taxonID	type	description	language	source
E759B624FFC44B014EC1E5677121FD5E.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 3) Material examined Fourteen females, seven males and four juveniles in acceptable state of conservation. Measurements See Table 1. Description Adult. Moderately slender to slender medium-sized nematodes, 1.23 – 1.58 mm long. Body cylindrical, tapering towards the anterior end. Habitus more or less curved ventrad upon fixation, adopting an open C-shape in females, and most curved ventrad in posterior body region in males. Cuticle with very fine transverse striations, sometimes difficult to distinguish; it is 2.5 – 3.5 µm thick in anterior region, 3.0 – 4.0 µm at mid-body and 6.0 – 8.5 µm on tail. Lateral chord 5.0 – 8.0 µm wide at mid-body, occupying less than one-fifth (11 – 17 %) of corresponding body diameter at midbody. Lip region rounded, continuous with adjacent body, 2.6 – 3.2 times as broad as high and about one-third (31 – 37 %) of body diameter at neck base; lips almost completely amalgamated; labial and cephalic papillae very slightly protruding. Amphid fovea relatively small, goblet-like, its opening occupying 4.0 µm or less than one-third (30 %) of lip region diameter. Odontostyle quite robust, wider than cuticle at its level, and 1.1 – 1.3 times the lip region diameter long, 4.1 – 5.3 times as Notes: Scale bars, (A) 200 µm; (B – D, G, I – M) 10 µm; (E, F, H) 20 µm. Notes: Scale bars, (A) 200 µm; (B – E, G – I) 10 µm; (F) 20 µm. long as wide and 1.2 – 1.4 % of body length; aperture occupying 43 – 47 % of total length. Guiding ring thin, simple, plicate. Odontophore about twice the odontostyle, its inner lining distinctly irregular or wrinkled (? artefact, see remarks). Pharynx consisting of a slender, but muscular anterior portion enlarging gradually; basal expansion 5.6 – 8.8 times as long as broad, 3.2 – 4.6 times longer than body diameter at neck base, and occupying about half (48 – 51 %) of total neck length; pharyngeal gland nuclei in general obscure in the specimens examined, but their outlets quite distinct and situated as follows: DO = 52 – 56, DN = 53 – 59, S 1 O 1 = 64 – 67, S 1 O 2 = 6 8 – 72, S 2 O = 80 – 84, being remarkable in the anterior position of DO and, in particular, S 2 O. Nerve ring located at 32 – 41 % of total neck length. Cardia conoid, 9.0 – 20.0 × 8.0 – 15.0 µm long. Female. Genital system didelphic – amphidelphic. Ovary reflexed, moderately developed, sometimes reaching and surpassing the sphincter level; the anterior ovary 56.0 – 121.0 µm, the posterior 77.0 – 187.0 µm long; oocytes arranged first in several rows and then in single row. Genital tract often convoluted and containing sperm and uterine eggs, so the morphometrics provided, especially those of uterus, might not be very precise. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, 54.0 – 90.0 µm long or 1.2 – 2.0 body diameters, and consisting of a tubular part and a well-developed pars dilatata. A distinct sphincter separates the oviduct from uterus. Uterus long, tripartite, i. e. consisting of a wider proximal region with distinct lumen, a more slender intermediate with narrow lumen and a moderately developed, spherical, distal part; 86.0 – 160.0 µm long or 2.2 – 3.0 times as long as corresponding body diameter. Uterine eggs measuring 93.0 – 101.0 × 37.0 – 43.0 µm. Vagina extending inwards 46 – 62 % of corresponding body diameter; pars proximalis shorter than wide, 7.0 – 12.5 × 15.0 – 17.0 µm, with sigmoid walls and surrounded by moderately developed musculature; pars refringens with (in lateral view) two distinct, triangular, separated pieces, measuring 5.5 – 9.5 × 4.5 – 6.0 µm, with a less refractive intermediate area, and with a combined width of 13.5 – 16.0 µm; pars distalis short, measuring 2.0 – 4.0 µm. Vulva a post-equatorial longitudinal slit appearing in lateral view like a short longitudinal depression. Ovoid spermatozoa, 4.5 – 5.0 µm long present in the genital tract of some females. Pre-rectum 1.1 – 2.2 anal body diameter long. Rectum 0.8 – 1.2 times anal body diameter. Tail short and rounded, almost hemispherical, slightly clavate in some specimens. A prominent terminal digitation was observed in only one female. Two pairs of caudal pores, one subdorsal, other lateral or subventral. Male. Genital system diorchic, with opposite testes. In addition to ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of seven to eight widely separated (10.0 – 16.0 µm apart) ventromedian supplements, outside the range of spicules; hindermost ventromedian supplement located