identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E22D9400FFA57E7490CF6F78FAD4FA60.text	E22D9400FFA57E7490CF6F78FAD4FA60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enchelycore anatina (Lowe 1838)	<div><p>Enchelycore anatina (Lowe 1838)</p><p>Muraena anatina Lowe 1838: 192 . (Off Madeira). Neotype, BMNH 1869.3.7.1, designated by Böhlke et al. 1989: 136. Muraena sanctaehelenae Günther 1870: 115 (Saint Helena I., South Atlantic). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1868.3.11.3.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–8, 52–59, 146–158.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic.</p><p>REMARKS: Most recent authors have considered Muraena sanctaehelenae a synonym of M. anatina . Ben-Tuvia and Golani (1984: 542) pointed out differences in proportions, body color, and vertebral counts and on this basis recognized it as distinct. Böhlke at al. (1989:137) considered those characters insufficiently diagnostic and returned it to synonymy. However, the vertebral count of the holotype and only known specimen (146) is well outside the range of other specimens (151–158), and the color pattern seems distinct (Böhlke et al. 1989: fig. 135). If additional specimens confirm these distinctions, Enchelycore sanctaehelenae could be recognized as a valid species.</p><p>Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz 1953)</p><p>Gymnothorax bayeri Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 124, figs. 23f, 26 (Lagoon coral head at Kieschiechi I., Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Is., w Pacific, 20 ft). Holotype, USNM 141608.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 8–11, 49–53, 146–153 (MVF 10, 51, 149).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Enchelycore bikiniensis (Schultz 1953)</p><p>Gymnothorax bikiniensis Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 116, figs. 23e, 24 (Cherry I., Bikini Atoll, Marshall Is). Holotype, USNM 141575.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 8–9, 58–61, 146–153 (MVF 8, 60, 150).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Enchelycore carychroa Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1976</p><p>Enchelycore carychroa Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1976: 138, figs. 1–3 ( West of Delaporte Point, Great Bahama Bank, New Providence I., Bahamas, 12 ft). Holotype, ANSP 100000.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 7–11, 45–51, 128–140 (MVF 9, 48, 135).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western and Central Atlantic (one questionable record from Fernando Po, w Africa).</p><p>Enchelycore kamara Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1980</p><p>Enchelycore kamara Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1980a: 173, figs. 1–3 (Cook Is., Tongareva Atoll, on lagoon side of some small islets south of Molokai I., central Pacific, 3–5 ft). Holotype, USNM 221161.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 14–16, 60–64, 138–143 (MVF 15, 63, 140).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Central Pacific.</p><p>Enchelycore lichenosa (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</p><p>Aemasia lichenosa Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901: 883,fig. 20 ( Wakanoura, Japan). Holotype, SU 6480.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–7, 55–57, 136–149 (MVF 6, 56, 144).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific; Galápagos Islands.</p><p>REMARKS: The holotype and paratype from Japan have 148–149 vertebrae (Böhlke 1982: 42); the specimens reported from the Galápagos by McCosker and Rosenblatt (1975: 422) have 136–142. This suggests that the two populations may not be conspecific .</p><p>Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788)</p><p>Muraena nigricans Bonnaterre 1788: 34 (South America). No types known.</p><p>Muraena anguina Gronow in Gray 1854; 18 (Central America). No types known.</p><p>Enchelycore euryrhina Kaup 1856a: 60 (Locality unknown). Holotype, MNHN B-2362.</p><p>Gymnothorax nigrocastaneus Cope 1871: 483 (St. Martin I., West Indies). Holotype (unique), ANSP 16032. Gymnothorax umbrosus Poey 1875: 67, pl. 9 (figs. 1–2) (Cuba). Holotype, USNM 13062 .</p><p>Gymnothorax brunneus Nichols 1920: 59 ( Castle Harbor, Bermuda). Holotype (unique), AMNH 7309.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–10, 58–63, 141–148 (MVF 8, 60, 144).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western, Central, and Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>Enchelycore nycturanus Smith 2002</p><p>Enchelycore nycturanus Smith 2002: 2, figs. 1–3 ( Off Scottsburgh, Hospital Reef, Aliwal Shoal, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa). Holotype, SAIAB 46473.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 53–56, 147–148 (MVF 5, 55, 147).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Aliwal Shoal, South Africa.</p><p>Enchelycore octaviana (Myers &amp; Wade 1941)</p><p>Gymnothorax octavianus Myers &amp; Wade 1941: 89, pl. 16 ( Octavia Bay, Colombia [Pacific]). Holotype, USNM 101801.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 9–10, 57–58, 142–145 (MVF 9, 58, 144).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</p><p>Muraena pardalis Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846: 268, pl. 119 (Nagasaki, Japan). Lectotype, RMNH 3742, designated by Boeseman 1947: 191.</p><p>Muraena lampra Jenkins 1903: 423, fig. 3 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50680.</p><p>Muraena kauila Jenkins 1903: 424, fig. 4 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50684.</p><p>Muraena kailuae Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903: 165 (Kailua, Hawaii I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50614.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–6, 44–51, 119–126 (MVF 4, 47, 123).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Enchelycore ramosa (Griffin 1926)</p><p>Gymnothorax ramosus Griffin 1926: 539, pl. 94 ( Whangaroa and Bay of Islands, North Auckland districts, New Zealand). Holotype, AIM.</p><p>Fimbrinares mosaica Whitley 1948:72 ( Point Banks, near Botany Bay, N. S. W., Australia, 5 ft). Holotype (unique), AMS IA.3926.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6, 54–58, 145–151.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: South Pacific, Australia to Easter Island.</p><p>Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853)</p><p>Muraena schismatorhynchus Bleeker 1853b: 301 ( Benkulen [Bengkulu], Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.248.</p><p>Eurymyctera crudelis Kaup 1856a: 59 (Java, Indonesia). Lectotype, RMNH 3776, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 104.</p><p>Muraena congeroides Bleeker 1860: 87 ( Benkulen, Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.338.</p><p>Muraena hemprichii Klunzinger 1871: 613 ( Al-Quseir [Kosseir], Egypt, Red Sea). Holotype (unique), ZMB 4048. Rhinamuraena eritima Jordan &amp; Seale 1906: 196, fig. 6 (Pago Pago, American Samoa). Holotype (unique), USNM 51717 .</p><p>Rhinechidna eritonia Jordan, 1927: 4 . Unavailable, apparently a lapsus for Rhinomuraena eritima</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 60–65, 137–142 (MVF 4, 62, 140).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Genus Enchelynassa Kaup 1855</p><p>Enchelynassa Kaup 1855: 213 . Type species Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup 1855, by monotypy. Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFA57E7490CF6F78FAD4FA60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFAB7E7590CF6F50FE04FDB1.text	E22D9400FFAB7E7590CF6F50FE04FDB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824)	<div><p>Enchelynassa canina (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824)</p><p>Muraena canina Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824: 247 (Waigeo [Waigiou], Indonesia; Rawak I., Bismarck Archipelago). Syntypes, MNHN (not found).</p><p>Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup 1855: 214, pl. 10 (fig. 3) (Pacific Ocean). Holotype (unique), lost.</p><p>Gymnothorax vinolentus Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903: 165 (Kailua, Hawaii I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50615.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–7, 62–64, 141–147 (MVF 6, 63, 142).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: The original description of Muraena canina is very general and does not include any identifying characters for the species. Jordan and Seale (1906: 197) listed it as valid, with Enchelynassa bleekeri and E. vinolentus as junior synonyms, but did not explain why they adopted the name for this very distinctive species. Weber and deBeaufort (1916: 391) accepted Jordan and Seale's conclusion "notwithstanding the description of Quoy and Gaimard is insufficient." Later authors have simply followed historical convention, and the name is well established in current usage.</p><p>Genus Gymnomuraena Lacepède 1803</p><p>Gymnomuraena Lacepède 1803: 648 . Type species Gymnomuraena doliata Lacepède 1803, by subsequent designation (Jordan &amp; Evermann 1896: 402). Feminine.</p><p>Gymnopsis Rafinesque 1815: 93 . Type species Gymnomuraena doliata Lacepède 1803, by being a replacement name. Feminine.</p><p>Arndha Deraniyagala 1931: 132 . Type species Gymnothorax zebra Shaw 1797, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFAB7E7590CF6F50FE04FDB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFAA7E7690CF6B03FA0EFDCD.text	E22D9400FFAA7E7690CF6B03FA0EFDCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797)	<div><p>Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797)</p><p>Gymnothorax zebra Shaw in Shaw &amp; Nodder 1797: 4 unnum. pp., pl. 322 (Sumatra, Indonesia [erroneously given originally as American seas]). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1977.4.22.4.</p><p>Gymnomuraena doliata Lacepède 1803: 648, 649, pl. 19 (fig. 4) (New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago). Holotype (unique), MNHN B-2376.</p><p>Muraena molendinaris Bennett 1833: 32 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 1852.9.13.100.</p><p>Gymnomuraena fasciata Kaup 1856a: 68 (Muscat, Oman). Lectotype, MNHN 4425, designated by Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000: 225.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 13–18, 80–88, 129–137 (MVF 14, 84, 132).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific; Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Genus Gymnothorax Bloch 1795</p><p>Gymnothorax Bloch 1795: 83 . Type species Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch 1795, by ICZN by use of plenary powers (Opinion 93). Masculine.</p><p>Thaerodontis McClelland 1844: 154, 174, 187. Type species Thaerodontis reticulata McClelland 1844, by subsequent designation (Jordan &amp; Evermann 1896: 392). Feminine.</p><p>Siderea Kaup 1856a: 58 . Type species Muraena s iderea Richardson 1848, by absolute tautonymy of an included synonym. Feminine.</p><p>Thyrsoidea Kaup 1856a: 60 . Type species Muraena thyrsoidea Richardson 1844, by absolute tautonymy of an included synonym. Feminine.</p><p>Polyuranodon Kaup 1856a: 65. Type species Polyuranodon kuhli Kaup 1856, by monotypy. Masculine.</p><p>Neomuraena Girard 1858: 171 . Type species Neomuraena nigromarginata Girard 1858, by monotypy. Feminine.</p><p>Taeniophis Kaup 1859: suppl. 1. Type species Taeniophis westphali Kaup 1859, by subsequent designation (Jordan &amp; Davis 1891: 589). Masculine.</p><p>Priodonophis Kaup 1859: 22 . Type species Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831, by monotypy. Masculine.</p><p>Pseudomuraena Johnson 1862: 167 . Type species Pseudomuraena maderensis Johnson 1862, by monotypy. Feminine.</p><p>Rabula Jordan &amp; Davis 1891: 589, 590. Type species Muraena aquaedulcis Cope 1872, by original designation. Feminine.</p><p>Lycodontis Jordan &amp; Evermann 1896: 392. Type species Lycodontis literata McClelland 1844, by original designation. Feminine.</p><p>Ahynnodontophis Fowler 1912: 25 . Type species Gymnothorax (Ahynnodontophis) stigmanotus Fowler 1912, by original designation (also monotypic). Masculine.</p><p>Verdithorax Whitley 1931: 311 . Type species Muraena prasina Richardson 1848, by original designation. Masculine.</p><p>Notorabula Whitley 1934: 154 . Type species Muraena callorhyncha Günther 1870, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p><p>Heteromyrus Pietschmann 1935: 93 . Type species Heteromyrus atolli Pietschmann 1935, by monotypy. Masculine.</p><p>Serranguilla Whitley &amp; Phillipps 1939: 228 . Type species Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p><p>Chasmenchelys Fowler 1944: 270 . Type species Muraena panamensis Steindachner 1876, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p><p>REMARKS: Gymnothorax as currently treated is almost certainly a polyphyletic assemblage of generalized moray eels that are left over after everything else has been separated out. Some of the synonyms have been recognized as genera from time to time, but until more thorough comparative studies have been made, such actions are premature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFAA7E7690CF6B03FA0EFDCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFA97E7690CF6B3FFDB0F833.text	E22D9400FFA97E7690CF6B3FFDB0F833.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795	<div><p>Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795</p><p>Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795: 85, pl. 417 (Guinea). Syntypes, ZMB 3991 (1), 7784 (1, stuffed), 7785 (1, stuffed). Muraena africana Shaw 1803: 30 (Guinea) . New name for Gymnothorax afer .</p><p>Thyrsoidea maculipinnis Kaup 1856b: 83 (Ghana) . Holotype (unique), RMNH 3792.</p><p>Muraena tristis Kaup 1856b: 62 (Niger R). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1847.4.4.31.</p><p>Thyrsoidea marginata Kaup 1859: 24, suppl. 4, pl. 4 (fig. 1) (West Africa). Holotype</p><p>(unique), ZMH 12505.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: —, —, 140–148.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</p><p>Muraena albimarginata Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846: 267, pl. 118 (Japan). Holotype (unique), RMNH D2236 (stuffed).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 91–94, 184–195 (MVF 5, 92, 189).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax angusticauda (Weber &amp; de Beaufort 1916)</p><p>Muraena (Priodonophis) angusticauda Weber &amp; de Beaufort 1916: 389, fig. 388 (Near Supiori, Schouten Is., New Guinea). Holotype (unique), ZMA 102162.