taxonID	type	description	language	source
E46FF2165E24C566FF6FBB1DFDFFEECB.taxon	description	[Figs 9 – 91]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E24C566FF6FBB1DFDFFEECB.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Australoluciola australis (F.).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E24C566FF6FBB1DFDFFEECB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Australoluciola gen. nov. is an Australian and New Guinean genus belonging in a group of seven genera characterized by: pronotal width less than width across elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, no MFC, an elongate slender aedeagus with LL largely concealed behind the ML when viewed from beneath; aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across middle, without bulbous paraprocts, and with both sides of posterior half of sheath sternite tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex. Males distinguished from Colophotia in having no median carina on V 7, expanded and oblique PLP and bipartite LOs in V 7; from Pteroptyx in having no MFC, deflexed elytral apices, bulbous aedeagal sheath paraprocts and bipartite LOs in V 7; from Pyrophanes (which has a MFC) and Poluninius gen. nov. (which has no MFC) in lacking both incurving lobes along V 7 and bipartite LO; from Trisinuata gen. nov. by the entire LOs in V 7 (those of Trisinuata gen. nov. are bipartite); from most Medeopteryx gen. nov. in lacking deflexed elytral apices. It differs from Luciola indica in lacking the bulbous median lobe and paraprocts on the aedeagal sheath. All but three species have orange pronotum and dark brown elytra similar to many species of Medeopteryx gen. nov. Aus. aspera has median brown pronotal markings, and in Aus. flavicollis the elytral base and / or margins may be pale. Aus. japenensis sp. nov. alone has pale yellowish brown dorsal colour and dark elytral apices, characteristic of many SE Asian fireflies (McDermott 1966). V 7 may be trisinuate or with an MPP only, and PLP rounded, not produced; T 8 has a well defined ventral groove margined by ridges and with short, wide and apically rounded flanges in Aus. aspera and Aus. pharusaurea sp. nov. only. Females macropterous and capable of flight. Larvae terrestrial, without laterally explanate tergal margins; laterotergites visible from above. Male. Pronotum (Figs 12, 19, 25, 58): dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas; punctation dense; anterior margin not explanate; either subparallel-sided, margins straight (A = B = C; e. g. Fig. 12), or lateral margins diverging posteriorly along their length (C> A, B), or lateral margins converging posteriorly (C <A, B); width <humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse or angulate; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, and sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners usually angulate, rounded obtuse in Aus. australis; posterolateral corners not usually projecting as far as median posterior margin; separated from it by scarce emarginations. Hypomera: closed; median area of hypomeron not elevated in vertical direction; median area more widely flattened than elsewhere except in fuscamagna sp. nov. where anterior and posterior areas very narrowly flat; pronotal width / GHW 1.2. Elytron: punctation dense, not linear, not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices not deflexed; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point, almost to apex but not extending around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus except in some fuscaparva sp. nov. where the humerus is narrowly visible; viewed from above anterior margin of epipleuron arises level with or anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided. Head: moderately depressed between eyes; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum close to moderately separated; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, separated by <ASW or ASW (except for some flavicollis where ASD> ASW); clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts: functional; apical labial palpomere strongly flattened, shaped like narrow triangle (narrowest at base and L 2 – 3 X W), with inner edge entire (e. g. Ballantyne 1988 Figs 10, 11), and at least half as long as apical maxillary palpomere. Antennae 11 segmented; length> GHW up to twice GHW; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced; FS 1 not shorter than pedicel. Legs: with inner tarsal claw not split; without MFC; femora 3 swollen and curved and tibiae 3 curved in two species; no basitarsi expanded or excavated. Abdomen (Figs 10,11,21,29,35,36,57,61,62,67,68,73,75,76,88): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; no ventrites with curved posterior margins nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment except in single male of Aus. aspera, where V 3 is strongly recurved (Fig. 21); LO in V 7 entire, either occupying most of V 7, and reaching to sides but not posterior margin (Figs 11,20,21,28,35,61,68,73,75,87), or not reaching sides or posterior margin and occupying about half or less of V 7 (e. g. Fig. 48); reaching into PLP where these are developed; posterior half of V 7 not arched or swollen, muscle impressions not visible in this area; neither anterior nor posterior margin of LO emarginate; LO present in V 6, occupying almost all V 6. MPP present, symmetrical, apex rounded or truncate, either entire or shallowly emarginate, not laterally compressed, short or slightly longer than wide (L <W or L> W), not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T 8 apex, without dorsal ridge, median longitudinal trough. V 7 without median carina, median longitudinal trough, anteromedian depression on face of LO, incurving lobes or pointed projections, median ‘ dimple’, or reflexed lobes; posterior margin of V 7 either trisinuate or with posterolateral corners rounded; if trisinuate then MPP longer than, and as wide as, PLP; if PLP not developed then posterolateral corners rounded and MPP well developed; PLP moderately produced, as wide as MPP, as long as wide or wider than long. T 7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T 8: (Figs 29,30,36,62,76,77,88) well sclerotised, symmetrical, W = L, visible posterior area not narrowing abruptly, median posterior margin shallowly and narrowly emarginate; T 8 widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in both an anterior and posterior direction; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V 7 nor MPP, not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V 7; T 8 ventral surface with well developed median longitudinal trough, margined by well defined symmetrical ridges; anterior end of ridges either not produced, with rounded or angulate outline; or with short wide apically acute flanges in aspera and pharusaurea; without lateral depressed troughs, asymmetrical projections, median posterior ridge; concealed anterolateral arms of T 8 as long as, or slightly shorter than visible posterior portion of T 8, not laterally emarginated before their origins, not expanded dorsoventrally, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T 8 not enfolding sides of V 7. Aedeagal sheath: (Figs 14,30,42,43,52,53,81,82,89) approx. 