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae, as illustrated by Bakkendorf (1934, his Fig. 32, p. 24). It is interesting that H. R. Debauche failed to recognize his own species, particularly as the specimen he misidentified as L. effusi had been collected in the same locality and almost at the same time as the holotype of L. thyrides. The species illustrated by Boţoc (1974) as “ Lymaenon tyrides ” is most likely a misidentification: the fore wing is too narrow to fit G. thyrides. It could rather belong to G. cunctator but that is impossible to determine because the entire M. Boţoc collection of Mymaridae is apparently lost.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54CFFD468CC0F2A1CA95D6E.taxon	description	(Figs 195 – 198)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54CFFD468CC0F2A1CA95D6E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 12 – 17. viii. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya, MT. Paratypes, same locality and collector: 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 5 – 11. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ on slides, IBPV, UCRC]; 10 – 15. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ on slide, CNCI]; 1 – 10. viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC]; ix – xi. 2001 [1 Ƥ on point, UCRC]; 1 – 11. ix. 2002 [1 Ƥ on slide, ZIN]; 24. ix – 5. x. 2002 [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54CFFD468CC0F2A1CA95D6E.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 1120 – 1240 µm. Body mostly brown except base of gaster light brown and mesosoma with lighter patches on edges of midlobe of mesoscutum and scutellum; scape and pedicel light brown to brown, flagellum brown to dark brown; legs light brown to brown. Antenna (Fig. 195) with radicle 0.34 – 0.36 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.3 – 3.8 × as long as wide, faintly longitudinally striate; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 3 a little shorter than F 4 and F 1 – F 4 shorter than following funicle segments, F 5 the longest and F 8 the broadest among funicle segments, F 8 with a large incision at apex; mps on F 5 (usually 2, rarely 1), F 6 (2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (4); clava with 9 mps, 3.3 – 3.8 × as long as wide, about as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 196). Propodeum (Fig. 197) with submedian lines wide apart. Fore wing (Fig. 198) 2.9 – 3.3 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.26 – 0.32 × maximum wing width; disc with a faint but conspicuous brownish tinge, bare behind submarginal vein and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing narrow, 19 – 25 × as long as wide; disc sparsely setose and almost hyaline; longest marginal seta 2.6 – 3.4 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 196) longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.7 – 1.9 × as wide as long. Ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not or just barely exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio normally 1.2 – 1.4: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 443; petiole 24; gaster 566; ovipositor 431. Antenna: radicle 109; rest of scape 191; pedicel 61; F 1 39; F 2 45; F 3 46; F 4 52; F 5 66; F 6 62; F 7 62; F 8 63; clava 203. Fore wing 1088: 338; longest marginal seta 100. Hind wing 886: 36; longest marginal seta 112. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54CFFD468CC0F2A1CA95D6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus ucri is most similar to G. krasavchik from which it differs by a notably darker body color and also in lacking mps on F 4 of the female antenna (F 4 with at least 1 mps on the female antenna of G. krasavchik). Also, G. ucri differs from the somewhat similar Indian species G. (Lymaenon) berijamus Mani & Saraswat in bearing 2 mps on F 7 of the female antenna whereas in G. berijamus F 7 of the female antenna bears 4 mps (Zeya & Hayat 1995).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54CFFD468CC0F2A1CA95D6E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after the University of California at Riverside, which is commonly abbreviated as UCR. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	description	(Figs 199, 200)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Susa, Turin Prov., Piedmont, Italy.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype female [DEZA] on slide labeled: “ Lymaenon: Ƥ vidanoi sp. n. olotipo ex. uova Gargara genistae su: Susa (La Brunetta) 18. VII. 85 det. G. Viggiani prep. R. Jesu ”. It was examined and photographed during a brief visit of DEZA but unfortunately measurements could not be taken.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Italy (Viggiani & Jesu 1986 [as Lymaenon vidanoi]).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Body length and coloration as described by Viggiani & Jesu (1986). Antenna (Fig. 199) with radicle about 0.34 × total length of scape, rest of scape about 2.8 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 – F 3 short, F 4 a little longer than preceding funicle segments and a little shorter than following ones, F 1 – F 4 without mps, F 5 – F 8 more or less subequal in length, each with 2 mps; clava with 10 mps, 3.4 × as long as wide, a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Fore wing (Fig. 200) about 3.3 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta about 0.31 × maximum wing width. Fore wing disc hyaline, bare behind submarginal vein, sparsely setose between marginal vein and cubital row of setae, and densely setose elsewhere. Metasoma longer than mesosoma. Ovipositor occupying about 0.8 × length of gaster, exserted slightly beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio about 2.4: 1 according to Viggiani & Jesu (1986), more recently confirmed by Riccardo Jesu (personal communication). MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus vidanoi is characterized by F 5 – F 8 each with 2 mps. It differs from G. africanus in having F 3 shorter than F 4 (Fig. 199) (about as long as F 4 or slightly longer in G. africanus, Figs 58, 61) and from that of G. longior in having 2 mps on F 6 (0 or 1 in G. longior). Host. Gargara genistae (Fabricius) (Membracidae) (Viggiani & Jesu 1986, 1988) [as Lymaenon vidanoi].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54EFFD768CC0DD11F7A584F.taxon	discussion	Comments. The following three females are tentatively attributed here to G. vidanoi although they also could represent a separate, undescribed species: ITALY. LAZIO: Roma Prov., Caldara di Manziana, 42 ° 05.607 ’ N 12 ° 05.906 ’ E, 305 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov., Roccaccia, 42 ° 19.809 ’ N 11 ° 45.671 ’ E, 125 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. They differ from the holotype of G. vidanoi in several minor features as follows. Body length about 1000 µm (dry-mounted specimen). Body (Fig. 202) mostly brown, with some light brown; scape, pedicel, and legs light brown to brown, flagellum brown. Antenna (Fig. 201) with radicle somewhat longer, and scape narrower; mps on F 6 – F 8 (2), and clava (10). Fore wing (Fig. 203) 3.1 – 3.2 × as long as wide, with disc more or less uniformly setose behind marginal vein. Hind wing (Fig. 203) about 21 × as long as wide. Ovipositor 1.8 – 1.9 × as long as mesotibia. I disagree with Zeya & Hayat’s (1995) opinion that G. vidanoi may be very close to, if not the same as, G. (Lymaenon) delhiensis (Narayanan & Subba Rao) from India because the latter species has a notably shorter ovipositor (1.0 – 1.3 × length of mesotibia).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD068CC0DD11E665936.taxon	description	(Figs 204, 205)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD068CC0DD11E665936.taxon	materials_examined	Extralimital records. USA. CALIFORNIA, Riverside Co., Riverside, University of California at Riverside (UCR), Department of Entomology Insectary & Quarantine facility, I. M. Bayoun: 20. vii. 1998 (third generation on eggs of Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker) on sugar beet) [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix. 2000 (from culture on eggs of N. tenellus on sugar beet) [4 Ƥ, UCRC], originally from: IRAN. FARS, Kavar, 14 – 15. v. 1998, N. Zareh (from eggs of N. tenellus on sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, leaves, UCR Quarantine S & R # 98 - 09 - 02 C).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD068CC0DD11E665936.taxon	description	Brief diagnosis. FEMALE. Body length 860 – 920 µm. Head and mesosoma mostly dark brown, gaster light brown to brown; appendages light to dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 204) with mps on F 5 (1), F 7 (2), F 8 (2), and clava (10). Fore wing (Fig. 205) 2.9 – 3.0 × as long as wide, with discal setae originating behind base of marginal vein. Ovipositor 1.2 – 1.3 × length of mesotibia, not exserted beyond apex of gaster. Thus mostly identical to G. litoralis except fore wing disc with a distinct bare area between the marginal vein and the cubital row of setae (Fig. 205).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD068CC0DD11E665936.taxon	description	MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD068CC0DD11E665936.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Iran (originally). Host. Neoaliturus (Circulifer) tenellus (Baker) (Cicadellidae).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD068CC0DD11E665936.taxon	discussion	Comments. This apparently new species is not described as such because only a few laboratory reared specimens are available for study. The original material from Iran was not preserved because it was used for establishing the colony in quarantine and could not be recovered.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cosmocomoidea morrilli Howard, by monotypy.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	discussion	Gonatocerus (Gonatocerus Nees): De Santis 1967: 103 – 105 (in part).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	diagnosis	Gonatocerus (Cosmocomoidea Howard): De Santis 1967: 106; Triapitsyn et al. 2010: 94 – 99 (reinstated as a valid subgenus, diagnosis, diagnoses of species groups and subgroups of the ater group, key to species groups, subgroups, and species in the Neotropical region).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	discussion	Lymaenon Walker (longicauda species group): Viggiani 1969: 39 (except Oophilus longicauda Enock [as Lymaenon longicauda (Enock), a synonym of G. (Lymaenon) acuminatus], G. (Lymaenon) thyrides, and also G. (Gastrogonatocerus) membraciphagus Ogloblin).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Back of head without sutures; female funicle 8 - segmented; pronotum longitudinally divided into two lobes that abut medially; dorsellum triangular to rhomboidal; propodeum almost always with 2 well developed submedian carinae and lateral to submedian carinae without transverse wrinkles, carinae, or punctures; fore wing usually relatively broad and setae behind venation absent or, if present behind marginal and stigmal veins, not as dense or as uniformly distributed as beyond venation. All the Palaearctic species of G. (Cosmocomoidea) belong to the ater subgroup of the ater species group as defined by Triapitsyn et al. (2010) and above. The subgenus is much more diverse and morphologically varied in the Western Hemisphere, where several groups and subgroups within G. (Cosmocomoidea) occur.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Almost cosmopolitan (absent in the Australian region but introduced, either accidentally or purposely, into various oceanic islands, e. g., Hawaiian Islands, French Polynesia, and Easter Island). Hosts. Cicadellidae (mostly), Membracidae, and possibly Flatidae (Triapitsyn et al. 2010).