taxonID	type	description	language	source
E369983E840CFFF2FE49A809FB8C504A.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 2 A – C) Type species Colastes sandei sp. nov. Etymology From ‘‘ fungis’ ’ (Latin for ‘‘ fungus’ ’) and ‘‘ venator’ ’ (Latin for ‘‘ hunter’ ’), because the females search for fungi in which to hunt hosts. Gender: masculine. Diagnosis Antenna of female with 20 – 31 segments, third segment 4 – 5 times as long as wide (Figures 1 K, 2 B); occipital carina narrowly reduced medio-dorsally and remaining far from hypostomal carina ventrally (Figure 2 B); clypeus convex, distinctly differentiated from face (Figures 1 D, 2 B); ventral rim of clypeus thin, protruding beyond level of face and apex of mandible in lateral view (Figures 1 L, 2 B); hypoclypeal depression deep and rather large (Figure 1 D); orbits reddish-brown or brown dorsally; pronope absent or small (but distinct in one of the paratypes of C. sandei from Monks Wood), pronotum dorsally often with a more or less crenulate transverse depression anteriorly, which can be open anteriorly; mesoscutum glabrous and strongly shiny, but densely setose (except posteriorly) in C. fritzeni; notauli finely crenulate, posteriorly notauli not strongly converging and ending in a broad more or less rugose area (Figure 1 B); scutellum often finely rugulose medioposteriorly (Figure 1 B); propodeum coarsely reticulate, at most anteriorly narrowly smooth; vein r shorter than width of pterostigma (Figures 1 A, 1 E, 2 A, 3 A); shape and pigmentation of pterostigma of male similar to pterostigma of female (Figures 1 A, 1 E); vein 1 - SR of forewing and vein 1 - M of hind wing medium-sized (Figures 1 A, 2 A); vein r of forewing usually distinctly oblique and from basal 0.3 – 0.5 of pterostigma (Figures 1 A, 1 E, 2 A, 3 A); first subdiscal cell of forewing robust (Figures 1 A, 2 A); dorsal carina of first metasomal tergite not united medially (Figure 2 D) or united and without distinct median crest (Figure 1 H); second metasomal tergite distinctly striate basally; second and third tergites about of equal length and second tergite less transverse than third tergite (Figure 1 H); fourth and fifth tergites smooth (Figure 1 L); fifth tergite narrowed posteriorly; ovipositor slender (Figure 1 L); length of ovipositor sheath 0.3 – 0.5 times as long as forewing and 2 – 4 times as long as first tergite. Biology Host unknown, but reared from bracket fungi; considering the biology of other species of the genus Colastes likely to be an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of holometabolous larvae in the bracket fungi, with strong circumstantial evidence for one species to be a parasitoid of Dorcatoma species (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Distribution Holarctic, five species.	en	Achterberg, C. van, Shaw, M. R. (2008): A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi, with description of two new species from Europe. Journal of Natural History 42 (27 - 28): 1849-1860, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802114280, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802114280
E369983E8408FFF2FE3EAC32FDCE53E1.taxon	description	(Figures 2 A – D) Colastes aciculatus Tobias (in Belokobylskij and Tobias) 1986, p. 58 (translation: p. 94). Biology Unknown. Distribution South Russia (Krasnodar Kray).	en	Achterberg, C. van, Shaw, M. R. (2008): A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi, with description of two new species from Europe. Journal of Natural History 42 (27 - 28): 1849-1860, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802114280, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802114280
E369983E8408FFF2FE43AF86FEB0559C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology Unknown. Distribution China (Liaoning); Japan; Korea; Russia (Primorye Kray, Sakhalin Oblast, Ulyanovsk Oblast).	en	Achterberg, C. van, Shaw, M. R. (2008): A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi, with description of two new species from Europe. Journal of Natural History 42 (27 - 28): 1849-1860, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802114280, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802114280
