identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E739A8309C329818FF7B04F47F3AE5BD.text	E739A8309C329818FF7B04F47F3AE5BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zosterops chloris (Bonaparte 1850)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zosterops chloris</p>
            <p>  Mainland south-east Sulawesi (including continental islands) and south Sulawesi populations are divergent (ND2: 1.22%) as shown by our phylogenetic work. In the focal region, mainland south-east Sulawesi and the Wakatobi population are strongly divergent (ND2: 2.5%, COI: 4.9%). The Wakatobi population also differs from south Sulawesi (ND2: 2.05%) and Runduma (ND2: 2.35%, COI: 4.66%). The most closely related population to Runduma is that on mainland south-east Sulawesi (ND2: 0.73%, COI: 2.22%). Each population shows low within-group variability; mainland south-east Sulawesi (ND2: 0.09%, COI: 0.04%), Runduma (ND2: 0%, COI: 0%) and  Wakatobi Islands (ND2: 0.04%, COI: 0.14%)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E739A8309C329818FF7B04F47F3AE5BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	O’Connell, Darren P;Kelly, David J;Lawless, Naomi;O’Brien, Katie;Marcaigh, Fionn Ó;Karya, Adi;Analuddin, Kangkuso;Marples, Nicola M	O’Connell, Darren P, Kelly, David J, Lawless, Naomi, O’Brien, Katie, Marcaigh, Fionn Ó, Karya, Adi, Analuddin, Kangkuso, Marples, Nicola M (2019): A sympatric pair of undescribed white-eye species (Aves: Zosteropidae: Zosterops) with different origins. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 701-724, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz022, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/701/5477306
E739A8309C329818FF7B06EF7A9AE29A.text	E739A8309C329818FF7B06EF7A9AE29A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zosterops consobrinorum (Van Balen 2018)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zosterops consobrinorum</p>
            <p>The Buton/Muna population differs in ND2 from the Sulawesi population (2.1%) and Kabaena population (1.9%), although the Buton population shows less difference in COI to Sulawesi /Kabaena (0.59%). Sulawesi and Kabaena populations differ little (ND2: 0.31%, COI: 0%). The Buton/Muna population shows high within-group variability for ND2 (ND2: 1.09%) in comparison to Sulawesi (ND2: 0.12%) and Kabaena (ND2: 0.29%) populations. COI is much less variable, with Buton populations showing only 0.11% within-group variation and the undifferentiated Sulawesi and Kabaena populations showing 0.08%.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E739A8309C329818FF7B06EF7A9AE29A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	O’Connell, Darren P;Kelly, David J;Lawless, Naomi;O’Brien, Katie;Marcaigh, Fionn Ó;Karya, Adi;Analuddin, Kangkuso;Marples, Nicola M	O’Connell, Darren P, Kelly, David J, Lawless, Naomi, O’Brien, Katie, Marcaigh, Fionn Ó, Karya, Adi, Analuddin, Kangkuso, Marples, Nicola M (2019): A sympatric pair of undescribed white-eye species (Aves: Zosteropidae: Zosterops) with different origins. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 701-724, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz022, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/701/5477306
E739A8309C32981FFCC301D57AE3E568.text	E739A8309C32981FFCC301D57AE3E568.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zosterops O’Connell & Kelly & Lawless & O’Brien & Marcaigh & Karya & Analuddin & Marples 2019	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Zosterops sp. nov.</p>
            <p> The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ is strongly distinct from all  Z. consobrinorum populations (ND2: 6.23% and COI: 8.35% at a minimum) and all  Z. chloris populations (ND2: 5.24% and COI: 7.17% at a minimum). The most closely related populations are  Z. griseotinctus (ND2: 5.08%) and the lowland white-eye,  Zosterops meyeni (Bonaparte, 1850) (COI: 6.78%). The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ shows minor within-group variability (ND2: 0.29%, COI: 0.16%). </p>
            <p>MOLECULAR SPECIES DELIMITATION</p>
            <p> Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis finds the barcoding gap between  Zosterops species to be 3.5% (COI) and 1.3% (ND2) K2P genetic distance. For both genes, ABGD groups individuals from our focal  Zosterops populations in Sulawesi into four putative species; </p>
            <p>  1.  Zosterops chloris from mainland south and south-east Sulawesi, the continental islands of Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawonii and  Runduma Island (ND2 hapCH01-08, COI hapCH01-03; Supporting Information, Table S1)  . </p>
            <p> 2.  Zosterops c.  flavissimus from the Wakatobi Islands (ND2 hapCH09-12, COI hapCH04-06). </p>
            <p> 3.  Zosterops consobrinorum – all sampled individuals (ND2 CO01-13, COI CO01-04) </p>
            <p> 4.  Zosterops sp. nov. ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ – all sampled individuals (ND2 hapCX01-03, COI hapCX01-02). </p>
