identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E36F1F4DFFEAFFE6FF11FA5D2053FDE7.text	E36F1F4DFFEAFFE6FF11FA5D2053FDE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes Guenee 1858	<div><p>Genus Plutodes Guenée, [1858]: 117</p><p>TS: Plutodes cyclaria Guenée, [1858]</p><p>TL: Borneo (Malaysia)</p><p>Species of Plutodes, now in Plutodini, Ennominae, are small to medium-sized moths with an overall dull yellow appearance. Their wings usually have yellow ground colour with a prominent pattern of basal and distal rufous-brown patches where the distal ones are generally roundish or elliptical, and traversed by a crenulate darker line inside. The distal patches are often bordered by double, fine dark lines with iridescent scales sprinkled in the space between them. The antennae in both the sexes are generally unipectinate. The forewing venation comprises R1 originating subapically from the cell or rarely from the common stem of R 2–5, remaining independent in the core-group or fusing with Sc for a rather long distance before diverging from it. R2 always arises from the common stem of R 3–4. Sţning (2013) identified the drop-shaped basal section of the frenulum in Plutodes which is a synapomorphy for all the allied genera in Plutodini . The male genitalia have slender uncus with a rounded, spatulate or acute apex, valvae with weakly or strongly sclerotized costa and well-developed sacculus possessing subbasal and distal spurs or other processes and weakly developed saccus, curved upwards. Juxta broad, plate-like or elongate, laterally near base with a pair of bunches of elongate setae (“cristae”). The vesica of the aedeagus bears a row or bunches of variable cornuti. The female genitalia have corpus bursae devoid of typical Ennominae signum, but usually with scobination, often arranged in lines.</p><p>Plutodes is mainly distributed in the Oriental tropics and subtropics with geographic range extending from the North-western Himalaya to the Indo-Australian tropics, with maximum diversity being reported from Thailand and the Sunda islands of Borneo and Sumatra. A few species reach to a little higher latitude in the Fujian and Yunnan provinces of China, just touching the southernmost extremity of the Palaearctic realm (Yazaki &amp; Wang 2004, Sţning 2005). Generally, the species of this genus are found in the lowland and lower to upper montane, undisturbed tropical and subtropical forests up to an altitude of nearly 2500 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFEAFFE6FF11FA5D2053FDE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFEBFFE8FF11FD1A27FDFF2B.text	E36F1F4DFFEBFFE8FF11FD1A27FDFF2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes costatus (Butler 1886) Garaeus	<div><p>Plutodes costatus (Butler, 1886: 53) (Garaeus)</p><p>(Figs 2–3, 29–30)</p><p>TL: Darjiling [Darjeeling] (West Bengal, India)</p><p>= Plutodes triangularis Warren, 1893: 388 . (TL: Sikkim; Naga Hills (Nagaland, India))</p><p>Material examined: India, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri dist.: 2 ♂, Old Ziro, 2.xi.2018, leg. M. Singh (13632–33/H10, NZCZSI); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Old Ziro, 3.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13634/H10, NZCZSI); West Kameng dist.: 1 ♀, Bomdila, 27.vi.2018, leg. M. Singh (13644/H10, NZCZSI); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Lama Camp, Eaglenest WLS, 29.v.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13635/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♀, Shergaon, 9.vii.2018, leg. M. Singh (13639/ H10, NZCZSI) . Sikkim, South Sikkim dist.: 2 ♂, Ravangla, 23.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13637/H10, NZCZSI); Gangtok dist.: 1 ♂, Singtam, 26.vii.2019, leg. M. Singh (13631/H10, NZCZSI); West Sikkim dist.: 1 ♂, Yuksom, 20.xi.2019, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13641/H10, NZCZSI) . West Bengal, Darjeeling dist.: 1 ♂, Jhandi, 10.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13630/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Echey Gaon, 15.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13640/H10, NZCZSI); 2 ♀, Maneybhajang, 16.ix.2018, leg. M. Singh (13628/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Rimbick, 18.x.2018, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13642/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♀, Palmajua, 3.xi.2018, leg. K. Bhattacharaya &amp; party (13643/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Sitong, 31.