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E548FFD268CC0A2F1F2F5B97.taxon	discussion	Comments. Identification of G. (Cosmocomoidea) species in the Palaearctic region is challenging, particularly the cryptic forms within the G. (Cosmocomoidea) ater Foerster and G. (Cosmocomoidea) latipennis Girault complexes. There, variability of morphological characters traditionally used for species separation, e. g., funicle segment proportions and presence or absence of mps on them, fore wing length: width, relative length of ovipositor to length of mesotibia, makes it almost impossible to define these forms unequivocally. In some cases they may be separated by the shape of the submedian carinae on the propodeum, although the carinae may be subject to intraspecific variability but perhaps to a lesser extent than other features. Therefore, new species are not described unless they can be defined confidently. A combination of morphological (including morphometric analyses based on statistically significant number of specimens), molecular, and biological studies would be necessary to resolve more difficult problems as fresh, well-prepared specimens, particularly from the type localities of the nominal taxa, become available.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	description	(Figs 206 – 247)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Hundsheim, Lower Austria, Austria. Synonymized under G. ater by Matthews 1986: 221.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Heverlee (as Héverlé in the original description), Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Synonymized under G. ater by Matthews 1986: 221.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [IARI] (not examined). Type locality: New Delhi, Delhi, India. Synonymized under G. ater by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 70.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from IARI (Zeya & Hayat 1995)] (not examined). Type locality: Delhi, India. Synonymized under G. ater by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 70.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	discussion	Type status not indicated, five females of the type series mentioned in the original description (although Matthews (1986) incorrectly designated a holotype), all of which were syntypes) [lost together with the entire M. Boţoc’s personal collection of the Romanian Mymaridae (Pricop 2010 b)] (not examined). Type locality: “ Aluviunea Someşului ” (Someş [river] deposits — i. e., Someş River flood plain), near Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania. Synonymized under G. ater by Matthews 1986: 222 but treated as a valid species by Pricop (2010 b), see “ Comments ” below.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: “ Jullunder ” (Jalandhar), Punjab, India [or Jullundhur (Subba Rao et al. 1968), although Zeya & Hayat (1995) indicated it as Jallunder (p. 70) but under “ Specimens examined ” (p. 72) they indicated it as “ INDIA: Delhi ”]. Synonymized under G. ater by Zeya & Hayat 1995: 70.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Rome, Lazio, Italy (Gennaro Viggiani, personal communication; the collecting locality of the holotype was not indicated either in the original description or on the two holotype slides). Synonymized under G. ater by Matthews 1986: 222.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Gonatocerus ater Foerster: lectotype female [NHMW], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding the type specimens of this species, on slide (Fig. 206) labeled [in Soyka’s handwriting]: 1. “ Gonatocerus Ƥ ater ”; 2. [an empty red label]; 3. [Soyka’s slide number] “ 742 ”; 4. “ Gonat. ater Förster Type Aachen Förster Coll. G. Mayr In Canadab. 1943 ”. The lectotype was poorly remounted by Soyka from a minuten pin, with several parts of the specimen separate under the coverslip and one hind wing in the excess balsam not covered by it (the other hind wing is missing). Matthews (1986: 221) and Pricop (2010 b: 112 – 114) erroneously mentioned this specimen (on Soyka’s slide No. 742) as holotype of G. ater but that was not a valid lectotype designation (Article 74.5, [ICZN] 1999) because the original description mentioned an unspecified number of female and male specimens, all of which are syntypes. Paralectotypes: 1 Ƥ [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus Ƥ foresteri [sic, Soyka’s manuscript name, in pencil] ”; 2. [an empty red label]; 3. [Soyka’s slide number] “ 20 ”; 4. [partially in? Foerster’s handwriting, partially printed] “ Gon. ater Förster, Type ”; 5. [printed] “ Collect. G. Mayr ”; 6. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ In Canadab. 1943 ”. This specimen (Figs 290 – 292) actually belongs to G. (Cosmocomoidea) oxypygus Foerster. 1 3 [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus 3 ater Förster Type ”; 2. [red] “ Allo-Type ” [incorrectly labeled as such by Soyka]; 3. [Soyka’s slide number] “ 18 ”; 4. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus ater Förster Type Coll. G. Mayr In Canadab. 1943 ”. This specimen (Fig. 213) is mounted laterally, so the propodeal submedian carinae are not fully visible; it belongs to G. (Cosmocomoidea) and may be or may not be conspecific with the female lectotype; Pricop (2010 b) was of opinion that it resembles G. ovicenatus Leonard & Crosby. 1 3 [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus 3 ater foersteri [Soyka’s manuscript name] ”; 2. [partially in? Foerster’s handwriting, partially printed] “ Gon. ater Förster, Type ”; 3. [printed] “ Aach. Först. ”; 4. [in Soyka’s handwriting] “ In Canadab. 1943 ”. This specimen actually belongs to G. acuminatus. Potential paralectotypes: 1 Ƥ, 1 3 [MHNG] on minuten pins inserted in the same small balsa wood piece on a pin labeled: 1. [in A. Foerster’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus ater Frst. ”; 2. “ Not Rachistus ater Fst. 1847 W. D. Hincks ”; 3. [in blue ink] “ Gonatocerus ater F. ”. At least the female actually belongs to G. oxypygus. Although Foerster (1847) indicated 2 females and 1 male of G. ater, actually 4 specimens (2 females and 2 males) in NHMW can be unambiguously attributed to the syntype series of this species, and these belong at least to 3 different taxa. In addition, the abovementioned female in MHNG could also be part of the syntype series although that is less likely. All Foerster’s specimens identified by him as G. ater more or less fit the vague original description even though they represent several different species; in this situation I follow Matthews (1986), the first reviser, and designate as lectotype the specimen he mentioned as “ holotype ”. The original description of G. ater (Foerster 1841, p. 45) stated, as newly translated here from German: “ 2. Gon. ater. Black, shining, antennae brown, scape yellowish, legs black-brown, knees and apices of tibiae and tarsi yellow, fore tibiae completely yellow. 3. Ƥ. Lg. [Length] 2 / 5 Lin. [Linie (an old German measuring unit, usually = 1 / 12 inch, but could also = 1 / 10 inch)] ”. Later, Foerster (1847, pp. 206 – 207) added the following to the diagnosis of G. ater [as Rachistus ater] (partial translation from German): “ Body coloration completely dark. Scape dark brown and rather wide. F 1 – F 4 very short and of the same length and progressively thicker. F 5 considerably longer and thicker than F 6; F 6 – F 8 almost the same length. F 8 equals F 5 in thickness. Clava almost the same length as F 6 – F 8 combined. 2 Ƥ, 1 3 from the same area [i. e., Aachen] ”. Gonatocerus pannonicus Soyka: holotype female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Gonatocerus pannonicus Ƥ (Soyka) Type det. W. Soyka ”, 2. [red] “ Type ”, 3. “ 809 ”, 4. “ Hundsheim 9 Sept 1940 in Canadabalsam ”. The collecting date on the holotype slide does not match the one (August 1941) indicated in the original description of G. pannonicus by Soyka (1946). The holotype is mounted laterally, insufficiently cleared, lacking F 5 – F 8 and clava of one antenna. Lymaenon populi Viggiani: holotype female [DEZA (current depository), although Viggiani (1969) indicated that the holotype female was to be deposited in the collection of the Center of the Identification of Entomophagues of the International Organization for Biological Control in Geneva, Switzerland (at MHNG)] on 2 slides, as follows: slide 1 (head, one antenna, and 1 fore wing), labeled: “ Coll. O. I. L. B. 27.67 / 2 1 Ƥ Lymaenon populi n. sp. olotipo det. G. Viggiani ’ 69 ”; slide 1 (remainder of the specimen), labeled: “ Coll. O. I. L. B. 27.67 / 2 Ƥ Lymaenon populi n. sp. olotipo det. G. Viggiani ’ 69 ”. Paratypes [all DEZA]: 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: “ Lymaenon populi Vigg. paratipo 1 Ƥ Roma, VI. 68 ex uova Cicadella viridis su pioppo ”; 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: “ Lymaenon populi Vigg. paratipo Ƥ Roma, VI. 68 ex uova Cic. viridis ”; 1 Ƥ on slide labeled: “ Lymaenon populi Vigg. paratipo Ƥ Roma, VI / 68 ex uova Cic. viridis ”; 1 3 on slide labeled: “ Lymaenon populi Vigg. 3 paraallotipo de uova cicadellide su pioppo Roma, VI / 68 leg. Cavascasolle ”. All the paratypes are dissected in several body parts. Lymaenon schmitzi Debauche: holotype female [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 214) labeled: 1. “ Héverlé 1. VI. 41 — no 140 1 [the last number in pencil] ”; 2. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon schmitzi Deb. 1943 Ƥ TYPE [the latter glued on a red triangle onto the right label] ”. The holotype (Fig. 216) is in fair condition although uncleared, complete, and mounted dorsoventrally. Paratypes [both ISNB]: 13 (the allotype) on slide labeled: 1. “ Lab. D’Entomologie de l’Université Louvain Eegenhoven 11. V. 42. 180 ”, 2. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon schmitzi Deb. 1943 3 ALLO TYPE [sic, the latter glued on a red triangle onto the right label] ”; 1 3 on slide labeled: 1. “ Lab. D’Entomologie de l’Université Louvain Eegenhoven 18. V. 42 no 183 ”, 2. “ Dr. H. DEBAUCHE det. Lymaenon schmitzi Deb. 1943 3 PARA TYPE [sic, the latter glued on a red triangle onto the right label] ”. Both paratypes are uncleared and mounted laterally so that the propodeal carinae are not visible.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Gonatocerus ater s. str. (i. e., specimens that more or less agree with the lectotype, particularly in the shape of the propodeal carinae). CZECH REPUBLIC. HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ, Orlické Mountains, Kačerov Nature Reserve, 50 ° 14 ’ 25.241 ’’ N 16 ° 23 ’ 07.139 ’’ E, 690 m, 20. x. 2008, J. Hájek [1 Ƥ, CUPC]. RUSSIA. MOSCOVSKAYA OBLAST’: Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M. E. Tretiakov: 1 – 18. v. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 2. vi. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9. vii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, Sosnovka, 5 – 16. v. 2001, E. Ya. Shuvakhina [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, 2 km E Sokol, D. J. Bennett, T. Anderson, 21. vii. 2001 [1 Ƥ, CAS]. TAMBOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Inzhavinskiy rayon, Talinka (7 km S of Pavlovka), 26 – 27. v. 2000, M. E. Tretiakov [1 3, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND: Berkshire Co., Ascot, Silwood Park, 11. vi. 1994, J. S. Noyes [4 3, CNCI]. Cheshire Co., Lymm, 28. v. 1949, W. D. Hincks [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. WALES, Bridgend Co. Borough, Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, 4. viii. 1994, J. S. Noyes [1 3, CNCI]. Gonatocerus ater s. l. (i. e., specimens that either do not agree with the lectotype in the shape of the propodeal carinae but fit Matthews’ (1986) and Zeya & Hayat’s (1995) concepts of the species, or for which the shape of the propodeal carinae is not known or has not been recorded for various reasons). BELGIUM. LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, 27. iv – 11. v. 1990, R. Detry [1 Ƥ, ISNB]. WALLOON BRABANT, Waterloo, 26. vii – 2. viii. 1992, P. Dessart [1 Ƥ, [ISNB]. GERMANY. NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA: Cologne, 6. viii. 1962, M. Boness [3 Ƥ, NHMW]. Leverkusen, 3. vii. 1963, M. Boness [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, Kerkini Marsh, 41 ° 13 ’ 32.8 ’’ N 23 ° 05 ’ 04.2 ’’ E, 45 m, 11 – 17. iv. 2007, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, 3 3, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, 19 – 20. viii. 2001, V. V. Kostjukov [1 3, UCRC]. KALUZHSKAYA OBLAST’, Sivkovo, 18. viii. 1978, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M. V. Michailovskaya: 11 – 12. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 23 – 24. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 2. vii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC]; 27. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 4 – 5. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 5 – 11. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 22 – 28. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; viii. 1999 [4 Ƥ, IBPV, UCRC, ZIN]; viii – ix. 1999 [1 3, UCRC]; 10 – 15. ix. 1999 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 25 – 26. ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; ix. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 8 – 11. x. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 10. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10 – 20. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 21 – 26. viii. 2000 [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; viii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, 6 km E of Sokol, 16. viii. 2001 [1 3, CAS]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 29. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 7. viii. 2003 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 14. viii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND: Cheshire Co., Middlewood, 6. vii. 1948, H. Britten [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Surrey Co., Dorking, J. S. Noyes: Leith Hill, 26. viii. 1984 [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. M. J. Matthews); White Downs, 21. ix. 1986 [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. Country or locality not indicated (most likely Aachen area, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY): 2 Ƥ [MHNG] on minuten pins inserted in the same small balsa wood piece on a pin labeled: 1. [in A. Foerster’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus ecaudatus Frst. ” [Foerster’s manuscript name]; 2. [in blue ink] “ Gonatocerus ecaudatus F. ” (mounted together, but on separate minuten pins, with a female of G. oxypygus).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Gonatocerus ater s. str.: Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Russia *, and UK (England, and Wales *). Records of this species from Austria (Soyka 1946) [as G. pannonicus], Bulgaria (Donev 1986 [also as G. populi], 1987, 1988 d, 1988 e, 2005), Finland (Hellén 1974), Greece (Donev 1988 c, 2005), Ireland (Graham 1973) [as G. populi], Italy (Viggiani 1969) [as G. populi], Netherlands (Noyes 2012), Romania (Boţoc 1962 [as L. schmitzi]; Pricop 2009 b; Pricop 2010 b [as G. intermedius], and Sweden (Hedqvist 2003) need confirmation. NEARCTIC *: USA * (G. ater s. l., see “ Comments ” below for Lymaenon populi). ORIENTAL: India (Zeya & Hayat 1995; Anwar & Zeya 2012; Zeya & Khan 2012) (G. ater s. l., records need confirmation).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (lectotype of G. ater, 5 non-type specimens of G. ater s. str. from Moskovskaya oblast’, Russia, 1 non-type specimen from Kačerov Nature Reserve, Czech Republic, and 1 non-type specimen from Lymm, England, that agree with the lectotype). Body length 840 – 860 µm (dry-mounted specimens from Kačerov Nature Reserve and Lymm, respectively). Body and appendages mostly dark brown, legs light to dark brown. Head (Fig. 207) about as wide as mesosoma. Antenna (Figs 207, 209, 217 – 218) with radicle 0.24 – 0.29 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.1 – 2.4 × as long as wide; pedicel much longer than F 1; F 1 and F 2 subequal in length and the shortest funicle segments, F 4 slightly shorter than F 3 and shorter than following funicle segments, F 5 – F 8 more or less subequal in length when F 6 bears 1 or 2 mps except F 8 slightly shorter, but if F 6 lacks mps then F 6 about as long as F 8 or slightly shorter; mps on F 5 (2), F 6 (0, 1, or 2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 2.1 – 2.4 × as long as wide, almost as long as combined length of F 6 – F 8 or a little shorter. Mesosoma (Fig. 210) about as long as gaster (Fig. 211) or a little shorter. Propodeum (Figs 208, 219) with fine, usually complete submedian carinae that narrow from propodeal posterior margin (their widest point) and either join together anteriorly at propodeal anterior margin at apex of dorsellum (as in the lectotype, Fig. 208) or fading at dorsellum (Fig. 219). Fore wing (Figs 212, 220) 2.6 – 2.8 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.19 – 0.2 × maximum wing width; disc with a slight brownish tinge and bare behind venation except for 3 or more setae behind stigmal vein, and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 220) 12 – 14 × as long as wide; disc unevenly setose, with a slight brownish tinge; longest marginal seta 1.6 – 1.7 × maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole short, about 2.2 × as wide as long; ovipositor (Fig. 211) not or at most barely exserted beyond apex of gaster, 1.1 – 1.4 × as long as mesotibia. Measurements (µm) of the lectotype. Head (as height: width) 264: 283; mesosoma 474; ovipositor 412. Antenna: radicle 42; rest of scape 124; pedicel 64; F 1 36; F 2 36; F 3 41; F 4 40; F 5 57; F 6 49; F 7 55; F 8 49; clava 142. Fore wing 1236: 474; longest marginal seta 91. Hind wing 947: 81. Mesotibia 354. MALE (non-type specimens from England and Russia). Body length 1130 – 1250 µm (slide-mounted specimens). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Antenna (Fig. 221) with scape 1.5 – 1.8 × as long as wide, F 1 wider than other flagellomeres. Fore wing (Fig. 222) 2.5 – 2.7 × as long as wide. Genitalia as in Fig. 223.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus ater s. str. is characterized mainly by the fine, usually complete submedian carinae that narrow from propodeal posterior margin (their widest point) and either joining together anteriorly at propodeal anterior margin at apex of dorsellum (Fig. 208) or fading at dorsellum (Fig. 219). The scape minus radicle of the female antenna (Figs 217 – 218) is 2.1 – 2.4 × as long as wide, and F 3 normally lacks mps (although not observed in the specimens studied, presumably F 3 may occasionally have a mps on one or both antennae, particularly in large specimens). The ovipositor is short (1.1 – 1.4 × as long as mesotibia) and not or at most barely exserted beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 211). Hosts. Unknown for G. ater s. str. Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) [as Empoasca devastans Distant] for Lymaenon empoascae (Subba Rao 1966; Subba Rao et al. 1968) and Cicadella viridis (Linnaeus) for Lymaenon populi (Viggiani 1969) (Cicadellidae). However, later Viggiani (1988) [as Lymaenon cicadellae Viggiani] and Viggiani & Jesu (1988) indicated Rhytidodus decimaquartus (Schrank) [as R. decimusquartus] as the host of L. populi in Italy.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	discussion	Comments. In the holotype of L. schmitzi the submedian carinae on the propodeum are more or less clearly visible (Fig. 215); they appear to be subparallel and fading anteriorly, not extending to the anterior margin of the propodeum and thus not joining at the apex of dorsellum. The antenna (Fig. 216) is more or less similar to that of the lectotype of G. ater: one antenna of the former has 2 mps on F 6 and the other lacks mps, and in the latter one antenna has 1 mps on F 6 and the other lacks mps; both lack mps on F 1 – F 4 and have 2 mps on F 5, F 7, and F 8. Also, in the holotype of L. schmitzi the scape minus radicle is about 2.3 × as long as wide, the fore wing is 2.7 × as long as wide, and the ovipositor is about 1.4 × mesotibia length. Taking all this into consideration, I accept (although not confidently) the synonymy of L. schmitzi under G. ater. More, fresh, and properly prepared material from or near the type localities of both nominal taxa is needed to assess variation, particularly of the shape of the propodeal submedian carinae. Because the holotype female of G. pannonicus is mounted laterally, it is impossible to see the propodeal submedian carinae in dorsal view. F 3 of its antenna is notably longer than F 1, F 2, or F 4 and subequal to F 5 (both are the longest funicle segments); mps are on F 3 (1 or? 2), F 4 (0), F 5 (2), F 6 (1), F 7 (? 1 or 2), and F 8 (2). The ovipositor is short, about 0.7 × length of the gaster, not exserted beyond its apex. I tentatively accept the synonymy of this species under G. ater by Matthews (1986) although at the same time agree with Pricop (2010 b) that these two taxa may not be conspecific. Possibly, G. pannonicus is conspecific with L. intermedius and also with L. populi, as described and illustrated by Boţoc (1962) and Viggiani (1969), respectively, as all these taxa have similar female antennae and short ovipositors. The holotype of G. pannonicus needs to be carefully re-mounted dorsoventrally to be able to see its propodeal submedian carinae and thus determine its true identity. Pricop (2010 b) considered G. intermedius to be a valid species based on several specimens of both sexes collected in Romania but these are not from Cluj County where the unspecified type locality (near Cluj-Napoca) of Lymaenon intermedius was. According to the diagnosis and illustrations of the non-type specimens attributed to this species by Pricop (2010 b), indeed these appear to fit well with the original description except for the markedly longer ovipositor (1.8 × as long as mesotibia and slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex). According to Boţoc (1962), the ovipositor was short and not exserted in the syntypes of L. intermedius, as seen on the photograph of the female habitus (p. 109, her fig. 3). Collections should be made near Cluj-Napoca in June, and if a female that fits the original description of L. intermedius is found (it is important to have a short ovipositor!), a neotype needs to be designated meeting all the requirements of Article 75.3 ([ICZN] 1999). It is inadvisable to use any of the female specimens mentioned by Pricop (2010 b) for such a designation, even though they might eventually turn out to be conspecific with L. intermedius, because they have markedly longer ovipositors and were collected significantly far away from the type locality. I have examined the following specimens that fit well the diagnosis and the illustrations of the form that was attributed by Pricop (2010 b) to G. intermedius — AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA, 1 km W of Hollern, 48 ° 04 ’ 22 ’’ N 16 ° 52 ’ 37 ’’ E, 150 m, 16. vi. 2007, C. Thuróczy, S. V. Triapitsyn [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. ITALY. LAZIO, Viterbo Prov., Ponte San Pietro, 42 ° 31.669 ’ N 11 ° 36.353 ’ E, 75 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 28. viii – 5. ix. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 14. vii. 2003 [4 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. viii. 2003 [16 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. SLOVAKIA. BRATISLAVA, Jurský Šúr Nature Reserve, 48 ° 14 ’ 03 ’’ N 17 ° 12 ’ 47 ’’ E, 133 m, 8. viii. 2008, B. V. Brown (alder forest) [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. In these specimens, the ovipositor is 1.6 – 1.9 × as long as mesotibia and slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex (Figs 225, 229); other important features such as the antenna (Figs 224, 227), the propodeal submedian carinae (Fig. 228), and the wings (Fig. 226) are identical to the ones in Pricop’s specimens from Romania and to the numerous specimens attributable to L. populi from several European countries, as discussed below. Thus, the length of the ovipositor relative to the length of the mesotibia in both forms seems to be slightly overlapping while gradually increasing in various specimens between 1.0 × and 1.6 × (in some individuals attributable to L. populi sensu Viggiani) to 1.6 – 1.9 × (in the specimens attributable to G. intermedius sensu Pricop). However, the significance of that is not clear, and I would abstain from resurrecting or sinking nominal species in the G. ater complex based on such variable morphological features as the relative length of the ovipositor or presence / absence of mps on F 3 and / or F 6. Viggiani & Jesu (1988) did not accept the synonymy of Lymaenon populi under G. ater by Matthews (1986) and they might be right unless the shape of the propodeal submedian carinae and the relative length of the ovipositor vary significantly in G. ater. This is quite possible because forms with somewhat different shapes of the propodeal submedian carinae and / or different relative lengths of the ovipositor do occur in Austria (near Hollern), Italy (Ponte San Pietro), and Russia (Fryazevo, Prietokskiy) in the same place and at the same or about the same time: unlike in the lectotype of G. ater, the propodeal carinae in specimens of the type series of L. populi are more or less parallel to each other, not joining anteriorly at the posterior margin of the dorsellum and not extending (or sometimes almost extending) to it (Figs 232, 236). In the holotype and female paratypes of L. populi, the scape minus radicle (Figs 230 – 231) is rather wide (2.0 – 2.1 × as long as wide, very similar to that in G. ater s. str.), F 3 and F 6 bear 1 mps each and F 5, F 6 and F 7 bear 2 mps each, the clava has 8 mps, and the ovipositor (Fig. 233) is short (1.1 – 1.2 × as long as mesotibia). Also illustrated here are the female wings (Fig. 234) and the male antenna (Fig. 235) of the paratypes of L. populi as well as the antennae (Figs 237 – 239), wings (Fig. 240), body (Fig. 241), propodeum (Fig. 242), and metasoma (Fig. 243) of the female, and the antenna (Fig. 244), fore wing (Fig. 245), and genitalia (Fig. 246) of the male to illustrate variation of the key morphological features in the non-type specimens attributable to this form, of which I have examined the following material — AUSTRIA. LOWER AUSTRIA, 1 km W of Hollern, 48 ° 04 ’ 22 ’’ N 16 ° 52 ’ 37 ’’ E, 150 m, 16. vi. 2007, C. Thuróczy, S. V. Triapitsyn [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini: Beles Mts., 41 ° 17 ’ 19.5 ’’ N 23 ° 12 ’ 18.4 ’’ E, 550 m, 9 – 15. v. 2007, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Kerkini Marsh, 41 ° 13 ’ 32.8 ’’ N 23 ° 05 ’ 04.2 ’’ E, 45 m, 11 – 17. iv. 2007, G. Ramel [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. ITALY. LAZIO, Roma Prov.: Castelporziano Presidential Estate, Ponte Guidoni, 41 ° 45.415 ’ N 12 ° 23.851 ’ E, 80 m, 11. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Near Maccarese Cemetary, 41 ° 52.836 ’ N 12 ° 16.190 ’ E, 40 m, 11. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov.: Ponte San Pietro, 42 ° 31.669 ’ N 11 ° 36.353 ’ E, 75 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [5 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Roccaccia, 42 ° 19.809 ’ N 11 ° 45.671 ’ E, 125 m, 10. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [5 Ƥ, UCRC]. San Giovenale, 42 ° 13.568 ’ N 12 ° 00.039 ’ E, 225 m, 9. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MOLISE, Campobasso Prov., 2.5 km SW of Guardiaregia, 41 ° 26.322 ’ N 14 ° 32.635 ’ E, 860 m, 7. vi. 2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J. D. Pinto [7 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, 31. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. MOSCOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M. E. Tretiakov: 2 – 15. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ, [UCRC]; 21. vi. 2001 [1 Ƥ, [UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 2 – 28. x. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY: Achikulak, 26. viii. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [2 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]. Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 14. vii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC, ZIN]; 12. viii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND, East Sussex Co., Ashdown Forest, 28. vii. 1982, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. by M. J. Matthews). USA. CALIFORNIA, Orange Co., Irvine, Northwood Pointe, 33 ° 43 ’ 18 ’’ N 117 ° 45 ’ 12 ’’ W, 76 m, 7. viii. 2011, S. V. Triapitsyn (on Lombardy poplar, Populus nigra) [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEW YORK, Ontario Co., Geneva, 42 ° 52 ’ 46 ’’ N 77 ° 00 ’ 40 ’’ W, 185 m (on Lombardy poplar, Populus nigra, roadside of County Road 6): 3. viii. 2010, S. V. Triapitsyn [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 23. ix. 2010, S. V. Triapitsyn, G. Loeb [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. In these specimens, some of which are at least tentatively attributable to Viggiani’s species, F 3 and F 6 of the female antenna sometimes may lack mps (usually in small specimens) or F 6 may occasionally bear 2 mps in large specimens, occasionally the propodeal submedian carinae may slightly curve towards each other anteriorly (but not joining nor extending to the anterior margin of the propodeum), and the ovipositor length varies from usually 1.0 – 1.3 × to sometimes up to 1.6 × as long as mesotibia. I found the same form (Fig. 247) on Lombardy poplars (non-native to North America, of the European origin) in Geneva, New York, USA, which was apparently unintentionally introduced there with its likely host, Rhytidodus decimaquartus, along with G. oxypygus. Both species are also known from Italy (Viggiani 1969), apparently from the similar habitat. I also found this form on Lombardy poplars in southern California, USA; it differs from the native species G. (Cosmocomoidea) impar Huber by a shorter radicle and a relatively wider main body of the scape of the female antenna and a relatively wider hind wing.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E54AFF2C68CC0CA11CBE5AD4.taxon	discussion	Gonatocerus bifasciatus Girault (Viggiani 2005: 65), who compared its male genitalia with those of “ G. prope populi Viggiani ” (two males from Williamsville, Wayne Co., Missouri, USA), is a nomen nudum (Noyes 2012). Because the proportions of funicle segments and presence / absence of mps (particularly on F 3 and F 6) are quite variable in specimens that can be attributed more or less confidently to the already described species within G. ater complex, in any possible combination with the shape of the propodeal submedian carinae and the length of the ovipositor relative to the length of the mesotibia (which is also quite variable), it is currently impossible to decide where the limits between the likely cryptic species are versus intraspecific variation. Until this complex is studied extensively using molecular methods and cross-breeding experiments (e. g., Triapitsyn et al. 2008) to go along a thorough morphometrical analysis, and until more freshly collected, preferably reared from known hosts, specimens are obtained in or near the type localities of the nominal species comprising it, the synonymies proposed by Matthews (1986) are accepted (including that of L. intermedius) and I treat all the specimens discussed here as belonging to G. ater s. l.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	description	(Figs 248 – 256)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: an unspecified locality in Adjara, Georgia (almost certainly Olodauri, Shuakhevi District, see “ Comments ” below).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype male [ZIN, received for proper deposition (Viggiani 1969) from DEZA] on slide (Fig. 248) labeled: 1. “ Lymaenon crassicornis n. sp. Holotype [added later in red ink] 3 Adzarskoj RSSA, Sosna 8. VIII. 53, lg. Trjapitzin ”; 2. “ Coll. Zool. Inst. Leningrad 18 ”. The holotype specimen is dissected under 3 coverslips. Material examined. GEORGIA. ADJARA: Keda District, Keda, 7. ix. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (on oak in pine forest) [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. Khulo District, Kvatiya, 2. viii. 1953, V. A. Trjapitzin (on oak) [1 Ƥ, ZIN].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Georgia.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (non-type specimens). Body length 1170 – 1200 µm. Body and appendages somewhat faded during long storage in ethanol at room temperature conditions, but general color likely brown to dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 254) with radicle about 0.2 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.9 – 3.3 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 2 shorter than following funicle segments, F 3 – F 5 more or less subequal (F 4 slightly shorter) and the longest funicle segments, F 6 about as long as F 7, F 8 slightly shorter; mps on F 2 (0 [or 1 on one antenna]), F 3 (2), F 4 (2 [or 1 on one antenna]), and F 5 – F 8 (2 on each); clava with 8 mps, about 2.6 × as long as wide, a little longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma a little shorter than metasoma. Propodeum (Fig. 255) with submedian carinae difficult to see due to poor clearing of the specimens but these apparently (although not definitely) fine, rather apart from each other, a little closer anteriorly than posteriorly, and almost extending to anterior margin of propodeum. Fore wing (Fig. 256) about 2.6 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.15 – 0.16 × maximum wing width; disc slightly infumate, bare behind venation except for several setae behind stigmal vein. Hind wing (Fig. 256) about 12 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 1.4 – 1.5 × maximum wing width. Metasoma. Petiole about 0.5 × as long as wide, slightly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly. Ovipositor occupying about 0.7 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex, about 1.1 × as long as mesotibia. Measurements (µm) of the specimen from Keda. Head 209; mesosoma 449; metasoma 523; ovipositor 378. Antenna: radicle 42; rest of scape 161; pedicel 66; F 1 32; F 2 45; F 3 65; F 4 60; F 5 64; F 6 58; F 7 58; F 8 54; clava 200. Fore wing 1181: 461; longest marginal seta 76. Hind wing 886: 73; longest marginal seta 106. Redescription. MALE (holotype). Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Antenna (Fig. 249) with scape and pedicel very short, scape plus radicle 1.2 × as long as wide, smooth; F 1 wider than other flagellomeres. Propodeum (Fig. 250) with submedian carinae straight, rather apart from each other, and extending almost to propodeal anterior margin. Fore wing (Fig. 251) 2.4 × as long as wide, longest marginal seta 0.19 × maximum wing width; hind wing (Fig. 252) about 11 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 1.3 × maximum wing width. Gaster narrower than mesosoma; genitalia as in Fig. 253. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 566; genitalia 212. Antenna: scape + radicle 67; pedicel 50; F 1 100; F 2 121; F 3 124; F 4 115; F 5 118; F 6 115; F 7 112; F 8 112; F 9 109; F 10 100; F 11 115. Fore wing 1138: 473; longest marginal seta 91. Hind wing 874: 81; longest marginal seta 106.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of G. crassicornis, as defined and described here, is characterized by the antenna (Fig. 254) with mps on F 3 – F 8 (and also sometimes on F 2 but at most on one antenna) and also by a short ovipositor which is about 1.1 × as long as mesotibia. It is somewhat similar to G. kikimora from the Russian Far East, from which it differs by a much shorter clava, as indicated in the diagnosis of the latter. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B4FF2868CC085D1C025F54.taxon	discussion	Comments. The species was described from the single male holotype (Viggiani 1969) who indicated the following regarding its label data (p. 46): “ 1 3 (olotipo), Adzarskoj RSSA, Sosna, 8. VIII. 53, leg. TRJAPITZIN ”. This is obviously a partially incorrect and incomplete translation from the missing original label, which was in Russian as were other Vladimir A. Trjapitzin’s labels of Chalcidoidea specimens from his collecting trip to the Caucasus during June-September 1953 when he was a Ph. D. candidate graduate student: the collecting locality is missing from the translation, and “ Adzarskoj RSSA ” should have been translated as “ Adzharskoy ASSR ” of Georgian SSR, USSR [of the Adzharia Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which is now called Autonomous Republic of Adjara (of Georgia), or simply Adjara or Adzharia]. “ Sosna ” refers to the plant: the specimen was collected from a pine tree. Unfortunately, there are no other mymarid specimens collected by V. A. Trjapitzin in that locality and date but it is clear from other labels close to it that my father was on a collecting trip to the internal districts of Adzharia during the first ten days of August 1953. And according to Trjapitzin (1968), a female of Comperiella bifasciata Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was collected by him on the same date as the holotype of Lymaenon crassicornis (8. viii. 1953) in Olodauri (a mountainous village), Shuakhevi district of Adzharia on Pinus kochiana, and V. A. Trjapitzin (personal communication) confirmed that the mymarid species that was later described by Viggiani (1969) as L. crassicornis almost certainly was captured during the same collecting event. In 2003, I borrowed from ZIN the remaining ethanol-preserved material of Mymaridae collected by V. A. Trjapitzin in Armenia and Georgia during 1953 (other specimens of this family and also those of Trichogrammatidae have been examined by G. Viggiani at DEZA), and specimens were then critical point dried and point-mounted (and some slide-mounted). Two specimens of G. (Cosmocomoidea) were found among the material and are attributed here to G. crassicornis. The material had been stored in ethanol for 50 years so the specimens could not be cleared perfectly but yet well enough to make more or less good slides. These two females were collected by V. A. Trjapitzin in inner Adzharia not far (at most within 20 – 25 km) from the original type locality of L. crassicornis. Although it is obviously impossible to make an absolutely positive association of these females with the holotype of L. crassicornis, a very good chance exists that they are likely conspecific also because they come from the same habitat (pine forest in the case of the female from Keda although from oak rather than from pine).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B0FF2A68CC08E11CA95BF4.taxon	description	(Figs 257 – 260)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B0FF2A68CC08E11CA95BF4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [ZIN] on slide: RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, ix. 1999, M. V. Michailovskaya, YPT. Paratype: same data as the holotype except collected 5 – 11. viii. 1999, MT [1 Ƥ on slide, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B0FF2A68CC08E11CA95BF4.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Head, mesosoma, and flagellum dark brown; scape, pedicel, and gaster brown; legs light to dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 257) with radicle about 0.2 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.8 – 3.3 × as long as wide, slightly longitudinally striate; pedicel much longer than F 1; F 2 shorter than following funicle segments, F 3 – F 7 more or less subequal in length and a little longer than F 8; mps on F 2 (1), F 3 – F 8 (2 each) except F 2 with 2 mps on one antenna in the paratype and F 4 with only 1 mps on one antenna in the holotype; clava with 8 mps, long (4.1 – 4.3 × as long as wide), about as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 258). Propodeum (Fig. 259) with well-developed submedian carinae extending to anterior margin of propodeum and not connecting to each other there. Fore wing (Fig. 260) 2.6 – 2.7 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.17 – 0.18 × maximum wing width; disc with a brownish tinge throughout, bare behind venation except for at least 8 setae behind stigmal vein. Hind wing (Fig. 260) about 13 × as long as wide; disc with a row of setae along each margin and additional setae basally and apically, almost hyaline; longest marginal seta about 1.6 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 258) longer than mesosoma. Petiole about 0.5 × as long as wide. Ovipositor occupying 0.5 – 0.6 × length of gaster, not or slightly exserted beyond its apex (by at most 0.1 × own length); ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 1.0 – 1.1: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 530; petiole 30; gaster 744; ovipositor 424. Antenna: radicle 45; rest of scape 188; pedicel 64; F 1 30; F 2 49; F 3 67; F 4 62; F 5 67; F 6 62; F 7 64; F 8 55; clava 251. Fore wing 1242: 467; longest marginal seta 82. Hind wing 978: 75; longest marginal seta 118. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B0FF2A68CC08E11CA95BF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus kikimora is similar to G. crassicornis and G. kodaianus (Mani & Saraswat). It differs from G. crassicornis in having a much longer clava (at least 4.1 × as long as wide), about as long as combined length of F 5 – F 8; in G. crassicornis the clava is about 2.6 × as long as wide and a little longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Gonatocerus kikimora differs from G. kodaianus by the relatively shorter and wider funicle segments (Fig. 257), particularly a shorter F 2 relative to the length of F 3, and a relatively wider fore wing (at least 2.6 × as long as wide); in G. kodaianus F 2 – F 7 are notably longer than wide and the fore wing is at least 3.0 × as long as wide (Zeya & Hayat 1995).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B0FF2A68CC08E11CA95BF4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name (a noun in apposition) is of a bog-living legendary creature in Slavic mythology. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B2FF3468CC08381CA958EF.taxon	description	(Figs 261 – 263)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B2FF3468CC08381CA958EF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [USNM] (not examined). Type locality: Berijam Lake, Kodaikanal Hills, Tamil Nadu, India.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B2FF3468CC08381CA958EF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA. BEIJING, Beijing, Fragrant Hills Park, 23 – 24. vii. 2002, M. L. Buffington [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. JAPAN. NAGASAKI, Nagasaki, 18. x. 1921, [? C. P. Clausen] [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 43.66 ° N 132.25 ° E, 200 m, M. V. Michailovskaya: 6. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 10 – 14. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 12. vi. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. vii. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 9 – 12. x. 2000 [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B2FF3468CC08381CA958EF.taxon	description	Redescription. See Zeya & Hayat (1995) (based on specimens from India).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B2FF3468CC08381CA958EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. ORIENTAL: India.? PALAEARCTIC: Above records from China, Japan, and Russia need confirmation because a possibility exists that they may represent an undescribed species that is very difficult to distinguish morphologically from the real G. kodaianus from India.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5B2FF3468CC08381CA958EF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The females listed above fit in every regard the redescription and illustrations of G. kodaianus provided by Zeya & Hayat (1995), except the pedicel is only a little longer than F 1 and perhaps the densely setose area on the fore wing disc begins slightly more anteriorly behind the stigmal vein than in the specimens from India. Therefore, I consider my identifications to be tentative although likely correct. The photographs I made of the females from Japan and China were compared by Mohammad Hayat (personal communication) with his wellprepared slide-mounted specimen of G. kodaianus from Tamil Nadu, India. Except for the noted difference in the relative lengths of the pedicel and F 1, these are identical including the shape of the propodeal submedian carinae. The Palaearctic females are characterized by the following: body length 1335 – 1420 µm (slide-mounted specimens); body brown to dark brown, appendages light brown to brown; antenna (Fig. 261) with scape minus radicle about 3.6 × as long as wide, F 1 the shortest funicle segment and about half length of pedicel, F 2 – F 8 each notably longer than wide, mps on F 2 (1) and F 3 – F 8 (2 each), clava with 8 mps and a little longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8; propodeum (Fig. 262) with submedian carinae complete or almost complete, slightly curving anteriorly; fore wing (Fig. 263) 3.1 – 3.3 × as long as wide, with disc slightly infumate throughout, mostly bare behind venation except for a few setae behind stigmal vein; hind wing (Fig. 263) 16 – 17 × as long as wide; ovipositor short, occupying about 0.6 × length of gaster, 0.9 – 1.0 × as long as mesotibia, not exserted beyond gastral apex. Male is unknown. Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	description	(Figs 264 – 270, 278 – 282)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male [USNM] (not examined). Type locality: unknown, North America —? Canada according to Girault (1911) but that was only his assumption not accepted by Burks (1958).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from INHS (Huber 1988)] (not examined). Type locality: Pulaski, Pulaski Co., Illinois, USA. Synonymized under G. latipennis by Huber 1988: 60 – 61.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. RUSSIA. KRASNODARSKIY KRAY, Krasnodar, 31. viii. 2003, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND, Surrey Co., Dorking, White Downs, 21. ix. 1986, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, CNCI]. Extralimital records. USA. CALIFORNIA, San Bernardino Co., Lake Arrowhead, Blue Jay, 18. vi. 1998, H. E. Andersen [3 Ƥ, UCRC]. NEW YORK, Queens Co., [North] Floral Park, 15. vi. 1984, D. Yanega [1 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC *: Russia * (European part), and UK * (England). NEARCTIC: Canada, Mexico, and USA (Huber 1988; Triapitsyn et al. 2010).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	description	Redescription. See Huber (1988) (based on specimens from North America).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE (based on specimens from Europe). Body mostly dark brown, appendages light to dark brown; antenna (Figs 264, 268) with scape minus radicle 2.8 – 3.3 × as long as wide, F 1 and F 2 the shortest funicle segments, F 3 a little longer than F 2 or F 4, mps on F 3 (usually 2, occasionally 1 on one antenna), F 4 (0 or 1), F 5 (2), F 6 (1 or 2), F 7 (2), F 8 (2), clava with 8 mps; propodeum (Figs 265, 269) with submedian carinae complete, curving anteriorly and posteriorly; fore wing (Figs 267, 270) 2.6 – 2.9 × as long as wide, with disc almost hyaline, mostly bare behind venation except for a few setae behind stigmal vein; hind wing (Fig. 270) 12 – 14 × as long as wide; ovipositor occupying 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster (Fig. 266), 1.0 – 1.1 × as long as mesotibia, not exserted beyond gastral apex.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	description	MALE. Not known from Europe. The hind wing width and chaetotaxy seems to be quite variable among the examined specimens to G. latipennis both from North America and Europe, being 11 – 13 × as long as wide and rather densely setose in some North American specimens (Fig. 282); Huber (1988) also noticed that the hind wing width is fairly variable in this species. Also illustrated here are the antenna (Fig. 278), mesosoma (Fig. 279), and fore wing (Fig. 280) of the female from New York, USA, as well as the propodeum (Fig. 281) and fore wing (Fig. 282) of the female from California, USA. Hosts. Unknown (Huber 1988). The host record of the blue-green sharpshooter, Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) (Cicadellidae), in California by Boyd et al. (2004) and Boyd & Hoddle (2006) was due to my initial misidentification as G. latipennis. After a more thorough examination of additional specimens of G. latipennis from the USA, I found that the reported parasitoid of G. atropunctata belongs to a new species of G. (Cosmocomoidea) which will be described elsewhere.