at 33.0 – 45.0 µm from ad-cloacal pair. Spicules quite robust, 1.3 – 1.5 anal body diameters long, 4.2 – 4.8 times as long as wide. Lateral guiding pieces cylindrical, 10.0 – 11.0 µm long, 3.1 – 4.4 times as long as wide. Pre-rectum 1.5 – 3.3, cloaca 1.0 – 1.4 times the anal body diameter long. Tail short and rounded, ventrally somewhat more straight. Two pairs of caudal pores, one subdorsal, other lateral. Juvenile (J 4). Similar in morphology to adult, but with tail consisting of two parts: anterior section convex conoid to rounded, almost as long as anal body diameter; and posterior section cylindrical, longer than anterior one and bent dorsad. Basic measurements: body length 1.02 mm, neck length 294.0 µm, functional odontostyle 16.5 µm, and substitution odontostyle 19.0 µm. Diagnosis This species is characterized by its body, 1.23 – 1.58 mm long, lip region continuous with adjacent body and 13.5 – 15.5 µm wide, odontostyle 17.0 – 19.0 µm long with aperture occupying 43 – 47 % its length, odontophore irregular or wrinkled (see also remarks), neck 320.0 – 397.0 µm long, pharyngeal expansion 140.0 – 194.0 µm long or occupying 44 – 51 % of total neck length, female genital system amphidelphic, uterus tripartite, pars refringens vaginae with two triangular pieces separated by an intermediate sclerotized area, V = 54 – 59, vulva longitudinal, tail short and rounded (16.0 – 20.0 µm, c = 70 – 84, c’ = 0.5 – 0.7 in females, but see footnote in Table 1), spicules 43 – 48 µm long, and seven to eight spaced ventromedian supplements. Relationships This species shows a peculiar combination of characters that make its identification an intriguing matter. Particularly interesting is the existence of juveniles with elongate tails while adults are short-tailed. In having guiding ring simple, female genital system amphidelphic, short rounded tail and well spaced ventromedian supplements, this species comes close to members of Crassolabium Yeates, 1967, especially C. garhwaliense (Ahmad, Nath and Haider, 1985), C. goaense (Ahmad, 1993), C. lautum (Andrássy, 1959) and C. rhopalocercum (de Man, 1876). It differs from C. garhwaliense in its larger general size (vs. body 1.07 – 1.13 mm long), lip region continuous (vs. offset by a marked depression), longer odontostyle (vs. 15.0 – 16.0 µm), pars refringens vaginae with two separate (vs. close together) pieces, longer spicules (vs. 37.0 – 38.0 µm), and fewer ventromedian supplements (vs. 10); from C. goaense, a similar species, in its larger size (vs. body 0.78 – 1.00 mm), narrower lip region (vs. 11.0 – 12.0 µm), tripartite uterus (vs. apparently a simple tube), more anterior vulva (vs. V = 58 – 64), and presence (vs. absence) of males; from C. lautum, only known from males, by having shorter odontostyle (vs. 21.0 µm), more rounded and shorter tail (vs. conoid, 26.0 µm long), and fewer (vs. 13) of spaced (vs. almost contiguous) ventromedian supplements; and from C. rhopalocercum by its pars refringens vaginae consisting of two well-developed pieces, separated by a sclerotized intermediate area (vs. two small, close together pieces), vulva longitudinal (vs. transverse) and more posterior (vs. V = 44 – 49), and males present (vs. absent). On the other hand, the new species is rather similar to the only species of the genus Skibbenema Van Reenen and Heyns, 1986, namely S. constrictum, also with comparable elongate-tailed juveniles, but this genus is characterized by having a distinct constriction between both pharyngeal regions, as well as a bipartite pharyngeal expansion, two very atypical features within qudsianematid taxa; moreover, S 2 O is significantly more anterior (vs. S 2 O = 95 – 98). It is also reminiscent of some Labronema species, for instance L. ferox Thorne, 1939 and L. thornei Ferris, 1968, having elongated-tailed juveniles too (Ferris 1968), but the new species does not fit the general Labronema pattern: lip region offset by constriction, guiding ring double and male ventromedian supplements contiguous, among other features. It also resembles the qudsianematid genus Sphaeroamphis Ahmad and Sturhan, 2000 in having continuous lip region, amphidial fovea with comparatively small aperture, odontostyle rather robust, and rounded, slightly clavate female tail. However, it can be distinguished from this taxon by its well-developed pars refringens vaginae (vs. lacking), more anterior location of S 2 O, and ventromedian supplements out the range of spicules (vs. no hiatus, with ventromedian supplements within spicules range). Finally, by its general aspect, continuous