            <p>MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSES</p>
            <p> A total of 752  Zosterops individuals from 11 islands were measured for these analyses; 575  Z. chloris , 139  Z. consobrinorum and 38 ‘Wangi-wangi white-eyes’ (Supporting Information, morphometric trait summaries, Tables S8–S11). The full morphometric database is available at https://figshare.com/articles/ SE_ Sulawesi _  Zosterops _morphology/7998299/1. For analysis, thesampledindividualsweregroupedalongthe splits provided by the molecular phylogenies.  Zosterops chloris individuals were classified into the groupings: mainland (Sulawesi mainland and the continental </p>
            <p> 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Ma islands N = 168), Wakatobi (Z. c.  flavissimus from the six Wakatobi Islands, N = 362) and Runduma (N = 45).  Zosterops consobrinorum individuals were split into mainland Sulawesi (N = 48), Buton and Muna (N = 68) and Kabaena (N = 23) groups. ‘Wangi-wangi white-eyes’ (N = 38) were analysed with  Z. consobrinorum to establish the level of separation between them. </p>
            <p> For  Z. chloris morphometrics, PC1 (78% of the variance) and PC2 (8.3% of the variance) had eigenvalues&gt; 1 and were carried forward for analyses. PC1 was loaded equally between the seven morphometric traits, giving a general indicator of body size (Supporting Information, Table S12). PC2 was largely loaded by bill length and skull length, giving a general indicator of bill to skull ratio. The  Z. chloris populations are significantly different from each other in body size (PC1, ANOVA: F 2, 572 = 554.5, P &lt;0.001), with the mainland, Wakatobi and Runduma populations all significantly different from each other (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001 for all comparisons). Runduma individuals are the largest, followed by mainland individuals, with Wakatobi Z. c.  flavissimus individuals being the smallest (Fig. 6; Supporting Information, Tables S8, S9).  Zosterops chloris populations also significantly differ in bill to skull ratio (PC2, ANOVA: F 2, 572 = 17.56, P &lt;0.001), with the Runduma population differing from mainland (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001) and Wakatobi (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001) populations (Fig. 6). Mainland and Wakatobi populations do not differ for PC2. This strong difference in the Runduma population in bill to skull ratio (PC2) is likely due to Runduma birds having the longest bill of any of the  Z. chloris populations measured (Supporting Information, Tables S8, S9). </p>
            <p> For  Z. consobrinorum and ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ morphometrics, only PC1 (88.7% of the variance) has an eigenvalue&gt; 1 and is carried forward for analysis (Supporting Information, Table S12). PC1 is equally weighted between all seven morphometric traits and provided a general indicator of body size. The  Z. consobrinorum populations and ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ differ significantly in body size (PC1, ANOVA: F 3,173 = 918.1, P &lt;0.001) (Fig. 7; Supporting Information, Tables S10, S11). The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ is larger than all  Z. consobrinorum populations (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001 for all comparisons). The  Z. consobrinorum Kabaena population is significantly larger than both the mainland Sulawesi and Buton/Muna population (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001 for both comparisons). The mainland Sulawesi and Buton/Muna population do not differ in morphometric traits. </p>
            <p>SONG ANALYSES</p>
            <p> A total of 120  Zosterops individuals from seven islands had their song recorded for these analyses: 52  Z. chloris and 68  Z. consobrinorum (Supporting Information, song trait summaries, Tables S13–S16). No ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ songs were recorded. An additional three recordings were sourced from xeno-canto: two  Z. chloris maxi recordings taken on Lombok (Lesser Sunda Islands; XC166854 and XC166855) and one  Z. consobrinorum recording from Buton Island (XC333521). The full song database is available at https://figshare.com/articles/SE_ Sulawesi _  Zosterops _ song/7998353. As with the morphometric analyses, for the song analyses  Z. chloris individuals were split into mainland (N = 24) and Wakatobi (Z. c.  flavissimus , N = 28) groups, with the addition of a Lombok group (N = 2).  Zosterops consobrinorum individuals were split into mainland Sulawesi (N = 11), Buton and Muna (N = 31) and Kabaena (N = 27) groups. </p>