3 times as long as wide; without bulbous paraprocts; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T 9, anterior margin without transverse band. Aedeagus: (Figs 15 – 17,22 – 24,31 – 33,39 – 41,49 – 51,63 – 65,69,70,78 – 80) L / W 2.9 – 6.0; LL lack lateral appendages; apices of LL not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL / ML narrow; LL of equal length, slightly shorter than ML, contiguous or closely approaching along inner dorsal margins except in orapallida where inner margins diverge and apices are very narrow; LL separated longitudinally by most of their length; LL base width not = LL apex width which is narrower than that of ML; LL apices not expanded in horizontal plane; dorsal base of LL symmetrical, not excavated; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins, not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin, apices of LL not inturned, nor out-turned; without projection on left LL; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, not strongly arched, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; bearing transverse ridge preapically on dorsal side; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin. Female (Fig. 18). Macropterous and observed in flight in Aus. australis (Ballantyne 1988 Fig. 12). Pronotum without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male. Elytral punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and / or curved. LO in V 6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V 7; median posterior margin of V 7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V 8 entire. Bursa plates (Figs 34,54,55,91) consisting of 2 wide paired plates in Aus. australis, Aus. flavicollis and Aus. pharusaurea sp. nov. Larva. Reliably associated for Aus. australis only; terrestrial; elongate, slender, spindle shaped (Ballantyne & Buck 1979 Figs 32, 33, 37; Ballantyne 1988) of the form of Pteroptyx valida and P. maipo larvae (Ballantyne et al. 2011), without laterally explanate tergal margins and with laterotergites usually visible at sides; posterolateral corners of terga 1 – 8 rounded entire, of tergum 12 produced narrowly; median posterior margins of terga 1 – 11 with rounded projections beside mid line; without brush of hairs from apex of tibiotarsus; mandibles without inner teeth; antennal segment 3 short, sense cone adjacent to segment 3 short, wide.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E24C566FF6FBB1DFDFFEECB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Australoluciola (feminine) is a compound noun indicating its origins (from the south) and previous affinities (seven of the species were described originally within the genus Luciola).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E24C566FF6FBB1DFDFFEECB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Australoluciola gen. nov. includes eight New Guinean and four Australian species, one of which, Aus. australis (F.), is found in mangroves along the E coast of Queensland, while Aus. orapallida (Ballantyne) is known from one locality in mangroves in Cape York Peninsula. The other Australian species, Aus. flavicollis and Aus. nigra, have an extensive distribution along the eastern coast of Queensland occurring in open sclerophyll forest and rain forest remnants especially around Brisbane (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000). Three of the New Guinean species are distinguished by light patterns while nothing is known of their wider distribution. List of species of Australoluciola gen. nov. - anthracina (Olivier) comb. nov. - (Olivier) comb. nov. - australis (F.) comb. nov. - baduria sp. nov. - flavicollis (MacLeay) comb. nov. - foveicollis (Olivier) comb. nov. - fuscamagna sp. nov. - fuscaparva sp. nov. - japenensis sp. nov. - (Olivier) comb. nov. - orapallida (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - pharusaurea sp. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2EC560FF6FBF84FD55EE42.taxon	description	[Figs 9 – 17]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2EC560FF6FBF84FD55EE42.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Female. NEW GUINEA: 8.45 S, 146.25 E, Central Pr., Yule Island, as " Isola Yule " (MCSN). Code name. Luciola 10 (Lloyd 1973 a). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 2.34 S, 140.31 E, Cyclops, 12. iv. 1903 (bears pink paper label with Olivier’s handwritten identification), male (MNHN). Mt Cyclops 3500 feet iii. 1936 LEC male (BPBM). The following are tentative assignments: NEW GUINEA: 5.14 S, 145.45 E, Madang Pr., Sek Harbor, 10 miles N Madang October 18, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, 3 males (G 355 – 357) (JELC). 5.55 S, 146.4 E, Madang Pr., Finisterre Mts: Budemu, c. 4000 feet 15 – 24. x. 1964 M E Bacchus 2 males, 2 females; Damanti c 3550 ft 3 females (BPBM). 6.35 S, 147.51 E, Morobe Pr., Finsch Haven, L Wagner male, female; Finschaven Wareo L. Wagner 3 males 2 females (SAMA). 7.20 S, 146.45 E, Morobe Pr., 4 miles N Wau elevated 2800, near Kunai Creek Lae Rd., 1969, J. E. Lloyd. 3 males, Oct. 17 (G 332, 335, 345); 2 males Oct. 18 (G 347, 349); 2 males Nov. 12 (G 569, 570) (JELC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2EC560FF6FBF84FD55EE42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Type female 5.0 mm long; entirely dark brown except for orange pronotum, and white LO. Males 7.3 – 7.6 mm long with orange pronotum and dark brown elytra; ventral colouration black except for pale LOs in V 6, 7 and pale posterior margin of V 5 in one male; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate, with MPP slightly longer than lateral projections; dorsal abdomen dark brown; most obviously distinguished from the similar Aus. foveicollis by the dark terminal abdominal tergites and the small even elytral punctation. Specimens from localities other than Mt Cyclops including those from elevation in Finschhaven and the Finisterre Mountains are tentatively assigned; they differ most obviously in the pale terminal tergites and some have dark marginal pronotal markings. Male. Redescription (Cyclops males). 7.3 – 7.6 mm long. Colour (Figs 9, 10, 12): pronotum orange, MS brown, MN yellow; remainder of body very dark brown except for pale LOs in V 6, 7, and narrowly pale posterior margin of V 5. Pronotum (Fig. 12): 1.3 – 1.4 mm long, 1.8 – 2.0 mm wide, W / L 1.4; midanterior margin rounded and moderately produced beyond angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins subparallel sided, A = B = C; posterolateral corners angulate approximately 90 º; punctures broad, shallow mostly contiguous. Elytra: shiny, finely punctate; epipleuron visible at side of elytron level with posterior margin of MS. Head: moderately depressed between eyes, GHW 1.4 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; ASD subequal to ASW. Abdomen (Fig. 11) posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate; LOs in V 7 occupying most of the area and reaching to sides but not as far as posterior margin; MPP apically rounded, L = W; as wide as and slightly longer than PLP (Figs 10, 11). T 8: ventral surface with well developed lateral ridges, no flanges; anterior area of ridges smoothly rounded; anterolateral prolongations of T 8 wide, not as long as posterior entire portion. Aedeagus (Figs 15 – 17): relatively short and wide anterior prolongation of median lobe (viewed from beneath); lateral margins of LL straight, not expanded along apical ¼, outer margins narrowly visible beside ML near its apex, with apices of LL slightly obliquely truncate; L / W 3.4. Aedeagal sheath: (Fig. 14). Males in Lloyd collection. 6 – 7.5 mm long (6 – 6.7 mm long except G 570, G 569). Colour: pronotum orange, MN cream; MS very dark brown; elytra entirely dark brown; head between eyes, antennae, palpi, all legs and all ventral surface of thorax dark brown except for yellow pronotal hypomera, brown precoxal bridges, and pale brown coxae 1; basal abdominal ventrites very dark brown; V 5 white across posterior half; T 6 – 8 white, T 2 – 5 dark brown. Pronotum: 0.8 – 1.1 mm long, 1.4 mm wide; W / L = 1.3 – 1.7; median anterior margin often projecting moderately beyond rounded or angulate anterolateral corners; punctures contiguous over most of disc (slightly more widely separated in G 356); subparallel-sided (B = C). Head: GHW 1.2 – 1.4 mm; SIW 0.25 mm; ASD = ASW; FS subequal in length, FS 1 – 4 slightly wider than remainder. Abdomen: MPP L> W; MPP subequal in width to PLP and slightly longer; posterior margin of MPP rounded. T 8 without flanges; anterior margin of ridges rounded evenly. Aedeagus: slightly shorter and wider than type (L / W 3 / 1). Males in SAMA collection. 6.4 – 7.1 mm long. Colour: pronotum orange without marginal dark markings (Wareo 1; Budemu 1); with dark marginal markings extending around all margins in Budemu (2), one with median dark sulcus; dark marginal markings except along midposterior margin in Finschaven (1); narrow anterior and lateral dark markings in Wareo (1), lateral markings only in Wareo (1); MN pale; MS dark brown; rest of ventral body except for white LOs and broad white posterior margin of V 5 very dark brown; dorsal abdomen dark brown with T 6 – 8 pale whitish (T 7, 8 dusky brown, lighter than preceding tergites in two Budemu males). Pronotum: 1.1 – 1.2 mm long; 1.6 – 1.8 mm wide; W / L 1.5; all corners angulate; lateral margins slightly divergent posteriorly (C slightly> B which is slightly> A); posterior margin slightly undulate with median posterior area broadly and shallowly emarginated. Elytron: 5.3 – 6.0 mm long. GHW 1.2 – 1.4 mm; SIW 0.2 mm; ASD slightly <ASW. Female. Macropterous. Coloured as for male except white LO restricted to V 6. Genitalia and internal reproductive not investigated on pinned specimens. Larva. Not associated.