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5ACFF3168CC0E021DE35BCF.taxon	discussion	Comments. Note that the illustration of the propodeum of G. latipennis in Huber (1988, p. 99) is mislabeled: his fig. 72 is of G. latipennis whereas fig. 73 is of G. (Cosmocomoidea) morrilli (Howard). The following records of G.? latipennis from the eastern Palaearctic region and also of a female from Stavropol’skiy kray, Russia, need confirmation because they have the fore wing disc seemingly relatively more setose behind the stigmal vein (Figs 273, 277) than in specimens from England (Fig. 267) and Krasnodarskiy kray, Russia (Fig. 270), or from USA (Figs 280, 282) while other features such as female antenna (Fig. 271) and propodeum (Fig. 272) are the same as in G. latipennis. In some specimens from the Russian Far East the ovipositor is 1.3 × as long as mesotibia and slightly exserted beyond the gastral apex. The male of this form, which may represent a separate species, is similar to female, including the shape of the submedian carinae on the propodeum (Fig. 275), and except for the normal sexually dimorphic features: antenna (Fig. 274) with F 1 wider than other flagellomeres, and genitalia (Fig. 276). CHINA. BEIJING: Beijing, Fragrant Hills Park, 23 – 24. vii. 2002, M. L. Buffington [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]. Mentougou District, Xiaolongmen Station, 39 ° 59.22 ’ N 115 ° 31.48 ’ E, 1095 m, 28. vii. 2002, G. Melika [2 3, UCRC]. JAPAN. SHIZUOKA, Atami, 18. ii. 1921, C. P. Clausen (“ on foliage hibernating ”, California State Insectary record No. 1467) [6 Ƥ, UCRC]. RUSSIA. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 43.66 ° N 132.25 ° E, 200 m, M. V. Michailovskaya: 8. vi. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 11 – 14. vii. 1999 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]; 24. vii – 1. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 17 – 18. viii. 1999 [1 3, UCRC]; 27. vii. 2003 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Levokumskiy rayon, Achikulak, 23. viii. 2002, V. V. Kostjukov [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. TAIWAN (CHINA). Nantou Pilu Chi Hydroelectric Station, 2000 m, 15 – 30. vi. 1997, M. Yang [3 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	description	(Figs 283 – 303)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	materials_examined	Female [lost from NHMW], type status not indicated. Type locality: unknown for both the lost type material and the neotype designated here (Europe, most likely Germany: Kirchner (1867) indicated Aachen as the original type locality).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Leuven (Canal, as Louvain in the original description), Flemish Brabant, Belgium. Syn. n.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Gonatocerus oxypygus Foerster: neotype female [MHNG], here designated in accordance with Article 75.3 ([ICZN] 1999) to avoid ambiguity regarding the identity of this species, to define the nominal taxon objectively and clarify its taxonomic status, and because the original type material of this species is lost. The neotype is on a slide (Fig. 283) labeled (the original label in? A. Foerster’s handwriting): “ Gonatocerus caudatus Frst. ” [Foerster’s manuscript name]. The neotype of G. oxypygus was remounted in Canada balsam at UCRC from an A. Foerster-style original mount on a minuten pin, one of two that were inserted in the same small balsa wood piece on a pin also labeled more recently in blue ball pen ink: “ Gonatocerus caudatus F. ”. The neotype lacks F 6 – F 8 and clava of one antenna (Fig. 285) and approximately apical halves of both ovipositor sheaths (Fig. 286), which are broken off, and also one fore leg and the apical part of one fore wing, but otherwise is in fair condition: it cleared surprisingly well considering that it is probably at least 150 years old. I searched for the type specimen (s) of G. oxypygus in A. Foerster’s collection during a visit to the NHMW in June 2007 and confirm that this (or these) has (have) been lost, hence the neotype designation.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	materials_examined	Gonatocerus ovicenatus Leonard & Crosby: lectotype female on point [CUIC], designated by Huber 1988: 59. Label data of the lectotype as indicated by Huber (1988) plus a red label “ LECTOTYPE Gonatocerus ovicenatus Leonard & Crosby Des. Huber 1987 ”. Also 1 male paralectotype on point (originally labeled as an “ allotype ”) and 1 female and 1 male paralectotypes on slides [all CUIC]; the slides are labeled as follows: 1. “ Cornell University No. [443 (male) or 444 (female), followed by 3 or Ƥ symbols, respectively] SUB. SL. Gonatocerus ovicenatus Leonard & Crosby. Reared from eggs of Idiocerus gemmisimulans Leonard & Crosby Ithaca N. Y. DATE May 20, 1915 Paratype ”; 2. “ PARATYPE Cornell U. No. 443 ” (male) or “ 444 ” (female). Gonatocerus megalura (Mathot): holotype female of Lymaenon megalura [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 288) labeled: 1. “ Louvain (Canal) 12. VIII. 43 (Roseaux). no 296 ”; 2. “ Dr. H. Debauche det. Lymaenon megalura Deb. Ƥ Type ”. The holotype (Fig. 289) is in poor condition: insufficiently cleared, almost complete (lacking F 2 – F 8 and clava of one antenna and also some leg segments), and mounted laterally, with one fore wing and both hind wings folded and mostly obscured.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BULGARIA. BLAGOEVGRAD, Rila Mt., Bodrost, 1200 m, 27. vii. 1984, A. Donev [1 Ƥ, PUPB] (det. by A. Donev as G. tremulae). SOFIA, Bankya, 26. v. 1980, D. Kostadinov [1 Ƥ, PUPB] (det. by A. Donev as G. tremulae). GERMANY. BAVARIA, Munich, 23. vii. 1958, E. Schmitscheck (“ ex. Idiocerus decimaquartus ”) [1 Ƥ, 1 3, and 2 damaged specimens of unknown sex, BMNH]. NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA:? Aachen [1 Ƥ, NHMW] (paralectotype of G. ater, Figs 290 – 292). Cologne, M. Boness: 30. vii. 1962 [3 Ƥ, 3 3, NHMW]; 6. viii. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]; 20. ix. 1962 [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. Leverkusen, M. Boness: 16. x. 1962 (on Rumex obtusifolius at Rhine River bank) [2 Ƥ, NHMW]; 16. x. 1962 (on Salix sp. at Rhine River bank) [2 Ƥ, NHMW]. GREECE. CENTRAL MACEDONIA, Lake Kerkini, Kerkini Marsh, 41 ° 13 ’ 32.8 ’’ N 23 ° 05 ’ 04.2 ’’ E, 45 m, G. Ramel: 28. iii – 3. iv. 2007 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 1 – 17. iv. 2007 [1 Ƥ, BMNH]. HUNGARY. BÁCS-KISKUN, Kelebia, 3. v. 1949, J. Erdös [1 Ƥ, NHMW / HNHM]. IRAN. ZANJAN, 30 km W of Zanjan on Tabriz road, 9. vi. 1978, J. T. Huber (sweeping understory in poplar grove) [2 Ƥ, BMNH, UCRC] (det. by J. T. Huber as G. ovicenatus). ITALY. PIEDMONT, Turin Prov., Pessione, 21. viii. 1984, Tronellini (“ ex. Rhytidodus decimusquartus on Populus euroamericana ”) [2 Ƥ, DEZA] (det. by G. Viggiani as Lymaenon tremulae). ROMANIA. [MOLDOVA], Botoşani Co., Cucoräni, 2. ix. 2006, E. Pricop [1 Ƥ, EPPC] (det. by E. Pricop as G. tremulae). RUSSIA. LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST’, Radchenko [Railway Station], 10. ix. 1978, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. STAVROPOL’SKIY KRAY, Prietokskiy, V. V. Kostjukov: 28. viii. 2002 [5 Ƥ, UCRC]; 29. viii. 2002 [1 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 14. vii. 2003 [4 Ƥ, 1 3, UCRC]; 7. viii. 2003 [3 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12. viii. 2003 [15 Ƥ, 6 3, UCRC, ZIN]; 14. viii. 2003 [2 Ƥ, UCRC]. TURKEY. SAKARYA, Karasu, 21. vii. 1997, A. Donev [1 Ƥ, PUPB] (det. by A. Donev first as G. tremulae (Donev 2001) and then as G. ovicenatus). UK. ENGLAND: Buckinghamshire Co., Burnham Beeches, Z. Bouček (det. as G. tremulae by Z. Bouček and M. J. Matthews): 25. viii. 1974 [5 Ƥ, BMNH]; 14. ix. 1974 [6 Ƥ, BMNH]. East Riding of Yorkshire Co., Allerthorpe Common, 1. ix. 1953, W. D. Hincks [1 Ƥ, MMUE] (det. as L. tremulae by W. D. Hincks and as G. tremulae by M. J. Matthews). Surrey Co., Dorking, Leith Hill, 26. viii. 1984, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, BMNH] (det. as G. tremulae by M. J. Matthews). Country or locality not indicated (most likely Aachen area, NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA, GERMANY): 1 Ƥ, potential paralectotype of G. ater Foerster [MHNG] (label information listed under G. ater). 1 Ƥ [MHNG] on minuten pin originally labeled: 1. [in? A. Foerster’s handwriting, the original label now glued onto the neotype slide] “ Gonatocerus caudatus Frst. ” [Foerster’s manuscript name]; 2. [in blue ball pen ink, recent label] “ Gonatocerus caudatus F. ”. 1 Ƥ [MHNG] on a minuten pin inserted in a small balsa wood piece on a pin labeled: 1. [in? Foerster’s handwriting] “ Gonatocerus ecaudatus Frst. ” [Foerster’s manuscript name]; 2. [in blue ball pen ink] “ Gonatocerus ecaudatus F. ” (mounted together, but on separate minuten pins, with 2 females of G. ater s. l.). 1 Ƥ [MHNG] on a minuten pin piece glued to a small balsa wood piece on a pin labeled: 1. [in Foerster’s handwriting] “ Cosmocoma diversicornis Frst. ” [Foerster’s manuscript name]; 2. [in blue ball pen ink] “ Cosmocoma diversicornis F ”. Extralimital records. USA. NEW YORK, Ontario Co., Geneva, 42 ° 52 ’ 46 ’’ N 77 ° 00 ’ 40 ’’ W, 185 m (on Lombardy poplar, Populus nigra, roadside of County Road 6): 3. viii. 2010, S. V. Triapitsyn [2 Ƥ, 4 3, UCRC]; 23. ix. 2010, S. V. Triapitsyn, G. Loeb [4 Ƥ, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Belgium *, Bulgaria (Donev 1988 d [as G. megalura], 2005 [as G. tremulae]), Germany, Greece *, Hungary *, Iran (Huber 1988; Fallahzadeh & Huber 2011) [as G. ovicenatus], Italy (Viggiani 1969 [as Lymaenon ovicenatus]; Viggiani 1988 [also as Lymaenon tremulae]; Viggiani & Jesu 1988 [also as L. tremulae]), Netherlands (Noyes 2012 [as G. ovicenatus]), Romania (Pricop 2009 a, 2010 a, b [as G. ovicenatus and (2010 b only) also as G. tremulae), Russia *, Spain (Baquero & Jordana 2003 [as G. ovicenatus]), Turkey (Donev 2001 [as G. tremulae]), and UK (England) (Hincks 1960 [as L. tremulae, in part]; Matthews 1986 [as G. tremulae]; Baquero & Jordana 2003 [as G. ovicenatus]). NEARCTIC: USA (New York). This Palaearctic species was apparently unintentionally introduced with poplars (hosts of the Idiocerinae) into the USA (Huber 1988); however, Baquero & Jordana (2003) later noted, without providing any data, that G. ovicenatus was probably not established there. Here I confirm establishment of G. oxypygus in North America (see “ Extralimital records ”). Populus nigra is an introduced species in North America; at the same time my attempts to collect G. oxypygus in upstate New York on Eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides, which is native to North America, failed (Shackford 2012).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (neotype of G. oxypygus, holotype of Lymaenon megalura, paralectotype of G. ater, and non-type specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 930 – 1300 µm. Body (Figs 289, 291) dark brown to black, appendages mostly brown to dark brown. Antenna (Figs 285, 290, 293, 297) with radicle 0.24 – 0.3 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.3 – 3.2 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 3 a little longer than F 2 or F 4, F 5 the longest funicle segment, the following funicle segments usually each progressively slightly shorter than preceding one except F 6 sometimes as long as or shorter than F 7; mps on F 3 (usually 0, rarely 1), F 5 (usually 2, occasionally 1), F 6 (1 or 2), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 2.6. – 3.4 × as long as wide, at least a little (usually notably) shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. In the extralimital female paratype of G. ovicenatus, F 5 bears only 1 mps and F 6 lacks mps. Mesosoma (Figs 289, 291, 298) shorter than metasoma. Propodeum (Figs 284, 294) with fine, subparallel, submedian carinae close to each other and usually not extending to anterior margin of propodeum. Fore wing (Figs 287, 292, 296, 299) 2.7 – 2.9 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.18 – 0.23 × maximum wing width; disc almost hyaline, bare behind venation except for 1 – 3 setae just behind stigmal vein. Hind wing (Figs 292, 296) 12 – 14 × as long as wide; disc almost hyaline; longest marginal seta 1.4 – 2.0 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Figs 289, 291, 298). Petiole about 0.3 × as long as wide, narrower basally than apically. Ovipositor occupying from about 0.9 × to entire length of gaster (Figs 286, 289, 291, 295, 298) and sometimes projecting forward under petiole and occasionally under posterior part of propodeum, and markedly exserted beyond gastral apex (by 0.2 – 0.4 × own length), 2.6 – 3.1 × as long as mesotibia; when very long, ovipositor and / or ovipositor sheaths often a little bent down apically (Figs 289, 295). Measurements (µm) of the neotype. Head: 203; mesosoma 406; gaster 707; ovipositor 1070. Antenna: scape minus radicle 100; pedicel 55; F 1 32; F 2 47; F 3 61; F 4 53; F 5 73; F 6 61; F 7 64; F 8 51; clava 150. Fore wing 1218: 437; longest marginal seta 100. Hind wing width 73; longest marginal seta 121. MALE (specimens from the Palaearctic region). Body length 950 – 1140 µm. Similar to female including the shape of submedian carinae on the propodeum (Fig. 301) except for normal sexually dimorphic features and the following. Body brown to dark brown, antenna mostly brown, legs light to dark brown. Antenna (Fig. 300) with scape very short, about 1.8 × as long as wide, pedicel very small. Fore wing (Fig. 303) 2.6 – 2.9 × as long as wide; hind wing (Fig. 303) about as wide as in female. Genitalia (Fig. 302) large, about 0.75 × length of gaster.