            <p> For  Z. chloris song, PC1 (39.8% of the variance), PC2 (24.0%) and PC3 (16.4%) had eigenvalues&gt; 1 and were carried forward for analyses (Supporting Information, Table S15). PC1 is most heavily loaded by the number of notes, duration, maximum frequency and bandwidth. PC2 is most heavily loaded by the temporal traits duration and pace. PC3 is most heavily loaded by minimum frequency and pace. The  Z. chloris populations differ significantly in all comparisons (PC1, ANOVA: F 2, 51 = 52.89, P &lt;0.001; PC2, ANOVA: F 2, 51 = 6.073, P &lt;0.005; PC3, ANOVA: F 2, 51 = 3.196, P &lt;0.05). All three populations are distinct (Fig. 8; Supporting Information, Tables S13–S15). The −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 </p>
            <p>PC1 (body size)</p>
            <p>−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 PC1 (body size)</p>
            <p> Z. chloris mainland population differs significantly from the Z. c.  flavissimus Wakatobi population in PC1 (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001) and from the Lombok population in PC1 and PC2 (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.001 and P adj. &lt;0.05, respectively). The Wakatobi and Lombok populations differ significantly in PC2 and PC3 (Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.01 and &lt;0.05, respectively). </p>
            <p> For  Z. consobrinorum song, PC1 (41.7% of the variance), PC2 (21.8%) and PC3 (16.2%) had eigenvalues&gt; 1 and were carried forward for analyses (Supporting Information, Table S17). PC1 is most heavily loaded by duration, maximum frequency and bandwidth. PC2 is most heavily loaded by pace and peak frequency. PC3 is most heavily loaded by the number of notes, maximum frequency and bandwidth. The  Z. consobrinorum Kabaena and Buton /Muna populations differ significantly in song PC1 (PC1, ANOVA: F 2, 66 = 4.133, P &lt;0.05; Tukey HSD, P adj. &lt;0.05) (Fig. 9). There are no other significant differences in  Z. consobrinorum song. </p>
            <p>CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOMETRIC AND SONG TRAITS</p>
            <p> Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) classification of  Z. chloris individuals suggests a close match of morphometric and song traits for the taxonomic groupings identified in our molecular phylogeny (Table 2; Figs 3, 4). The sampling location of the majority of individuals can be accurately predicted from these traits. The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye is 100% distinguishable in morphometrics from all  Z. consobrinorum populations in the DFA analysis (Table 3). There is only a weak distinction between  Z. consobrinorum populations. The Kabaena  Z. consobrinorum is the most accurately classified in morphometrics and the Buton/Muna population shows the greatest classification accuracy in song, but both show a large degree of overlap with other  Z. consobrinorum populations. The mainland Sulawesi population cannot be accurately classified, particularly with song traits. More Sulawesi individuals are classified as belonging to other islands than to Sulawesi. </p>
            <p>TOBIAS SCORING</p>
            <p> For the Tobias scoring of phenotypic traits, the Wakatobi Z. c.  flavissimus population is compared to the  Z. chloris population from mainland south-east Sulawesi and its continental islands and the ‘ Wangi-wangi white-eye’ was compared to  Z. consobrinorum . Both Z. c.  flavissimus (Tobias score: nine) and the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ (Tobias score: seven) are identified as distinct species. Detailed scoring is provided in the Supplementary Information (Tables S18, S19). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E739A8309C32981FFCC301D57AE3E568	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	O’Connell, Darren P;Kelly, David J;Lawless, Naomi;O’Brien, Katie;Marcaigh, Fionn Ó;Karya, Adi;Analuddin, Kangkuso;Marples, Nicola M	O’Connell, Darren P, Kelly, David J, Lawless, Naomi, O’Brien, Katie, Marcaigh, Fionn Ó, Karya, Adi, Analuddin, Kangkuso, Marples, Nicola M (2019): A sympatric pair of undescribed white-eye species (Aves: Zosteropidae: Zosterops) with different origins. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 701-724, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz022, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/701/5477306
E739A8309C379800FDA8042B7CD9E091.text	E739A8309C379800FDA8042B7CD9E091.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zosterops consobrinorum	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Z. consobrinorum</p>
            <p> ‘mainland’  Z. consobrinorum Z. consobrinorum ‘Wangi-wangi ‘Buton/Muna’ ‘Kabaena’ White-eye’ populations of this species do not show consistent variation between genetic and phenotypic measures. </p>
            <p> ZOSTEROPS SP. NOV. – THE ‘ WANGI-WANGI WHITE-EYE’ </p>