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13636/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Upper Kuwapani, 14.viii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13629/H10, NZCZSI); Kalimpong dist.: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Kolakham, 14.iv.2016, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13645/H10, NZCZSI), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ Rishop, 5.ix.2016, leg. K. Bhattacharaya &amp; party (13638/H10, NZCZSI), 2 ♂, Lava, 9.xi.2016, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13646/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 19–21 mm, ♀ 20–22 mm. The external morphology is similar to P. warreni Prout, 1923, but is distinct by the following characters: P. costatus is slightly larger having distinctly broader yellow costal margin with a larger triangular postmedial patch on forewing than P. warreni; the underside of forewing in P. costatus has a characteristic narrow, discal patch extending towards the inner margin and a dark, broad subapical patch reaching the middle of outer margin, whereas, in P. warreni the underside of forewing is of uniform pale brown colour without any discal line, but with a faint sub-apical blackish patch. The male genitalia in P. costatus are clearly distinctive, with a highly sinuous gnathos, well developed valva sacculus which has a broad, roundish ventral bulge on its slender acute distal extension. The valva sacculus in P. warreni is less sclerotized, slender, basally somewhat straight with a subapical thickening and a small, curved, acute apex distally. The aedeagus in P. costatus is broader, with vesica having a distal cornutus and a small patch of minute setae, while that in P. warreni is slender with vesica having a distal broad patch of minute spines. Plutodes costatus and P. warreni are also closely similar to the Indonesian P. thorbeni St ̧ning, 2010: 76 (figs 7–12) in the arrangement of yellow and brown patches on the wings. However, the apical patch on forewing in these two species is conspicuous, making them different from P. thorbeni, also underside and genitalia clearly distinguish them.</p><p>Distribution: India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh (Shimla), Meghalaya (Khasis), Nagaland (Naga hills), Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kalimpong) (Warren 1893, Hampson 1895, Arandhara et al. 2017, Chettri &amp; Yonle 2021, Sondhi et al. 2021). Global: China (Yunnan), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam (Hồng &amp; Sen 2018, Spitsyn et al. 2017, Sţning 2005, Yazaki 1993, 1994).</p><p>Remarks: P. costatus flies in the mid and upper montane moist deciduous and semi-evergreen undisturbed forests up to 2500 m altitude from May to the early half of November.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFEBFFE8FF11FD1A27FDFF2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE5FFE8FF11FE8E21DDF96D.text	E36F1F4DFFE5FFE8FF11FE8E21DDF96D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes warreni Prout 1923	<div><p>Plutodes warreni Prout, 1923: 322</p><p>(Figs 4–5, 31–32)</p><p>TL: Sabathu (Himachal Pradesh, India)</p><p>Material examined: India, Arunachal Pradesh, Dibang Valley dist.: 1 ♂, Dibang valley, 12.xi.2018, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13652/H10, NZCZSI); Tawang dist.: 1 ♂, Jang, 18.iii.2019, leg. M. Singh (13654/H10, NZCZSI); West Kameng dist.: 2 ♂, Lama Camp, Eaglenest WLS, 29.v.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13655–56/H10, NZCZSI) . Himachal Pradesh, Kullu dist.: 1 ♂, GHNP, Ropa FRH, 26.viii.2016, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13649/H10, NZCZSI); Kangra dist.: 1 ♂, Dharamshala, 1.xi.2018, leg. A. Raha., K. Mallick. &amp; Bandhopadhyay &amp; party (13653/ H10, NZCZSI) . Sikkim, West Sikkim dist.: 1 ♀, Yuksom, 22.xi.2019, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13651/H10, NZCZSI); North Sikkim dist.: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Rabum, 13.xii.2019, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13650/H10, NZCZSI) . West Bengal, Darjeeling dist.: 1 ♀, Singalila National Park, Gairibas, 21.v.2018, leg. K. Bhattacharaya &amp; party (13647/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Singalila National Park, Manedara, 27.x.2018, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13648/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 19–21 mm, ♀ 20–21 mm. The diagnosis of this species is discussed under the preceding species.</p><p>Distribution: India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal (Prout 1923, Prout 1926b). Global: China, Nepal (Yazaki 1993, Yazaki &amp; Wang 2004)</p><p>Remarks: While working on different populations of Plutodes warreni, we encountered one male specimen (Figs 6–7, 33–34) out of two collected on same date i.e., 29.v.2019 from Lama Camp locality in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh showing notable variations in the external appearance from the typical P. warreni . The most noticeable difference is observed in the yellow costal margin on the forewing which, in this specimen, has shallow or blunt antemedial, postmedial and submarginal protrusions on its irregular inner border. Whereas, in typical P. warreni (both male and female), the costal yellow margin has more or less straight inner border with distinct and sharp triangular antemedial, postmedial and submarginal indentations, of which the postmedial one is distinctly larger than the other two. This close form is slightly smaller and paler with distinct sinuous antemedial line on forewing which is indistinct and does not cross the cell in typical P. warreni as well as in P. costatus . Further, the apical yellow patch on hindwing is much narrower than in P. warreni . Other P. warreni specimens in our collection follow the same wing pattern as discussed above for typical P. warreni without any considerable variation. The male genitalia, in this specimen, although looks very similar to that in P. warreni, but can