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2EC560FF6FBF84FD55EE42.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier (1885) described a single female, and subsequently assigned males from the type locality (Yule Island) and Mt Cyclops (Olivier, 1913 b). We have been unable to relocate males from Yule Island and what we regard as the definitive redescription above is based on males (one identified by Olivier) from the Cyclops Mountains. The possibility of more than one species from these two localities should be considered. Olivier (1913 b) described the dorsal end of the abdomen as white. The two Mt Cyclops males have T 8 dark brown. Assignment of the remaining specimens to this species is tentative only, and exacerbated by the difficulty in ascertaining the colour of the type male terminal abdomen. Both Lloyd’s collections from lowland areas in Madang and Morobe Provinces, which lack dark margined pronota, and those from elevation in the Mt Lamington area with dark margined pronota, conform otherwise in ventral colouration and paler terminal abdominal tergites to Olivier’s (1913 b) description. There are now five records of New Guinean Luciolinae having orange pronota with some dark marginal markings including the possible anthracina specimens described here e. g. Luciola melancholica Olivier (1913 b) (treated here as Species Incertae); “ Species D ” and some Pteroptyx (now Medeopteryx) cribellata of Ballantyne and McLean (1970: 247, 267); some Pteroptyx (now Medeopteryx) fulminea (Ballantyne 1987 a). In all except L. melancholica the dark markings do not occur in all representatives, and in cribellata and fulminea most of the population described had no dark markings.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2FC560FF6FBC7CFBF3EAB2.taxon	description	[Figs 18 – 25]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2FC560FF6FBC7CFBF3EAB2.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Female. NEW GUINEA. (Musée Senkenberg à Frankfort sur le main; (Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum). Other material examined. NEW GUINEA: 3.30 S, 143.34 E, East Sepik Province: Amok, 165 m, 6. i. 1960, T. Maa, male (BPBM). 3.35 S, 143.35 E, Wewak, 2 – 20 m, 11. x. 1957, JLG, female (BPBM); Wewak F H Taylor, no date, male (NHML).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2FC560FF6FBC7CFBF3EAB2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The only species of Australoluciola with a wide dark median band on the orange pronotum; elytra dark brown; male V 7 trisinuate. Male. 5.7 mm long. Colour (Figs 19, 20, 25): pronotum orange with a median brown band (Figs 19, 25); MN orange, MS dark brown; elytra medium brown, lateral margin narrowly pale in anterior 1 / 3; ventral surface brown except for orange underside of pronotum, orange prosternum, pale yellow posterior half of V 5, and creamy white V 6, 7; legs brown except for pale coxae, trochanters and basal half of femora; basal tergites brown, T 6, 7, 8 pale orange, semitransparent; dorsally reflexed margins of V 6 and 7 white. Pronotum (Fig. 25): 1.3 mm long; 1.8 mm wide; W / L = 1.4; dorsal surface irregular, with ridges and depressed areas; midanterior margin broadly rounded and projecting only a little in front of angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins diverging posteriorly, C> A, B; posterolateral corners angulate; punctures broad, shallow, most contiguous. Elytra: 4.4 mm long; punctures minute, sublinear in parts of elytra over short distances. Abdomen (Figs 20, 21): V 3 strongly, V 4 very weakly recurved; anterior margin of V 4 projecting into the posterior area of V 3; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate; LOs occupying most of V 7 and reaching sides but not posterior margin; MPP apically rounded, short; as wide as and slightly longer than PLP (Fig. 21). T 8: Ventral surface with well developed lateral ridges and short, wide, apically rounded flanges; anterolateral prolongations of T 8 wide, not as long as posterior entire portion. Aedeagus (Figs 22 – 24): short wide anterior prolongation of ML (view from beneath); lateral margins of LL curved, and expanded along apical 2 / 5 and visible beside ML; apices of LL slightly obliquely truncate; L / W 2.9. Female (Type female Fig. 18). Macropterous. Genitalia and internal reproductive system not investigated. Larva. Not associated.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2FC560FF6FBC7CFBF3EAB2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Association of males is made on the basis of the similarity of pronotal colour to that of the type female. Olivier’s collection in MNHN has a small water colour of this species showing the dark pronotal markings as two dark patches along the posterior area only (Ballantyne examination 2002).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC562FF6FBF84FE21E9D5.taxon	description	[Figs 26 – 34]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC562FF6FBF84FE21E9D5.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Townsville, banks of Ross River, 15 – 16. ix. 1980, J. Case mating pair (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC562FF6FBF84FE21E9D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male 5.5 – 7.0 mm long; pronotum orange, elytra very dark brown (Fig. 26, 27), ventral surface mostly yellow; eyes without any visible posterolateral excavation when head withdrawn; MPP rounded (Fig. 28); V 7 without PLP; ventral surface of T 8 with lateral ridges having an angulate anterior area (Fig. 30). Aedeagus (Figs 31 – 33) elongate slender, lateral margins of LL slightly curved such that lateral margins at apex are narrowly visible beside ML (view from beneath); L / W 5.0. Female macropterous, coloured like male except pale LO in V 7 only; two wide separate pairs of plates in bursa (Fig. 34). Larva with small rounded protuberances along posterior margins of terga, found in coastal mangrove flats; distinguished from Aus. nigra by the presence of well developed tubercles along the anterior margin of the protergum (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 22 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC562FF6FBF84FE21E9D5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lampyris australis F. was the only firefly collected along the Queensland coast during the voyage of Captain Cook in 1770, is thus among the first insect collection made in Australia by Joseph Banks, and was probably taken in mangroves at the Endeavour River near what is now Cooktown. The male in the Hunterian collection is pale brown ventrally, doubtless an attribute of age. Dorsal colouration of freshly collected specimens is similar to most of the New Guinean Medeopteryx species. The identity of this species was resolved by Ballantyne (1988) who redescribed males, females and larvae. With the exception of one record from New South Wales (no specific locality was given and this is probably a case of mislabelling) it appears restricted to coastal Queensland in mangrove areas.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC57CFF6FBA17FD53EC0F.taxon	description	[Figs 35 – 37]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC57CFF6FBA17FD53EC0F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. INDONESIA (as Dutch New Guinea): 1.45 S, 136.08 E Japen Island Mt Baduri 1000 feet viii. 1938 LEC (NHML). Paratypes (14). Same locality as holotype, 11 males. Japen Island: Mania-Undei 500 feet x. 1938 LEC male (BPBM); Camp 2 Mt Eiori 2000 feet x 1938 LEC male; camp 3 central range Mt Oud 3000 feet xi. 1938 LEC 2 males (NHML).