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus oxypygus is readily distinguishable from all other Palaearctic species of the subgenus by the combination of the fine, subparallel, submedian propodeal carinae that are close to each other and usually not extending to anterior margin of propodeum (Figs 284, 294, 301), and a markedly exserted ovipositor often a little bent down apically (Figs 286, 289, 291, 295, 298). Also see Huber (1988) and Baquero & Jordana (2003) for the diagnoses of G. ovicenatus, as well as G. tremulae, below. Hosts. Populicerus sp. [as Idiocerus sp.] in Italy (Viggiani 1969 [as Lymaenon ovicenatus]), and Rhytidodus decimaquartus (Schrank) in the USA (Leonard & Crosby 1915 [as G. ovicenatus]; Peck 1963 [as L. ovicenatus]; Huber 1988 [as G. ovicenatus]) [as Idiocerus gemmisimulans Leonard & Crosby, Idiocerus scurra (Germar), and Rhytidodus decimasquartus (Schrank), respectively] (Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae). Viggiani (1988) and Viggiani & Jesu (1988) also indicated R. decimaquartus [as R. decimusquartus] as the host of L. ovicenatus (also as the misidentified L. tremulae) in Italy. Also see Peck (1951) and Burks (1958).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E5A9FF0468CC082D1E51583C.taxon	discussion	Comments. Although the very short original diagnosis is not very helpful to determine the true identity of G. oxypygus, the indication (Foerster 1856, p. 118) that it differs from G. longicornis Nees ab Esenbeck “ by its brownish legs and a strongly projecting ovipositor equaling almost to 1 / 3 of abdomen [i. e., gaster] length ” (translation from German) makes it possible to determine beyond the reasonable doubt that G. oxypygus is conspecific with G. ovicenatus. Although Graham (1982) thought that G. oxypygus might be the same as G. novickyi and also G. fossarum (a synonym of G. novickyi), I consider the latter possibility much less likely because of its different, distinctive body color pattern; I found no specimens of G. novickyi (apparently an uncommon species in Europe) in the A. Foerster collection at NHMW. At the same time specimens of the species we know as G. ovicenatus are present among his mymarids both in NHMW and MHNG and fit the original diagnosis of G. oxypygus well. Therefore, as first reviser, I select a neotype of G. oxypygus from one of Foerster’s specimens in MHNG conspecific with G. ovicenatus and synonymize the latter under the earlier described G. oxypygus. Foerster’s specimens of Mymaridae found their way to MHNG via Gustav L. Mayr from Vienna (Huber & Fidalgo 1997) and very likely were collected in the Aachen area, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the probable type locality of G. oxypygus. Most if not all of Foerster’s specimens from Aachen area were apparently collected by Foerster himself; although most of his specimens of Mymaridae in NHMW have printed labels “ Coll. G. Mayr ” on them, these were probably added later either by G. L. Mayr himself or, more likely, by a curator there simply because they came from Mayr’s collection but not necessarily because he collected them himself. The holotype female of Lymaenon megalura is a typical G. oxypygus as treated here, a species which apparently was not known to H. R. Debauche and G. Mathot. Mathot’s confusion most likely was the result of how the holotype of L. megalura had been mounted: he apparently failed to recognize the correct shape of the dorsellum because of the lateral mount, and also one of its fore wings is folded in such a way that its apical part is positioned over the base of the other fore wing, thus creating a false impression that the fore wing disc is setose behind the marginal vein (Fig. 289). Therefore, in his key to species of Lymaenon, G. megalura can only be reached if one incorrectly assumes it does not have a rhomboidal dorsellum.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59CFF0568CC08E21CA95DF0.taxon	description	(Figs 304 – 308)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59CFF0568CC08E21CA95DF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Awbridge, Hampshire Co., England, UK.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59CFF0568CC08E21CA95DF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype female [BMNH] on slide (Fig. 304) labeled: 1. “ Holotype Ƥ Gonatocerus rogersi sp. n. det. Matthews 1984 Holotype [in red circle] ”; 2. “ ENGLAND: HANTS Awbridge v. 1981 C. Vardy 29 NOV 1983 M 1034 / ”. The holotype is in good condition, nicely dissected under 5 coverslips.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59CFF0568CC08E21CA95DF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: UK (England).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59CFF0568CC08E21CA95DF0.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Body color is difficult to assess because the specimen had been well cleared before being slide-mounted (Matthews 1986), most likely head and mesosoma brown or dark brown and gaster brown. Antenna (Fig. 305) with radicle 0.25 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.5 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 3 a little longer than F 2 and about as long as F 4, F 5 the longest funicle segment, F 6 and F 7 subequal and slightly longer than F 8; mps on F 4 (0 or 1), F 5 (2), F 6 (1), F 7 (1 or 2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, about 3.8 × as long as wide, slightly longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 306) shorter than metasoma. Propodeum with fine, parallel submedian carinae extending almost to anterior margin of propodeum and slightly curving towards each other there but not connecting. Fore wing (Fig. 307) about 4.1 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.34 – 0.35 × maximum wing width; disc notably infumate, bare behind submarginal and marginal veins except for 3 setae behind marginal vein and densely setose elsewhere. Hind wing (Fig. 307) about 25 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 3.1 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 308). Ovipositor occupying about 0.6 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex, about 1.0 × as long as mesotibia. Measurements (µm). Mesosoma 351; petiole: 21; gaster 503; ovipositor 303. Antenna: radicle 39; rest of scape 116; pedicel 55; F 1 30; F 2 45; F 3 52; F 4 52 (55); F 5 61; F 6 55; F 7 55; F 8 51; clava 176. Fore wing 922: 226; longest marginal seta 78. Hind wing 713: 29; longest marginal seta 90. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59CFF0568CC08E21CA95DF0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus rogersi, known from the female holotype only, is characterized by a narrow fore wing (about 4.1 × as long as wide) with a notably infuscate disc (Fig. 307). Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	description	(Figs 309 – 316)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Fortunens (as Fortunen in the original description) Indelukke, Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island), Hovedstaden, Denmark. Reinstated as a valid species by Pricop (2010 b: 117) from previous synonymy under G. ovicenatus by Baquero & Jordana 2003: 16 – 17 (see “ Comments ” below).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype female [ZMUC], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding the type specimens of this species, on slide (Fig. 309) labeled: “ Gonatocerus (“ ater ” group) [in J. T. Huber’s handwriting] Fort. Indelukke. 18 - 9 - 28. Paa Asp. Villig til at stikke Idiocerus – AEg Ƥ O. Bakkendorf. ”. The lectotype (Fig. 312) is in fair condition, complete but with a few segments of the appendages detached, mounted dorsoventrally. “ Paa Asp. ” means “ on aspen ”, “ Villig til at stikke ” means “ eager to sting ”, and “ AEg ” means “ egg ” (Lars B. Vilhelmsen, personal communication). The label information likely refers to the note by Bakkendorf (1934) under “ Oviposition ” (p. 33): “ On September 19 th, 1928 I had an opportunity to observe the egglaying of Lymaenon tremulae on branches of aspen with eggs of Idiocerus (fig. 49) ”. Even though this specimen was not marked by Bakkendorf as L. tremulae and the date on the label is one day earlier than the published date, it is very likely that this female was part of his unmarked syntype series of L. tremulae, particularly because it fits perfectly the original description and the illustrations: the ovipositor is only a little exserted (see Bakkendorf’s figs 44, 48, and 49, pp. 30, 31, and 33, respectively), and F 6 of the antenna (in Bakkendorf’s fig. 45, p. 31) is clearly narrower than F 5, F 7, or F 8 and thus likely lacks mps. Type material was not designated in the original description but Viggiani (1969) noted that he had examined a “ type ” (apparently a syntype) of L. tremulae without providing further details, and later Matthews (1986) reported that he had examined the “ holotype ” [ZMUC] collected by O. Bakkendorf on 11. viii. 1929 [according to Bakkendorf (1934: 69), that was the date when the parasitized eggs of the host had been collected]. That specimen was then reported as being lost from ZMUC by Baquero & Jordana (2003); according to John S. Noyes (personal communication), some of Bakkendorf’s type specimens of Gonatocerus were lost when they were returned to ZMUC from BMNH where they had been on loan to M. J. Matthews. Matthews’ mention of “ holotype ” is incorrect according to Article 74.5 ([ICZN] 1999) because the original description mentioned numerous reared specimens, all of which must be considered as syntypes based on Article 72.4.1.1 ([ICZN] 1999). Article 74.6 ([ICZN] 1999) does not apply in this situation.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. AUSTRIA. TYROL, Poltental [Poltental Valley], Hall in Tirol, 11. ix. 1949, E. Pechlaner [1 Ƥ, NHMW]. RUSSIA. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, Sosnovka, 13. ix. 2003, V. A. Trjapitzin [1 Ƥ, ZIN]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, 43.66 ° N 132.25 ° E, 200 m, M. V. Michailovskaya: 27 – 29. v. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]; 12 – 17. viii. 1999 [1 Ƥ, UCRC]. UK. ENGLAND: Cumbria Co., Skirwith: 18. ix. 1952, H. Britten [1 Ƥ, MMUE]; 29. ix. 1948, W. D. Hincks [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. Dorset Co., Bournemouth, 8. x. 1982, S. G. C. Brown [1 female, BMNH] (misidentified by S. G. C. Brown as Ooctonus heterotomus Foerster). North Yorkshire Co., Askham Bog, 27. v. 1947, W. D. Hincks [1 Ƥ, MMUE]. WALES, Bridgend Co. Borough, Kenfig Pool National Nature Reserve, 31. viii. 1995, J. S. Noyes [1 Ƥ, CNCI].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. PALAEARCTIC: Austria *, Denmark (Bakkendorf 1934 [as Lymaenon tremulae]), Russia *, and UK (England (Hincks 1960 [in part, as L. tremulae]), and Wales *).