be separated by minor differences when observed closely, like slightly broader uncus, more quadrate gnathos, and valva with shorter, more sclerotized, curved sacculus, and a larger distal part with a small, digitate subapical process. Also, the aedeagus vesica has a smaller distal patch of short spines which, in P. warreni, is broader, situated more basally with minute spines. However, due to shortage of materials and minute genital variations, we are not assigning this as a separate species, but a close form of P. warreni . Further studies involving additional materials and molecular analyses will be required to eventually erect it as a distinct species. Plutodes warreni flies sympatrically with P. costatus in the rain fed mid and upper montane undisturbed forests throughout the year. This study also marks the report from Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal and thereby expanding the known distribution range of this species in India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE5FFE8FF11FE8E21DDF96D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE5FFEBFF11F94D2053FD33.text	E36F1F4DFFE5FFEBFF11F94D2053FD33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes lamisca Swinhoe 1894	<div><p>Plutodes lamisca Swinhoe, 1894: 196</p><p>(Figs 8–9, 35–36)</p><p>TL: Cherra Punji [Cherrapunji] (Meghalya, India)</p><p>= Plutodes digitata Kirti &amp; Saxena, 2019: 48, syn. nov. (TL: Gangtok, Sikkim (India))</p><p>Material examined: India, Sikkim, South Sikkim dist.:1 ♂, Namchi, 9.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13657/ H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 15 mm. Externally, P. lamisca is readily separable from its other congeners by the much-reduced distal rufous patch of hindwing which instead possesses two dark spots (one roundish and another elongated) surrounded by numerous pale rufous spots. The forewing has conjoined or sometimes separate dark rufous, basal areas and distal patches, the latter partly paler inside, lined by irregular pale rufous margins and concolorous streaks scattered within the yellow zones. The male genitalia have a characteristic broad and strong uncus with slightly spatulate and setose apex; the valva is short, basally broad and apically narrowly rounded; sacculus basally broad and distally extended into a pair of short, slender spines having a row of short, tooth-like spines at the inner side and a larger spine perpendicularly set at the outer side. The aedeagus is broad and stout, distally slightly arcuate with vesica having distal con-joined patches of minute spines and a neighbouring group of large cornuti.</p><p>Distribution: India: Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal (Swinhoe 1894, Chettri &amp; Yonle 2021). Global: Nepal (Yazaki 1992).</p><p>Remarks: The illustration of the habitus of P. digitata provided by Kirti et al. (2019) matches exactly with that of the original description and the one discussed by Hampson (1895). Also, after careful comparison of the genitalia and the habitus of P. lamisca with that of P. digitata, we could not find any significant difference to consider both taxa as separate species. So, herein we synonymize P. digitata with P. lamisca .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE5FFEBFF11F94D2053FD33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE6FFEBFF11FCB625F1F9B5.text	E36F1F4DFFE6FFEBFF11FCB625F1F9B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes nilgirica Hampson 1891	<div><p>Plutodes nilgirica Hampson, 1891: 115</p><p>(Figs 10–11, 37–39)</p><p>TL: Nilgiri district (Tamil Nadu, India)</p><p>Material examined: India, Kerala, Idukki dist.: 1 ♂, Munnar, 29.x.2017, leg. M. Singh (13658/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 17 mm. Externally, P. nilgirica is very similar to the Chinese P. nanlingensis Yazaki and Wang, 2004: 118 (fig. 12) and the Bornean P. unidentata Holloway, 1976: 85 . However, P. nilgirica and P. nanlingensis are distinct from P. unidentata by the even pattern of patches. The basal and the distal patches on the hindwing may be fused or not fused, as in our specimen. Further, P. nilgirica differs from P. nanlingensis by its generally larger size and by the distal patch on the forewing being more or less quadrate in shape and almost extending up to the costal, apical and termen area, whereas the patch is quite roundish in P. nanlingensis . The hindwing, in P. nilgirica, has the basal patch with concave outer border and the distal patch with inner border devoid of any demarcated layer, but with a large, rounded indentation centrally and acute processes anteriorly and posteriorly. In P. nanlingensis, the basal patch of the hindwing also has a concave outer border, but with a distinct small protrusion in the middle. In male genitalia, P. nilgirica differs from the two externally similar species by the broadly rounded apex of the short valva (elongate and acutely-pointed apically in the other two species), stronger and more distally extended sacculus, elongate and more ventrally pronounced saccus and a pick-axe shaped (when everted) vesica endowed strongly with cornuti (Holloway [1994]).</p><p>Distribution: India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri district) (Hampson 1891, Chandra et al. 2020).