lip region and, very especially, the anterior location of S 2 O, the new species resembles the members of Willinema Baqri and Jairajpuri, 1967 (Thornenematidae, Willinematinae; see revision by Carbonell and Coomans [1984]), but it differs from these in having larger size (vs. body length up to 1.2 mm), female genital system amphidelphic (vs. mono- or pseudomono-opisthodelphic) and longitudinal vulva (vs. transverse). Type habitat and locality Tropical evergreen forest soil with tree vegetation consisting of Hopea sp., Dipterocarpus sp., Quercus sp., Lithocarpus sp., Castanopsis sp., Cinnamomum sp., Litsea sp. within the Pu Mat National Park (geographical coordinates: 18 º 46 ′ N to 19 º 12 ′ N and 104 º 24 ′ E to 104 º 56 ′ E), Nghe An province, Vietnam. Type material Female holotype and two female paratypes on slide 0502, three female and three male paratypes on slides 0503 – 0506 deposited in the nematode collection of Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Jaén, Spain; six female paratypes and one male paratype deposited on slides [DQ- 01] and [DQ- 02] in Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. Etymology The specific epithet refers to the intriguing filiation of the new species. Remarks For practical reasons, this species is classified under the genus Crassolabium, since it fits better the morphological pattern of this taxon. However, the anterior location of S 2 O, and, in particular, the existence of elongate-tailed juveniles are remarkable features and raise some doubts about its true identity. Unfortunately, there is no relevant information concerning tail morphology in juveniles of other Crassolabium species, so a further analysis of this matter is not possible at this moment. A comparison of the new species with C. goaense, a close Asian species with S 2 O also located very anteriorly, would be interesting and useful. The nature of the odontophore deserves a special comment. In every specimen it appears with an irregular or wrinkled outline, and the first impression is that this feature might be an artefact owing to bad fixation. Nevertheless, (1) it occurs in specimens of different soil samples; (2) the specimens are in general in acceptable state of conservation, suggesting that fixation was properly carried out; and (3) other dorylaimid species found in the same soil samples do not have a comparable or similar aspect in their odontophore. Although it should be considered with due caution, odontophore morphology might be another relevant diagnostic feature of this species.	en	Vu, Tam T., Ciobanu, M., Abolafia, J., Peña-Santiago, R. (2010): Two remarkable new species of the genus Crassolabium Yeates, 1967 from Vietnam (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae). Journal of Natural History 44 (33 - 34): 2049-2064, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.481055, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.481055
E759B624FFCD4B1A4E97E4DD76ADFEC6.taxon	description	(Figures 4 – 6) Material examined Ten females and four males in acceptable state of conservation. Measurements See Table 2. Description Adult. Moderately slender to slender nematodes of medium size, 1.55 – 1.88 mm long. Body cylindrical, tapering towards the anterior end. Habitus more or less curved ventrad upon fixation, adopting an open C-shape in females, and most curved ventrad in posterior body region of males. Cuticle with very fine transverse striations, sometimes difficult to appreciate, 3.0 – 4.0 µm thick in anterior region, 3.0 – 4.5 µm at mid-body and 5.5 – 7.5 µm on tail; it is three-layered, especially noticeable at tail, where the inner layer appears very distinct and thicker than the intermediate and the outer layer. Lateral chord 6.0 – 9.0 µm wide at mid-body, occupying less than one-fifth (11 – 17 %) of corresponding body diameter at mid-body. Two dorsal and one ventral body pores are usually present at cervical region. Lip region angular, offset by marked constriction; it is 2.6 – 3.0 times as broad as high and more than one-third (33 – 42 %) of body diameter at neck base; lips moderately separated, distinct; labial and cephalic papillae protruding. Amphid fovea cup-shaped, its opening occupying 9.0 – 10.0 µm or hardly more than half of lip region diameter. Cheilostom 10.0 – 11.0 µm long, with slender walls. Odontostyle relatively slender, little wider than cuticle at its level; 1.1 – 1.3 times the lip region diameter long, 5.4 – 7.2 times as long as wide and 1.1 – 1.4 % of body length; Notes: Scale bars, (A) 200 µm; (B, C, E, G, H – K) 10 µm; (D, E) 