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC57CFF6FBA17FD53EC0F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pronotum orange, elytra dark brown; distinguished from all other Australoluciola with similar dorsal colouration by the swollen and slightly curved femora 3 and the curved tibiae 3 in the male (Fig. 37); MPP longer than wide, considerably longer than the rounded PLP of V 7. Male. 4.9 – 6.1 mm long. Colour: pronotum orange; MN creamy white; MS dusky brown; elytra very dark brown almost black; all of ventral surface dark brown except for white LOs in V 6, 7; T 7, 8 pale semitransparent, remainder of tergites brown; dorsally reflexed margins of V 6, 7 pale. Pronotum: 1.2 – 1.5 mm wide, 1.2 – 1.5 mm long; W / L = 2.4 – 3.0; midanterior margin broadly rounded, scarcely projecting beyond angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins slightly divergent posteriorly (C slightly> B); punctures contiguous or separated by up to their width. Elytra: pin punctate, often irregularly so along margins, punctures separated by their width. Abdomen (Figs 35, 36): V 3, V 4 posterior margins not recurved; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate, LOs in V 7 occupying most of the area and reaching sides but not posterior margin; MPP apex slightly produced, L> W; PLP rounded, not produced as far as MPP. T 8: Ventral surface with anterior margins of lateral ridges effaced; no flanges. Aedeagus (similar to Figs 39 – 41): anterior portion of ML slender and prolonged; lateral margins of LL straight, tapering to apex; apices of LL narrowly rounded; L / W = 5.0. Aedeagal sheath similar to Figs 42, 43. Female, Larva. Unknown.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC57CFF6FBA17FD53EC0F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is regarded as a noun in apposition, latinised from, and highlighting, the type locality.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E2DC57CFF6FBA17FD53EC0F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two species of Australoluciola bearing expanded hind femora and curved tibiae, (a feature seen in most species of Pyrophanes), lack the MFC (seen in all species of Pyrophanes). The possible function of such male leg modifications is discussed subsequently.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C57CFF6FBEA4FADEE995.taxon	description	[Figs 45 – 55]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C57CFF6FBEA4FADEE995.taxon	description	1966: 104. [Fig. 47]. Luciola gestroi Olivier, 1909 b: lxxxi. Lea, 1909: 109. (Synonymy). Luciola coarcticollis Olivier, 1888: 59; 1902: 76; 1907: 51; 1909 b: lxxxi; 1910 b: 42. Lea, 1909: 109 (Synonymy). [Fig. 46]. Luciola flavicollis var. coarcticollis Olivier. McDermott, 1966: 104 (Synonymy). Nec Luciola gestroi var. nigra Olivier, 1885: 366. McDermott, 1966: 104.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C57CFF6FBEA4FADEE995.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 25.37 S, 151.37 E, Gayndah (AMSA). Other specimens examined. AUSTRALIA: Queensland, 13.59 S, 143.33 E Silver Plains Homestead, J. L. Wassell 1. iv. 1960 6 females (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C57CFF6FBEA4FADEE995.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males small (4.5 – 6.5 mm long); pronotum orange; elytra light or dark brown, always with some paler yellow or orange markings along sides or across base (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 19; Fig. 45); ventral body very dark brown to black except for pale yellow prothorax, yellow areas of legs, and white LO which is restricted to a median basal area in V 7 (Fig. 48); MPP of V 7 prolonged, sub-parallel-sided or with sides tapering posteriorly, and apically emarginate; posterolateral corners of V 7 rounded, not projecting (Fig. 48); aedeagus with relatively short and wide anterior prolongation of ML; lateral margins of LL straight, not expanded in apical ½ (Figs 49 – 51); aedeagal sheath (Fig. 52, 53). Female macropterous, coloured as for male except pale LO in V 6 only; two wide pairs of plates in bursa, anterior pair with internal ridge (Figs 54, 55). Larva similar to that of Aus. nigra, distinguished by the arrangement of tubercles on the dorsum (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 22 c).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C579FF6FBA41FF19E964.taxon	description	[Figs 56 – 65]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C579FF6FBA41FF19E964.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 8.30 S, 151.06 E Milne Bay Province Kiriwini, Trobriand Island iii – iv – v. 1895 A S Meek male (MNHN). 08.55 S, 148.10 E, Mt Lamington 1300 – 1500 feet C T McNamara 10 males 4 females (SAMA). 09.25 S 147.35 E, Central Province, Haveri vii – ix (18) 93, Loria, male bearing pink handwritten label “ L foveicollis Ern Oliv. ” (MNHN) Olivier Box 72. Paumomu Riv. Loria ix – xii (18) 92 male (MNHN). 9.30 S, 150.40 E Milne Bay prov., Fergusson Is ix x xi xii (18) 94 A S Meek female (Pic box 40 id by Pic), male (Olivier box 72) (MNHN). Mamai Plantation near Port Glasgow 60 m, 12.11.1965 male RS (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C579FF6FBA41FF19E964.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One of three New Guinean Australoluciola with orange pronotum, dark elytra and trisinuate posterior margin of V 7. Distinguished by the larger irregularly shaped punctures across parts of the elytra; distinguished from Aus. anthracina most obviously by the pale T 7, 8 (those of some anthracina are dark), and from Aus. pharusaurea, which has only been recorded on New Britain, by the dark head (that of pharusaurea is golden yellow between the eyes). Male. 8.0 – 9.2 mm long (lectotype 8.3 mm). Colour (Figs 56, 57): pronotum pale yellow-orange; pale semitransparent areas of pronotum reveal fat body beneath; MN pale yellow; MS yellowish, brown posteriorly in lectotype, or pale yellowish brown; elytra shiny, dark often reddish brown, with sutural ridge narrowly paler in lectotype, sutural ridge and lateral margins narrowly reddish brown in Paumomu and some Mt Lamington males; head, labrum, antennae and palpi medium to dark brown; ventral surface of prothorax yellow; coxae, trochanters and basal 1 / 3 femora 1, 2 yellow, remainder of legs 1, 2 brown; ventral surface of mesothorax yellowish, semitransparent; ventral surface of metathorax medium brown; coxae 3 light brown, trochanters and bases of femora pale, semitransparent, remainder of legs 3 medium to dark brown; basal abdominal ventrites medium brown, may be semitransparent; posterior margin of V 5 narrowly pale; LOs in V 6, 7 yellowish; T 6 – 8 clear cream, semi-transparent; basal abdominal tergites medium brown, semi-transparent. Pronotum (Fig. 58): 1.4 – 2.9 mm wide, 0.9 – 1.7 mm long; W / L = 1.5 – 1.7; densely clothed in short yellow hairs; surface dull; punctures contiguous; midanterior margin gently rounded, projecting only a little beyond broadly rounded anterolateral corners with lateral margins subparallel-sided (B = C) in lectotype and Trobriand male where anterolateral corners are angulate; lateral margins usually strongly divergent posteriorly with anterolateral corners acute, posterolateral corners usually acute, broadly rounded in Paumomu River male. Elytron (Figs 59, 60): 3 slightly elevated interstitial lines visible; punctures over lateral surface broader than pronotal punctures and somewhat irregular in outline. Head: moderately excavated between the eyes; GHW 1.6 (lectotype) – 2.0 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; ASW = ASD in lectotype, ASD <ASW in remainder; FS subequal in length. Abdomen (Figs 61, 62): LOs occupying V 6, 7 entirely except for narrow posterior margin of 7 and extending into MPP and PLP; MPP of V 7 rounded, W> L and longer than PLP; posterior margin of T 8 gently trisinuate with lateral margins diverging anteriorly (Fig. 62); ventral face of T 8 gently concave in median area, with lateral ridges slightly developed, and flanges absent. Aedeagus (Figs 63 – 65): relatively short and wide anterior prolongtion of ML; lateral margins of LL straight, not expanded in apical ½, apices obliquely truncate; L / W = 3.5.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E33C579FF6FBA41FF19E964.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A lectotype male (first in a syntype series) was designated to overcome inconsistent descriptions of this species, which did not allow adequate categorisation of foveicollis. Olivier (1909 a) recorded foveicollis from Haveri in Central province (Sogeri Plateau) on the mainland of New Guinea, and described unusual pronotal sculpturing. LB saw nothing distinctive on the lectotype and other Haveri specimens pronotum (Fig. 58) except the midposterolateral depressed areas which Olivier did not highlight. However Medeopteryx sublustris has distinctive pronotal sculpturing (Fig. 184), but resembles foveicollis in colouration only. The male of Aus. aspera has distinctive pronotal sculpturing, but differs from Aus. foveicollis in pronotal colouration (Fig. 25). Olivier (1909 a) described the " apparent " similarity of foveicollis to the female of aspera. Olivier (1913 b) recorded the species from Haveri *, Paumomu River, Kiriwini *, Trobriand * and Fergusson * of which the last three are islands (the Trobriand Islands are now officially known as the Kiriwina Islands). Specimens from * have been relocated and are addressed here.