</p><p>Remarks: To date, P. nilgirica is only reported from southern India including our observation. So, its distribution is probably restricted to this part of the country. Herein, we present the first-time illustrated diagnosis of male genitalia of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE6FFEBFF11FCB625F1F9B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE6FFEDFF11F9352713FD0F.text	E36F1F4DFFE6FFEDFF11F9352713FD0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes subcaudata Butler 1880	<div><p>Plutodes subcaudata Butler, 1880: 224</p><p>(Figs 12–13, 40–42)</p><p>TL: Darjiling [Darjeeling] (West Bengal, India)</p><p>Material examined: India, Arunachal Pradesh, Dibang Valley dist.: 1 ♂, DDBR, Cheepe, 8.vii.2016, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13659/H10, NZCZSI). Sikkim, South Sikkim dist.: 1 ♀, Ravangla, 23.vii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13660/H10, NZCZSI) . West Bengal, Kalimpong dist.: 1 ♂, Rishop, 13.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13661/ H10, NZCZSI); Darjeeling dist.: 2 ♂, Echey Gaon, 15.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13662/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♀, Maneybhanjang, 16.ix.2018, leg. M. Singh (13663/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 16–18 mm, ♀ 16–17 mm. The wing pattern of P. subcaudata is unique among the congeners and easily recognizable by the distal patch of forewing extended below to a distinct narrow stalk to meet the inner margin. The rufous patches on the wings are traversed by distinct irregular darker rufous lines, as present and specifically distinct in most other species of Plutodes . The distal patch on the hindwing has a distinctly irregular inner border and is joined with the narrow basal area at the anal angle, with a kind of eye-spot at tornus, somewhat similar to P. exquisita Butler, 1880 . The male genitalia have a distinctively long and twisted sacculus which is sharply angled near the base, then highly concave and distally extended with a sharp elbow, terminating into a slender, acute process. The aedeagus vesica has a conspicuous row of large, tooth-shaped cornuti forming a ring. In female genitalia, papilla analis elongated, squarish; anterior apophysis nearly two-third the length of posterior apophysis; ostium round, weakly sclerotized; ductus bursae narrow, rod-like, sclerotized; corpus bursae constricted and twisted proximally, large, globular and slightly sclerotized distally with minute scobinations.</p><p>Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya (Khasis), Sikkim, West Bengal (Butler 1880, Hampson 1895, Pathania et al. 2021). Global: Nepal (Yazaki 1992).</p><p>Remarks: To date, the species is reported from the central and eastern part of Himalayas in India indicating its preference for the mid and upper montane semi-evergreen forests up to 2200 m altitude. The male genitalia of this species are discussed and illustrated here for the first time. Our study has uncovered a new location for this species in Arunachal Pradesh, adding to its known distribution range.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE6FFEDFF11F9352713FD0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE0FFEDFF11FCEA211AF9FD.text	E36F1F4DFFE0FFEDFF11FCEA211AF9FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes exquisita Butler 1880	<div><p>Plutodes exquisita Butler, 1880: 223</p><p>(Figs 14–15, 43)</p><p>TL: Darjiling [Darjeeling] (West Bengal, India)</p><p>Material examined: India, Sikkim, Gangtok dist.: 1 ♀, Singtam, 26.vii.2019, leg. M. Singh (13664/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♀ 19 mm. Externally, P.exquisita is closely similar to the Indonesian P.dintelmanni St ̧ning, 2013: 254 (figs 1–2), but can be easily distinguished by the forewing with a conspicuously smaller basal patch and a hindwing with a distinct black tornal eye-spot and joined distal and basal patches. Plutodes dintelmanni lacks the tornal eye and the basal and distal patches on hindwing are distinctly apart. Additionally, in P. exquisita, the crenulate dentate line is strongly developed inside the outer patch of both wings, whereas it is weakly developed in P. dintelmanni . In the male genitalia, both the species are extremely similar except in the shape of sacculus and the claw-like processes, and the number, size and arrangement of the cornuti on the vesica (Sţning 2013). In P. exquisita, the female genitalia have the corpus bursae elliptical, with a large patch of scobination and a pair of weakly crescent-shaped scobinated fields proximally. Also, the ductus bursae is long and narrow with broad antrum. In P. dintelmanni, the corpus bursae is globular and membranous, with a pair of prominent crescent-shaped proximal scobinated areas (Sţning 2013).