identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E45573195104FFC5F3E5FF78FBA5FEC9.text	E45573195104FFC5F3E5FF78FBA5FEC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abyssocladia Levi 1964	<div><p>Genus Abyssocladia Lévi, 1964</p><p>Diagnosis. Cladorhizidae most often pedunculate, carrying a disciform or flabelliform body with a radial architecture, in other cases pinnate or branching. Microscleres are a combination of abyssochelae, cleistochelae, arcuate chelae and/or sigmancistras, but not placochelae (from Hestetun et al., 2016b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195104FFC5F3E5FF78FBA5FEC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195104FFC3F3E5FE81FA8EFBA9.text	E45573195104FFC3F3E5FE81FA8EFBA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abyssocladia polycephalus	<div><p>Abyssocladia polycephalus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figure 2–3)</p><p>Type material. Holotype: YPM IZ 0 53327, R/V “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.757" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.601/lat 33.757)">Atlantis</a> ” cruise AT07-35 (2003–06–05, Muir Seamount, Alvin St. 1, 33°45.42’N, 062°36.06’W, 2829 m) . The holotype was recovered during the 2003 R/V “ Atlantis ” cruise AT07-35 to the Muir, Manning and Gregg seamounts off Bermuda, collected using the Alvin submersible.</p><p>Etymology. From Greek poly, meaning many and cephalus, latinized form of the Greek kephalos, meaning head. The name is derived from the multiple disc-shaped bodies of the species.</p><p>Diagnosis. Erect, slender Abyssocladia consisting of a central stem with side branches each ending in a disclike body bearing filamentous projections. Megascleres are mycalostyles, subtylostyles and substrongyles; microscleres are arcuate isochelae and sigmancistras.</p><p>Description. A single specimen consisting of a 35 mm long smooth, curving and flexible stem, with 3–4 up to 10 mm long slightly thinner side branches broken off during collection and preservation. The basal part of the sponge is missing. The branches and main stem each end with a slightly swollen, elongated, disc-like body with radiating filaments. Color is white in ethanol, with a slight yellow tint. No aquiferous system was observed (Fig.</p><p>2A–B). The specimen was recovered on the surface of an unknown Geodia (aff. megastrella, possibly undescribed) using the Alvin submersible, but it is unknown whether it was originally attached to this sponge.</p><p>Skeleton. The central stem and branches consist of densely packed bundles of mycalostyles. Each disc-shaped body is composed of a slightly expanded continuation of the connecting stem or branch with the addition of a network of less well organized subtylostyles as well as radiating bundles of mycalostyles projecting from the body and constituting the skeleton of the filaments. Arcuate isochelae and sigmancistras are found throughout the body tissue, but their exact placement was not determined (Fig. 2 C–E).</p><p>Spicules. Mycalostyles, straight and fusiform, 720–(933)–1070 µm long, 14–(17)–22 µm wide (Fig. 3 A).</p><p>Subtylostyles to mycalostyles, thin, straight and fusiform, with faint, slightly elongated tyle, 430–(686)–960 µm long, 5–(10)–13 µm wide (Fig. 3 B).</p><p>Strongyles, stout and slightly bent, 380–(568)–780 µm long, 15–(18)–22 µm wide (Fig. 3 C).</p><p>Arcuate isochelae, tridentate, with strongly arched shafts, in the body tissue and covering the filaments, 28– (43)–50 µm (Fig. 3 D–F).</p><p>Sigmancistras, thick, straight or contorted, with the concave side clearly flattened into fimbria-like structures towards each end, 9.4–(9.8)–11.0 µm (Fig. 3 G).</p><p>Remarks. The majority of known species within the genus Abyssocladia are small, pedunculate, with a single disc-shaped body and radiating filaments. This body is commonly elongated to a certain degree, and in some species has been modified into a long, flattened central axis with opposite rows of filaments along the sides (e.g. Hestetun et al., 2015; Vacelet, 2006). The habit of A. polycephalus sp. nov., consisting of a branching central stem with several disc-shaped bodies, is highly unusual and has not been recorded in the genus before.