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E36C57BFF6FBB77FA9CEE91.taxon	description	[Figs 66 – 74]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E36C57BFF6FBB77FA9CEE91.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 7.20 S, 146.45 E, Morobe Pr., 4 mi n Wau. elev. c 2800 ' nr Kunai Creek Lae Rd. 1969, J. E. Lloyd (G 322) (ANIC). Paratypes (4). All same locality as holotype; Oct. 17 male (G 317); Nov. 12 male (G 568) (JELC); Nov. 12 male (G 579); Nov. 14 male (G 608) (ANIC). Code names. Luciola 7, " Big Black " (Lloyd, 1973 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E36C57BFF6FBB77FA9CEE91.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males dark brown (see Table 9) except for white posterior margin of V 5, white LOs in V 6, 7 and pale T 6 – 8; distinguished from the similarly coloured Aus. fuscaparva sp. nov. by its larger size and light patterns, and from Tri. papuana by the entire LO in V 7. Male. 6.2 – 6.6 mm long. Colour (Figs 66, 67, 68, 71): entirely dark brown except for white posterior margin of V 5 (Fig. 68), white LOs in V 6 and 7, pale semitransparent T 6 – 8, and white dorsally reflexed margins of V 6 and 7; pronotum viewed under strong illumination is paler in convex areas and very dark brown in concave areas. Pronotum (Fig. 71): 0.8 – 1.2 mm long; 1.2 – 1.4 mm wide; W / L = 1.1 – 1.5; midanterior margin rounded, projecting moderately beyond angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins subparallel-sided (A = B = C); punctures small, shallow, separated over most of the disc by twice their width. Elytra (Fig. 66): 5.4 mm long; shiny, punctures dense, many contiguous. Abdomen (Figs 67, 68): V 3, V 4 posterior margins not recurved; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate; LOs in V 7 occupying most of the area and reaching to sides but not to posterior margin; MPP apically rounded, L = W; as wide as and slightly longer than PLP. T 8: Ventral surface of T 8 with well developed lateral ridges without flanges, anterior inner area of ridges rounded; anterolateral prolongations of T 8 wide, not as long as posterior entire portion. Aedeagus (Figs 69, 70): anterior prolongation of ML short and wide; lateral margins of LL straight, converging posteriorly with apical ½ of lateral margins not visible beside ML; apices LL obliquely truncate and narrow; L / W = 4.0.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E36C57BFF6FBB77FA9CEE91.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specific name fuscamagna emphasizes the dark dorsal colouration (Latin, fuscus = dark or black) and the size difference (magnus = big) between this and fuscaparva (Luciola species 8, " Little Black ") to which it is most similar. Males " emitted a rapid, 1 – sec flicker of 7 – 11 modulations each 3 – 4 sec " (Lloyd, 1973 a). All listed species are characterised by recent taxonomic treatments except for Luciola flebilis and L. picea from Sumatra, both of which have entirely dark colouration except for the white V 5 – 7, and may have been based on the same species.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E34C57AFF6FBB59FD91EDBF.taxon	description	[Figs 72 – 74]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E34C57AFF6FBB59FD91EDBF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 7.20 S, 146.45 E, Morobe Pr., 4 mi n Wau elev. c 2800 ', nr Kunai Creek, Lae Road, Oct. 18, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, (G 352) (ANIC). Paratype s. Same locality as holotype, Oct. 18 3 males (G 348); Nov. 13 male (G 590) (JELC); Oct. 17 male (G 315); Nov. 16 male (G 613); Nov. 12 male (G 573); Oct. 18 male (G 350) (ANIC). Code Names. Luciola 8, " little black " (Lloyd, 1973 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E34C57AFF6FBB59FD91EDBF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males dark brown (see Table 9) except for white posterior margin of V 5, white LOs in V 6, 7 and pale T 6 – 8; distinguished from Aus. fuscamagna by its smaller size and different light patterns. Table 9 lists Luciolinae species having dark dorsal colouration. Male. 3.5 – 4.5 mm long. Colour (Figs 72, 74): entirely dark brown except for white V 6 and 7 (LOs), white posterior 1 / 5 of V 5, pale semitransparent T 6 – 8 (Fig. 72), and small reddish brown elevated areas of pronotal disc. Pronotum (Fig. 74): 0.8 – 1.2 mm long, 0.9 – 1.4 mm wide; W / L = 1.2 – 1.3; median anterior margin projecting moderately beyond angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins subparallel-sided (A = B = C); punctures shallow, separated at most by their width; median convex areas of disc smooth, shiny, almost apunctate. Elytra (Fig. 72): shiny, punctures dense, subcontiguous. Abdomen (Figs 72, 73): V 3, V 4 with posterior margins not recurved; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate (some ethanol preserved specimens appear to have PLP not produced); LOs in V 7 occupying most of the area and reaching to sides but not to posterior margin; MPP apically rounded, L = W; as wide as and slightly longer than PLP (Figs). T 8: Ventral surface of T 8 with well developed lateral ridges without flanges, anterior inner area of ridges rounded; anterolateral prolongations of T 8 wide, not as long as posterior entire portion. Aedeagus: anterior prolongation of ML short and wide; lateral margins of LL straight, converging posteriorly with apical ½ of lateral margins not visible beside ML; apices LL rounded; L / W = 4.0.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E34C57AFF6FBB59FD91EDBF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is named for its similarity to Aus. fuscamagna and its smaller size (Latin, fuscus = dark, or black; parvus = small). Aus. fuscaparva flew in " a jerky, erratic manner while emitting 3 – 8 (usually 4 – 6) rapid flashes; each flash had a duration of ca 0.14 sec. " in contrast to Aus. fuscamagna which " emitted a rapid, 1 sec. flicker ” (Lloyd 1973 b). Lloyd (1977) remarked " the flicker frequency of the little black Luciola is about half that of its relative " (Aus. fuscamagna).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C57AFF6FBE34FEF9E8F1.taxon	description	[Figs 38 – 44]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C57AFF6FBE34FEF9E8F1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. INDONESIA (as Dutch New Guinea): 1.45 S, 136.08 E, Japen Island Mt Baduri 1000 feet viii. 1938 LEC (NHML). Paratypes (13). Same locality as holotype, 2 males, 11 females (NHML).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C57AFF6FBE34FEF9E8F1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal surface yellowish orange except for narrow dusky brown apex of elytra; distinguished from all other Australoluciola by the dorsal colouration; one of two Australoluciola with expanded and curved femora 3 and the curved tibiae 3 in the male (similar to Fig. 37). Distinguished from Aus. baduri sp. nov. by the elytral colouration; MPP longer than wide, considerably longer than the rounded posterolateral corners of V 7 (Fig. 44). Male. 4.8 – 5.5 mm long. Colour: pronotum, MS, and elytra yellowish orange, elytra with restricted dusky apical area; MN whitish due to underlying fat body; head between eyes yellowish, labrum brown, antennae and apical palpomeres dark brown; ventral surface of body (excluding LOs) yellowish except for brown apices of femora 1, 2 and brown tibiae and tarsi 1, 2; LO in V 6, 7 whitish, extending into PLP and MPP except for a very narrow posterior margin; dorsal surface of abdomen including terminal tergites yellowish. Pronotum: 1.4 – 1.5 mm wide, 0.8 – 1.0 mm long; W / L = 1.5 – 1.8; midanterior margin rounded, not projecting beyond angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins subparallel-sided (A = B = C or B = C); punctures contiguous or separated by up to their width. Elytra: pin punctate, often irregularly so along margins, punctures separated by their width. Head: gently excavated between eyes; GHW 0.9 – 1.0 mm; SIW 0.2 mm; ASD> ASW. Abdomen (Fig. 44; similar to Figs 35, 36): V 3, V 4 posterior margins not recurved; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate, posterolateral corners rounded, not produced as far as MPP (Fig. 44); LOs in V 7 occupying most of the area and reaching to sides and well into PLP and MPP except for a very narrow posterior margin; MPP apex truncate slightly rounded, L> W. T 8: posterior margin straight (Fig. 44); ventral surface with lateral ridges effaced anteriorly, no flanges. Aedeagus (Figs 39 - 41): anterior portion of ML slender and prolonged (arrowed in Figs); lateral margins of LL straight, tapering to apex; apices of LL narrowly rounded; L / W 5.0. Aedeagal sheath (Figs 42, 43). Female. Associated by label data only. Macropterous, coloured as for male except for ventral abdomen where ventrites preceding LO are brownish; LO white; V 7, 8 semitransparent yellowish. Bursa plates (Fig. 38) observed through whole abdomen soaked in cold KOH, wide and paired.