</p><p>Distribution: India: Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, West Bengal (Butler 1880, Cotes &amp; Swinhoe 1887, Joshi et al. 2021). Global: China, Nepal, Thailand (Yazaki 1994, Kendrick &amp; Ades 2004, Koçak &amp; Kemal 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE0FFEDFF11FCEA211AF9FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE0FFECFF11F9FD26EFFD33.text	E36F1F4DFFE0FFECFF11F9FD26EFFD33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes flavescens Butler 1880	<div><p>Plutodes flavescens Butler, 1880: 223</p><p>(Figs 16–17, 44–45)</p><p>TL: N.E. Himalayas</p><p>Material examined: India, Arunachal Pradesh, Dibang valley dist.: 1 ♂, Anini, Chapupani, 30.v.2017, leg. A.K. Sanyal &amp; party (13667/H10, NZCZSI), 5 ♂, 1 ♀, Hunli, 16.ix.2011, leg. T. Goyal (13671/H10, NZCZSI); Lower Subansiri dist.: 1 ♂, Yachuli, 8.xi.2018, leg. M. Singh (13670/H10, NZCZSI) . Sikkim, Gangtok dist.: 1 ♂, Singtam, 26.vii.2019, leg. M. Singh (13672/H10, NZCZSI); West Sikkim dist.: 2 ♂, Nerdang, 3.xi.2019, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13668–69/H10, NZCZSI), 1 ♂, Yoksum, 19.xi.2019, leg. A. K. Sanyal &amp; party (13665/H10, NZCZSI), 1 ♂, Yoksum, 22.xi.2019, leg. A.K. Sanyal &amp; party (13666/H10, NZCZSI) . West Bengal, Darjeeling dist.: 1 ♂, Charkhole, 6.viii.2019, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13673/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 13–16 mm. Plutodes flavescens belongs to the ‘ cyclaria species group’ and closely resembles P. discigera Butler, 1880 and P. philornis Prout, 1926 (Yazaki and Wang 2004: 118, fig. 11) in external appearance. The identifying character that separates this species from its allied congeners is the highly zigzag shaped, rufous line with multiple angles which traverses the distal patches on both the wings. This line looks darker due to the presence of a faint yellowish background which is lacking in other species of the group. In P. discigera, the same line is irregular and slightly paler, and in P. philornis, it is curved with a single angle medially, on the distal patch of forewing, forming the silhouette of flying bird. The male genitalia have a characteristic uncus with a large spatulate tip and valva with a sacculus having an internal row of short and pointed dentation, a ventral, subapical, small, curved spine and a slender, acute, distal spine-like extension. The aedeagus is slightly curved and slender, and the vesica has a small basal patch of short cornuti.</p><p>Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya (Khasia Hills), Sikkim, West Bengal (Cotes &amp; Swinhoe 1887, Swinhoe 1900, Arandhara et al. 2017). Global: China, Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, Java), Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand (Holloway [1994], Yazaki 1994, Michaux 1996, Kendrick &amp; Ades 2004, Koçak &amp; Kemal 2010).</p><p>Remarks: Due to external similarity, Hampson (1895) and Swinhoe (1900) treated P. flavescens and P. discigera as a single species. This species also flies in the mid to upper montane semi-evergreen undisturbed forests up to 2200 m, mostly during the post-monsoon period.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE0FFECFF11F9FD26EFFD33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE1FFECFF11FCB6266FF9B2.text	E36F1F4DFFE1FFECFF11FCB6266FF9B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes pseudocyclaria Kirti & Goyal 2011	<div><p>Plutodes pseudocyclaria Kirti &amp; Goyal, 2011: 68</p><p>(Figs 18–19, 46–47)</p><p>TL: Devikulam, Kerala (India)</p><p>Material examined: India, Kerala, Iduki dist.: 1 ♀, Prambikulam, 2.ix.2017, leg. M. Singh (13674/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Munnar, 30.x.2017 leg. M. Singh (13675/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 17 mm, ♀ 19 mm. Apart from P. nilgirica, P. pseudocyclaria is another species known only from southern India. Plutodes pseudocyclaria was described on the basis of patterns of rufous patches on both the wings and male genitalia in comparison with those in the allied P. cyclaria Guenée, [1858] (Holloway 1976: 85) . In fact, both are not closely related, considering all characters. Externally, P. pseudocyclaria differs from the latter mainly in the hindwing having a concavely curved outer border of the basal area and a smaller distal patch which is always separate from the basal patch. Moreover, the distal patches have pointed extensions, situated posteriorly in the forewing and anteriorly in the hindwing. In P. cyclaria, the distal patch on hindwing is larger and the basal areas often extended towards or touching the distal patch. The male genitalia of P. pseudocyclaria differ by having two closely placed claw-like processes distally on the sacculus which are widely separated in P. cyclaria . In addition, there is a rounded process more basally on the sacculus, absent in P. cyclaria . The truncate apex of uncus and cucullus-shaped distal part of valves are also distinctive. The aedeagus vesica in P pseudocyclaria is elongated having a field of 6–7 cornuti at the distal part, that in P. cyclaria is pick-axe shaped with distal row of large cornuti, and a lateral lobe having a separated field of small cornuti.</p><p>Distribution: India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Kirti &amp; Goyal 2011, Iyer et al. 2021).</p><p>Remarks: With this present record, the species is known only from southern India. So, it may be considered endemic to this region of the country.