            <p>Due to its unique biogeographic position (Esselstyn et al., 2010), Sulawesi has particularly high endemism (Michaux, 2010). It also remains relatively poorly studied (Cannon et al., 2007) and novel taxa have been found on Sulawesi in recent years (Indrawan &amp; Rasmussen, 2008; Esselstyn et al., 2012; Harris et al., 2014). However, these taxa were found in remote forested areas or on more isolated islands. The fact that the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ occurs on a densely populated, environmentally degraded island is particularly remarkable. Most Wakatobi bird species descriptions date from the expedition of Heinrich Kühn (1901–02; Hartert, 1903). This single island endemic must have been overlooked.</p>
            <p> The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ occurs in mixed-species flocks with Z. c.  flavissimus on Wangi-wangi Island and exhibits the same generalist foraging habits common to  Zosterops (Van Balen, 2008; Kelly, 2014). The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ is a much larger bird than  Z. chloris (Supporting Information, Tables S9, S11), likely facilitating niche partitioning between these congeneric species. It is relatively common on Wangi-wangi: in the 18 mist-netting sessions conducted on that island, 20% of birds caught were ‘Wangi-wangi white-eyes’ and 39% were  Z. chloris . All netting was carried out in the scrub and forest edge habitats, which are the most common ecosystems on the island. ‘Wangi-wangi white-eyes’ shows tolerance of disturbed habitats, although they do not show the flexibility in habitat preference of Z. c.  flavissimus (present in all habitats on the Wakatobi Islands) and were not present in mangroves. Concern for the future of the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ is amplified by the small size of Wangi-wangi Island (155 km 2) and that extensive surveys in south-east Sulawesi have shown it to be the only home of the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ (it is absent from Oroho and Kapota, the satellite islands of Wangi-wangi). The authors recommend the collection of type specimens so that this species can be officially named and recognized, coupled with detailed surveys of Wangi-wangi Island to assess its distribution and density, and any conservation action required. A series of photos of this species are supplied in the Supporting Information to aid future field identification of this new taxon (Supplementary information, Tobias scoring, Table S19). </p>
            <p> The provisional classification of the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ as a population of  Z. consobrinorum (Van Balen, 2018c) is understandable. Both are pale-chested  Zosterops separated by a short geographical distance (27 km between Buton and Wangi-wangi). Our work shows the closest relatives of the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ are found in the Solomon Islands:  Z. murphyi and  Z. rennellianus (single island endemics) and  Z. griseotinctus , a ‘supertramp’ species restricted to a series of small islands (Van Balen, 2018a). These taxa are all&gt; 3000 km distant from Wangi-wangi and are phenotypically distinct, all having yellow/green chests. The nodes placing the ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ in this clade have low support (Fig. 3), so its evolutionary origins remain uncertain. Sequencing of other Indo-Pacific  Zosterops species that have not yet had their genetic data assessed, such as the black-ringed white-eye  Zosterops anomalus (Meyer &amp; Wiglesworth, 1896) from south Sulawesi, may shed light on this situation. The ‘Wangi-wangi white-eye’ may be a remnant of an older  Zosterops radiation and represent the remaining relict taxon. </p>
            <p> ZOSTEROPS CHLORIS – INDEPENDENT COLONIZATIONS AND THE ‘ WAKATOBI WHITE-EYE’ </p>
            <p> This study clarifies a number of features about Sulawesi Z. chloris populations, while raising further questions. It appears from our data that white-eyes from the south-east Sulawesi   mainland and its continental islands form a continuous population, rather than Z. c. intermedius being present on the continental islands and Z. c. mentoris on the mainland, as was suggested by Trochet et al. (2014).  The mainland south-east Sulawesi  population of  Z. chloris is closely related to the south Sulawesi   population (Z. c. intermedius), but shows sufficient divergence (ND2: 1.22%) that further investigation is required to clarify their taxonomy.  Currently there is insufficient genetic or phenotypic data to classify  Z. chloris from the mainland south-east Sulawesi  population as either Z. c. intermedius or Z. c mentoris.  Zosterops c.intermedius as currently defined includes populations from south Sulawesi, the continental islands of south-east Sulawesi and much of the Lesser Sunda Islands (Van Balen, 2018a).   An assessment of the different populations currently assigned to Z. c. intermedius and Z. c. mentoris (isolated populations in central and northern Sulawesi) is needed to clarify the taxonomy of  Z. chloris on mainland Sulawesi  . </p>