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C57AFF6FBE34FEF9E8F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name (latinised, genitive case) derives from the type locality, meaning “ of japen ”.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C57AFF6FBE34FEF9E8F1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two species of Australoluciola bear swollen hind femora and curved tibiae, a feature seen in most species of Pyrophanes, but lack the MFC. The possible functions of such male leg modifications are discussed subsequently.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C575FF6FBAF2FCA3EC9F.taxon	description	[Figs 75 – 82]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C575FF6FBAF2FCA3EC9F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 3.22 S 142.14 E, West Sepik Province, Torricelli Mt Sea Falls near Afua, 1700 feet 1939 P G Moore (NHML). Paratype (1). Male, same data as holotype (NHML).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C575FF6FBAF2FCA3EC9F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The largest species of Australoluciola (9.9 – 10 mm long) with orange pronotum, dark brown non margined elytra and trisinuate posterior margin to V 7; abdominal tergites dark brown. Male. 9.9 – 10 mm long. Colour (Figs 75 – 77): pronotum and MN orange, MS dusky brown, elytra very dark brown; all of ventral surface including head mouthparts and antennae, very dark brown except for white LO in V 6, 7, and white posterior margin of V 5; basal portion of MPP behind LO clear semitransparent, tip of MPP very dark brown; LO in V 6, 7 whitish, extending into PLP and MPP except for a narrow posterior margin; dorsal surface of abdomen including terminal tergites dark brown (Figs 76, 77). Pronotum: 2.9 mm wide, 1.7 – 1.9 mm long; W / L = 1.5 – 1.7; midanterior margin rounded, barely projecting beyond anterolateral corners; lateral margins divergent posteriorly (C, B> A); punctures contiguous or separated by less than their width. Elytra: pin punctate, punctures separated by their width; two to three weakly defined interstitial lines visible. Head: strongly excavated between eyes; GHW 1.9 – 2.0 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; ASD <ASW. Abdomen (Figs 75 – 77): V 3, V 4 posterior margins not recurved; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate, posterolateral corners rounded, not produced as far as MPP; LOs in V 7 occupying most of the area and reaching to sides and well into PLP and MPP, except for a narrow posterior margin; MPP apex slightly rounded, L> W. T 8: posterior margin slightly obliquely truncate beside median emargination (Fig. 77); ventral surface with lateral ridges rounded anteriorly, no flanges. Aedeagus (Figs 78 – 80): margins of ML subparallelsided; anterior prolongation of ML short and wide; lateral margins of LL straight, not expanded in apical ½; apices of LL obliquely truncate; L / W = 3.2. Aedeagal sheath (Figs 81, 82). Female and Larva. Unknown.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E35C575FF6FBAF2FCA3EC9F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for its size (Latin maximus, a, um large).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC574FF6FBF84FD3EEE34.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. Luciola humilis QUEENSLAND: Cairns (NHML). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 8.51 S, 143.11 E, Western district Oriomo 3 m, 6. viii. 1964 H Clissold male (BPBM). 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Wau Morobe Dist Big Wau Creek 1300 m xi. 1965 JLG malaise trap male (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC574FF6FBF84FD3EEE34.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males small to medium (4.8 – 7.6 mm long); pronotum orange, MS orange or black; elytra very dark brown, almost black; ventral surface of metathorax, and of V 2 – 5 black; white LO occupying all of V 6 (lateral margins sometimes dark brown); LO restricted to median basal area of V 7, which is otherwise black; pronotal punctures small, shallow, mostly contiguous; MPP of V 7 conspicuously produced, and may be slightly emarginate at apex; ventral surface of T 8 with lateral ridges without flanges. Female macropterous, coloured as for male except for pale cream LO in V 6. Larva dorsally pale with a broad pale median band (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 22 c), distinguished from the very similar larvae of Aus. australis and Aus. orapallida in without marginal tubercles along the anterior margin of the protergum.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC574FF6FBCA1FD69E863.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. QUEENSLAND: 13.57 S, 143.12 E, Cape York Peninsula, east coast, Silver Plains: Massey River, 12. xii. 1964, salt-water couch, L. Powell (QMBA T 62935).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC574FF6FBCA1FD69E863.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male 6.0 – 7.2 mm long; similar to Aus. australis (F.) and Aus. flavicollis (Macleay), distinguished by the broad pale lateral bands on the elytra, the pale colour of the venter and the outline of V 7, and the narrow, widely separated aedeagal LL. Female macropterous, coloured as for male. Presumed larva similar to that of Aus. australis (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 22 b).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC576FF6FBA5DFEF4EB6C.taxon	description	[Figs 83 – 91]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC576FF6FBA5DFEF4EB6C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 4.12 S, 152.11 E, New Britain, Gazelle Pen., 8.2 miles S. Rabaul, Nov. 23, 1969, J. E. Lloyd (G 642) (ANIC). Paratype s (8). Same locality as holotype, 4 males, female Nov. 23 1969 (G 638, 639, 640, 643, 645) (JELC); Rabaul, Nov. 24 1969 J. E. Lloyd 3 males, female (G 648) (ANIC). Kerevat, 19. Xi. 1969, J. Buck 2 females (Tube KE / 31 # 31 / III / 21) (ANIC). Code Name. Luciola 4 (Lloyd, 1973 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC576FF6FBA5DFEF4EB6C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pronotum orange, elytra dull reddish brown; head between eyes yellow; posterolateral corners of V 7 rounded, not appearing produced in dried pinned specimens. Male. 5.5 –– 6.8 mm long. Colour (Figs 83 – 86): pronotum dull deep orange; retraction of fat body beneath cuticle leaving irregularly shaped darker areas; pronotal punctures margined in deeper orange; MS and MN yellow; elytra deep reddish brown, dusky brown on humeral angle, basal 1 / 4 of epipleuron and basal 1 / 8 of sutural ridge narrowly dusky orange; (pubescence of dorsal body appears golden yellow under high illumination; if not so illuminated elytral surface appears dull); head between eyes pale clear yellow, semitransparent (Fig. 85); labrum light brown; apices of palpi dark brown; scape and pedicel dark red brown, shiny, FS dull dark brown; pro and mesosterna and pleura yellow; coxae, trochanters 1, 2 and femora 1, 2 yellow; tibiae, tarsi and apices of femora 1, 2 dark brown; ventral surface of metathorax medium brown; coxae 3 brown; anterior face trochanters 3 brown, posterior face yellow; femora 