</p><p>Genus Abyssocladia is mostly known from the Pacific, and only three species have been described from the Atlantic: A. faranauti Hestetun et al., 2015, A. tecta Hestetun et al., 2015 and A. atlantica Lopes &amp; Hajdu, 2014 . These can be distinguished from A. polycephalus based on their elongated habit as well as differences in spicule complement. The unique habit and lack of cleistochelae or abyssochelae in A. polycephalus make it difficult to distinguish any closely related species. Among other Abyssocladia species, A. claviformis Koltun, 1970 (NW Pacific) lacks cleistochelae and abyssochelae, and has arcuate chelae and sigmancistras of approximately the same size, but can easily be distinguished from A. polycephalus based on morphology and geographical distance.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195104FFC3F3E5FE81FA8EFBA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195102FFC3F3E5FB4CFB39FA0D.text	E45573195102FFC3F3E5FB4CFB39FA0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asbestopluma Topsent 1901	<div><p>Genus Asbestopluma Topsent, 1901</p><p>[ Cometella] Schmidt, 1870:49 (nomen oblitum); [ Asbestopluma] Lankester, 1882:478 (nomen nudum); Asbestopluma Topsent, 1901:23; Helophloeina Topsent, 1929:8; not Lycopodina Lundbeck, 1905:58; Cotylina Lundbeck, 1905:68 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Cladorhizidae with at least one small category of palmate, in a few species modified to anchorate unguiferate, anisochela. Usually with a second larger type of palmate to arcuate anisochela that may be modified to isochela, anisoplacochela, tridentate anchorate chela or anisocercichela. Sigmancistras and basal acanthotylostyles are also present with a few exceptions. Never forceps spicules (modified from Hestetun et al., 2016b).</p><p>Type species. Cladorhiza pennatula Schmidt, 1875 (by subsequent designation; Topsent, 1901).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195102FFC3F3E5FB4CFB39FA0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195102FFC3F3E5F9B0FB39F922.text	E45573195102FFC3F3E5F9B0FB39F922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asbestopluma Topsent 1901	<div><p>Subgenus Asbestopluma Topsent, 1901</p><p>Diagnosis. Asbestopluma without spear-shaped microtylostyles (from Lopes, Bravo, &amp; Hajdu, 2011). Type species. Cladorhiza pennatula Schmidt, 1875 (by subsequent designation; Topsent, 1901).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195102FFC3F3E5F9B0FB39F922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195102FFC1F3E5F8C6FE74F8B3.text	E45573195102FFC1F3E5F8C6FE74F8B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asbestopluma caribica	<div><p>Asbestopluma caribica sp. nov.</p><p>(Figure 4; Table 1)</p><p>Type material. Holotype: USNM 30433; paratype USNM 1417730, R/V “Bartlett” (1981–10–28, Beata Ridge, Caribbean Sea, st. 40, 15°08'N, 069°13'W, 4007 m).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the Caribbean Sea, where it was collected.</p><p>Diagnosis. Erect, very fine single-stem Asbestopluma with an upper stem carrying two oppositely arranged rows of filamentous projections. Megascleres are mycalostyles and subtylostyles; microscleres are anisocercichelae, palmate anisochelae and sigmancistras.</p><p>Description. There are two specimens of this sponge, designated here as the holotype and paratype. Both are fine, single stems with some abrasive damage from collection. The holotype is 83 mm tall, and the paratype is 109 mm tall. Both stems are divided into a bare lower part and filament-bearing upper part. The filament-bearing part is 21 mm and 27 mm in the holotype and paratype respectively. The stems are around 1 mm in diameter at the basal end, gradually diminishing to 0.5 mm in diameter before expanding back to around 1 mm in diameter at the filament-bearing portion. The upper parts of both stems are translucent to white, while the lower stems, due to a very thin cover of fine sediment, are partly light brown. The lower ends of both stems are broken. Filaments are found in two opposite rows spaced approximately every 1 mm. They are in almost all cases reduced to stumps &lt;1 mm long and are probably damaged (Fig. 4 A–B).</p><p>Skeleton. The stem is made up of longitudinally arranged mycalostyles with apical tips. The skeleton of the filaments is anchored perpendicularly into the stem, pointing slightly upwards, and is made up of subtylostyles (Fig. 4 C). Microscleres are found at the stem surface, with anisocercichelae confined to the filament-bearing part. The acanthotylostyles are found at the surface of the basal part of the stem.</p><p>Spicules. Mycalostyles, straight and fusiform, 990–(1194)–1426 µm long and 18–(23)–33 µm wide (Fig. 4 D).