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE (lectotype and non-type specimens). Body length 1155 – 1400 µm. Body (Fig. 312) dark brown or black, appendages mostly brown to dark brown except fore tibia light brown to brown and four basal segments of all tarsi light brown. Antenna (Figs 310, 313) with radicle 0.26 – 0.27 × total length of scape, rest of scape 2.4 – 2.7 × as long as wide; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 3 a little longer than F 2 or F 4, F 5 the longest funicle segment, F 6 a little shorter than F 7 or F 8; mps on F 5 (2), F 6 (0 or 1 [0 in the lectotype but 1 in the original syntype as illustrated by Viggiani (1969), and also at least 1 in some specimens from England]), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava with 8 mps, 2.8 – 3.3 × as long as wide, at least a little shorter than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 314) shorter than metasoma. Propodeum (Figs 311, 315) with fine submedian carinae rather apart from each other, a little closer anteriorly than posteriorly, and either almost extending or extending to anterior margin of propodeum. Fore wing (Figs 312, 316) 2.7 – 3.0 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.22 – 0.24 × maximum wing width; disc slightly infumate, bare behind venation except for 2 to 4 setae just behind stigmal vein. Hind wing (Figs 312, 316) 12 – 15 × as long as wide; disc slightly infumate; longest marginal seta 1.7 – 1.9 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 314). Petiole 0.4 – 0.5 × as long as wide, slightly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly. Ovipositor occupying entire or almost entire length of gaster, sometimes projecting forward beneath petiole, and exserted beyond gastral apex by at most 0.1 × own length (but sometimes just barely exserted), 2.0 – 2.1 × as long as mesotibia. Measurements (µm) of the lectotype. Body: 1280; head: 138; mesosoma 430; gaster 707; ovipositor 750. Antenna: radicle 33; rest of scape 93; pedicel 54; F 1 34; F 2 45; F 3 56; F 4 54; F 5 69; F 6 55; F 7 64; F 8 59; clava 148. Fore wing 1230: 427; longest marginal seta 103. Hind wing 875: 72; longest marginal seta 124. MALE. Mentioned by Bakkendorf (1934) who also provided illustrations of the male antenna.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gonatocerus tremulae differs from the similar species G. oxypygus by the propodeal submedian carinae (Figs 311, 315) notably more apart from each other (very close to each other in G. oxypygus, Figs 284, 294, 301) and by a relatively shorter ovipositor (at most 2.1 × as long as mesotibia and barely exserted in G. tremulae but at least 2.6 × as long as mesotibia and distinctly exserted in G. oxypygus). Hosts. Populicerus? confusus (Flor) [as Idiocerus? confusus Flor] and P. populi (Linnaeus) [as I. populi (Linnaeus)] (Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae) in Denmark (Bakkendorf 1934).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59EFF0268CC0A641CAB586F.taxon	discussion	Comments. As first noted by Viggiani (1969), distribution of mps on the funicle segments was indicated incorrectly in the original description of G. tremulae (only on F 8). Among specimens I have seen most lack mps on F 6 of the female antenna except for the female from Mamontovka, which has 1 mps on F 6, the female from Askham Bog, and one of the females from Skirwith, which apparently have at least 1 mps on F 6 (both are dry-mounted). Viggiani (1969) indicated that F 5 – F 8 have mps and illustrated F 6 with only 1 mps. Matthews (1986) stated that in G. tremulae F 6, F 7, and F 8 bear 2 mps and F 6 may have 1 or 2 mps but all his specimens from Buckinghamshire and Surrey were misidentified; they belong to G. oxypygus. It would be desirable to obtain fresh specimens of G. tremulae from aspens in or near the type locality of this species in Denmark. Unfortunately, no aspen trees could be located in the type locality in September 2010 (Lars B. Vilhelmsen, personal communication). Pricop (2010 b) reported, diagnosed, and illustrated supposedly G. tremulae from Romania but his identification was not based on a comparison with the type material. Rather, his specimens represent G. oxypygus with relatively short ovipositors that are not bent down at apex and are exserted beyond gastral apex by about 0.2 × own length (that is within the known variation range of G. oxypygus and very similar to its neotype); Viggiani (1988) and Viggiani & Jesu (1988) also misidentified such specimens from Italy (Figs 297 – 299) as Lymaenon tremulae, and Donev (2005) reported similar specimens from Bulgaria as G. tremulae. At least in one of the specimens from Romania mentioned and illustrated by Pricop (2010 b), a female from Cucoräni that I have examined, the submedian carinae on the propodeum are subparallel and close to each other (as typical for G. oxypygus) and not joining together at apex of dorsellum although Pricop in his fig. 1 - i (2010 b, p. 114) illustrated its propodeal submedian carinae as joining together at apex of dorsellum (also seen in his fig. 1 - j). That illustration, however, was based on the specimen from Cucoräni whose mesosoma was slide-mounted semi-laterally at an angle so that the propodeal submedian carinae were not properly visible. With Emilian Pricop’s kind permission, its body was remounted dorsoventrally at UCRC in 2012 from Faure’s medium into Canada balsam, and it became clear that its propodeal submedian carinae are identical to those of G. oxypygus whereas in the lectotype of G. tremulae and other conspecific specimens from northern Europe the propodeal submedian carinae are significantly more apart from each other. Resurrection of G. tremulae as a valid species by Pricop (2010 b) was correct, even though based on misidentified specimens.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59BFF0C68CC0EBD1CA95C3D.taxon	description	(Figs 317 – 321)	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59BFF0C68CC0EBD1CA95C3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype female [CAS] on slide: RUSSIA. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island, about 6 km E of Sokol, 47 ° 15.08 ’ N 142 ° 48.10 ’ E, 12. viii. 2001, D. J. Bennett, T. Anderson (collector’s code SK- 01 - DJB- 077). Paratypes: same data as holotype [1 Ƥ on point, CAS; 2 Ƥ on slides, CAS, UCRC].	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59BFF0C68CC0EBD1CA95C3D.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 960 µm (dry-mounted paratype). Head (Fig. 318), pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, and middle gastral terga dark brown, rest of body brown; scape, pedicel, and legs mostly light brown, flagellum brown. Antenna (Fig. 317) long, with radicle about 0.2 × total length of scape, rest of scape 3.5 – 4.0 × as long as wide, slightly longitudinally striate; pedicel longer than F 1; F 1 the shortest funicle segment, F 2 a little shorter than following funicle segments; mps on F 3 (0 or 1), F 4 (usually 1, sometimes 0), F 5 (1), F 6 (1), F 7 (2), and F 8 (2); clava long, with 8 mps, 3.9 – 4.3 × as long as wide, a little longer than combined length of F 6 – F 8. Mesosoma (Fig. 319). Propodeum (Fig. 320) with well-developed, slightly curving submedian carinae narrowing toward and extending to propodeal anterior margin. Fore wing (Fig. 321) 3.2 – 3.5 × as long as wide; longest marginal seta 0.27 – 0.29 × maximum wing width; disc with a brownish tinge throughout, bare behind submarginal vein, mostly bare behind base of marginal vein (except for a few setae just below it) and densely setose elsewhere including behind stigmal vein. Hind wing (Fig. 321) 15 – 16 × as long as wide; disc mostly bare and with a slight, uniform brownish tinge throughout; longest marginal seta about 1.9 × maximum wing width. Metasoma (Fig. 319) a little longer than mesosoma. Petiole 1.5 – 1.6 × as long as wide. Ovipositor 0.7 – 0.8 × length of gaster, not exserted beyond its apex; ovipositor length: mesotibia length ratio 0.9 – 1.0: 1. Measurements (µm) of the holotype. Mesosoma 424; petiole 32; gaster 470; ovipositor 360. Antenna: radicle 42; rest of scape 158; pedicel 63; F 1 43; F 2 61; F 3 70; F 4 73; F 5 73; F 6 70; F 7 74; F 8 67; clava 239. Fore wing 1230: 387; longest marginal seta 103. Hind wing 929: 61; longest marginal seta 115. MALE. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59BFF0C68CC0EBD1CA95C3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among the Palaearctic species of the subgenus, G. woohoo is characterized by the unique chaetotaxy on the fore wing disc which is setose behind stigmal vein and apex of marginal vein (Fig. 321).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E59BFF0C68CC0EBD1CA95C3D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name, treated here as a noun in apposition, is an interjection in English used to express sudden joy (of finding a new species). Hosts. Unknown.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E594FF0D68CC0B9E1F005B64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype female [lost from PPDD] (not examined). Type locality: Gedida, Dakhla Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E594FF0D68CC0B9E1F005B64.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was described from a single female, collected 21. iii. 1932 on an orange blossom by H. Priesner (Soyka 1950). From the description it is impossible to figure out even to which subgenus this species may belong. However, knowing Soyka’s habit to unnecessary oversplit the most common species of Mymaridae, G. dakhlae could be conspecific with G. litoralis, mainly because of the distribution of mps on the funicle segments (on F 5, F 7, and F 8), body color, and other details in the original description. Unless the missing holotype of this species is found its true identity cannot be determined. If someone collects a matching female in the type locality from the same plant species and approximately the same time the species might be recognized and, if necessary and appropriate, a neotype designated.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E595FF0E68CC0A4C19565AF7.taxon	materials_examined	Female [lost from NHMW], type status not indicated. Type locality: Aachen [area], North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E595FF0E68CC0A4C19565AF7.taxon	discussion	Comments. I was unable to find the type specimen (s) of G. minimus in A. Foerster’s collection at NHMW. The very short description is insufficient to determine even its generic placement. Its body length of 1 / 9 linie (Foerster 1841) indicates that the specimen is much too small to be a species of Gonatocerus.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E596FF0E68CC0CD4198958B9.taxon	discussion	Comments. Walker (1846) did not provide description of this species even though he did so for the other listed species of Lymaenon. But he mentioned on the same page (p. 51) that Lymaenon litoralis is “ … darker than L. flavocinctus and paler than L. fuscicornis, but perhaps all three are varieties of one species ”.	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
DC2687A4E596FF0E68CC0E4B180A5EED.taxon	discussion	Comments. No species was described under this published name (Kurdjumov 1912) even though he mentioned in a footnote on p. 14 that “ Its taxonomic description will be done in another place ” (translation from Russian). According to Kurdjumov (1912), only one female parasitoid was reared in the beginning of August 1911 from an egg mass of the common and widespread grass-feeding bug Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffroy) (Miridae) in a clover experimental field. Kurdjumov did not specify on which plant but that most likely was implied to be clover. It is not known if this female still exists; unfortunately, I did not look for it during my visits to ZIN, where apparently the most important N. V. Kurdjumov’s specimens of Chalcidoidea are kept in a separate box (all the specimens were originally dry-mounted). These specimens from the Kurdjumov collection in Poltava (now in Ukraine) were brought to ZIN by M. N. Nikol’skaya (Vladimir A. Trjapitzin, personal communication).	en	Triapitsyn, Serguei V. (2013): Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions. Zootaxa 3644 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