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE1FFECFF11FCB6266FF9B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE1FFEEFF11F9352727FE53.text	E36F1F4DFFE1FFEEFF11F9352727FE53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes discigera Butler 1880	<div><p>Plutodes discigera Butler, 1880: 223</p><p>(Figs 20–21, 48–49)</p><p>TL: India</p><p>Material examined: India, Mizoram, Aizawl dist,: 1 ♂, Lengpui, 15.ix.2012, leg. A. Saxena (13676/H10, NZCZSI) . West Bengal, Darjeeling dist.: 1 ♂, Chatakpur, 19.ix.2018, leg. R. Lenka &amp; party (13677/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 14 mm. Plutodes discigera is a member of the ‘ P. cyclaria species- group’ and is most closely allied to P. cyclaria and P. philornis . In P. discigera, all the patches on both the wings look similar to those in P. cyclaria, except that the distal patch on the hindwing is distinctly smaller and well separated from the basal area. In P. philornis, all the wing patches are smaller than those in P. discigera, exposing more of the yellow ground colour of the wings. Also, the rufous line traversing the distal patch on the forewing has a single angle in P. philornis (indicating the body of a flying bird) which is irregular, devoid of any distinct angle in P. discigera . In the latter, the male genitalia are strikingly similar to those of P. cyclaria, except that the saccular spines are more robust in P. discigera . However, the arrangement of spines and scobination on the pickaxe-shaped aedeagus vesica being very similar in both species.</p><p>Distribution: India: Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, West Bengal (Cotes &amp; Swinhoe 1887, Joshi et al. 2021). Global: Papua New Guinea (Meyrick 1889, surely a misidentification).</p><p>Remarks: Hampson (1895) and Swinhoe (1900) treated P. discigera and P. flavescens as a single species. Prout (1929) treated an Indonesian species, P. argentilauta Prout, 1929 (Holloway 1982: 252), as a subspecies of P. discigera . Both treatments are definitely wrong as we know at present.</p><p>Our study provides the male genitalia illustration of this species for the first time, unfortunately partly damaged. However, important characters are visible. According to D. Sţning (pers. comm.) the apex of valva is evenly rounded and the uncus moderately spatulate and truncate distally.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE1FFEEFF11F9352727FE53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE3FFEEFF11FE562165FB8C.text	E36F1F4DFFE3FFEEFF11FE562165FB8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes transmutata Walker 1861	<div><p>Plutodes transmutata Walker, 1861: 976</p><p>(Figs 22–23, 50–51)</p><p>TL: North Hindostan [North India]</p><p>= Comibaena gavisata Walker, 1862: 1566 (TL: North Hindostan [North India])</p><p>Material examined: India, Himachal Pradesh: Kangra dist.: 1 ♂, Bir, 20.ix.2007, leg. M. Kaur (13679/H10, NZCZSI); 1 ♂, Andretta, 17.ix.2007, leg. M. Kaur (13680/H10, NZCZSI) . Odisha, Keonjhar dist.: 3 ♂, Joda, Kiriburu, 14.vii.2021, leg. A. Raha &amp; party (13678/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Forewing length: ♂ 12–13 mm. This species is distinct from all other Plutodes by its characteristic “amoeboid” distal patch on the forewing. Its differential diagnoses with the closely allied P. quadratus sp. nov. and the Sri Lankan P. exiguifascia Hampson, 1893 are discussed under the next species.</p><p>Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha (Chandra 2007, Sondhi et al. 2018, Pathania et al. 2021). Global: China, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand (Moore 1887, Swinhoe 1900, Yazaki 1994, Kendrick 1998, Koçak &amp; Kemal 2010).</p><p>Remarks: The species has a very wide distribution in India and occurs in the low to mid altitude tropical and subtropical forests. Although reported in several studies, the male genitalia of this species are illustrated here for the first time. The female genitalia are very similar to those of P. quadratus sp. n. (D. Sţning, pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE3FFEEFF11FE562165FB8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFE3FFF4FF11FB6B21C2F8FB.text	E36F1F4DFFE3FFF4FF11FB6B21C2F8FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes quadratus Singh & Raha & Mallick & Kirti & Singh 2023	<div><p>Plutodes quadratus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 24–27, 52–54)</p><p>Holotype: 1 ♂, India, Chhattisgarh, Kabirdham dist., Bhoramdeo WLS, Chilpi FRH, 30.iii.2014, leg. A. Raha &amp; party (8537/H10, NZCZSI).</p><p>Paratype: 1 ♀, India, Chhattisgarh, Korba dist., Lemru FRH, 24.iii.2014, leg. A. Raha &amp; party (8536/H10, NZCZSI) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Although P. quadratus sp. nov. is slightly larger than P. transmutata and smaller than P. exiguifascia (Wingspan: 32 mm (Hampson, 1893) ≈ Forewing length, 16 mm), these three closely allied congeners can be confusing in identification due to their external similarities. Plutodes quadratus sp. nov. is most reliably diagnosed by the shape of the distal patch on the forewing being roughly quadrate with the inner border, in both sexes, running straight onto the inner margin of the forewing after making an obtuse curvature near the costa. While, in the holotype female of P. exiguifascia (Fig. 28, the only existing specimen for comparison), the inner border of the forewing distal patch is slightly curved and not running straight