</p><p>Subtylostyles, straight and slightly fusiform, with faint, slightly elongated tyle, 320–(550)–660 µm long, 8– (12)–14 µm wide (Fig. 4 E).</p><p>Acanthotylostyles, curved, in the basal stem sheath, 74–(114)–194 µm long (Fig. 4 F)</p><p>Anisocercichelae, with weakly arched shafts and one central extension tooth or extension in each end, with rudimentary alae or fimbria-like structures in the upper end and covered with minute spines. The spines are not clearly visible using a light microscope. The upper edge is about two thirds of the total length and the lower edge is about 20% of total length. In the upper stem and filaments, 52–(64)–74 µm (Fig. 4 G–H).</p><p>Palmate chelae, with strongly arched shafts and alae 80% of the total length of the spicule, 8–(10)–12 µm (Fig. 4 I–J).</p><p>Sigmancistras, straight or contorted, with the concave edge flattened, 19–(26)–34 µm (Fig. 4 K).</p><p>Remarks. The spicule complement is mostly typical for Asbestopluma, with one category each of mycalostyle and subtylostyle, basal stem acanthotylostyles, palmate anisochelae and sigmancistras. The major diagnostic character feature of A. (A.) caribica sp. nov. is that the alae of the larger type of palmate anisochela common in the genus have been reduced, accentuating a long projection at either end, and featuring minute spines. Our interpretation is that this spicule represents a transformation of a palmate anisochela in a probably separate, but analogous event to the transformation from isochela or abyssochela to cercichela in Cercicladia australis Ríos, Kelly &amp; Vacelet, 2011 . Thus, we have chosen to use the term anisocercichela here.</p><p>The only other Asbestopluma known from the area is Asbestopluma (A.) gracilior (Schmidt, 1870), which has a stalked, ovoid body, lacks the large category of anisochela, and was collected at ~ 600 m rather than 4000 m as is the case with A. (A.) caribica . The pennate morphology of A. (A.) caribica is common in the genus, as is the general features of its spicule complement, but the unique presence of anisocercichelae makes it difficult to identify particular close relatives.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195102FFC1F3E5F8C6FE74F8B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195100FFC1F3E5F875FB31F805.text	E45573195100FFC1F3E5F875FB31F805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondrocladia Thomson 1873	<div><p>Genus Chondrocladia Thomson, 1873</p><p>Diagnosis. Cladorhizidae with anchorate isochelae (from Lee, Reiswig, Austin, &amp; Lundsten, 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195100FFC1F3E5F875FB31F805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195101FFC0F3E5FF78FD76FECE.text	E45573195101FFC0F3E5FF78FD76FECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondrocladia Thomson 1873	<div><p>Subgenus Chondrocladia Thomson, 1873</p><p>Diagnosis. Chondrocladia without a layer of special spicules (spear-like tylostyles or trochirhabds), lacking special rostriform (snoutlike) subtylostyles in filaments or terminal balls, and without planar vanes formed of evenly spaced upright branches (from Lee et al., 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195101FFC0F3E5FF78FD76FECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
E45573195101FFC9F3E5FE72FBF7FA44.text	E45573195101FFC9F3E5FE72FBF7FA44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) verticillata Topsent 1920	<div><p>Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) verticillata Topsent, 1920</p><p>(Figure 5–7; Table 2)</p><p>Original description. Chondrocladia verticillata Topsent, 1920:12 .</p><p>Synonoms and citations. Cladorhiza concrescens in part (Schmidt, 1880:83); Chondrocladia verticillata (Topsent, 1930:430)</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.841167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.0445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.841167/lat 16.0445)">Material</a> examined. U.S. Coast Survey, str. “ Blake ”, st. 162 Ag, ZMBN 39 (Guadeloupe, 1879–01–19, 16°02.67’N, 061°50.47’W, 1342 m) . This specimen, probably sent to the Bergen Museum by Schmidt, is most likely part of the material given as “ Grenada, 533 bis 734 Faden” in the original description of Chondrocladia (C.) concrescens (Schmidt, 1880) . The closest matches to this information in the Blake station list are the stations 161 Ag and 162 Ag, given as off Guadeloupe, at 