E369983E8408FFFFFE65A86DFB5355C8.taxon	description	(Figures 3 A – E) Holotype, female, length of body 3.3 mm and of forewing 3.2 mm. Description Head. Antenna with 26 segments, third antennal segment 1.4 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.8, 3.3 and 2.0 times their width, respectively (Figures 3 B, C); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 1.9 times temple; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL 57: 3: 5; vertex smooth and conspicuously setose; frons smooth and with a shallow median groove anteriorly; face transversely rugulose medially (except dorsally) and rugulosegranulate laterally; malar space only granulate; clypeus with some transverse striae and rugulae; hypoclypeal depression half as wide as face; ventral part of occipital carina visible in anterior view of head; length of malar space 1.3 times basal width of mandible; occipital flange rather wide (Figure 3 B); malar suture obsolescent; mandible distinctly twisted apically and with convex striate outer side. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; pronope absent except for an indistinct sculptured depression; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, with a triangular depression and remainder coarsely rugose; mesosternum with a widely crenulate and deep median sulcus and sublaterally superficially crenulate (but smooth posteriorly); mesopleuron smooth, but densely vermiculate-rugose antero-dorsally; precoxal sulcus absent; metapleuron vermiculate-rugose; notauli complete, rather wide and coarsely crenulate, medio-dorsally with coarse rugae; middle lobe and anteriorly lateral lobes of mesoscutum densely setose; scutellar sulcus wide and deep, with some distinct carinae; scutellum weakly convex, setose and largely smooth, but distinctly rugose medio-posteriorly; surface of propodeum coarsely rugose-reticulate, with an irregular median carina but without an areola posteriorly. Wings. Forewing: r slightly widened and 0.9 times width of pterostigma; pterostigma elongate (Figure 3 A); r: 3 - SR: SR 1510: 24: 52; 1 - CU 1: 2 - CU 151: 2; 2 - SR: 3 - SR: rm 517: 24: 11; m-cu antefurcal and converging to 1 - M posteriorly; cu-a short and first subdiscal cell strongly widened apically (Figure 3 A); CU 1 b much shorter than vein 3 - CU 1. Hind wing: m-cu present, antefurcal; M + CU: 1 - M: 1 r-m 519: 22: 10. Legs. Hind coxa densely rugose laterally and dorsally; hind femur densely and long setose and largely rugose, except postero-laterally (Figure 3 D); hind tibia densely setose and striate except dorsally; tarsal claws simple, setose, but with some short bristles basally; fore tarsus as long as tibia, tibia with a row of bristly setae; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.4, 8.6 and 5.6 times their width, respectively; hind tibial spurs 0.20 and 0.15 times as long as hind basitarsus. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times its apical width, its surface strongly longitudinally striate (Figure 3 E), its dorsal carinae remain separated; dorsope medium-sized; laterope absent, with glymma slightly impressed and crenulate; second tergite smooth but widely finely striate basally; ovipositor straight; length of ovipositor sheath 0.48 times as long as forewing (and 3.4 times as long as first tergite). Colour. Black; scapus (but dorsally darkened), pedicellus largely and annellus yellowish-brown; antennal sockets, small lateral patch of frons and metasoma ventrally more or less dark brown; remainder of antenna and pterostigma dark brown; palpi, tegulae, seventh and eighth metasomal tergites and legs pale yellowish, but apical third of hind tibia and most of hind tarsus infuscate; parastigma and veins rather dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline. Variation Length of body 2.6 – 3.9 mm (female) or 1.6 – 2.9 mm (male), and of forewing 2.7 – 3.7 mm (female) or 1.7 – 2.9 mm (male); antenna of female with 25 (3), 26 (2) or 28 (2) segments, of male with 20 (1), 21 (2), 23 (2), 24 (4), 27 (2) or 28 (1) segments; shape of pterostigma of male similar to that of female; small males tend to have the hind leg (and to a lesser degree fore and middle legs) largely dark brown, especially hind coxa and tibia and their sculpture is less developed; vein 3 - SR of forewing 1.4 – 2.0 times as long as vein 2 - SR; length of ovipositor sheath 0.48 – 0.52 times as long as forewing. One male with the same data as the holotype is excluded because it is extremely small (forewing 1.3 mm), antenna with 18 segments, mesoscutum with few setae and first subdiscal cell of forewing narrow and subparallel-sided. Biology Several times reared from bracket fungi in which Dorcatoma species were breeding in the apparent absence of other possible hosts. Distribution Finland. Material examined Holotype female: ‘‘ Finland: Ta: Valkeakoski, S of Lotilanjärvi. 