3 yellow except for brown apical fourth; remainder of legs 3 brown; basal abdominal ventrites dark brown; V 5 dark brown, with irregular white markings across posterior margin (Fig. 87); V 6 and 7 white; basal abdominal tergites dark brown; terminal 3 tergites very pale brown, semitransparent, T 8 narrowly brown along lateral and posterior margins (Figs 88, 90); dorsally uprolled lateral margins of V 6 and 7 creamy white (Fig. 88). Pronotum (Fig. 84): 1.6 mm wide, 1.2 mm long; W / L = 1.3; midanterior margin broadly rounded, projecting considerably beyond angulate anterolateral corners; lateral margins subparallel; punctures contiguous over most of disc. Elytra (Fig. 83): dull, with dense subcontiguous punctures. Head: GHW 1.3 – 1.4 mm; SIW 0.2 mm; ASD <ASW. Abdomen (Figs 87, 88): posterior margin of V 7 not trisinuate, posterolateral corners appearing rounded and not produced posteriorly in pinned specimens, and slightly angulate in ethanol preserved specimens; LOs occupying most of V 7, reaching sides but not posterior margin; MPP medianly shallowly emarginated or truncate, L = W. T 8 (Fig. 90): Ventral surface with well developed lateral ridges and short, wide rounded flanges. Aedeagus: prolongation of ML short and wide; lateral margins of LL straight, not expanded along outer ½; apices obliquely truncate; L / W = 6.0. Aedeagal sheath (Fig. 89). Female. 4.5 mm long; coloured as for male except for narrowly white posterior margin of V 5; white LO in V 6 only; V 7 pale in median area (due to fat body), dark laterally and along posterior margin; V 8 brown. Bursa plates (Fig. 91).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC576FF6FBA5DFEF4EB6C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, pharusaurea [pharus (Greek) = lighthouse and aureus (Latin) = golden] emphasizes the pattern of light production observed for one male which " emitted 40 consecutive flashes without an omission " (Lloyd, 1973 a), as well as the golden colour of the head and pronotum.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3BC576FF6FBA5DFEF4EB6C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. McDermott (1966) recorded only Luciola leucura Olivier from New Britain, but listed six New Guinea species having orange pronotum, and uniformly dark elytra. All were described with a trisinuate posterior margin to V 7, inconsistent with this species. Of these Luciola venusta and L. timida may not be from New Guinea and are discussed; Aus. foveicollis and M. pupilla are characterised here. Olivier (1885) based Luciola anthracina on a female; male specimens assigned subsequently (Olivier, 1913 b) were described with trilobed V 7 and the ventral surface of the abdomen black except for the white V 6 and 7 and white posterior margin of V 5 (males are redescribed here). Aus. pharusaurea differs from Aus. anthracina in its distribution, ventral colouration, and non trisinuate posterior margin of V 7. Luciola ruficollis was described with black head, V 7 trilobed, ventral thorax reddish and ventral abdomen yellow [Guérin-Méneville (1838)]. McDermott's (1966) reference to Plate XXXV in Girard (1873) for L. ruficollis is to a species with lateral prolongations of the antennal FS, inconsistent with any known Luciolinae. Ballantyne (1987 a) considered Pteroptyx antennata and L. ruficollis could be conspecific. Aus. pharusaurea differs from L. ruficollis in its darker ventral colouration and presently known distribution. The latter is not identifiable in collections, and is treated under Species Incertae. Lloyd (1973 a) observed that no more than two males of this species were seen flying at any one time, and that these " emitted series of single short flashes ... with a period of about 0.5 seconds ", and he described the pursuit of a flying female by a male. Aus. pharusaurea is sympatric in New Britain with the orange head Medeopteroptyx effulgens, males of which flashed " single short flashes at a flash period of about 1.2 secs ", contrasting with a flash period of 0.5 secs for Aus. pharusaurea. These two orange headed species from New Britain are morphologically distinctive, differing in colour, punctation of pronotum and elytra, pronotal outline, and possession of the deflexed elytral apex.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E39C572FF6FB94FFA4DEB2F.taxon	description	[Figs 92 – 108]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E39C572FF6FB94FFA4DEB2F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Lampyris praeusta Eschscholtz, 1822, designated by Motschulsky (1853).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E39C572FF6FB94FFA4DEB2F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colophotia is probably a heterogeneous assemblage of species and this definition is based on three species (praeusta, the type species, concolor and plagiata) scored by Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009) and herein. Males most obviously distinguished by the bipartite LO in V 7 separated by a longitudinal carina (Figs 99, 102, 103, 107, 108), oblique PLP, deeply emarginate MPP prolonged into two hooks curving dorsally, FS 7 – 9 conspicuously shorter than remaining FS [Fig. 101), anteriorly prolonged anterolateral corners of T 7, very elongate paired anterior prolongations of T 8, very elongate aedeagal sheath and shortened aedeagal LL (Fig. 198) (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2009 Figs 98 – 105). Female (Figs 92 – 98, 104 – 106). Macropterous and assumed capable of flight. Pronotal outline similar to that of male. No legs or parts thereof swollen and / or curved. Median posterior margin of V 7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded. Bursa with wide paired plates on each side, anterior pair larger and inner margins rugulose (Figs 94 – 98, 106). Larva. (Associated by breeding for C. praeusta only). Terrestrial; elongate, slender spindle shaped (Ballantyne and Lambkin 2009 Fig. 517), of the form of Pteroptyx maipo and several Australian Australoluciola sp. larvae (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000; Ballantyne et al 2011).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E39C572FF6FB94FFA4DEB2F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All references to Colophotia subsequent to and including Motschulsky (1853) attributes the genus to Dejean (1833). This latter reference is a catalogue name only. Motschulsky (1853) gave the first description and designated a type species. McDermott (1966) listed ten species from either the Philippines or Indonesia. Few are well defined and the genus requires an extensive revision which is not currently possible here. Most are dorsally pale with black tipped elytral apices except for C. plagiata which has dark elytra, and the totally pale C bakeri Pic, C. concolor Olivier and C. miranda Olivier. Colophotia miranda was described with a single recurved appendage on the male terminal abdomen, suggestive of Pygoluciola, and subsequently (Olivier, 1913 a) with 2 appendages. Its status is uncertain and it may have been based on a female. Luciola truncata Olivier, 1886 is known only from a female; McDermott (1966) erroneously assigned it to Colophotia. C. brevis Olivier lacks a median carina between LO halves and its status needs investigation (Ballantyne obs.). Blair’s (1927) description of a C. brevis larva without laterally explanate tergal margins cannot be confirmed. McDermott (1962: 24) described “ the apical ventral (abdominal) plate bears two parallel longitudinal hooked carinae with a slot between them through which projects a triangular plate ”, and considered figure 23 b of the lateral aspect of the abdominal apex showed the " projecting aedeagus " and the " triangular plate ". The aedeagus is not visible in this unlabelled figure and McDermott's reference is either to the bifurcate MPP of V 7, with its well developed and dorsally curving hooks, or to the posterolateral projections of that ventrite; anterior to these and between the light organ halves is a median (single) carina projecting to the right of the figure. McDermott (1962) incorrectly represented the aedeagus of Colophotia praeusta; he probably extracted the aedeagus still enclosed in the aedeagal sheath and appears to have figured both. List of species of Colophotia Motschulsky Sensu McDermott (1966) - Pic - brachyura Olivier - Olivier - concolor Olivier - elongata Pic - miranda Olivier * - particulariventris Pic - plagiata Erichson - praeusta Eschsch. - truncata Olivier * - * Species Incertae	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3DC508FF6FB986FC13ECA1.taxon	description	[Figs 109 – 138]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3DC508FF6FB986FC13ECA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Luciola pedemontana Motschulsky designated by Motschulsky 1853.