            <p> Within south-east Sulawesi, the Runduma population of  Z. chloris (first noted by this study) represents a recent independent colonization from a mainland south-east Sulawesi source population (Fig. 5), not from the Wakatobi Islands. This was an unexpected discovery, because the shortest distance between Runduma and the closest mainland population (Buton) is 123 km (Fig. 1). The distance between Runduma and its nearest Wakatobi Island neighbour is only 61 km. The Runduma population of another small passerine, the olive-backed sunbird  Cinnyris jugularis (Linnaeus, 1766) , appears to have colonized Runduma via the shorter distance from the Wakatobi Islands (Kelly, 2014). Given the isolation of Runduma and its tiny size (c. 5.5 km 2), it was unsurprising that it was colonized much later than the Wakatobi Islands (Fig. 5). Runduma  Z. chloris are morphologically distinct from other  Z. chloris populations, showing the largest body size and longest bill length (Fig. 6; Supporting Information, Table S8). Larger bill and body size has been repeatedly observed to evolve in bird populations as an adaptation to a more generalist niche on small islands (Grant, 1965; Clegg &amp; Owens, 2002; Clegg et al., 2002; Scott et al., 2003). Runduma Island is almost entirely covered in coconut plantations and the  Z. chloris population has been observed to feed on coconut nectar more regularly on Runduma than elsewhere (DJK, pers. obs.). Thus, the longer bill may be an adaptation allowing the population to take advantage of an abundant resource in an ecologically constrained habitat. Such changes can be rapid and quickly come to fixation in a population (Bosse et al., 2017). This morphometric difference, coupled with the pairwise genetic distance (ND2: 0.73%, COI: 2.22%), between mainland Sulawesi and Runduma populations indicates there may be a subspecies level difference between them (Hebert et al., 2004). Future collection of song recordings and type specimens for assessment of more subtle plumage differences might prove useful in determining the taxonomic status of this population. </p>
            <p> Zosterops c.  flavissimus (Wakatobi Islands) proved the most distinct of the  Z. chloris populations sampled. It appears to have diverged much earlier (0.38–0.8 Mya) than any of the other Sulawesi populations of  Z. chloris (Fig. 5). This was an older date of divergence than that of several recognized  Zosterops species (Fig. 5).  Zosterops c.  flavissimus is morphometrically distinct from other  Z. chloris populations (Fig. 6; Supporting Information, Tables S8, S9), being significantly smaller. Its song is highly distinct from mainland south-east Sulawesi  Z. chloris (Fig. 8), with a generally higher maximum frequency and number of notes (Supporting Information, Tables S13, S14), which would be expected for a population with a smaller body size (Potvin, 2013).  Zosterops c.  flavissimus is also distinct from mainland south-east Sulawesi  Z. chloris in plumage, with a more vibrant yellow head and paler bill (Supporting Information, Tobias scoring, Table S18). The pairwise difference between Z. c.  flavissimus and mainland south-east Sulawesi  Z. chloris (ND2: 2.5%, COI: 4.9%) is much larger than the average species difference (COI: 2.7%) that Hebert et al. (2004) found between North American birds, and is much more than 10 times the intra-group variation. In addition, our molecular species delimitation analyses (ABGD) highlights Z. c.  flavissimus as a separate species. All of this evidence makes a strong case for the recognition of Z. c.  flavissimus as a full species. While the gap between the Wakatobi Islands and Buton is small (27 km), differentiation over small, open-water gaps has been noted many times in the genus  Zosterops (Mayr, 1942; Diamond, 1998; Mayr &amp; Diamond, 2001). The isolation of the Wakatobi population may have been helped by a loss of dispersal ability during adaptation to the Wakatobi Islands (Supporting Information, assessment of dispersal ability, Fig. S5). Several type specimens of the Wakatobi  Zosterops currently designated as Z. c.  flavissimus are in the American Museum of Natural History’s collection (Supporting Information, Table S20) from the expedition of Heinrich Kühn (1901–02; Hartert, 1903), which should facilitate the promotion of this population to a full species as  Z. flavissimus . </p>
            <p> Zosterops c. maxi from Lombok is also significantly different in song from other  Z. chloris populations, although with a tiny sample size (N = 2). A much larger sample size and investigation of further traits would be needed to form a greater understanding of the relationship of Z. c. maxi to other  Z. chloris populations. </p>
            <p> ZOSTEROPS CONSOBRINORUM – INCONSISTENT VARIATION BETWEEN MEASURES </p>
            <p> By providing the first detailed assessment of  Z. consobrinorum , this study gives a first insight into its evolutionary history and emphasizes the need to use a combined approach when studying systematics and evolution. The fact that  Z. atrifrons is the closest relative of  Z. consobrinorum among the species sampled is not surprising.  Zosterops atrifrons is a pale-chested, white-eye endemic to central and northern Sulawesi, showing geographic and phenotypic similarity (Van Balen, 2008). The unusual patterns of divergence between  Z. consobrinorum populations emphasize how incorrect inferences can easily be drawn in phylogenetic studies, particularly when using a small number of mitochondrial genes. Due to unavoidable logistical constraints, many phylogeographic studies have relied on a small number of museum specimens from each individual population, or a single line of evidence, for assessing populations (genetic, phenotypic or acoustic). While phenotypic and genetic measures often provide the same answer (García et al., 2016), there are cases where they have been shown to differ (Phillimore et al., 2008; Potvin et al., 2013). While the Kabaena population of  Z. consobrinorum is distinct in morphometrics and song (Figs 7, 9), it is almost inseparable from the mainland Sulawesi population in mitochondrial DNA (Figs 3, 4). This population has only been separated from mainland Sulawesi since the last glacial maximum (Voris, 2000). Kabaena is the smallest island (873 km 2) that  Z. consobrinorum was found on. This may have presented a more ecologically constrained environment for the Kabaena  Z. consobrinorum population in comparison to the mainland (Lomolino &amp; Weiser, 2001). The larger body size of the Kabaena  Z. consobrinorum population (Fig. 7) may have been an adaptation to life on a smaller island (Clegg &amp; Owens, 2002). Morphological adaptation to new environmental conditions can occur rapidly in birds and may not be related to change in neutral genetic markers like mitochondrial DNA, particularly over the short time -span Kabaena has been isolated (Nussey et al., 2005; Charmantier et al., 2008; Lande, 2009). As well as adaptation to local conditions, genetic drift can play a role in phenotypic change in island populations and may lead to rapid change in small populations on islands (Clegg et al., 2002; Runemark et al., 2010). </p>
            <p> The unusual population structure of the Buton/ Muna  Z. consobrinorum is more difficult to explain. Initial observations of the song and phenotype of the Buton population prompted suggestions it could be an independent subspecies (Wardill, 2003). This would be unexpected for an island only 6 km from Sulawesi, but not unprecedented (Mayr, 1942; Mayr &amp; Diamond, 2001). This study finds no such differences, but there is strong genetic divergence in ND2 / ND 3 in half of the Buton birds and the single Muna bird sampled. That such genetically divergent individuals could be found at the same site on Buton (Kusambi, 5.153 °S, 122.895 °E) seems strange. The regular trading of  Zosterops species as pets in Indonesia (Harris et al., 2017) may also have confused the pattern.  Zosterops consobrinorum sing the most readily of our study species (pers. obs.) and are popular pets for that reason. It is entirely possible that the Buton/Muna population was originally more genetically distinct, but escaped  Z. consobrinorum pets with mainland Sulawesi heritage may have bred with the local population, reducing any genetic divergence between Buton and Sulawesi (Laikre et al., 2010). There is no morphological distinction between Sulawesi, Buton or Muna birds, and a deeper genomic sampling would be needed to understand this pattern. The lack of morphometric divergence between the Buton and Muna populations may reflect the fact that they inhabit larger, more diverse islands than Kabaena (Buton– 4408 km 2; Muna– 2890 km 2), which are only separated by 0.6 km at their closest point. These two diverse islands may provide a less ecologically constrained environment (Lomolino &amp; Weiser, 2001). Sampling from a larger number of sites, in a wider diversity of habitats, would allow greater understanding of the Buton and Muna populations and assess whether they are uniform in morphometrics throughout those islands. Considering all traits, together with ABGD classification of  Z. consobrinorum as one species, we recommend no change to the taxonomy of  Z. consobrinorum . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E739A8309C379800FDA8042B7CD9E091	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	O’Connell, Darren P;Kelly, David J;Lawless, Naomi;O’Brien, Katie;Marcaigh, Fionn Ó;Karya, Adi;Analuddin, Kangkuso;Marples, Nicola M	O’Connell, Darren P, Kelly, David J, Lawless, Naomi, O’Brien, Katie, Marcaigh, Fionn Ó, Karya, Adi, Analuddin, Kangkuso, Marples, Nicola M (2019): A sympatric pair of undescribed white-eye species (Aves: Zosteropidae: Zosterops) with different origins. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 701-724, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz022, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/701/5477306