onto the inner margin, i.e., the inner border is not making a right angle with the inner margin, rather bending outward to meet the inner margin. The inner border of the hindwing distal patch in both the sexes of P. quadratus sp. nov. has a distinct wider and deeper medial invagination than that in P. exiguifascia . Also, there is a small, distinct and acute projection at the end of the hindwing distal patch near the anal angle in both male and female specimens of P. quadratus sp. nov., but this is not evident in either of the other two species. In P. transmutata, the distal patches on both wings are narrower than in the other two species, irregular or “amoeboid”, more of kidney or bean-shaped. So, the yellow areas between the distal and basal patches on both wings in P. transmutata appear much broader than those of the other two congeners. The irregularity in distal patches in P. transmutata is particularly evident on the inner border of the patches where a medial, sharp invagination is present in case of both the wings. Moreover, in P. transmutata, the forewing distal patch ends much narrower at the inner margin. In the male genitalia, P. quadratus sp. nov. is distinct from that of P. transmutata by the shorter uncus with less spatulate tip, narrower valva with more sclerotized, upright and pointed saccular process (which is longer, weakly sclerotized and thumb-like in P. transmutata), and distinctly broader saccus. In P. quadratus sp. nov. the aedeagus is straight, broad at base, gently narrowing at the middle, then again bulbous and ultimately terminating into bunch of setae-like structures at the apex. In female genitalia of P. quadratus sp. nov., corpus bursae is strongly sclerotized, spherical and evenly scobinated with minute spines; ductus bursae short, broad and well sclerotized, a spherical accessory sac with long duct, thrice the length of ductus bursae joined between the junction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae, posterior apophyses are two thirds the length of the anterior apophyses, anal papillae oval, setose and well sclerotized.</p><p>Description: Male: Head: vertex covered with light yellow scales, frons yellowish-brown; antennae unipectinate, a long apical section probably unpectinated, according to the female paratype and the related species (broken in male holotype); shaft and rami pale ochreous-brown, scape and pedicel pale buff-yellow; palpi short, not reaching the frons, upturned, apically blunt and covered with pale yellow scales. Thorax: collar and patagia covered with yellow scales, tegulae basally yellow, distal half rufous-brown; rest of the thorax rufous-brown dorsally, sternum and legs pale ochreous. Wing: Forewing length: ♂ 13 mm. Forewing ground colour pale yellow, moderately broad (length: breadth = 2:1), apex roundish, termen anteriorly straight from apex to middle, then gently curved to tornus; the basal patch small, rufous-brown bordered with thin black, somewhat triangular, with the costal border obliquely straight then making an obtuse angle running straight onto the inner margin; distal patch rufous-brown, bordered with thin silvery-black line, large, broad, roughly quadrate with the inner border, in both sexes, running straight onto the inner margin of the forewing after making an obtuse curvature near the costa (the curvature in male is sharper than female), the costal border running parallel to the costa makes a sharp angle near the apex (this corner of distal patch is more pointed in female) then runs toward the inner margin more or less parallel to the termen, making a wide and gentle curvature below M3 vein. Hindwing: ground colour pale yellow, termen anteriorly straight from apex to middle, then gently curved to anal angle (in female, termen is more roundish); basal patch rufous-brown, triangular, broader at costa, then gradually acute towards the anal angle with the outer border obliquely running straight onto the inner margin; distal patch rufous-brown, broad, somewhat kidney-shaped, outer border gently convex, inner border sinuous with a prominent medial depression; a small, distinct and acute projection at the end of the hindwing distal patch near the anal angle. Undersides of both wings have lighter shades of patches with shapes same as upperside, inside each patch bordered with an irregular, blurred black band. Abdomen: Dorsally rufous-brown with few yellow hair-scales, ventrally also rufous-brown, but with more yellow hair-scales. Genitalia: Uncus slender, apically spatulate; gnathos weakly sclerotized, plate-like; tegumen short, broad; valve narrow, elongated, costa slightly curved, apex round, sacculus weakly sclerotized, broad, short, about one-third the length of ventral margin with an upright, sclerotized, pointed saccular process; juxta weakly sclerotized, proximally broad, distally triangular with blunt tip; vinculum slender, elongated; saccus triangular, broad; aedeagus straight, broad at base, gently narrowing at the middle, then again bulbous and ultimately terminating into bunch of sclerotized setae-like structures at the apex.