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4, 59–60, 143–148 (MVF 4, 59, 146).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand &amp; Barton 1949)</p><p>Priodonophis angusticeps Hildebrand &amp; Barton 1949: 5, fig. 2 ( Talara, Peru). Holotype (unique), USNM 144254.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 73, 168–170 (MVF 6, 73, 169).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax annasona Whitley 1937</p><p>Gymnothorax flavimarginatus annasona Whitley 1937: 220 (Middleton Reef, n of Lord Howe I., sw Pacific). Holotype (unique), AMS IA.6867.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 56–59, 141–144 (MVF 5, 58, 142).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax annulatus Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997</p><p>Gymnothorax annulatus Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997: 179, fig. 3 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.97723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.638888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.97723/lat 11.638888)">Visayan Sea</a> between n Negros and Masbate Is., sw Caduruan Point, 11°38'20"N, 123°58'38"E, Philippines, 0–80.5 m). Holotype, ANSP 141418.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–8, 49–53, 124–127 (MVF 7, 51, 126).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFA97E7690CF6B3FFDB0F833	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFA87E7790CF69DCFCFEF87C.text	E22D9400FFA87E7790CF69DCFCFEF87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann 1935)	<div><p>Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann 1935)</p><p>Heteromyrus atolli Pietschmann 1935: 93 (Pearl and Hermes Reef, South East I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), NMW 65106. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 51–55, 127–133 (MVF 5, 53, 131). DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Islands.</p><p>Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg 1992 Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg 1992: 59, figs. 1–2 (Anakena Cove, east side 100 m ne of sand beach, Easter I., 27°03.5'S, 109°19.5'W, 4.5 m). Holotype, LACM 6560-48. VERTEBRAE: 3–6, 49–55, 138–148 (MVF 4, 51, 142). DISTRIBUTION: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.325&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.325/lat -27.058332)">Southern Pacific.</a></p><p>Gymnothorax austrinus Böhlke &amp; McCosker 2001 Gymnothorax austrinus Böhlke &amp; McCosker 2001: 85, figs. 4–5, pl. 1 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.01666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.01666/lat -37.966667)">Half Moon Bay</a>, Port Philip Bay, Victoria, Australia, 37°58'S, 145°01'E). Holotype (unique), NMV A.17858. VERTEBRAE: 6, 68, 151. DISTRIBUTION: Australia.</p><p>Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke &amp; Brito 1987 Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke &amp; Brito 1987: 459, figs. 1–3 (Barranco Hondo, Tenerife I., Canary Is., 604 m). Holotype, TFMC (ZM-2). VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 54–56,130–131 (MVF 5, 55, 130). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic. Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich &amp; Einbinder 2008 Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich &amp; Einbinder 2008: 63, figs. 1–4 (Off Eilat, Israel). Holotype, HUJ 18976. VERTEBRAE: 6–7, 52–55, 137–142. DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.</p><p>Gymnothorax bathyphilus Randall &amp; McCosker 1975 Gymnothorax bathyphilus Randall &amp; McCosker 1975: 20, figs. 11–13 ( Off Mt. Tere Vaka, w coast of Easter I., 250 m). Holotype (unique), BPBM 6801. VERTEBRAE: 4, 52–56, 145–147 (MVF 4, 54, 146). DISTRIBUTION: Easter Island, Juan Fernandez, and possibly other subtropical South Pacific islands.</p><p>Gymnothorax berndti Snyder 1904 Gymnothorax berndti Snyder 1904: 518, pl. 4 (fig. 8) (Honolulu market, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype, USNM 50867. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 52–58, 136–139 (MVF 5, 54, 137). DISTRIBUTION: Tropical and subtropical Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker &amp; Randall 1977 Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker &amp; Randall 1977: 162, figs. 1–3 (Itsandra, Grande Comore I., Comoro Is., Indian Ocean). Holotype, CAS 35250. VERTEBRAE: 3–6, 52–55, 128–131 (MVF 4, 53, 129). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) Muraena buroensis Bleeker 1857: 79 (Kajeli, Buru I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), RMNH 7197. Muraena corallina Klunzinger 1871: 614 (Al-Quseir [Kosseir], Egypt, Red Sea). No types known. Gymnothorax tahitensis Seale 1906: 7, fig. 1 (Tahiti, Society Is). Holotype (unique), BPBM 1367. Gymnothorax marquesensis Seale 1906: 10, fig. 1 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Is). Holotype, BPBM 2384. VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 44–48, 109–117 (MVF 5, 47, 113). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific, common and widely distributed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFA87E7790CF69DCFCFEF87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFAF7E7090CF69DCFE4DF837.text	E22D9400FFAF7E7090CF69DCFE4DF837.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883)	<div><p>Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883)</p><p>Sidera castanea Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883c: 647 (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico). Lectotype, USNM 29591, designated by Smith 1994: 24. Gymnothorax stigmanotus Fowler 1912: 26, fig. 6 (Eastern Pacific [no specific locality]). Holotype (unique), ANSP 16705. VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 58–60, 140–147 (MVF 6, 59, 143). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax castlei Böhlke &amp; Randall 1999 Gymnothorax castlei Böhlke &amp; Randall 1999: 550, figs. 1–3 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.19861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.577778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.19861/lat -8.577778)">North of Mauimere</a>, Wailiti Reef, 8°34'40"S, 122°11'55"E, Flores, Indonesia, 18 m). Holotype, ANSP 177738. VERTEBRAE: 3–6, 46–49, 118–124 (MVF 5, 48, 120). DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax cephalospilus Böhlke &amp; McCosker 2001 Gymnothorax cephalospilus Böhlke &amp; McCosker 2001: 86, figs. 6–7, pl. 1 (Off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=153.16667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 153.16667/lat -31.266666)">Port Macquarie</a>, N.S.W., Australia, 31°16'S, 153°10'E, 134 m). Holotype, AMS I.37982-001. VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 63–65, 142–146 (MVF 6, 64, 145). DISTRIBUTION: Australia.</p><p>Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864a: 52 (East Indian Archipelago). Lectotype, BMNH 1867.11.28.328, designated by Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000: 232.? Gymnothorax detactus Bryan &amp; Herre 1903: 126 (Marcus I.). Holotype BPBM 2403. Gymnothorax samalensis Seale 1910: 492 (Samal I., Davao Gulf, Mindanao I., Philippines). Holotype (unique), BSMP 3781 (apparently lost). Lycodontis perustus Smith 1962: 437, pl. 59 (fig. E) (Pinda I., Mozambique). Holotype (unique), SAIAB 114. VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 47–52, 120–129 (MVF 5, 49, 125). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific. REMARKS: Gymnothorax detactus is possibly a synonym, but the biserial vomerine teeth are not typical.</p><p>Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder 1908 Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder 1908: 94 (Naha market, Okinawa I., Ryukyu Is., Japan). Holotype, USNM 62232. VERTEBRAE: 3–4, 60–62, 145–149 (MVF 4, 61, 148). DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867 Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867: 259 (Matanzas, Cuba). No types known. VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 62–70, 163–174 (MVF 6, 66, 168). DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley 1932 Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley 1932b: 330, pl. 39 (fig. 2) ( Northwest Islet, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia). Holotype, AMS IA.5012. VERTEBRAE: 3–6, 48–51, 116–125 (MVF 4, 50, 120). DISTRIBUTION: Australia.</p><p>Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker &amp; Randall 2008 Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker &amp; Randall 2008: 712, figs. 1–3 (Flores, Indonesia). Holotype, BPBM 34009. VERTEBRAE: 4, 64, 156. DISTRIBUTION: Indonesia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFAF7E7090CF69DCFE4DF837	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFAE7E7290CF69DCFDF8F871.text	E22D9400FFAE7E7290CF69DCFDF8F871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax dorsalis Seale 1917	<div><p>Gymnothorax dorsalis Seale 1917</p><p>Gymnothorax dorsalis Seale 1917: 92 (Hong Kong). Holotype, MCZ 31060. VERTEBRAE: 8–9, 62–65, 154–163 (MVF 9, 63, 158). DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) Muraena dovii Günther 1870: 103 (Panama [Pacific]). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1861.8.13.2. VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 57–63, 140–148 (MVF 6, 59, 143). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 Muraena flavimarginata Kaup in Duméril 1856b: 67 (Réunion I). Syntypes, MNHN A-8811 (1, dry), A-8812 (1, dry). Preoccupied by Muraena flavimarginata Rüppell 1830 . Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883: 60 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 5954. Gymnothorax albomaculatus Bliss 1883: 57 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 5946. Gymnothorax goldsboroughi Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903: 167 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50617. Gymnothorax elegans Seale 1917: 91 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 5954. VERTEBRAE: 2–5, 52–57, 138–150 (MVF 3, 54, 143). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific. REMARKS: Seale (1917) was unaware of Bliss’s (1883) paper and redescribed some of the same species, including Gymnothorax elegans .</p><p>Gymnothorax emmae Prokofiev, 2010 Gymnothorax emmae Prokoviev, 2010: 583, figs. 1–2 (Vietnam). Holotype ZIN 54263. VERTEBRAE: 2–3, 46–49, 121–129 (MVF 2, 47, 125). DISTRIBUTION: Vietnam.</p><p>Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker &amp; Randall 1982 Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker &amp; Randall 1982: 18, figs. 1, 4 (Off Ngatchab Beach, Angaur I., Palau Is., Caroline Is., w Pacific). Holotype, CAS 48815. VERTEBRAE: 4, 50–51, 128–131 (MVF 4, 51, 130). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand 1946) Priodonophis equatorialis Hildebrand 1946: 134, fig. 31 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.21667/lat -4.2166667)">Gulf of Guayaquil</a>, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.21667/lat -4.2166667)">Mt. Organos</a>, near Cabo Blanco, Peru, 4°13'S, 80°13'W, 12 fm). Holotype, USNM 127842. VERTEBRAE: MVF 7, 53, 146). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) Thyrsoidea eurosta Abbott 1860: 478 (Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), ANSP 984. Muraena laysana Steindachner 1900: 177 (Laysan I., Leeward Is., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Lectotype, UMB 151 [RK UMB 4735], designated by Wahlert 1955: 323. Lycodontis parvibranchialis Fowler 1900: 494, pl. 18 (fig. 1) (Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), ANSP 16483. Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins 1903: 428, fig. 8 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50843. Gymnothorax chalazius Waite 1904: 145, pl. 17 (fig. 2) (Lord Howe I). Syntypes, AMS I.5479 (1), I.6271 (1). Gymnothorax gilberti Tanaka 1908: 25, pl. 1 (fig. 1) (Bonin [Ogasawara] Is., Japan). Holotype (unique), SMF 21030. Gymnothorax wakanourae Tanaka 1908: 24, pl. 2 (fig. 4) (Wakanoura, Wakayama Pref., Japan). Holotype (unique), ZUMT 956 (lost).</p><p>Gymnothorax dentex de Buen 1961: 12, fig. 4 (Easter I., se Pacific). Holotype, EBMC 97. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 45–50, 116–126 (MVF 5, 48, 120). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific, antitropical. REMARKS: There may be more than one species currently passing under the name Gymnothorax eurostus . Further studies are needed.</p><p>Gymnothorax eurygnathos Böhlke 2001 Gymnothorax eurygnathos Böhlke 2001: 2, figs. 1–2 (Gulf of California, 26°11.4–15.5'N, 109°50.7–39.5'W, 406– 396 m). Holotype (unique), SIO 72-199. VERTEBRAE: 10, 66, 134. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801 Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801: 525, pl. 105 (Tranquebar, India). Holotype (unique), ZMB 7782 (stuffed). Thaerodontis reticulata McClelland 1844: 188, 203, 216, pl. 7 (fig. 1) ( Malay Coast) . Holotype (unique), SMF (lost). Muraena tessellata Richardson 1845b: 109, pl. 55 (figs. 5–8) ( Southern seas?) . Holotype (unique), BMNH (apparently lost). Muraena python Kaup 1856b: 68, pl. 10 (fig. 52) ( Africa) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 2008.4.21.5. Lycodontis permistus Smith 1962: 433, pl. 55 (figs. A–B) (Mahé, Seychelles) . Holotype, SAIAB 94. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 58–61, 138–144 (MVF 5, 60, 141). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific .</p><p>Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) Muraena fimbriata Bennett 1832: 168 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 1856.2.15.16. Muraena bullata Richardson 1848: 86 (Borneo) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 2008.4.9.4. Muraena isingleenoides Bleeker 1853a: 48 (Sibogha, w Sumatra, Indonesia). Lectotype, RMNH 7191, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 116. Enchelycore tamarae Prokoviev 2005: 702, figs. 1, 2 (India). Holotype ZIN 53422. VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 51–56, 131–142. DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific. REMARKS: Enchelycore tamarae appears to be a specimen of G. fimbriatus, judging from color pattern and dentition. The arched jaws are not definitive for the genus Enchelycore (see Smith et al. 2008).