50 µm. aperture occupying 42 – 50 % of total length. Guiding ring thin, simple, plicate, located at 0.7 – 0.8 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Odontophore rod-like, 35.0 – 39.0 µm long, 1.6 – 1.9 times the odontostyle; its inner lining usually somewhat irregular or folded at its anterior part. Pharynx consisting of a slender but muscular anterior portion enlarging gradually; basal expansion 8.2 – 10.2 times as long as Notes: Scale bars, (A – C, F, G) 10 µm; (D) 200 µm; (E) 20 µm. broad, 3.9 – 5.4 times longer than body diameter at neck base, and occupying about half (47 – 56 %) of total neck length; pharyngeal gland nuclei not always well perceptible, located as follows: DO = 55 – 58, DN = 59 – 64, S 1 N 1 = 69 – 73, S 1 N 2 = 75 – 78, S 2 N = 90 – 94. Nerve ring located at 117.0 – 159.0 µm from anterior end or 28 – 36 % of total neck length. Cardia conical, 10.0 – 20.0 µm wide × 10.0 – 12.0 µm long; a ring-like structure is surrounding its junction to pharyngeal base; a dorsal cellular chord is very distinct at level of cardia or anterior intestine in most specimens examined. Female. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovary reflexed, moderately developed, sometimes reaching and surpassing the sphincter level, the anterior 78.0 – 118.0 µm, the posterior 88.0 – 97.0 µm long; oocytes arranged first in several rows and then in single row. Genital tract often convoluted, so morphometrics provided, particularly of uterus, might not be very precise. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, 65.0 – 100.0 µm long or 1.2 – 1.8 body diameters, and consisting of a tubular part and a welldeveloped pars dilatata. Distinct sphincter separating oviduct from uterus. Uterus very long, tripartite, i. e. consisting of a wider proximal region with distinct lumen, a more slender and rather long intermediate section with narrow lumen, and a welldeveloped, spherical, distal part; it is 148.0 – 224.0 µm long or 2.9 – 3.9 times as long as corresponding body diameter. Uterine eggs not observed. Vagina extending inwards 26.0 – 35.0 µm long, occupying more than half (52 – 57 %) of corresponding body diameter; pars proximalis nearly as long as wide, 9.0 – 15.0 × 11.0 – 13.0 µm, with sigmoid walls and surrounded by moderately developed musculature; pars refringens with two distinct, triangular to trapezoidal, close together pieces, measuring 5.0 – 6.0 × 4.0 – 5.5 µm, and with a combined width of 7.5 – 12.0 µm; pars distalis short, measuring 3 – 4 µm. Vulva a postecuatorial transverse slit, which appears in every specimen of type locality covered by a more or less developed plug of translucent material, but lacking or being less developed in specimens of the other locality. Ovoid spermatozoa, 4.0 – 5.0 µm long present within genital tract. Pre-rectum 1.1 – 2.3 anal body diameter long. Rectum 1.1 – 1.3 times anal body diameter. Anus also covered by a more or less developed plug of translucent material, which lacks in specimens of the non-type locality. Tail rounded, slightly less convex ventrally; two pairs of caudal pores at the middle of tail, one subdorsal, other lateral. Male. Genital system diorchic, with opposite testes. In addition to ad-cloacal pair, there is a series of eight to nine widely separated (7.0 – 36.0 µm apart) ventromedian supplements, the two most posterior of which are within the range of spicules; ad-cloacal pair situated at 9.0 – 11.0 µm from cloacal aperture; hindermost ventromedian supplement located at 16.0 – 22.0 µm from ad-cloacal pair. Spicules quite robust, 1.3 – 1.5 anal body diameters long, 4.4 – 4.8 times as long as wide. Lateral guiding pieces cylindrical, 15.0 – 16.0 µm long, 5.3 – 6.4 times as long as wide. Pre-rectum 3.2 – 4.0, cloaca 1.2 – 1.3 times the anal body diameter long. Cloacal aperture covered with a more or less developed plug of translucent material, which lacks in specimens of non-type locality. Tail more conoid than that of female, ventrally somewhat more straight. Two pairs of caudal pores, one subdorsal, the other lateral. Diagnosis This species is characterized by its body, 1.55 – 1.88 mm long, lip region offset by constriction and 17.0 – 19.5 µm wide, odontostyle 19.5 – 22.0 µm long with aperture occupying 42 – 50 % its length, neck 370.0 – 455.0 µm long, pharyngeal expansion 173.0 – 246.0 µm long or occupying 47 – 56 % of total neck length, female genital system amphidelphic, uterus very long and tripartite, pars refringens vaginae with two close together sclerotized pieces, V = 55 – 59, vulva transverse and usually covered