61.26 ° N / 24.00 ° E, ex? Phellinus ignarius (s. l.) / Betula with Dorcatoma punctulata, coll. 8 April 2006, em. April- June [20] 06 (indoors), N. R. Fritzén & I. Österblad’ ’ (NMS). Paratypes (6 females + 14 males): 2 females + 7 males, same data as holotype (NMS, RMNH); 1 female, id., but ex Phellinus tremulae / Populus tremulus with Dorcatoma lomnickii and D. dresdensis (NMS); 1 female, id., but with D. punctulata and Cis alni (NMS); 2 males, id., but ex? Phellinus ignarius (s. l.) / Betula with Dorcatoma dresdensis (NMS, RMNH); 1 male, id., but ex Phellinus pini on Pinus sp. (NMS); 1 female + 4 males: ‘‘ Finland: Om: Lohtaja, Korteperänräme. 63.91 ° N / 23.47 ° E, [ex] Phellinus ignarius (s. l.) / Betula with Dorcatoma dresdensis, coll. February 2006, em. ca April [20] 06 (indoors), N. R. Fritzén’ ’ (NMS, RMNH); 1 female, ‘‘ Finland: Oa: Korsholm, Jungsund. 63.18 ° N / 21.58 ° E, [ex] Fomes fomentarius with Dorcatoma dresdensis, [coll.] 2006, Ika Österblad’ ’ (NMS). Note It is a pleasure to name this species after one of the collectors of the holotype, Mr N. R. Fritzén (Sund), who reared important series of Braconidae from bracket fungi in Finland.	en	Achterberg, C. van, Shaw, M. R. (2008): A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi, with description of two new species from Europe. Journal of Natural History 42 (27 - 28): 1849-1860, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802114280, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802114280
E369983E8405FFFFFD85A9A5FCD6574A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology Reared from the bracket fungus Piptoporus betulinus (Bulliard) Karsten. Distribution Canada (Manitoba, Quebec); U. S. A. (Wisconsin).	en	Achterberg, C. van, Shaw, M. R. (2008): A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi, with description of two new species from Europe. Journal of Natural History 42 (27 - 28): 1849-1860, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802114280, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802114280
E369983E8405FFF8FDADAB27FD99506D.taxon	description	(Figures 1 A – L) Holotype, female, length of body 3.4 mm and of forewing 3.5 mm. Description Head. Antenna with 30 segments, third antennal segment 1.2 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 4.0, 3.0 and 1.6 times their width, respectively (Figures 1 I – K); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 1.9 times temple (Figure 1 F); OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL 56: 3: 5; face rugulose ventro-medially and weakly granulate laterally; clypeus with some striae; frons and vertex smooth; hypoclypeal depression about half as wide as face (Figure 1 F); ventral part of occipital carina visible in anterior view of head; length of malar space 1.4 times basal width of mandible; occipital flange rather wide (Figure 1 L); malar suture indistinct; mandible rather twisted apically and with convex outer side. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; pronope absent; side of pronotum smooth dorsally and remainder rugose; mesosternum with a narrowly crenulate and rather deep sulcus and sublaterally smooth; mesopleuron smooth but densely reticulate-rugose antero-dorsally; precoxal sulcus absent except for a shallow depression; metapleuron reticulate; notauli complete, rather wide (Figure 1 B); mesoscutum with some setae near notauli; scutellar sulcus wide and deep, with some distinct carinae (Figure 1 B); scutellum weakly convex, setose and smooth anteriorly and medially, rugulose posteriorly; surface of propodeum coarsely reticulate, but less so posteriorly, without a median carina anteriorly or an areola posteriorly (Figure 1 B). Wings. Forewing: r slightly widened and its length 0.7 times width of pterostigma; pterostigma triangular (Figure 1 A); r: 3 - SR: SR 158: 14: 41; 1 - CU 1: 2 - CU 154: 13; 2 - SR: 3 - SR: r-m 514: 14: 8; m-cu antefurcal and converging to 1 - M posteriorly; cu-a short and first subdiscal cell strongly widened apically (Figure 1 A); CU 1 b much shorter than vein 3 - CU 1. Hind wing: m-cu present (Figure 1 A); M + CU: 1 - M 523: 17. Legs. Hind coxa partly finely striate postero-dorsally and more or less rugose in front of this; hind femur rather densely setose and largely smooth; tarsal claws simple, setose, but with some short bristles basally (Figure 1 G); fore tarsus 1.45 times longer than tibia; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.6, 10.6 and 6.7 times their width, respectively; hind tibial spurs 0.30 and 0.25 times as long as hind basitarsus. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, its surface strongly longitudinally striate (Figure 1 H), its dorsal carinae meeting near middle of tergite; dorsope medium-sized (Figure 1 H); no distinct laterope; second tergite smooth but narrowly striate basally; ovipositor slightly curved downwards; length of ovipositor sheath 0.29 times as long as forewing (and nearly twice as long as first tergite; Figure 1 L). Colour. Black; scapus (but apically slightly darkened), pedicellus apically, annellus, palpi, tegulae and legs pale yellowish; clypeus, malar space partly, orbita dorsally and posteriorly, propleuron, mesopleuron antero-dorsally, second and third tergites laterally, fourth-seventh tergites partly laterally and complete sixth tergite yellowishbrown; remainder of second tergite and of antenna, ovipositor sheath and mesopleuron partly posteriorly dark brown; pterostigma, parastigma and veins rather dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Distribution England, the Netherlands. Variation Hind coxa dorsally striate to densely rugose; mesoscutum with 3 – 6 longitudinal rugae medio-posteriorly; hind tarsus may be more or less infuscate; side of pronotum may be rugose dorsally; lateral mesoscutal lobes sometimes with a few setae laterally; precoxal sulcus absent or as a shallow coriaceous depression; propodeum may be less coarsely reticulate anteriorly than posteriorly an with a vaguely indicated median carina. One female from Monks Wood has clypeus, orbita (except for a small patch dorsally), mesosoma (except side of pronotum ventrally) and metasoma dorsally black or dark brown. The other female from Monks Wood is typically coloured except for the yellowish third to fifth antennal segments. The male is very similar to the female: length of forewing 3.0 mm, and of body 3.1 mm; antenna of male with 30 segments; shape of pterostigma similar to that of female; vein r 0.65 times as long as width of pterostigma; vein 3 - SR of forewing 0.9 times as long as vein 2 - SR; mesoscutum less rugose medio-posteriorly; median carina of propodeum weakly developed anteriorly; first tergite less convex than that of female; second tergite largely longitudinally striate. The female paratypes have the antenna with 24 (1), 25 (1) or 27 (1) segments and length of forewing 2.4 – 3.0 mm and of body 2.2 – 3.1 mm, length of malar space of 1.2 – 1.4 times basal width of mandible, and length of ovipositor sheath 0.27 – 0.33 times as long as forewing. In addition, a small male (length of forewing 1.8 mm) was examined from Germany which may belong to another species: (RMNH), ‘‘ Germany, Bugsteinfurt (Münster), vi. 1996, e. l. ex zwam [5 fungus] op beuk [5 Fagus sylvaticus Linnaeus]. J. C. van de Sande’ ’. The body is largely dark brown, the second submarginal cell of forewing is comparatively narrow, the femora and tarsi are somewhat infuscate, the face is smooth, the antenna with 21 segments, the notauli are narrow and the temple is subparallel-sided behind the eyes. Material examined Holotype female: ‘‘ Netherlands: GE, Ede, Station, 25 May 1996, e. l [arva] nr. 960202, ex zwavelzwam [5 Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill] op Prunus avium [Linnaeus], J. C. van de Sande’ ’ (RMNH). Paratypes (6 females + 1 male): 1 male, with same data as holotype (RMNH); 1 female: ‘‘ [England], Windsor Great Park, Berks., SV 9772, ex aged bracket fungus, poss [ibly] Meripilus giganteus, coll. August [19] 86, em. August [19] 86, H. Mendel’ ’ (NMS); 2 females, ‘‘ [England], Monks Wood, Hants., TL 202805, Mal. trap, 13 – 25 July [20] 05, G. Broad’ ’ (NMS); 3 females: ‘‘ Netherlands: GE, Wageningen, reared from old bracket-fungus Daedaleopsis confragosa on Sorbus sp., 10 August 2007, L. Moraal, RMNH 9070 (RMNH). Note It is a pleasure to name this species after the collector of the holotype, Mr J. C. P. M. van de Sande (Amsterdam), who reared important series of Braconidae from bracket fungi in the Netherlands and Germany.	en	Achterberg, C. van, Shaw, M. R. (2008): A new subgenus of the genus Colastes Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Exothecinae) for species reared from bracket fungi, with description of two new species from Europe. Journal of Natural History 42 (27 - 28): 1849-1860, DOI: 10.1080/00222930802114280, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930802114280