</p><p>Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) Muraena flavimarginata Rüppell 1830: 119, pl. 30 (fig. 3) (Red Sea). Holotype (unique), SMF 765. Muraena mauritiana Kaup 1856b: 65 (Mauritius) . Lectotype, MNHN B-2468, Designated by Böhlke &amp; Randall (2000: 236). Muraena batuensis Bleeker 1856d: 241 (Batu Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.253. Gymnothorax viridipinnis Bliss 1883: 58 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 6146. Gymnothorax thalassopterus Jenkins 1903: 427, pl. 2 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype, USNM 50619. Muraena viridipinna Seale 1917: 88 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 6146. Lycodontis lemayi Smith 1949: 108 (Inhaca I., Mozambique). Holotype (unique), SAIAB (lost). VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 54–61, 132–140 (MVF 5, 58, 136). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax flavoculus (Böhlke &amp; Randall 1996) Siderea flavocula Böhlke &amp; Randall 1996: 95, figs. 1–5 (e side of Masirah I., Oman, Arabian Sea, 6 m). Holotype, BPBM 36155. VERTEBRAE: 3–4, 53–55, 124–127 (MVF 4, 54, 126). DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFAE7E7290CF69DCFDF8F871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFAC7E6B90CF69DCFCF6F802.text	E22D9400FFAC7E6B90CF69DCFCF6F802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864	<div><p>Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864</p><p>Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864a: 51 (Wahai, Ceram, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.241. [Günther 1870: 111, first reviser]</p><p>Gymnothorax rhodocephalus Bleeker 1864a: 50 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.309.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 56–57, 131–136 (MVF 4, 56, 133).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839</p><p>Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839: 77 [13], pl. 11[5] (figs. 2a–b) (Brazil).</p><p>Muraena lineopinnis Richardson 1848: 89 ( Puerto Caballo, South America). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1847.5.14.43.</p><p>Taeniophis westphali Kaup 1859: suppl. p. 1 (Caribbean Sea). Holotype (unique), ZMH 12490.</p><p>Thyrsoidea aterrima Kaup 1859: 22, pl. 3 (fig. 1) ( Puerto Cabello, Venezuela). Holotype, ZMH H389.</p><p>Muraena infernalis Poey 1861: 347, 354 (Cuba). Holotype (unique), USNM 4808.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 57–61, 137–142 (MVF 6, 60, 140).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>REMARKS: Although the journal containing Ranzani’s description of Gymnothorax funebris was published in 1840, a separate appeared in 1839. The description appeared there on p. 13, pl. 5.</p><p>Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz 1953)</p><p>Rabula fuscomaculata Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 147, fig. 30 (Lagoon reef at Latoback, I., Rongerik Atoll, Marshall Is., w Pacific). Holotype, USNM 141639.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 33–45, 45–51, 112–122 (MVF 37, 48, 117).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>G ymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins 1903</p><p>Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins 1903: 426, fig. 6 (Reef in front of Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50679.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 47–52, 127–135 (MVF 5, 51, 131).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803)</p><p>Muraenophis grisea Lacepède (ex Commerson) 1803: 629, 642, pl. 19 (fig. 3) (Madagascar; New Caledonia). No types known.</p><p>Muraena geometrica Rüppell 1830: 118, pl. 30 (fig. 1) ( Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea). Holotype (unique), SMF 130. Muraena bilineata Rüppell 1838: 84 (Jidda [ Jeddah], Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). Holotype, SMF 911 .</p><p>Siderea schonlandi Smith, 1949: 109 (Mozambique). Syntype s, SAIAB 106, others not located .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 49–53, 128–138 (MVF 4, 51, 134).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean.</p><p>REMARKS: In his description of Siderea schonlandi, Smith stated that the species was common at three locations in Mozambique and attained over 30 inches in size, clearly indicating that he had seen more than one individual. Only a single specimen from this time period and location can be found at the SAIAB museum, however, and it is possible that Smith only kept that one.</p><p>Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra 2004</p><p>Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra 2004: 2, figs. 1–3 (Comoro Is). Holotype, SAIAB 38673.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: ––, 82–84, 183–185.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Comoro Is., western Indian Ocean.</p><p>Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830)</p><p>Muraena hepatica Rüppell 1830: 120 (Red Sea). Holotype (unique), SMF 3554. [Randall and Golani, 1995: 858, first revisers]</p><p>Muraena cinerascens Rüppell 1830: 120 ( Mohila, Red Sea). Holotype (unique), SMF 3486.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 57–58, 128–135 (MVF 5, 56, 131).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Apparently restricted to western Indian Ocean; records from Pacific probably refer to Gymnothorax monochrous .</p><p>REMARKS: Muraena hepatica and Muraena cinerascens were described in the same paper on the same page. Although hepatica has been widely used, cinerascens has seldom if ever been cited since as a valid species. Randall and Golani (1995) were apparently the first to list both names and choose one of them ( hepaticus), hence becoming the first revisers.</p><p>Gymnothorax herrei Beebe &amp; Tee-Van 1933</p><p>Gymnothorax brunneus Herre 1923: 212 (Analao, Batangas, Philippines, 13°45'N, 120°55'E, 0–3 m). Neotype, ANSP 164931, designated by Böhlke 2000: 404. Preoccupied by Gymnothorax brunneus Nichols 1920 .</p><p>Gymnothorax herrei Beebe &amp; Tee-Van 1933: 138 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.916664/lat 13.75)">Analao</a>, Batangas, Philippines, 13°45'N, 120°55'E, 0–3 m). Neotype, ANSP 164931, designated by Böhlke 2000: 404.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 7–11, 45–50, 108–122 (MVF 9, 47, 114).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax hubbsi Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1977</p><p>Gymnothorax hubbsi Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1977: 238, figs. 1–3 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.05/lat 28.55)">Off Cape Canaveral</a>, Florida, U.S.A., 28°33'N, 80°03'W, 38 fm). Holotype, USNM 214833 [ex ANSP 115230].</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–8, 56–60, 133–137 (MVF 7, 58, 135).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir &amp; Rivaton 1979)</p><p>Lycodontis intesi Fourmanoir &amp; Rivaton 1979: 426, fig. 16 (Lifou I., Loyalty Is., sw Pacific, 400 m). Holotype, MNHN 1980-0304.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 64–71, 149–163 (MVF 6, 68, 155).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845)</p><p>Muraena isingteena Richardson 1845b: 108, pl. 48 (fig. 1) (China seas; Canton, China). Holotype, BMNH 2008.4.9.3 (lectotype designation by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002 invalid).</p><p>Muraena melanospilos Bleeker 1855a: 279 ( Sibogha, w Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.239.</p><p>Gymnothorax pescadoris Jordan &amp; Evermann 1902: 326, fig. 8 (Kotosho, Hokoto or Pescadores Is., Taiwan). Holotype (unique), SU 12686 [ex SU 7131].</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 61–62, 137–147 (MVF 5, 61, 144).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western North Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: Hatooka (2002: 1453) claimed that Muraena melanospilos is a synonym of Gymnothorax javanicus, though without giving any explanation. Böhlke and Smith (2002:126) described the holotype and placed the species in the synonymy of isingteena . The illustration of melanospilos given in Bleeker’s Atlas (1864, pl. 186, fig. 3) looks much more like isingteena than javanicus, and I follow Böhlke and Smith here in treating it as a synonym of the former. See further comments under Gymnothorax javanicus .</p><p>Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859)</p><p>Muraena javanica Bleeker 1859: 347 ( Patjitan, Java, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.214.</p><p>Gymnothorax mindanoensis Borodin 1930: 43, pl. 1 (fig. 1) (Mindanao I., Philippines). Holotype (unique), VMM 655 [not 665] (now AMNH 222125).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 57–61, 137–143 (MVF 6, 60, 141).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: As pointed out above, Hatooka (2002:1453) treated Muraena melanospilos Bleeker 1855 as the senior synonym of javanicus . It has already been explained why the former is considered a synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena and not of javanicus . Even if Hatooka were correct, however, Article 23.9.1 of the ICZN could be invoked to suppress such a synonymy. The name melanospilos may have appeared in print occasionally over the years, but never as a synonym of Gymnothorax javanicus . The name Gymnothorax javanicus has been used universally since its description for the well known giant moray of the Indo-Pacific, easily fulfilling the requirements of Article 23.9.1.2 (“used…in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years.”). The same reasoning applies to Muraena pratbernon Richardson 1848 . Although the description sounds very much like G. javanicus, the name has not been used since 1899 (and earlier) and must be treated as a nomen oblitum.</p><p>Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962)</p><p>Lycodontis johnsoni Smith 1962: 438, pl. 56 (figs. C–D) ( Algoa Bay, South Africa, 40 fm). Holotype, SAIAB 104.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 53–57, 139–142 (MVF 5, 55, 139).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean.</p><p>Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</p><p>Muraena kidako Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846: 266, pl. 117 (Nagasaki, Japan). Lectotype, RMNH 3957 designated by Boeseman 1947, 190.</p><p>Muraena similis Richardson 1848: 83 ( Polynesia; Red Sea; Japan). Syntypes, BMNH 1846.2.16.100 (1, stuffed) Japan [the described syntype]; other syntypes not extant.</p><p>Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder 1904: 519, pl. 5 (fig. 9) (Honolulu market, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50868.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 52–58, 136–149 (MVF 5, 55, 141).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: Richardson (1848) described Muraena similis from a single specimen from Japan, which Böhlke &amp; Randall (2000) and Böhlke &amp; Smith (2002) treated as the holotype. However, he noted the distribution as including Polynesia and the Red Sea, based on specimens described by Forster (Tahiti) and Rüppell (Red Sea, as Muraena ophis), thus implying the existence of syntypes. Forster’s specimen may well be kidako, as that species has been recorded from the Society Islands by Böhlke &amp; Randall (2000: 242). The Forster specimen (which apparently no longer exists) might thus be considered a syntype of similis . Rüppell’s Muraena ophis, however, is a synonym of Echidna nebulosa, a fact that was recognized by Richardson (1848: 83) when he said that “the shortness of the gape distinguishes ophis from the present species.” Thus, he seemed to be excluding M. ophis Rüppell from his species similis, hence Rüppell’s specimen cannot be a syntype of similis .</p><p>Gymnothorax kolpos Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1980</p><p>Gymnothorax kolpos Böhlke &amp; Böhlke 1980b: 223, fig. 3 (Alabama, U.S.A., 29°19'N, 88°04'W, Oregon sta. 3201, 120 m). Holotype, ANSP 107093.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 60–65, 160–167 (MVF 6, 63, 164).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax kontodontos Böhlke 2000</p><p>Gymnothorax kontodontos Böhlke 2000: 411, figs. 2G, 3E, 8 (Outside reef 300 yards nw of entrance to English Harbor, Fanning I., Line Is., 6 m). Holotype, ANSP 177771.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 7–9, 40–43, 126–135 (MVF 8, 42, 131).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley 1948)</p><p>Lycodontis longinquus Whitley 1948: 73 ( North of Mackay, Queensland, Australia). Holotype (unique), AMS IA.6953.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 59–61, 129–137 (MVF 5, 60, 133).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862)</p><p>Pseudomuraena maderensis Johnson 1862: 167 (Madeira) . Syntypes, BMNH 1862.6.14.10 (1).</p><p>Ahynnodontophis rosaliae Howell Rivero 1932: 19 ( Deep water off Cojimar, near Havana, Cuba). Holotype (unique), MCZ 32785. VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 66–70, 149–158 (MVF 6, 68, 153). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern and Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax mareei Poll 1953 Gymnothorax mareei Poll 1953: 118, fig. 46 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.066667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.066667/lat -9.333333)">Atlantic</a>, 8 mi. w of Rio Cuanza, Angola, 9°20'S, 13°04'E). Holotype, IRSNB 169. VERTEBRAE: ––, ––, 130–138. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864 Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864a: 53 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.268. Gymnothorax talofa Jordan &amp; Starks in Jordan &amp; Seale 1906: 201, fig. 7 (Apia, Upolu I., Western Samoa). Holotype, USNM 51713. VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 48–52, 123–133 MVF 6, 50, 129. DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax marshallensis (Schultz 1953) Rabula marshallensis Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 149, fig. 31 (Lagoon reef at Ennylabegan I., Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Is., w Pacific). Holotype, USNM 141687. VERTEBRAE: 34–35, 51–53, 129–133 (MVF 34, 52, 132) DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax mccoskeri Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997 Gymnothorax mccoskeri Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997: 181, fig. 5 (nw of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.76667/lat -17.783333)">Roebuck Bay</a>, Western Australia, 17°47'S, 121°46'E, 52–56 m). Holotype, CSIRO CA1489. VERTEBRAE: 6–8, 49–53, 125–130 (MVF 6, 51, 127). DISTRIBUTION: Australia.</p><p>Gymnothorax megaspilus Böhlke &amp; Randall 1995 Gymnothorax megaspilus Böhlke &amp; Randall 1995: 2, fig. 1 (Off sw side of Sawda I., Al Hallaniyaat [Kuria Muria Is.], s Oman, Arabian Sea, 21 m). Holotype, BPBM 36042. VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 48–51, 123–129 (MVF 4, 50, 127). DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean. Gymnothorax melanosomatus Loh, Shao &amp; Chen 2011 Gymnothorax melanosomatus Loh, Shao &amp; Chen 2011: 44, figs. 1, 2 (Off Changbin, Taitung, Taiwan, 50–100 m). Holotype TOU-AE 1991. VERTEBRAE: MVF 6, 108, 207. DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan.</p><p>Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz 1953 Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 120, figs. 23d, 25 (Ocean reef at Boby I., Bikini Atoll, Marshall Is., w Pacific). Holotype (unique), USNM 141610. VERTEBRAE: 2–4, 48–53, 132–149 (MVF 4, 53, 139). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) Muraena meleagris Shaw in Shaw &amp; Nodder 1795: pl. 220 (" Southern Ocean. "). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1977.4. 22.2. Thyrsoidea chlorostigma Kaup 1856a: 63 (Seychelles) . Holotype (unique), MNHN 0000-4427. Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins 1903: 425–426, fig. 5 ( Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype, USNM 50681 .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 48–53, 127–132 (MVF 5, 52, 130).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: Hatooka (2002: 1453) claimed that the holotype of Muraena meleagris actually belongs to the species currently recognized as Gymnothorax eurostus; the species currently treated as Gymnothorax meleagris would then take the next available name, Gymnothorax chlorostigma . His analysis was based on the slightly curved jaws and the mouth cavity of the same color as the body (jaws straight and mouth white in the currently recognized meleagris). I have examined the holotype of meleagris and find the situation ambiguous. The specimen is partially faded, with broad patches retaining the original pattern of small pale spots on a brown background, and a somewhat greater area without any pattern. The jaws are slightly arched, and the interior of the mouth is brownish, although the teeth are also dark; these are characters of “ eurostus .” On the other hand, the overlying dark spots on the body characteristic of “ eurostus ” are not visible, and the pale spots seem to be ocellated (surrounded by dark margins) as in “ meleagris ” rather than plain as in “ eurostus .” The specimen has a regenerated tail, so the vertebral count is not available. Tissue samples were taken in an attempt to test genetically, but they have not yielded usable DNA. Considering the ambiguous nature of the case, I hesitate to make such a confusing change in the application of two widely used names. For the time being, I am retaining current usage.</p><p>Gymnothorax microstictus Böhlke 2000</p><p>Gymnothorax microstictus Böhlke 2000: 413, figs. 2H, 3F, 9 (North side of w entrance, Hermit I., Papua New Guinea). Holotype, USNM 357424.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 40–44, 113–121 (MVF 4, 41, 117).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Papua New Guinea.</p><p>Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856)</p><p>Thyrsoidea miliaris Kaup 1856a: 63 (Martinique I., West Indies). Holotype (unique), MNHN B-2456. [Böhlke et al. 1989: 155 first revisers]</p><p>Thyrsoidea irregularis Kaup 1856a: 65 (Bahia, Brazil). Holotype, MNHN B-3120 [not B-2758].</p><p>Thyrsoidea flavopicta Kaup 1856a: 64 (Brazil) . Holotype (unique), MNHN (not found).</p><p>Muraena multiocellata Poey 1860: 324 (Cuba) . Holotype, unknown; apparently not USNM 24961.</p><p>Muraena elaborata Poey 1860: 323 (Cuba) . Holotype, probably not USNM 24961.</p><p>Gymnothorax scriptus Poey 1867: 261 (Cuba) . Holotype, whereabouts unknown.</p><p>Leptocephalus fuliginosus Strömman 1896: 34, pl. 3 (figs. 6–7) (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.0/lat 24.0)">Central Atlantic</a>, 24°N, 68°W). Holotype (unique), ZMUU.</p><p>Muraena grandimaculis Regan 1903: 418, pl. 14 (fig. 3) (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Holotype (unique), MHNG 665.39.</p><p>Muraena myrialeucostictus Fowler 1912: 18, fig. 4 (St. Martin I., West Indies). Holotype (unique), ANSP 16031. Muraena trinitatis Miranda-Ribeiro 1919: 175, Unnum. pl. (fig. 3) (Trindade I., Martin Vaz Is., off se Brazil, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-29.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -29.316668/lat -20.516666)">South Atlantic</a>, 20°31'S, 29°19'W) . Lectotype, MNRJ 1922 A, designated by Miranda Ribeiro 1953: 402 .</p><p>Muraena aurea Mowbray 1931: unnumb. p. 2 (s shore of Bermuda). Holotype (unique), whereabouts unknown.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–7, 47–51, 117–126 (MVF 5, 49, 120).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic and islands of central and eastern Atlantic.</p><p>REMARKS: Böhlke (1982: 40) treated USNM 24961 as the holotype of Muraena elaborata . Smith (1994: 32) explained in detail why this specimen is probably not a type of either elaborata or multiocellata . Kaup (1856a) described three species that are now considered synonyms: Thyrsoidea miliaris, T. irregularis, and T. flavopicta . The name miliaris has been widely used since, but Böhlke et al. (1989: 155) were apparently the first to list all three names and choose miliaris as the valid one.</p><p>Gymnothorax minor (Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846)</p><p>Muraena minor Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846: 269, pl. 115 (fig. 2) (Japan). Lectotype, RMNH 3771a, designated by Boeseman 1947: 191.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 51–57, 129–143 (MVF 6, 55, 139).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern and Southwestern Pacific .</p><p>REMARKS: This species has an antitropical distribution in the western Pacific. The northern and southern forms differ in their vertebral count, 135–143 and 129–135 respectively (Smith and Böhlke 1997: 183). If the southern form were recognized as a species, no name would be available for it.</p><p>Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker 1864)</p><p>Priodonophis moluccensis Bleeker 1864a: 48 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.227.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–7, 60–63, 131–138. (MVF 6, 61, 134).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker 1856)</p><p>Muraena monochrous Bleeker 1856a: 384 (Ternate, Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.244.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 56–61, 136–143 (MVF 4, 58, 139).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan 1909)</p><p>Muraena monostigma Regan 1909: 438 (Raiatea, Society Is). Lectotype, BMNH 1874.11.19.19, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 129.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 7–10, 49–62, 129–133 (MVF 8, 61, 132).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859)</p><p>Muraena mordax Ayres 1859: 30 (Cedros I., Baja California, Mexico). No types.</p><p>Rabula davisi Fowler 1912: 21, footnote ( San Diego, California, U.S.A. [perhaps from farther south]). Holotype (unique), USNM 6673.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 61–67, 143–152 (MFV 5, 65, 148).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific from s California to Baja California and Galápagos Islands .</p><p>Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829)</p><p>Muraena moringa Cuvier 1829: 352 (Antilles) . No types known.</p><p>Gymnothorax rostratus Agassiz in Spix &amp; Agassiz 1831: 91, pl. 50a ( Major river mouths of Brazil). No types known.</p><p>Muraena punctata Gronow in Gray 1854: 18 (Rivers of tropical North America). No types known.</p><p>Murenophis curvilineata Castelnau 1855: 81, pl. 42 (fig. 2) (Bahia, Brazil). Holotype, MNHN B-2436. Murenophis caramuru Castelnau 1855: 82, pl. 43 (fig. 1) (Bahia, Brazil). Syntypes, MNHN B-2437 (1), B–3168 (2). Thyrsoidea concolor Abbott 1860: 479 (Veracruz, Mexico). Holotype (unique), ANSP 970 .</p><p>Gymnothorax flavoscriptus Poey 1876: 200 [158], pl. 9 [6] (fig. 2) (Cuba). No types known.</p><p>Gymnothorax picturatus Poey 1880: 257, pl. 10 (figs. 1–3) (Cuba). No types known.</p><p>Lycodontis albimentis Evermann &amp; Marsh 1900: 78, fig. 9 ( Off Culebra I., Puerto Rico, Fish Hawk sta. 6093, 15 fm). Holotype (unique), USNM 49527.</p><p>Leptocephalus strommani Eigenmann &amp; Kennedy 1902: 89, figs. 8, 8a–b (20 mi. se of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.14167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.166664/lat 35.14167)">Cape Hatteras</a>, North Carolina, U.S.A., 35°08'30"N, 75°10'00"W, Albatross sta. 2596, 0–49 fm). Holotype (unique), USNM 49762.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 50–57, 134–142 (MVF 6, 54, 138).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax nasuta de Buen 1961</p><p>Gymnothorax nasuta de Buen 1961: 10, fig. 3 (Easter I., se Pacific). Holotype, EBMC 118.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: MVF 4, 50, 138.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Easter Island and Chile.</p><p>Gymnothorax neglectus Tanaka 1911</p><p>Gymnothorax neglectus Tanaka 1911: 28, pl. 7 (fig. 24) (Keelung, Taihoku, Taiwan). Holotype (unique), ZUMT 2165.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6, 58, 141 (holotype).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western North Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard 1858)</p><p>Neomuraena nigromarginata Girard 1858: 171 ( St. Joseph I., Texas, U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 860 [= USNM 7004].</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 45–52, 137–147 (MVF 6, 49, 142).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax niphostigmus Chen, Shao &amp; Chen 1996</p><p>Gymnothorax niphostigmus Chen, Shao &amp; Chen 1996: 20, figs. 1–3 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.85/lat 25.183332)">Popingto</a> fish market, 25°11'N, 121°51'E, Keelung, Taiwan, 100–150 m). Holotype, ASIZP 056940.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 53–55, 140–142 (MVF 4, 54, 141).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western North Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: Böhlke and Smith (2002: 131) considered this species a possible synonym of Gymnothorax kidako Temminck &amp;Schlegel 1846 . I tentatively recognize it here on the basis of the color pattern (distinctly pale spots on a dark brown background, and spots on the tail fewer and farther apart). The various pale-spotted Gymnothorax species are confusing, and further study is needed to confirm their identities.</p><p>Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848)</p><p>Muraena nubila Richardson 1848: 81, pl. 46 (figs. 6–10) (Norfolk I., sw Pacific). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1972.1.26.159.</p><p>Muraena euptera Günther 1870: 122 (Raoul I., Kermadec Is, sw Pacific). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1855.8.16.50.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–4, 50–54, 130–134 (MVF 4, 52, 132).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867)</p><p>Muraena nudivomer Günther in Playfair &amp; Günther 1867: 127, pl. 18 (Zanzibar). Lectotype, BMNH 1867.3.9.48, designated by Günther 1870: 104.</p><p>Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder 1904: 519, pl. 5 (fig. 10) (Honolulu market, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A.). Holotype, USNM 50869.</p><p>Gymnothorax insignis Seale 1917: 93 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 5912.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 2–4, 50–55, 132–139 (MVF 3, 52, 135).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder 1904</p><p>Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder 1904: 518, pl. 4 (fig. 7) (Honolulu market, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50866.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 70–74, 157–165 (MVF 6, 71, 160).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Islands.</p><p>Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932)</p><p>Uropterygius obesus Whitley 1932b: 329, pl. 39 (fig. 1) (Montague I., N. S. W., Australia, ca 70 fm). Holotype, AMS IA.3888.</p><p>Muraena tuhua Griffin 1933: 171, pl. 24 (bottom); fig. (15 mi. se of Mayor I. [Tuhua], New Zealand, 80 fm). Holotype (unique), AIM (lost).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 9–10, 68–72, 166–172 (MVF 10, 70, 169).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831</p><p>Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz in Spix &amp; Agassiz 1831: 91, pl. 50b. ( Major river mouths of equatorial Brazil). Syntypes, MHNN 1193 (1).</p><p>Murenophis variegata Castelnau 1855: 83, pl. 43 (fig. 2) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Holotype (unique), MNHN B- 2440. Secondarily preoccupied by Muraena variegata Rafinesque 1810 .</p><p>Gymnothorax ocellatus var. januarius Jordan &amp; Davis 1891: 607. Replacement name for Murenophis variegata Castelnau, considered preoccupied. Lycodontis jordani Evermann &amp; Marsh 1899: 352 (Mayagüez, Puerto Rico). Holotype (unique), USNM 49358. VERTEBRAE: 4–8, 46–54, 136–151 (MVF 6, 50, 145). DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876) Muraena panamensis Steindachner 1876: 67 [19] (Panama [Pacific]). Holotype (unique), NMW (not found). Lycodontis umbra Fowler 1944: 317, figs. 66–68 (James Bay, James I., Galápagos Is). Holotype (unique), ANSP 70025 (poor condition). VERTEBRAE: 8–12, 50–55, 122–137 (MVF 10, 52, 130). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax parini Collette, Smith &amp; Böhlke 1991 Gymnothorax parini Collette, Smith &amp; Böhlke 1991: 344, figs. 1–3 (Walters Shoals, sw Indian Ocean, 33°11'54"S, 43°51'42"E, Vityaz sta. 2751, 18 m). Holotype, USNM 307751. VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 53–58, 143–152 (MVF 4, 56, 147). DISTRIBUTION: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.861664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.198334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.861664/lat -33.198334)">Southwestern Indian Ocean.</a></p><p>Gymnothorax phalarus Bussing 1998 Gymnothorax phalarus Bussing 1998: 439, figs. 1–4 (West side of Isla del Caño off Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, 8°47'00"N, 84°03'48"W, 136–237 m). Holotype, LACM 47317-1. VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 56–61, 138–142 (MVF 6, 58, 140). DISTRIBUTION: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.06334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.783334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.06334/lat 8.783334)">Eastern Pacific.</a></p><p>Gymnothorax phasmatodes (Smith 1962) Lycodontis phasmatodes Smith 1962: 436, pl. 53 (figs B, C &amp; I) (Inhaca I., Mozambique). Holotype, SAIAB 108. VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 74–80, 160–174 (MVF 6, 78, 168). DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean.</p><p>Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan &amp; Seale 1907 Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan &amp; Seale 1907: 7, fig. 2 (Cavite, Luzon I., Philippines). Holotype (unique), SU 9215. Gymnothorax odiosus Snyder 1908: 94 (Kagoshima, Japan). Holotype (unique), USNM 62231. VERTEBRAE: MVF 4, 56, 130. DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) Muraena picta Ahl 1789: 8, pl. 2 (right fig.) (East Indies). No types known. Muraenophis pantherina Lacepède 1803: 628, 641, 642 (No locality). Holotype (unique), MNHN B-3141. Muraena variegata Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1824: 246, pl. 52 (fig. 1) (Guam, Mariana Is., w Pacific). Holotype, MNHN B-3142. Preoccupied by Muraena variegata Rafinesque, 1810 . Muraena lita Richardson 1848: 84 (Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1846.2.16.111. Muraena erythroptera Solander in Richardson 1848: 86 (Society Is.). No types known. Muraena atomaria Solander in Richardson 1848: 86 (Society Is.). No types known. Muraena s iderea Richardson 1848: 85, pl. 48 (figs. 1–5) (w and n shores of Australia; coast of New Guinea). Syntypes, BMNH 1846.9.11.16 (1), Australia, coll. Jukes. [1 syntype lost]. Muraena pfeifferi Bleeker 1853d: 173 (Makasar [Ujung Pandang], Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia). Lectotype, BMNH 1867.11.28.286, designated by Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000: 248. Muraena elegantissima Kaup 1856b: 67 (Australia?). Holotype (unique), MNHN B.2466. Muraena polyophthalmus Bleeker 1858a: 15 (Manado, Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.332. Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903: 167 (Hilo, Hawaii I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 50618.</p><p>Gymnothorax thomsoni Borodin 1928: 8, pl. 2 (figs. 1–2) (Galápagos Is. [or Cocos I., e Pacific]). Holotype (unique), AMNH 225216 [ex VMM 411]. Gymnothorax pictus kowanensis Aoyagi 1943: 27, fig. 9 ( Bay of Kowan, Okinawa I., Ryukyu Is., Japan). Holotype (unique), not at YCM, apparently lost. VERTEBRAE: 7–11, 56–62, 128–135 (MVF 9, 58, 131). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific; eastern Pacific islands.</p><p>Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1833 Gymnothorax pikei Bliss (ex Steindachner) 1883: 59 (Mauritius). Holotype (unique), MCZ 6145. Gymnothorax pikei Seale 1917: 90 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 6145. VERTEBRAE: 6, 59, 149 (holotype). DISTRIBUTION: Mauritius and Papua New Guinea. REMARKS: This species was based on a manuscript name by Steindachner. It was described independently by Bliss (1883) and Seale (1917).</p><p>Gymnothorax pindae Smith 1962 Gymnothorax pindae Smith 1962: 430, pl. 55 (fig. D) (Pinda, Mozambique). Holotype (unique), SAIAB 105. VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 42–46, 110–124 (MVF 6, 44, 121). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific. Gymnothorax polygonius Poey 1875 Gymnothorax polygonius Poey 1875: 68, pl. 10 (Cuba). Holotype (unique), USNM 9825. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 51–55, 135–142 (MVF 5, 53, 138). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern and western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax polyspondylus Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000 Gymnothorax polyspondylus Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000: 251, figs. 10–11 (nw of Oahu, 21°41'N, 158°06'W, Hawaiian Is., U.S.A., 180–200 m). Holotype (unique), BPBM 24821. VERTEBRAE: 4–89–233 (holotype). DISTRIBUTION: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-158.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -158.1/lat 21.683332)">Hawaiian Islands</a>.</p><p>Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1853) Muraena polyuranodon Bleeker 1853c: 248 (Ceram, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), whereabouts unknown. Polyuranodon kuhlii Kaup 1856a: 65 (Ceram, Indonesia). Replacement name for M. polyuranodon . Uropterygius fijiensis Fowler &amp; Bean 1923: 9 (Lebukea, Fiji Is.). Holotype (unique), USNM 82774. VERTEBRAE: 9–16, 67–75, 141–148 (MVF 12, 70, 144). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) Murenophis porphyreus Guichenot 1848: 342, pl. 11 (fig. 2) (Juan Fernández Is., se Pacific). Syntypes, whereabouts unknown. Muraena chilensis Günther 1872: 674 (Chile) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 1871.9.13.881. Gymnothorax wieneri Sauvage 1883: 161 [18] (Chile or Peru). Syntypes, MNHN A-4868 (2). Gymnothorax obscurirostris Rendahl 1921: 62 (Easter I., se Pacific). Holotype (unique), NRM 7103. Gymnothorax griffini Whitley &amp; Phillipps 1939: 229 (White I., Bay of Plenty, New Zealand). Holotype (unique), AIM 29.1. VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 57–62, 137–144 (MVF 6, 59, 140). DISTRIBUTION: Southern Pacific. REMARKS: Böhlke &amp; McCosker (2001) and Böhlke &amp; Smith (2002) put Gymnothorax griffini in the synonymy of Gymnothorax obesus, although without seeing the specimen. McCosker &amp; Stewart (2006) examined the specimen and determined that it is a synonym of G. porphyreus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFAC7E6B90CF69DCFCF6F802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFBB7E6490CF69DCFDAFF849.text	E22D9400FFBB7E6490CF69DCFDAFF849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848)	<div><p>Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848)</p><p>Muraena prasina Richardson 1848: 93 ( Bondi Bay, Sydney, Australia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 2008.3.23.2 (mounted head and left skin).</p><p>Gymnothorax jacksoniensis Bleeker 1863d: 450 ( Port Jackson, N. S. W., Australia). Holotype (unique), RMNH 3780.</p><p>Muraena callorhyncha Günther 1870: 122 ( Fremantle, Western Australia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1861.5.18.7.</p><p>Muraena krulli Hector 1877: 468, pl. 8 (bottom) ( Bay of Islands, New Zealand). Holotype (unique), AIM (missing).</p><p>Gymnothorax leecote Scott 1965: 54, fig. 1 ( Off George Rock, n of St. Helen's, Tasmania, Australia, 10 fm). Holotype (unique), QVM 1964, 5,001 5 [ex QVM type 123].</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 56–60, 134–140 (MVF 5, 58, 137).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895</p><p>Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895: 720 ( Port Jackson, N. S. W., Australia). Holotype (unique), AMS I.3324.</p><p>Muraena mieroszewskii Steindachner 1896: 222 (Japan) . Holotype (unique), NMW 61642.</p><p>Gymnothorax leucostigma Jordan &amp; Richardson 1909: 174, pl. 68 (Kao-Hsiung [Takao], Taiwan). Holotype (unique), FMNH 52124 [ex CM 253].</p><p>Gymnothorax nirosus Tanaka 1918: 51 (Nagasaki fish market, Japan). Holotype (unique), ZUMT 8628 (lost).</p><p>Muraena shirleyi Griffin 1933: 172, pl. 24 (top); fig. (Mokohinau Is., New Zealand). Holotype (unique), AIM 289.1.</p><p>Lycodontis wooliensis Whitley 1968: 33, pl. 8, fig. 1 (20 mi. off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=153.33333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 153.33333/lat -29.866667)">Wooli</a>, sw Australia, 29°52'S, 153°20'E,). Holotype (unique), AMS IB.7941.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 53–58, 135–142 (MVF 6, 54, 138).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax prismodon Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000</p><p>Gymnothorax prismodon Böhlke &amp; Randall 2000: 253, figs. 12–14 (Off Makaha Beach, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A., 44 m). Holotype, BPBM 15508 (461 mm TL).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 65–70, 139–153 (MVF 4, 66, 142).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Islands.</p><p>Gymnothorax prolatus Sasaki &amp; Amaoka 1991</p><p>Gymnothorax prolatus Sasaki &amp; Amaoka 1991: 7, figs. 1–3 ( Suao fish market, ne coast of Taiwan). Holotype (unique), HUMZ 107775.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 6–8, 79–83, 182–187 (MVF 7, 81, 184).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax pseudoherrei Böhlke 2000</p><p>Gymnothorax pseudoherrei Böhlke 2000: 408, figs. 2F, 3D, 7 (W side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.8566675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.41/lat 8.8566675)">Solino</a> [Selinog] I., Zamboanga Del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines, 8°51'24"N, 123°24'36"E,, 0–4.6 m). Holotype, USNM 357430.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5–9, 44–50, 110–118 (MVF 6, 47, 114).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1852)</p><p>Muraena pseudothyrsoidea Bleeker 1852a: 778 ( Makasar [Ujung Pandang], Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.246.</p><p>Gymnothorax makassariensis Bleeker 1863b: 168 ( Makasar [Ujung Pandang], Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia). Holotype (unique), RMNH 3768.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 55–61, 122(?)–134 (MVF 5, 55, 128).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFBB7E6490CF69DCFDAFF849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFBA7E6590CF69DCFB59F84C.text	E22D9400FFBA7E6590CF69DCFB59F84C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker 1863	<div><p>Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker 1863</p><p>Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker 1863b: 167 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Lectotype, BMNH 1867.11.28.280, designated by Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997: 184. VERTEBRAE: 5–9, 53–57, 132–139 (MVF 7, 54, 136). DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax punctatus Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801 Gymnothorax punctatus Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801: 526 (Tranquebar, India). Syntypes, ZMB 6141 (1, stuffed), 3989 (1). VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 53–55, 132–136 (MVF 5, 54, 134). DISTRIBUTION: Western Indian Ocean .</p><p>Gymnothorax randalli Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997 Gymnothorax randalli Smith &amp; Böhlke 1997: 185, figs. 1, 2, 8 ( Sorongjunkong, Lombok, Indonesia). Holotype, BPBM 30138. VERTEBRAE: 7–9, 48–52, 124–130 (MVF 8, 50, 127). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson 1845) Muraena reevesii Richardson 1845a: no p., pl. 49 (fig. 2) (China seas). No types Muraena microspila Günther 1870: 109 (E. Indian Archipelago). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.238. VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 52–58,, 124–132 (MVF 4, 55, 128). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-WestPacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch 1795 Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch 1795: 85, pl. 416 (Coromandel coast, India). Holotype (unique), ZMB 3986. VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 48–51, 114–126 (MVF 6, 49, 119). DISTRIBUTION: Indian Ocean. REMARKS: This species is known from the coast of India and the Red Sea. The single Red Sea Specimen has more vertebrae (126) than the Indian specimens (114–120) (Smith and Böhlke 1997: 187).</p><p>Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) Muraena richardsonii Bleeker 1852b: 296 (Wahai, n Ceram and Padang, w Sumatra, Indonesia). Lectotype, RMNH 7201, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 145. [Günther 1870: 118, first reviser] Muraena ceramensis Bleeker 1852b: 297 (Wahai, n Ceram, Indonesia). Lectotype, RMNH 7200, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 100. Muraena troschelii Bleeker 1853a: 45 (Boleling, n Bali; Sibogha, w Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), RMNH 3784 [not 7201]. Muraena scoliodon Bleeker 1853a: 43 (Sibogha, w Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.327. Muraena florisiana Bleeker 1854a: 334 (Larantuka, Flores I., Lesser Sunda Is., Indonesia). Syntypes, not located. Muraena vermicularis Peters 1855:459 (Ibo I., Querimbas Is., Mozambique). Holotype (unique), ZMB 4005. Muraena diplodon Peters 1855: 460 (Ibo I., Querimbas Is., Mozambique). Syntypes, ZMB 4006 (2), 4007 (1). Thyrsoidea multifasciata Kaup 1856b: 87 (Molucca Is., Indonesia). Lectotype, RMNH 3789, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 130. Muraena venosa Kaup 1856b: 68 (Timor I., s Malay Archipelago). Syntypes, RMNH (2) not found. Muraena chrysops Kaup 1856b: 70 (Tahiti, Society Is). Holotype (unique), MNHN 2118. Muraena modesta Kaup 1859: 21, pl. 4 (fig. 2). (Zanzibar). Holotype (unique), ZMH 3772. VERTEBRAE: 7-11, 46-52, 112-117 (MVF 9, 50, 115). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific. REMARKS: Muraena richardsonii and M. ceramensis were described in the same publication. Günther (1870: 118) included ceramensis in the synonymy of Muraena richardsonii, becoming the first reviser.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFBA7E6590CF69DCFB59F84C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFB97E6790CF69DCFE6FF823.text	E22D9400FFB97E6790CF69DCFE6FF823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax robinsi Bohlke 1997	<div><p>Gymnothorax robinsi Böhlke 1997</p><p>Gymnothorax robinsi Böhlke 1997b: 648, figs. 1–3 (Kai I., off nw corner of Tajandoe I., Indonesia, 5°31'24"S, 132°17'48"E, 3–6 m). Holotype, ANSP 144431. VERTEBRAE: 5–8, 46–52, 105–112 (MVF 7, 49, 107). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) Dalophis rueppelliae McClelland 1844: 213 (Red Sea). Lectotype, SMF 151, designated by Böhlke 1982: 44. Muraena umbrofasciata Rüppell 1852: 33 (Red Sea) . Syntypes, SMF 151 (1), 2870 (1, skeleton, lost), 7346 (1, missing). Muraena nigrolineata Kaup 1856b: 66 (Marquesas Is) . Holotype (unique), MNHN B-2467. Muraena interrupta Kaup 1856b: 67, pl. 10 (fig. 51) ( Clot Bay, Red Sea) . Holotype (unique), MNHN B-2470. Muraena petelli Bleeker 1856b: 84 ( Ora Malang, Java, Indonesia) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.282. Sidera chlevastes Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883d: 208 (Galapagos Is. [probably in error]) . Holotype (unique), USNM 20385. Gymnothorax signifer Bliss 1883: 58 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 6147. Gymnothorax leucacme Jenkins 1903: 427, fig. 7 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A) . Holotype, USNM 50682. Gymnothorax waialuae Snyder 1904: 520, pl. 6 (fig. 11) ( Waialua Bay, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S. A) . Holotype (unique), USNM 50870. VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 50–55, 125–135 (MVF 5, 52, 131). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific .</p><p>Gymnothorax ryukyuensis Hatooka 2003 Gymnothorax ryukyuensis Hatooka 2003: 2, figs. 1, 2, 4. (Ryukyu Is). Holotype, FAKU 51606. VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 57–59, 133–137. DISTRIBUTION: Ryukyu Is.</p><p>Gymnothorax sagmacephalus Böhlke 1997 Gymnothorax sagmacephalus Böhlke 1997a: 100, figs. 12–14 ( Yokohama Aquarium, Tokyo Bay, Japan). Holotype (unique), USNM 149777. VERTEBRAE: 7, 77, 172+ (holotype). DISTRIBUTION: Japan.</p><p>Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan &amp; Davis 1891 Gymnothorax ocellatus var. saxicola Jordan &amp; Davis 1891: 606 (Cedar Keys, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A.). Lectotype, USNM 34280 designated by Smith 1994: 19. VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 47–59, 134–147 (MVF 6, 53, 140). DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax serratidens (Hildebrand &amp; Barton 1949) Priodonophis serratidens Hildebrand &amp; Barton 1949: 3, fig. 1 (Talara, Peru). Holotype (unique), USNM 144253. VERTEBRAE: 8, 68, 156 (holotype). DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Pacific. Gymnothorax shaoi Chen &amp; Loh 2007 Gymnothorax shaoi Chen &amp; Loh 2007: 76, figs. 1, 2, 3a, 4 (Taiwan). Holotype, ASIZP 0062978. VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 53–57, 125–130. DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan.</p><p>Gymnothorax sokotrensis Kotthaus 1968 Gymnothorax sokotrensis Kotthaus 1968: 18, figs. 107, 150 (Off Sokotra I., Indian Ocean, 11°33.9'N, 52°54'E to 11°38'N, 52°52'E, Meteor sta. 102). Holotype (unique), ZMH 4940 [ex IOES 43]. VERTEBRAE: 8, 62, 143 (holotype).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern Indian Ocean.</p><p>Gymnothorax steindachneri Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903 Gymnothorax steindachneri Jordan &amp; Evermann 1903: 166 (Honolulu, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A.). Holotype, USNM 50616. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 49–51, 131–135 (MVF 5, 50, 132). DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Islands. Gymnothorax taiwanensis Chen, Loh &amp; Shao 2008 Gymnothorax taiwanensis Chen, Loh &amp; Shao 2008: 132, figs. 1, 2 (Taiwan). Holotype, ASIZ P0069371. VERTEBRAE: 5–6, 55–56, 117–121. DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan.</p><p>Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) Muraena thyrsoidea Richardson 1845b: 111 (Canton, China seas). Lectotype, BMNH 2008.4.21.1 (651 mm TL), designated by designated by Böhlke 1995: 463. Muraena prosopeion Bleeker 1853b: 300 (Cauer, Priaman, Sumatra, Indonesia) . Lectotype, RMNH 7195 (370 mm TL), designated by Böhlke 1995: 465. Thyrsoidea arenata Kaup 1856a: 61 (China) . Holotype, BMNH uncat. (651 mm TL) or MNHN A-8810. See Böhlke and Smith 2002: 94 for explanation of uncertainty over holotype. Echidna kishinouyei Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901: 885, fig. 21 (Okinawa I., Ryukyu Is., Japan) . Holotype (unique), SU 6481. VERTEBRAE:3–6, 48–52, 125–137 (MVF 4, 50, 133). DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Pacific .</p><p>Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) Muraenophis tile Hamilton 1822: 18, 363 (Ganges R. estuaries near Calcutta, India). No types known. Lycodontis literata McClelland 1844: 186 (203, 215), pl. 7 (fig. 2) (Calcutta market, Bengal, India). No types known. Strophidon maculata McClelland 1844: 203, 215, pl. 8 (fig. 1). A replacement name for M. tile . Muraena vermiculata Richardson 1848: 92 (India) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 2008.4.21.2. Muraena gracilis Richardson 1848: 92 (India) . Lectotype, BMNH 2008.4.9.5 (307 mm), designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 113. Thyrsoidea microdon Kaup 1856a: 62 (Pondichéry, India). Holotype, MNHN B-2469. Gymnothorax borneensis Bleeker 1863: 169 (Borneo) . Holotype (unique), RMNH 3797. VERTEBRAE: 7–12, 55–58, 120–130 (MVF 10, 57, 125). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) Muraenophis undulata Lacepède (ex Commerson) 1803: 629, 642, pl. 19 (fig. 2) (No locality). Holotype (unique), whereabouts unknown. Muraena cancellata Richardson 1848: 87, pl. 46 (figs. 1–5) (w Australia; n Australia; Sumatra, Indonesia). Syntypes, BMNH (3, not found), MNHN (not found). Muraena valenciennii Eydoux &amp; Souleyet 1850: 207, pl. 8 (fig. 1) (Hawaiian Is., U.S. A). Holotype, MNHN 0487. Muraena blochii Bleeker 1853a: 49 (Sibogha, w Sumatra, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.330 (reported missing by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002, but presence confirmed by J. McClaine, pers. comm.). Muraena agassizi Bleeker 1855b: 458 (Cocos Is., Indian Ocean). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.250. Thyrsoidea kaupii Abbott 1860: 477 (Hawaiian Is., U.S.A.). Holotype (unique), ANSP 916. Muraena acutirostris Abbott 1860: 476 (Hawaiian Is., U.S.A.). Holotype (unique), ANSP 998. VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 51–55, 126–138 (MVF 5, 53, 132). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFB97E6790CF69DCFE6FF823	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFBF7E6190CF69DCFDCEFEE4.text	E22D9400FFBF7E6190CF69DCFDCEFEE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809)	<div><p>Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809)</p><p>Muraenophis unicolor Delaroche 1809: 359 [73], pl. 25 (fig. 15) (Ibiza, Balearic Is., Spain). Holotype, MNHN B- 2413. Muraenophis cristini Risso 1810: 368 ( Nice, France) . Holotype, MNHN (not found). VERTEBRAE: ––, ––, 136–146. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic .</p><p>Gymnothorax vagrans (Seale 1917) Muraena vagrans Seale 1917: 88 ( Questionably South America). Holotype (unique), MCZ 2532 B. VERTEBRAE: ca 3, 56, 139 (holotype). DISTRIBUTION: Unknown locality.</p><p>Gymnothorax verrilli ( Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883) Sidera verrilli Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883b: 623 (Panama [Pacific]). Holotype (unique), YPM 8042. VERTEBRAE: 5, 71–77, 170–171 (MVF 5, 74, 170). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) Murenophis vicina Castelnau 1855: 81, pl. 42 (fig. 4) (Bahia, Brazil). Holotype (unique), MNHN B-2423. Thyrsoidea cormura Kaup 1859: 23, suppl. 4, pl. 3 (fig. 2) ( Puerto Cabella, Venezuela) . No types known. Muraena erebus Poey 1861: 426 (Cuba) . No types known. Gymnothorax obscuratus Poey 1870: 320 (Havana, Cuba) . Holotype (unique), MCZ 27217. Gymnothorax virescens Poey 1876: 198 [156], pl. 9 [6] (fig. 1) (Cuba) . Holotype, not at MCZ. Gymnothorax versipunctatus Poey 1876: 199 [157], pl. 10 [7] (Cuba) . No types. Leptocephalus forsstromi Strömman 1896: 24, pl. 2 (figs. 1–3) (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.0/lat -4.0)">central Atlantic</a>, 3°– 4°S, 30°– 34°W) . Syntypes, ZMUU (4). Gymnothorax carcinognathus Fowler 1912: 22, fig. 5 (St. Martin I., West Indies) . Holotype (unique), ANSP 38163. Gymnothorax cyanopunctatus Howell Rivero 1932: 17 (Matanzas, Cuba) . Holotype, MCZ 32787. Lycodontis guarapariensis Pinto 1975: 401, figs. 1–2 ( Guarapari, Espírito Santo, Brazil) . Holotype, MHNI 208. VERTEBRAE: 3–6, 48–53, 128–140 (MVF 5, 51, 133). DISTRIBUTION: Eastern and western Atlantic .</p><p>Gymnothorax walvisensis Prokofiev &amp; Kukuev 2009 Gymnothorax walvisensis Prokofiev &amp; Kukuev 2009: 220, fig. 3 (Walvis Ridge, Atlantic Ocean). Holotype ZIN 54129. VERTEBRAE: 5, 50, 134. DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Atlantic.</p><p>Gymnothorax woodwardi McCulloch 1912 Gymnothorax woodwardi McCulloch 1912: 80 [3], fig. 1 (Pelsart I., Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia). Holotype, WAM P.13263-001. VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 56–58, 134–141 (MVF 4, 57, 137). DISTRIBUTION: Australia.</p><p>Gymnothorax ypsilon Hatooka &amp; Randall 1992 Gymnothorax ypsilon Hatooka &amp; Randall 1992: 183, figs. 1–2 (Near Uotsurijima I., Senkaku Is., Japan). Holotype, URM-P 1783. VERTEBRAE: 5–7, 55–60, 141–153 (MVF 6, 56, 149). DISTRIBUTION: Western and central Pacific.</p><p>Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906 Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906: 7, fig. 1 (Tahiti, Society Is). Holotype (unique), BPBM 1362. Gymnothorax indong Seale 1910: 491 (Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines) . Holotype (unique), BSMP 4445 (apparently destroyed) .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 47–50, 123–130 (MVF 6, 48, 126).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Genus Monopenchelys Böhlke &amp; McCosker 1982</p><p>Monopenchelys Böhlke &amp; McCosker 1982: 127 . Type species Uropterygius acutus Parr 1930, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFBF7E6190CF69DCFDCEFEE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFBE7E6190CF68D4FE48FBF0.text	E22D9400FFBE7E6190CF68D4FE48FBF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monopenchelys acuta (Parr 1930)	<div><p>Monopenchelys acuta (Parr 1930)</p><p>Uropterygius acutus Parr 1930: 16, fig. 2 ( West Caicos I., Bahamas, 30 fm [stomach contents]). Holotype (unique), YPM 2604.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 67–78, 50–56, 124–144 (MVF 73, 53, 131).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan.</p><p>REMARKS: The wide range of vertebral counts and the broad distribution suggest that more than one species may be involved.</p><p>Genus Muraena Linnaeus 1758</p><p>Muraena Linnaeus 1758: 244 . Type species Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758, by Opinion 1672, ICZN. Feminine.</p><p>Murenophis Cuvier 1797: 329 . Type species Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758, by monotypy. Masculine.</p><p>Muraenophis Lacepède 1803: 627 . Unjustified emendation of Murenophis Cuvier, 1797 .</p><p>Limomuraena Kaup 1856a: 65 . Type species Limomuraena guttata Kaup 1856, by monotypy. Feminine. (Sometimes misspelled as Limamuraena).</p><p>REMARKS: Jordan and Gilbert (1883a: 355) designated Muraena helena as the type species of Muraena, overlooking Bleeker’s (1864b: 113) earlier designation of M. anguilla . The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in Opinion 1672, suppressed Bleeker’s priority and placed helena on the Official List as the type species of Muraena .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFBE7E6190CF68D4FE48FBF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFBE7E6390CF6DC1FAFFF9B9.text	E22D9400FFBE7E6390CF6DC1FAFFF9B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Muraena argus (Steindachner 1870)	<div><p>Muraena argus (Steindachner 1870)</p><p>Gymnothorax (Limamuraena) argus Steindachner 1870: 639 [17], pl. 4 ( Altata, Sinaloa, w coast of Mexico). Holotype (unique), NMW 75551.</p><p>Muraena albigutta Hildebrand 1946: 132, fig. 30 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.71667/lat -6.9333334)">Lobos de Afuera</a> I., Peru, 6°56'S, 80°43'W). Holotype, USNM 127840.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 53, 128–129 (MVF 4, 53, 128).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Muraena augusti (Kaup 1856)</p><p>Muraena guttata Solander and Richardson in Richardson 1848:90. Preoccupied by Muraena gutttata Forsskål 1775 (Pseudochromidae) .</p><p>? Thyrsoidea dumerili Kaup 1856a: 62 .</p><p>Thyrsoidea augusti Kaup 1856b: 88 (Madeira) . No types known.</p><p>Thyrsoidea atlantica Johnson 1862: 68 (Sea near Madeira, ne Atlantic). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1862.2.5.2.</p><p>Muraena bettencourti Osório 1911: 76, pl. 2 (fig. 2) ( Ilha de Santo Antão, Cape Verde Is.). Holotype (unique), MB (destroyed in 1978 fire).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 51–55, 137–143.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>REMARKS: For some time, this species was considered a synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758, but its distinction has recently been confirmed (Jimenez et al. 2007). Kaup (1856a: 62) presented the name Thyrsoidea dumerili (written as Th. A. Dumerili Kp.) and stated (translated from German) “Sir Richardson confused this species with Lemamuraena [sic] guttata,” apparently intending the new name to apply to the species described by Richardson under the name guttata . Limomuraena guttata appeared on page 65 of the same publication (Kaup 1856a), apparently as a new combination for Muraena guttata Solander and Richardson. This treatment makes little sense, as Kaup was apparently accepting and rejecting Richardson’s identification at the same time. The name dumerili never appeared again, and Kaup (1865b: 88) described a new species, Thyrsoidea augusti, based on a verbatim copy of Richardson’s description of Muraena guttata . One could make a case that dumerili has priority over augusti, but considering the confusion over what Kaup was referring to, this would probably be unwise. As the name dumerili has never been used since (even by Kaup), it could in any case be considered a nomen oblitum under Article 23.9 of the ICZN.</p><p>Muraena clepsydra Gilbert 1898</p><p>Muraena clepsydra Gilbert in Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898: 2805 (Panama [Pacific]). Holotype, SU 6807.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 47–53, 123–129(MVF 5, 50, 126).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758</p><p>Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758: 244 (Europe; America). Syntypes, ZMUU Linn. Coll. 57 (1, only surviving specimen).</p><p>Gymnothorax muraena Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801: 525 . No types known.</p><p>Muraena romana Shaw 1803: 26 (Mediterranean Sea). No types known.</p><p>Muraena punctata Rafinesque 1810a: 68, pl. 15 (fig. 2) (Sicily). No types known.</p><p>Muraena variegata Rafinesque 1810a: 67 (Sicily) . No types known.</p><p>Muraenophis fulva Risso 1810: 367 ( Nice, France). No types known.</p><p>Muraena guttata Risso 1827: 191 (Nice, France). No types known. Preoccupied by Muraena guttata Forsskål 1775 (Pseudochromidae) .</p><p>Muraena helena australiae Richardson 1848: 80, pl. 49 (figs. 1–6) ( Eastern Atlantic, not Australia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1847.5.10.16.</p><p>Muraena vorax Ogilby 1907: 11 ( Eastern Atlantic based on type, not Western Australia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1847.5.10.16. Unnecessary replacement name for Muraena helena australiae Richardson 1848 .</p><p>Muraena bettencourti Osório 1911: 76, pl. 2 (fig. 2) ( Ilha de Santo Antão, Cape Verde Is.). Holotype (unique), MB (destroyed in 1978 fire).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 59–63, 139–148.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern North Atlantic.</p><p>REMARKS: Wheeler (1991) described the difficulties in interpreting Linnaeus’s descriptions of species. Often, earlier works cited by Linnaeus need to be consulted to flesh out the descriptions and determine what he was dealing with. In the case of Muraena helena, several previous works are referred to, and the species was said to occur on both sides of the Atlantic (“in Europae, Americae Oceano”), implying that it was based on more than one species. The only surviving syntype, ZMUU 57, is in fact not the species currently known by that name. It is instead a specimen of Echidna, probably Echidna polyzona Richardson 1845 (Wheeler 1991: 161) . This further complicates the matter, as Echidna polyzona is an Indo-Pacific, not an Atlantic, species. Muraena helena as currently understood is one of the longest-known and most familiar species of eel in the world. It was important to the Romans 2000 years ago, who consumed it, kept it in pens, and depicted it on their mosaics. There is no confusion over its identity. At some point it may be desirable to fix the name by setting aside the existing syntype and establishing a neotype. That, however, is beyond the scope of this paper.</p><p>Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842</p><p>Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842: 143 (Santa María I. [Charles I.], Galápagos Is.). Lectotype, BMNH 1917.7.14.13, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 120.</p><p>Murenophis marmoreus Valenciennes 1846: no p., pl. 10 (fig. 1) (Galápagos Is.). Holotype (unique), MNHN A-8533. Muraena aquaedulcis Cope 1872: 474 ( Río Grande, near San José, Costa Rica) . Holotype (unique), ANSP 14925. See Echidna nocturna for comments on the stated locality .</p><p>Muraena pinta Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882a: 345 (Mazatlán Harbor, Sinaloa, Mexico). Lectotype, USNM 28177, designated by Smith 1994: 22.</p><p>Muraena insularum Jordan &amp; Davis 1891: 609 (San Cristóbal I. [Chatham I.], Galápagos Is.). Holotype, USNM 38300.</p><p>Lycodontis xanthospilus Fowler 1944: 317, figs. 69–71 (James Bay, James I., Galápagos Is.). Holotype (unique), ANSP 70026.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–5, 44–51, 113–130 (or 126?) (MVF 4, 48, 118).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Muraena melanotis (Kaup 1859)</p><p>Limamuraena melanotis Kaup 1859: 27, pl. 4 (fig. 3) ( West Africa). Holotype (unique),?ZMH H390.</p><p>Muraena (Muraena) albomarginata Pfaff 1933: 305, pl. 6 (figs. 1–3) (Dakar, w Africa). Holotype (unique), ZMUC.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: ––, ––, 121–127.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic and St. Paul's Rocks, central Atlantic.</p><p>Muraena pavonina Richardson 1845</p><p>Muraena pavonina Richardson 1845a: no p., pl. 53 (figs. 1–6) ( No locality [probably Ascension I.]). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1985.2.19.4.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–5, 49–52, 122–129 (MVF 4, 50, 127).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Atlantic; Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>Muraena retifera Goode &amp; Bean 1882</p><p>Murenophis punctata Castelnau 1855: 82, pl. 42 (fig. 3) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Holotype, MNHN B-2411. Secondarily preoccupied by Muraena punctata Rafinesque 1810 .</p><p>Muraena retifera Goode &amp; Bean 1882: 435 ( Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. A). Holotype (unique), USNM 31393.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–6, 52–58, 128–135 (MVF 4, 56, 131).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>Muraena robusta Osório 1911</p><p>Muraena robusta Osório 1911: 75, pl. 2 (fig. 1) ( Ilha de Santo Antão, Cape Verde Is.). Holotype (unique), MB (destroyed in 1978 fire).</p><p>Gymnothorax nevezi Roux in Collignon, Rossignol &amp; Roux 1957: 164, fig. 17 ( Pointe-Noire, sw Congo). Syntypes, ORSTOM Pointe Noire or MNHN (1, described specimen).</p><p>Gymnothorax galetae Rubinoff 1966: 1, fig. 1 (Galeta I., 9°24'20"N, 79°52'18"W, Panama [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.871666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.405555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.871666/lat 9.405555)">Atlantic</a>]). Holotype (unique), MCZ 44035.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 3–4, 62–65, 149–158</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic.</p><p>Genus Pseudechidna Bleeker 1863</p><p>Pseudechidna Bleeker 1863c: 272 . Type species Muraena brummeri Bleeker 1858, by monotypy. Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFBE7E6390CF6DC1FAFFF9B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FFBC7E5C90CF6F0BFE80FEA1.text	E22D9400FFBC7E5C90CF6F0BFE80FEA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858)	<div><p>Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858)</p><p>Muraena brummeri Bleeker 1858b: 137 (Atapupu, Timor I., s Malay Archipelago). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.259.</p><p>Strophidon polyodon Bleeker 1864a: 47 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH or RMNH (not found).</p><p>Muraena taenioides Günther 1872: 674 ( Savai'i [Savay] I., Samoa Is.). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1871.9. 13.154. Gymnothorax megapterus Weber 1913: 57, pl. 7 (fig. 1) ( Seba, Savu [Sawu] I., Siboga sta. 58). Holotype (unique), ZMA 108474 .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 4–7, 89–98, 201–214 (MVF 6, 93, 207).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Genus Rhinomuraena Garman 1888</p><p>Rhinomuraena Garman 1888: 114 . Type species Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888, by monotypy. Feminine.</p><p>Nettastomops Steindachner 1906: 299 . Type species Nettastomops barbatula Steindachner 1906, by monotypy. Masculine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FFBC7E5C90CF6F0BFE80FEA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6FF4FDAFF84C.text	E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6FF4FDAFF84C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906	<div><p>Anarchias allardicei Jordan &amp; Starks 1906</p><p>Anarchias allardicei Jordan &amp; Starks in Jordan &amp; Seale 1906: 204, fig. 9 (Pago Pago, American Samoa). Holotype, USNM 51715.</p><p>Anarchias fuscus Smith 1962: 428, pl. 53 (fig. G) ( Delgado, Mozambique). Holotype, SAIAB 311.</p><p>Anarchias maldiviensis Klausewitz 1964: 665, fig. 1 (Rasdu Atoll, east of Weligandu I., Maldives, Indian Ocean). Holotype, SMF 7448.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 85–92, 87–92, 97–102 (MVF 88, 89, 99).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6FF4FDAFF84C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6813FA8AFCE4.text	E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6813FA8AFCE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888	<div><p>Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888</p><p>Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888: 114 [1], fig. (Ebon I., Marshall Is). Holotype (unique), MCZ 9170. Nettastomops barbatula Steindachner 1906: 299 (Upolu I., Samoa Is.). Holotype (unique), NMW 61038 . Rhinomuraena ambonensis Barbour 1908: 40 ( Tide pool, Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), MCZ 87067 .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 5, 89–90, 276–281 (holotypes of quaesita and synonyms).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Genus Strophidon McClelland 1844</p><p>Strophidon McClelland 1844: 187, 203, 214. Type species Lycodontis longicaudata McClelland 1844, by subsequent designation (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901:884). Masculine.</p><p>Evenchelys Jordan &amp; Evermann 1902: 327. Type species Muraena macrurus Bleeker 1854, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p><p>Rhabdura Ogilby 1907: 12 . Type species Muraena macrurus Bleeker 1854, by monotypy. Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6813FA8AFCE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6AD4FDFAF904.text	E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6AD4FDFAF904.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822)	<div><p>Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822)</p><p>Muraenophis sathete Hamilton 1822: 17, 363 (Ganges estuaries near Calcutta, India). No types known. Lycodontis longicaudata McClelland 1844: 187 (203, 215), pl. 8 (fig. 2) (Bengal). No types known.</p><p>Muraena macrurus Bleeker 1854b: 324 ( Freto Sundaico, Anjer, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.212.</p><p>Thyrsoidea longissima Kaup 1856a: 61 (Bombay, India). Holotype (unique), MNHN 2134.</p><p>Strophidon ui Tanaka 1918: 52 ( Tanaba, Wakayama Pref., Japan). Holotype (unique), ZUMT (lost).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 8–11, 73–82, 186–208 (MVF 10, 78, 196).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: This species has commonly appeared in the literature as Thyrsoidea macrura, which was a new combination but not a new name.</p><p>Subfamily Uropterygiinae</p><p>Ichthyophides Bleeker 1864–65: 6 (subfamily). Ichthyophis Lesson 1828, preoccupied.</p><p>Uropterygiinae Fowler 1936: 307 (subfamily). Uropterygius Rüppell 1838 .</p><p>Genus Anarchias Jordan &amp; Starks 1906</p><p>Anarchias Jordan &amp; Starks in Jordan &amp; Seale 1906: 204. Type species Anarchias allardicei Jordan &amp; Starks 1906, by original designation. Masculine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF837E5C90CF6AD4FDFAF904	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF827E5E90CF69DCFDCEFEC7.text	E22D9400FF827E5E90CF69DCFDCEFEC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz 1943)	<div><p>Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz 1943)</p><p>Uropterygius cantonensis Schultz 1943: 27, pl. 4; fig. 3a (Lagoon of Canton I., Phoenix Is.). Holotype, USNM 115904.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 86–94, 89–97, 98–108 (MVF 91, 93, 104).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Anarchias exulatus Reece, Smith &amp; Holm 2010</p><p>Anarchias exulatus Reece, Smith &amp; Holm, 2010: 425, figs. 3, 8 (Eua I., Tonga Is.). Holotype USNM 328944.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 96–105, 97–107, 110–117 (MVF 100, 103, 114).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Central Pacific, anti-tropical.</p><p>Anarchias galapagensis (Seale 1940)</p><p>Uropterygius galapagensis Seale 1940: 6, pl. 1 (Post Office Bay, Santa María I. [Charles I.], Galápagos Is). Holotype (unique), CAS 5744.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 102–109, 102–109, 105–112 (MVF 106, 106, 108).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Anarchias leucurus (Snyder 1904)</p><p>Uropterygius leucurus Snyder 1904: 521, pl. 6 (fig. 12) (Auau Channel, between Maui I. and Lanai I., Hawaiian Is., Albatross sta. 3874, 21–28 fm). Holotype (unique), USNM 50871.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 94–100, 98–102, 106–112 (MVF 98, 100, 110).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Hawaiian Islands.</p><p>A narchias longicauda (Peters 1877)</p><p>Muraena longicauda Peters 1877: 850 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-23.085556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.6669445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -23.085556/lat 15.6669445)">South of Leton Rock</a>, Atlantic, 15°40'01"N, 23°05'08"W, 38 fm). Holotype (unique), ZMB 9776.</p><p>Leptocephalus euryurus Lea 1913: 25, figs. 21–22; pl. 4 (no. 4) (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.0/lat 28.7)">North Atlantic</a>, 28°52'N, 14°16'W, sta. 34, 200– 500 m; 28°42'N, 20°00'W, sta. 45, 1000 m). Syntypes, (2) ZMUB 2502 (2?).</p><p>Uropterygius grassi Roule 1916: 6 (3/ 4 mi. southwest of St. Lucia, Cape Verde Is., sta. 1155, 52 m). Syntypes, (6) MOM 0091-0557 (4).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: ––, ––, 116–119.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>Anarchias schultzi Reece, Smith &amp; Holm 2010</p><p>Anarchias schultzi Reece, Smith &amp; Holm 2010: 427, figs. 3, 9 (Tongatapu, Tonga Is.). Holotype USNM 334773</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 93–100, 96–103, 105–113 (MVF 96, 99, 109).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific, Tonga to Caroline Is.</p><p>Anarchias seychellensis Smith 1962</p><p>Anarchias seychellensis Smith 1962: 429, pl. 53 (fig. F) (Assumption I., Seychelles). Holotype, SAIAB 317.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 105–120, 113–123, 121–132 (MVF 111, 117, 126).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Anarchias similis (Lea 1913)</p><p>Leptocephalus similis Lea 1913: 26, figs. 23–24; pl. 4 (nos. 5–6) (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.866665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.866665/lat 34.733334)">North Atlantic</a>, 34°44'N, 47°52'W, sta. 64, 100 and 1000 m). Syntypes, ZMUB 2504 (1), 5113 (1).</p><p>Anarchias yoshiae Kanazawa 1952: 75, fig. 10 ( Ship's channel, Bermuda). Holotype, FMNH 48729.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 94–104, 95–106, 104–113 (MVF 97, 102, 107).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Atlantic.</p><p>Anarchias supremus McCosker &amp; Stewart 2006</p><p>Anarchias supremus McCosker &amp; Stewart 2006: 84, figs. 1–3. (New Zealand). Holotype, NMNZ P.38142.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 122, 127, 135 (holotype).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand.</p><p>Genus Channomuraena Richardson 1848</p><p>Channomuraena Richardson 1848: 96 . Type species Ichthyophis vittatus Richardson 1845, by monotypy. Feminine.</p><p>Cirrimaxilla Chen &amp; Shao 1995: 328 . Type species Cirrimaxilla formosa Chen &amp; Shao 1995, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF827E5E90CF69DCFDCEFEC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF817E5E90CF68C8FE46FB7C.text	E22D9400FF817E5E90CF68C8FE46FB7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Channomuraena bauchotae Saldanha & Quero 1994	<div><p>Channomuraena bauchotae Saldanha &amp; Quéro 1994</p><p>Channomuraena bauchotae Saldanha &amp; Quéro 1994: 308, fig. 1 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.145&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.69" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.145/lat -19.69)">Réunion</a>, Indian Ocean, 19°41.4'S, 54°08.7'E, 55 m). Holotype (unique), MNHN 1992-1386. Cirrimaxilla formosa Chen &amp; Shao 1995: 330, fig. 1 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.76667/lat 21.95)">Nanwan</a>, s tip of Taiwan, Ping-tung Co., Hengchon, 120°46'E, 21°57'N, tide pool). Holotype (unique), ASIZP 056729 .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 114-115, 112-117, 132 (MVF 114, 115, 132).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Reunion, Indian Ocean; Taiwan.</p><p>Channomuraena vittata (Richardson 1845) Ichthyophis vittatus Richardson 1845a: no p., pl. 53 (figs. 7–9) ( Locality uncertain, brought from China). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1855.10. 16.280 (dry). Gymnomuraena bennettii Günther 1870: 135 (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), BMNH 1856.2 . 24.7 (stuffed). Channomuraena cubensis Poey 1868: 266, pl. 3 (fig. 6) (Cuba). Holotype, MCZ 9191 .</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 120–126, 118–127, 145–157 (MVF 122, 123, 150).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Circumtropical.</p><p>Genus Scuticaria Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901</p><p>Ichthyophis Lesson 1828: 397 . Type species Ichthyophis tigrinus Lesson 1828, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Ichthyophis Fitzinger, 1826, Reptilia .</p><p>Muraenoblenna Kaup, 1856a: 67 . Type species Ichthyophis tigrinus Lesson 1828, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Muraenoblenna Lacepède 1803, Myxini .</p><p>Scuticaria Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901: 886. Type species Ichthyophis tigrinus Lesson 1828, by original designation (also monotypic). Feminine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF817E5E90CF68C8FE46FB7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF817E5E90CF6C4CFD4BF867.text	E22D9400FF817E5E90CF6C4CFD4BF867.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scuticaria okinawae (Jordan & Snyder 1901)	<div><p>Scuticaria okinawae (Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901)</p><p>Uropterygius okinawae Jordan &amp; Snyder 1901: 886, fig. 22 (Okinawa I., Ryukyu Is., Japan) . Holotype (unique), SU 6482. Gymnomuraena brevicauda Regan 1903: 414, pl. 13 (fig. 1) (Mauritius) . Holotype (unique), MHNG 665.54. Scuticaria unicolor Seale 1917: 94 (Society Is.) . Holotype, MCZ 9188. Uropterygius sealei Whitley 1932b: 330 (Society Is.) . Holotype, MCZ 9188. Unnecessary replacement name for Scuticaria unicolor Seale 1917 . VERTEBRAE: 167–169, 168–171, 169–177 (MVF 168, 170, 176). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific .</p><p>Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson 1828) Ichthyophis tigrinus Lesson 1828: 399 (Bora Bora, Society Is.). Lectotype, MNHN B-2454, designated by Böhlke &amp; McCosker 1997: 174. VERTEBRAE: 159–166,163–167, 166–174 (MVF 163, 165, 170). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific and Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Genus Uropterygius Rüppell 1838</p><p>Uropterygius Rüppell 1838: 83 . Type species Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838, by monotypy. Masculine.</p><p>Scutica Jordan &amp; Evermann 1896: 403, 404. Type species Gymnomuraena nectura Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882. Type by original designation (also monotypy). Feminine .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF817E5E90CF6C4CFD4BF867	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF807E5F90CF69DCFDAFF85B.text	E22D9400FF807E5F90CF69DCFDAFF85B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith 1962	<div><p>Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith 1962</p><p>Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith 1962: 427, pl. 60 (fig. E) (Assumption I., Indian Ocean). Holotype, SAIAB 411. VERTEBRAE: 116–124, 117–127, 129–139. DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838 Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838: 83, pl. 20 (fig. 4) (Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea). Lectotype, SMF 746, designated by Böhlke 1982: 40. Gymnomuraena fusca Peters 1866: 524 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia) . Holotype (unique), ZMB 6180. Anarchias vermiformis Smith 1962: 429, pl. 53 (fig. H); fig. 6 (Zanzibar, Indian Ocean) . Holotype (unique), SAIAB 319. VERTEBRAE: 109–111, 111–116, 119–123 (types). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific. REMARKS: This name has been applied to many unpatterned Uropterygius specimens from the Indo-Pacific, but they may not all belong to the same species. More study is needed .</p><p>Uropterygius fasciolatus (Regan 1909) Gymnomuraena fasciolata Regan 1909: 438 . (Duke of York I., Tokelau Is., Pacific). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1877.2.24.84. Uropterygius goslinei McCosker &amp; Randall 1977: 167, figs. 3c, 5. (Kayangel Atoll, Palau Is., w Pacific) . Holotype, CAS 35253. VERTEBRAE: 114-116, 114-117, 124-127 (holotypes of the two nominal species). DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific .</p><p>Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz 1953 Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 156, fig. 33 (Lagoon off Amen I., Bikini Atoll., Marshall Is., 30 ft). Holotype, USNM 141680. VERTEBRAE: 93–105, 98–110, 122–124 (MVF 99, 104, 119). DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius genie Randall &amp; Golani 1995 Uropterygius genie Randall &amp; Golani 1995: 872, figs. 7–9 (Ras Muhammad, Sinai Peninsula, Red Sea). Holotype, HUJ 5863. VERTEBRAE: 102–105, 111–114, 121–122 (MVF 104, 113, 122). DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.</p><p>Uropterygius golanii McCosker &amp; Smith 1997 Uropterygius golanii McCosker &amp; Smith 1997: 1011, fig. 3 ( Strait of Jubal, s end of Sinai Peninsula at Ras Muhammed, Egypt, Red Sea, 0–10 m). Holotype, USNM 312830. VERTEBRAE: 134–138, 136–141, 145–148 (MVF 136, 139, 147). DISTRIBUTION: Red Sea.</p><p>Uropterygius inornatus Gosline 1958 Uropterygius inornatus Gosline 1958: 225, figs. 1e, 2a (Off Waikiki reef, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is., U.S.A., 25–35 ft). Holotype, USNM 175007. VERTEBRAE: 109–124, 111–126, 116–133 (MVF 116, 117, 124). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius kamar McCosker &amp; Randall 1977 Uropterygius kamar McCosker &amp; Randall 1977: 164, figs. 3b, 4 (Itsandra, Grande Comore I., Comoro Is., Indian Ocean, 25 m). Holotype, CAS 35251. VERTEBRAE: 109–118, 120–125, 134–140 (MVF 115, 124, 138). DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF807E5F90CF69DCFDAFF85B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
E22D9400FF877E5990CF69DCFDB0F898.text	E22D9400FF877E5990CF69DCFDB0F898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864)	<div><p>Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864)</p><p>Gymnomuraena macrocephalus Bleeker 1864a: 54 (Ambon I., Molucca Is., Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.335.</p><p>Gymnomuraena nectura Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882b: 356 ( Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico). Holotype (unique), USNM 15442.</p><p>Anarchias knighti Jordan &amp; Starks in Jordan &amp; Seale 1906: 205, fig. 10 (Apia, Upolu I., Western Samoa). Holotype, USNM 51716.</p><p>Uropterygius reidi Schultz 1943: 32, pl. 5 ( Reef of Tau I. at Siulagi Point, American Samoa). Holotype, USNM 116077.</p><p>Uropterygius makatei Gosline 1958: 227, figs. 1f, 2b (West of the phosphate dock, Makatea, Tuamotu Archipelago). Holotype (unique), USNM 175008.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 84–99, 86–100, 102–119 (MVF 92, 94, 110).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific, eastern Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: The wide range of vertebral counts suggests that more than one species may be involved. Further studies are needed.</p><p>Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825)</p><p>Muraenophis macularia Lesueur 1825: 107, pl. 4 (fig. 1) (Sandy Cay, near Nassau, Great Bahama Bank, Bahamas, 0–20 ft). Neotype, ANSP 106286. designated by Böhlke et al. 1989: 128.</p><p>Leptocephalus juliae Tommasi 1960: 91, fig. 1 (Off Recife, Brazil, 7°41'S, 34°25'W, sta. 355, 0–91 m). Holotype (unique), Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Sao Paulo.</p><p>Uropterygius diopus Böhlke 1967: 91, fig. 1 ( Sandy Cay, near Nassau, Great Bahama Bank, Bahamas, 0–20 ft). Holotype, ANSP 106286.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 100–110, 105–115, 117–126 (MVF 106, 110, 121).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Atlantic.</p><p>REMARKS: The original type locality for Muraenophis macularia was Barbados. The specimen selected for the neotype is the same as the holotype of Uropterygius diopus .</p><p>Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède 1803)</p><p>Gymnomuraena marmorata Lacepède 1803: 648, 649 (New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago). No types known.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 120–127, 123–127, 131–139 (MVF 124, 126, 135).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: Placed in Scuticaria by Loh et al. 2008.</p><p>Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker 1852)</p><p>Muraena micropterus Bleeker 1852b: 298 (Wahai, n Ceram, Indonesia). Lectotype, BMNH 1867.11.28.326, designated by Böhlke &amp; Smith 2002: 162.</p><p>Anarchias reticulatus Herre 1923: 230, pl. 9 (fig. 3) (Sitanki, Philippines). Syntypes, BSMP (3), presumed destroyed .</p><p>Uropterygius tinkhami Fowler 1945: 59, figs. 1–2 (Saipan I., Mariana Is., w Pacific). Holotype, ANSP 71585.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 102–109, 104–110, 113–119 (MVF 106, 108, 117).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius nagoensis Hatooka 1984</p><p>Uropterygius nagoensis Hatooka 1984: 20, figs. 1–4 (Nago fish market, Okinawa I., Ryukyu Is.). Holotype (unique), FAKU 51431.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 118, 124–125, 139–140 (MVF 118, 124, 140).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius oligospondylus Chen, Randall &amp; Loh 2008</p><p>Uropterygius oligospondylus Chen, Randall &amp; Loh in Loh, Chen, Randall &amp; Chen 2008: 141, figs. 1H, 3, 4 (Taiwan). Holotype, TOU-AE 1862.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 79–81, 83–85, 100–103 (types).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius polyspilus (Regan 1909)</p><p>Gymnomuraena polyspila Regan 1909: 438 (Tahiti, Society Is.). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1909.12.14.23.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 124–127, 124–128, 130–136 (MVF 125, 126, 132).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius polystictus Myers &amp; Wade 1941</p><p>Uropterygius polystictus Myers &amp; Wade 1941: 85, pl. 15 (S. Seymour I., Galápagos Is.). Holotype, LACM 23345 [ex AHF 16].</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 116, 117, 124 (holotype).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan 1909)</p><p>Gymnomuraena supraforata Regan 1909: 439 ( Savai'i [Savay] I., Western Samoa). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1871.9.1.83.</p><p>Uropterygius dentatus Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953: 152, fig. 32 (N. ocean reef, Johnston I., Pacific). Holotype (unique), USNM 141637.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 100–116, 104–122, 117–136 (MVF 105, 109, 125).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>REMARKS: The Hawaiian population, described as U. dentatus, has a much higher vertebral count (116, 122, 136 in the holotype of dentatus) than those from elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific (101, 105, 122 in the holotype of supraforatus). Uropterygius dentatus might be a valid species.</p><p>Uropterygius versutus Bussing 1991</p><p>Uropterygius versutus Bussing 1991: 97, figs. 1–3 (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.89222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.78389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.89222/lat 9.78389)">Mainland Pacific</a> Costa Rica, eastern side of islet, 1 kilometer east of Isla Alcatraz, Islas Tortugas, 9°47'02"N, 84°53'32"W, depth 1–4 m). Holotype, LACM 32517–52.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 114–124, 119–128, 131–138 (MVF 118, 122, 134).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius wheeleri Blache 1967</p><p>Uropterygius wheeleri Blache 1967b: 1716, figs. 6–9 (Cape Verde Is., e Atlantic). Holotype, MB T140 a (lost in fire, 1978).</p><p>VERTEBRAE: ––, ––, 127–135.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Atlantic.</p><p>Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker 1859</p><p>Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker 1859: 350 ( Patjitan, Java, Indonesia). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1867.11.28.271.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 104–112, 108–117, 118–126.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Indo-West Pacific.</p><p>Uropterygius xenodontus McCosker &amp; Smith 1997</p><p>Uropterygius xenodontus McCosker &amp; Smith 1997: 1006, figs. 1–2 (Chesterfield Bank, 19°53.5'S, 158°28.2'E, se side of lagoon, Coral Sea, 6–9 m). Holotype, BPBM 33558.</p><p>VERTEBRAE: 143–146, 144–149, 154–157 (MVF 145, 147, 155).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: Western Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22D9400FF877E5990CF69DCFDB0F898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith, David G.	Smith, David G. (2012): A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) 3474. Zootaxa 3474: 1-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3474.1.1