with a plug, tail short and rounded (19.0 – 25.0 µm, c = 69 – 86, c’ = 0.6 – 0.8 in females), spicules 53.0 – 55.0 µm long, and eight to nine spaced ventromedian supplements, two of them within the range of spicules. Relationships This species is unique within the genus Crassolabium in usually having a plug covering the vulva, the anus and the cloacal aperture, and in lacking hiatus or pre-cloacal space. With its medium size, comparatively long odontostyle and short tail, it resembles C. australe Yeates, 1967, C. diversum (Ciobanu, Popovici, Abolafia and Peña-Santiago, 2007), C. lautum (Andrássy, 1959) and C. rhopalocercum (de Man, 1876). The new species can be distinguished from C. australe by its larger size (vs. body 0.9 – 1.5 mm long), transverse (vs. longitudinal) vulva, longer spicules (vs. 34.0 – 38.0 µm), and fewer (vs. 11 – 14) and spaced (vs. nearly contiguous) ventromedian supplements; from C. diversum by its more offset lip region (vs. marked by depression or weak constriction), longer odontostyle (vs. 15.0 – 17.5 µm), uterus tripartite (vs. long but a simple tube), more rounded (vs. more conoid) female tail, and fewer (vs. 4 – 7) ventromedian supplements; from C. lautum (only known from males) by its lip region angular (vs. rounded) and offset by constriction (vs. continuous), more slender odontostyle, and fewer (vs. 13) and spaced (vs. nearly contiguous) ventromedian supplements; and from C. rhopalocercum by its lip region offset by constriction (vs. nearly continuous) and wider (vs. 13.0 – 14.0 µm), more posterior vulva (vs. V = 44 – 49), female tail rounded but not clavate (vs. clavate), and male present (vs. absent). With its guiding ring plicate and the “ three-layered ” cuticle at tail, the new species also resembles some (atypical) members of Aporcelaimellus with short odontostyle aperture (less than half its length), in particular A. baqrii Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982 and A. medius Andrássy, 2002 from which it can be separated by the presence of a plug covering the vulva, the anus and the cloacal aperture, and the absence of hiatus of precloacal space. Moreover, it differs from A. baqrii in its shorter body (vs. body 1.81 – 2.05 mm long), shorter odontostyle (vs. 24.0 – 26.0 µm), uterus tripartite (vs. a short, simple tube), shorter female tail (vs. 27.0 – 30.0 µm), shorter spicules (vs. 63.0 µm), different arrangement of the ventromedian supplements (vs. 12 irregularly spaced) and from A. medius by having shorter neck (vs. 460.0 – 510.0 µm), more posterior vulva (vs. V = 52 – 54), comparatively longer female tail (vs. c’ = 0.4 – 0.5) which lacks a slight dorsal concavity, shorter spicules (vs. 72.0 µm) and different arrangement of ventromedian supplements (vs. 10 supplements out of the range of spicules, the most posterior 3 being almost contiguous). Remarks The most remarkable character of this new species is the absence of hiatus or precloacal space in the series of ventromedian supplements, a very unusual feature in rounded-tailed members of Qudsianematidae, although a distinctive character of the conical-tailed genus Allodorylaimus Andrássy, 1986. Ahmad and Sturhan (2000 b) described the genus Sphaeroamphis, being rounded-tailed and lacking hiatus, but, in other respects, the new species herein described does not fit the general pattern of this genus. Type habitat and locality Forest soil collected at about 350 m a. s. l. within the Phuoc Binh National Park (geographical coordinates: 11 º 59 ′ N and 108 º 44 ′ E), Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam. Other localities Forest soil collected at 650 m a. s. l. within the Phuoc Binh National Park (geographical coordinates: 12 º 00 ′ N and 108 º 46 ′ E), Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam. Type material Female holotype, two female and two male paratypes on slide 0507 deposited in the nematode collection of Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, University of Jaén, Spain; four female paratypes and one male paratype on slide [DQ- 03], deposited in Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. Etymology The specific epithet refers to geographical origin of the new species.	en	Vu, Tam T., Ciobanu, M., Abolafia, J., Peña-Santiago, R. (2010): Two remarkable new species of the genus Crassolabium Yeates, 1967 from Vietnam (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae). Journal of Natural History 44 (33 - 34): 2049-2064, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.481055, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.481055