583 and 734 fathoms respectively (Smith &amp; Rathbun, 1888), and presumably there has been a misattribution to Grenada as well as a transcription error in the depth of station 161. This is corroborated by the label of specimen ZMBN 39, which states the collection locality as Guadeloupe . U.S. Coast Survey, str. “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.87222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.052776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.87222/lat 16.052776)">Blake</a> ”, st. 163 Ag, USNM 975 (Guadeloupe, 1879–01–20, 16°03'10"N, 061°52'20"W, 1406 m) . R/V “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.0/lat 24.0)">Alaminos</a> ” 65A, st. 65A9–2, USNM 31180 (Between Florida and Cuba, 1965–07–02, 24°00'N, 081°00'W, 1000 m) . Kraken 2 ROV, specimen HBOM 003:01095 (Florida, south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.918&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.661833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.918/lat 24.661833)">Pulley Ridge</a>, 2011–09–19, 24°39.71'N, 083°55.08'W, 779 m) .</p><p>Comparative material examined. Chondrocladia (C.) gigantea (Hansen, 1885); C. (C.) grandis (Verrill, 1879); C. (C.) michaelsarsi Arnesen, 1920; C. (C.) robertballardi Cristobo, Rios, Pomponi &amp; Xavier, 2015; C. (C.) virgata Thomson, 1873 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Erect Chondrocladia consisting of a single straight stem. The upper part of the stem contains nodelike enlargements at regular intervals from which branches issue in each direction from the stem, typically in groups of four per node. Branches have terminal swellings. Megascleres are two categories of mycalostyles and acanthostyles; microscleres are larger anchorate anisochelae in the range of 41–(65)–78 µm, smaller anchorate anisochelae in the range of 13–(18)–34 µm and sigmas in the range of 16–(20)–27 µm.</p><p>Description. The examined specimens all have a similar morphology consisting of an erect, single, and straight cylindrical stem carrying lateral projections except for a short lower portion at the base. Specimens are all fragments, lacking either the basal or top part. The largest and best preserved specimen (HBOM 003:01095) is 19.5 cm long (25 cm at time of collection before removal of part of the specimen for subsampling). The smallest fragment is 4 cm long. The lower part of the stem, up to 6 cm long in fragment USNM 975, is 2–4 mm in diameter and without projections. The main part of the stem is slightly wider, 3–6 mm in diameter, and has numerous nodular swellings at regular intervals spaced 5–10 mm apart serving as attachment for the projections. The projections are up to 40 mm long, but more typically 20 to 25 mm in length, and are 1 mm in diameter. There are four projections per node equally distributed every 90° around the stem, with the projections of adjacent nodes offset about 45°. The projections terminate in swellings that are inflated in situ, but are deflated in preserved specimens. The main stem is mostly covered in a soft outer layer coated with fine sediment particles also present at the base of the processes, creating a sleeve-like transition. Specimen USNM 31180 retains a partial base, showing that the sponge is connected to the substrate by splitting off the basal stem into several root-like processes. Color in ethanol ranges from white to light brown (Fig. 5 A–H).</p><p>Skeleton. The core skeleton of the main stem is made up of easily visible fibers of mycalostyles in a slightly spiraling pattern reminiscent of a rope, though this torsion is less pronounced than in other Chondrocladia species such as C. (C.) gigantea . The outer layer of the lower stem is soft, easily detaches from the central stem, and contains subtly spined acanthostyles. The outer layer of the upper stem is firmer. Between the core stem and the outer layer there is a less dense lacunose layer containing only small amounts of megascleres and containing longitudinal canals, parts of the modified aquiferous system present in the sponge. The skeleton of the branch processes is made up of tightly packed mycalostyles and originates in the central part of the main stem (Fig. 6 A– D). Microscleres are found throughout the outer layer of the stem and branches.</p><p>Spicules. Mycalostyles 1, straight, fusiform, 728–(1606)–2815 µm long, 13–(27)–38 µm wide. Most common in the branch processes rather than the central stem, but present in both locations (Fig. 6 E).</p><p>Mycalostyles 2, straight or curved, making up the main part of the central stem, 420–(589)–1240 µm long, 9– (15)–27 µm wide (Fig. 6 F).</p><p>Acanthostyles, curved, with very fine knobs or spines that might be difficult to see properly in some specimens, 192–(310)–500 µm. Associated with the soft outer layer of the lower stem and basal part of branches (Fig. 6 G).</p><p>Anchorate isochelae 1, numerous, with a curved shaft, usually six, sometimes seven teeth in each end and fimbriae. Teeth less than 20% of total spicule length, fimbriae around twice the length of the teeth, 41–(65)–78 µm (Fig. 6 H).</p><p>Anchorate isochelae 2, less numerous than the larger kind, but not uncommon, with a strongly curved shaft, usually six, sometimes five teeth in each end. The points of the teeth are modified into claw-like structures. Fimbriae are rudimentary. Teeth around 25% of total spicule length, 13–(18)–34 µm (Fig. 6 I).</p><p>Sigmas, common, stout, with a somewhat uneven curvature and terminal points bent slightly inwards, 16– (20)–27 µm (Fig. 6 J). In specimen ZMBN 39 a small number of a second type of sigma was also encountered: 47– (58)–68 µm, possibly contamination.</p><p>Molecular sequence. A COI extended barcode (1215 bp) and partial 28S rDNA (C1–D2, 771 bp) of specimen HBOM 003:01095 has been uploaded to GenBank with accession numbers KU950333 (COI) and KU950334 (28S rDNA).</p><p>Remarks. From its general morphology, Chondrocladia (C.) verticillata is a close relative to C. (C.) concrescens Schmidt, 1880, also originally described from the Caribbean. As they are mentioned specifically by Schmidt, specimens from “Blake” stations 41, 130, 161 and 162 Ag should be considered syntypes of C. (C.) concrescens, however, the specimen from station 162 Ag examined here (as well as a specimen from 163 Ag not mentioned by Schmidt) is C. (C.) verticillata . As it is, the only specimen certain to be C. (C.) concrescens is the specimen or specimens actually used by Schmidt for his spicule measurements (clearly not including all listed syntypes) and the subsample examined by Topsent (1920), which lacks collection information. The status of the remaining three syntype locations is unknown, and the specific distributions of C. (C.) concrescens and C. (C.) verticillata are thus not known, though it can be established that the material mentioned by Schmidt contains both species. The identification of “ concrescens - type ” Chondrocladia is difficult owing to the uncertainties in the amount of variation of the spicules of this species (Vacelet, 2006), and several Pacific specimens have been attributed to C. (C.) concrescens (Koltun, 1970; Lévi, 1993; Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, 1887), probably incorrectly (cf. Topsent, 1930; Vacelet, 2006).</p><p>While all specimens examined here proved to be C. (C.) verticillata, there are clear differences between the characters across these specimens and C. (C.) concrescens as described by both Schmidt (1880) and Topsent (1920), and there is no reason to doubt that Topsent did a thorough investigation on the differences between C. (C.) concrescens and C. (C.) verticillata when erecting the latter species: In both the original description by Schmidt and the following re-examination by Topsent, the larger category of isochela is significantly larger in C. (C.)</p><p>concrescens compared to C. (C.) verticillata, as are the sigmas. Another clear difference regards the morphology of the smaller type of isochela: Both Schmidt and Topsent emphasize long, fine teeth, where the upper teeth almost touch the lower in C. (C.) concrescens (Fig. 7), while this character is not present at all in the specimens identified as C. (C.) verticillata . Thus C. (C.) verticillata is by all appearances a valid species distinct from C. (C.) concrescens . It should be noted that of the two specimens illustrated by Schmidt (1880) (reproduced here, Fig. 7), the spacing of the projections is quite different, which could indicate that one of them (Fig. 7 A) is C. (C.) concrescens while the other (Fig. 7 B) is C. (C.) verticillata .</p><p>The results of the phylogenetic analysis of specimen HBOM 003:01095 shows that C. (C.) verticillata is most closely related to two as of yet undescribed species of Chondrocladia from Patagonia (species “A”, SW Atlantic) and the New Zealand EEZ (species “C”) (Fig. 8). More distant relatives within the same clade include the Northern Atlantic and Arctic species C. (C.) gigantea (Hansen, 1885) and C. (C.) robertballardi Cristobo, Rios, Pomponi &amp; Xavier, 2015 . These results are in general agreement with morphological characters, as all the related species have a roughly similar habit consisting of a single or branching stem with numerous branches along the upper part of the axis, as opposed to other members of subgenus Chondrocladia which typically have a pedunculate, spherical morphology.</p><p>Related species. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) concrescens Schmidt, 1880; C. (C.) concrescens sensu Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 (= C (C.) “ challengeri ”, cf. Topsent, 1920; 1930); C. (C.) gigantea Hansen, 1885; C. (C.) grandis (Verrill, 1879); C. (C.) michaelsarsi Arnesen, 1920; C. (C.) robertballardi Cristobo, Rios, Pomponi &amp; Xavier, 2015; C. (C.) virgata Thomson, 1873; C. (C.) yatsui Topsent, 1930 .</p><p>TABLE ³. List of recorđs of Clađorhiziđae from the Caribbean Sea anđ ađjacent Atlantic Ocean. Spicule measurements are an aggregation of those reporteđ by the listeđ sources.</p><p>Area Depth Morphology Spicules Source(s) Abyssocladia Mycalostyles Mycalostyles Strongyles Arcuate Sigmancistras</p><p>/ subtylostyles isochelae</p><p>Abyssocladia Muir 2829 m Central stem 720((933)(430((686)(380((568)(780 x 28 ((43)(50 9((10)(11 This article polycephalus Seamount, anđ branches 1070 x 14 (960 x 5 ((10)(15((18)(22</p><p>. nov. NE of each with a (17)(22 13</p><p>Bermuđa. đisc(shapeđ</p><p>bođy.</p><p>Asbestopluma Mycalostyles Subtylostyles Acantho – Anisocercichelae Palmate Sigmancistras</p><p>tylostyles anisochelae</p><p>Asbestopluma Beata Riđge, 4007 m Erect single 990((1194)(320((550)(74((114)(194 52((64)(74 8((10)(12 19((26)(34 This article.) caribica Caribbean stem with two 1426 x 18 (660 x 8 ((12)(</p><p>. nov. Sea. opposite rows (23)(33 14</p><p>of filaments.</p><p>Asbestopluma Probably 585(Peđunculate 900(1400 x 300(600 x 2 (4 90(120 x 1 (3 10(12 20(25 (Hajđu &amp;.) gracilior between 640 m with ovate 20(25 Vacelet, 2002; Schmiđt, Floriđa anđ main bođy. Schmiđt, 1870) 1870) Cuba.</p><p>Chondrocladia Mycalostyles Mycalostyles Acanthostyles Anchorate Anchorate Sigmas</p><p>isochelae isochelae</p><p>Chondrocladia East of 527 m Peđunculate 665(1075 x 50 (55, 3 teeth 46 (Schmiđt, 1880;.) amphactis Barbađos. spherical boy 6(25 Topsent, 1930) Schmiđt, 1880 with lateral</p><p>branches</p><p>Chondrocladia Guađeloupe? 825(Erect single Present Unknown 71(130, 6 teeth 27(40, 4(6 69(97 (Schmiđt, 1880;.) St. Croix? 1573 m? stem with long teeth Topsent, 1920, concrescens Between branches. 1930) Schmiđt, 1880 Floriđa anđ</p><p>Cuba?</p><p>Chondrocladia Guađeloupe, 1000 (Erect single 728((1606)(420((589)(192((315)(680 41((65)(78, 6 (7) 13((18)(34, 6 16 ((20)(27 (Topsent, 1920,.) verticillata between 1472 m stem with 2815 x 13 (1240 x 9 (teeth (5) teeth 1930); this Topsent, 1920 Floriđa anđ branches. (27)(38 (15)(27 article</p><p>Cuba.</p><p>……continued on the next page TABLE ³. (Continueđ)</p><p>Area Depth Morphology Spicules Source(s) Cladorhiza Mycalostyles Anchorate Sigmas Sigman –</p><p>anisochelae cistras</p><p>Cladorhiza East of 1447(Arbuscular. 310(680 x 20 (25, 5 teeth 100(140 35(48 (Vacelet &amp; methanophila Barbađos. 4943 m 5(20 Boury-Esnault, Vacelet &amp; 2002), Boury-Esnault, unpublisheđ</p><p>material</p><p>Euchelipluma Subtylostyles Placochelae Sigmancistras Euchelipluma Between Dry 1047 m Stem 553(1004 x 13 (15 18(21 (đe Laubenfels, congeri đe Tortugas anđ expanđing 9(13 1936) Laubenfels, Cuba. into conical</p><p>apex with</p><p>filaments.</p><p>Lycopodina Styles / Subtylostyles Tapering Arcuate Forceps</p><p>subtylostyles subtylostyles anisochelae spicules</p><p>Lycopodina South of 1947 m Peđunculateđ 280(570 x 5 (132(274 x 3 (6 450(910 x 3 (6 16((18.5)(20 Present in (Hestetun et al., infundibulum Barbađos. cup. 8 species, not 2015) Levinsen, present in)* specimen</p><p>This species is also founđ in the North Atlantic anđ Arctic. Data given is for the Barbađos specimen only.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E45573195101FFC9F3E5FE72FBF7FA44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hestetun, Jon T.;Pomponi, Shirley A.;Rapp, Hans Tore	Hestetun, Jon T., Pomponi, Shirley A., Rapp, Hans Tore (2016): The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Zootaxa 4175 (6): 521-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2