</p><p>Female: Forewing length: ♀ 14 mm. The pattern is same as male except the inner border of the distal patch on forewing is rounded near costa and not sharply angled as in the male holotype, and the upper right corner of this patch is pointed at apex and not rounded as in male. Genitalia: Papilla analis elliptical; anterior apophysis two-thirds the length of posterior apophysis; ostium round, weakly sclerotized; ductus bursae short, broad and well sclerotized, a spherical accessory sac with long duct, thrice the length of ductus bursae joined at the junction of ductus bursae and corpus bursae; corpus bursae strongly sclerotized, spherical and evenly scobinated with minute spines.</p><p>Etymology: The new species is named on the basis of the quadrate shape of the distal patch on the forewing which distinguishes it from the similar- looking P. transmutata and P. exiguifascia .</p><p>Distribution: India: Chhattisgarh.</p><p>Remarks: The new species inhabits lowland mixed deciduous forests having an altitude range of 300– 600 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFE3FFF4FF11FB6B21C2F8FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
E36F1F4DFFF9FFF7FF11F8FE21C8FC74.text	E36F1F4DFFF9FFF7FF11F8FE21C8FC74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plutodes Guenee 1858	<div><p>Identification key to the Indian species of Plutodes Guenée, 1858</p><p>1. Hindwing with rufous-brown patches almost covering the whole area, leaving just a small area of the yellow background at the apex................................................................................................ 2</p><p>- Hindwing with rufous-brown patches much reduced exposing larger area of the yellow background.................... 3</p><p>2. Underside of both wings with distinct submarginal black patches....................................... P. costatus</p><p>- Underside of both wings uniformly pale rufous-brown with faint submarginal black patch on forewing.......... P. warreni</p><p>3. Hindwing with the distal patch much reduced to a small diffused patch with two dark brown spots.............. P. lamisca</p><p>- Hindwing with well-developed distal patch................................................................. 4</p><p>4. Forewing with basal patch joined to the distal patch................................................. P. nilgirica</p><p>- Forewing with basal and distal patches separate............................................................. 5</p><p>5. Forewing distal patch extended below into a distinct narrow stalk to meet the inner margin................ P. subcaudata</p><p>- Forewing with distal patch not extended into a prominent stalk................................................. 6</p><p>6. Hindwing with distal patch elliptical or oval................................................................ 7</p><p>- Hindwing with distal patch more or less kidney- shaped...................................................... 12</p><p>7. Hindwing with a dark spot below the distal elliptical patch near the anal angle............................ P. exquisita</p><p>- Hindwing distal patch oval, without any dark spot........................................................... 8</p><p>8. Distal patches on both wings crossed by a distinct, highly dentate, rufous line with a hue of yellowish background.................................................................................................. P. flavescens</p><p>- Distal patches on both wings crossed by an irregular rufous line (less/ not dentate), without yellowish background........ 9</p><p>9. Forewing distal patch crossed by non-dentate, slightly curved rufous line, which is conspicuously angled outwardly at middle.......................................................................................... P. philornis</p><p>- Forewing distal patch crossed by an irregular rufous line without medial angle as in P. philornis ...................... 10</p><p>10. Hindwing basal patch with curved outer border................................................ P. pseudocyclaria</p><p>- Hindwing basal patch with straight outer border............................................................ 11</p><p>11. Distal patch on hindwing large and barely separate from basal patch..................................... P. cyclaria</p><p>- Distal patches on hindwing smaller and always separate.............................................. P. discigera</p><p>12. Forewing distal patch amoeboid and irregularly bordered on all sides, hindwing distal patch without any projection at anal angle.................................................................................... P. transmutata</p><p>- Forewing distal patch quadrate with straight border at the inner side, hindwing distal patch with an acute projection at anal angle............................................................................. P. quadratus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E36F1F4DFFF9FFF7FF11F8FE21C8FC74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Raha, Angshuman;Mallick, Kaushik;Kirti, Jagbir Singh;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Raha, Angshuman, Mallick, Kaushik, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Singh, Navneet (2023): A review of the genus Plutodes Guenée (Geometridae: Ennominae) from India with description of one new species. Zootaxa 5323 (4): 499-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN