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3DC508FF6FB986FC13ECA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Luciola s. str. belongs in a group of genera with aedeagal LL visible beside the ML; distinguished by the separation of the LL dorsally, the often strongly curved / arched ML terminating in a preapical ventral point, and the presence in some species (including italica) of elongate slender apically pointed lobes arising from the inner ventral margins of the LL. Dorsal colour pattern of orange pronotum and dark brown elytra occurs in several species including the type (which may have a median dark pronotal marking); Pacific Island species have deep grayish brown to black dorsal colour (see Table 9) and several have eye emarginations of varying depth. Females macropterous in L. kagiana, or with varying degrees of fore and hind wing loss in other species. Larvae reliably associated only for kagiana and parvula where they are probably terrestrial and have laterally explanate tergal margins (e. g. Chen 2003: 168). Male. Pronotum: dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas; punctation dense; anterior margin not explanate; lateral margins either diverging posteriorly along their length (C> A, B), or converging in posterior 1 / 3; width <or subequal to humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, or sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners usually rounded obtuse, angulate in Pacific Island species where they are 90 ° approximately and incline obliquely to the median line; posterolateral corners either not projecting, or extending as far as median posterior margin and separated from it by scarce emarginations except in kagiana where the emarginations are well developed. Hypomera: closed; median area not elevated in vertical direction; posterior area not flat in italica, syriaca and hypocrita, narrowly flat in remainder, where dorsal and ventral surfaces are strongly adpressed; pronotal width / GHW 1.2 – 1.6. Elytron: punctation dense, not linear, not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices not deflexed; epipleuron and sutural ridge extending beyond mid-point, almost to apex but not extending as a ridge around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus; viewed from above the anterior margin of the epipleuron arises level with or anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided except for hypocrita where they are slightly convex-sided. Head: minimally to moderately depressed between eyes; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex in L. italica, contiguous ventrally in Pacific Island species (Fig. 111); eyes above labrum close, sometimes contiguous; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation strongly developed, visible in resting head position in some Pacific Island species only (Figs 110,120,121,122); antennal sockets on head between eyes, contiguous, or separated by <ASW or = ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts: probably functional; apical labial palpomere either strongly flattened, shaped like broad triangle (widest at base), with inner edge dentate in L. italica, or ovoid, longer than wide with margins entire; at least half as long as apical maxillary palpomere in the remaining species described below. Antennae 11 segmented; length> GHW up to twice GHW except in Pacific Island species where antennal length is subequal to GHW; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced; FS 1 not shorter than pedicel. Legs: with inner tarsal claw not split; without MFC; no femora or tibiae swollen or curved; no basitarsi expanded or excavated. Abdomen (Figs 114,119,124,125): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; no ventrites with curved posterior margins nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment; LO absent in L. oculofissa sp. nov. (Figs 124,125); LO absent in V 7 and restricted to anterolateral plaques in V 6 in L. hypocrita (Deheyn & Ballantyne 2009 Fig. 5 a, b); LO in V 7 in remaining species entire, either occupying most of V 7, and reaching to sides and almost to posterior margin (Fig. 119), or not reaching sides or posterior margin and occupying about half or less of V 7 (Fig. 114); posterior half of V 7 not arched or swollen, muscle impressions not visible in this area; neither anterior nor posterior margin of LO emarginate; if LO present in V 6, occupying almost all V 6 except in hypocrita. MPP present, symmetrical, apex rounded or truncate, not laterally compressed, short, not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T 8 apex, without dorsal ridge, median longitudinal trough. V 7 without median carina, median longitudinal trough, anteromedian depression on face of LO, incurving lobes or pointed projections, median ‘ dimple’, or reflexed lobes. T 7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T 8 symmetrical, W = L, visible posterior area not narrowing abruptly, median posterior margin shallowly and narrowly emarginate; widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in both an anterior and posterior direction; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V 7 nor MPP, not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V 7; T 8 ventral surface without well developed median longitudinal trough, lateral depressed troughs, asymmetrical projections, median posterior ridge; concealed anterolateral arms of T 8 either not as long as visible posterior portion of T 8, or shorter, not laterally emarginated before their origins, not expanded dorsoventrally, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T 8 not enfolding sides of V 7. Aedeagal sheath: approx. 3 times as long as wide; without bulbous paraprocts; either symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex or slightly emarginated on right side; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T 9, anterior margin without transverse band. Aedeagus (Figs 111 – 113, 122,126) (e. g. Ballantyne 1968 Figs 162 – 169; Jeng et al. 2003 Figs 21 A – C): LL lack lateral appendages; LL visible from beneath beside ML, LL / ML moderate to wide; LL of equal length, slightly longer than ML, either diverging along their length or not diverging basally; separated longitudinally by most of their length; LL base width often narrower than LL apex width which may be wider than that of ML; LL apices often more widely expanded than elsewhere and enfolding the ML at the sides; dorsal base of LL symmetrical, not excavated; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins; narrowed apices of LL sometimes inturned; without projection on left LL; inner margins often with slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, usually strongly arched, preapical ventral area produced and pointed; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin, often very narrow. Female. Macropterous in kagiana (Chen 2003: 168), or with varying degrees of fore and hind wing loss. Pronotum without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than, subequal to or greater than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male. Elytral punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and / or curved. LO in V 6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V 7; median posterior margin of V 7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V 8 entire. Bursa plates not observed in dissections of ethanol preserved specimens of italica. Larva (Figs 128 – 138). Here only L. hypocrita, and New Caledonian larvae associated by label data are described (Tables 10, 11 indicate rationale for association). Elongate, slender, tapering somewhat in front and behind; with 3 thoracic and 9 abdominal segments; external plates of the dorsal surface very well sclerotised with no obvious dorsal areas of exposed membrane except between segments; all body segments except the last with a median dorsal longitudinal line; lateral margins of tergal plates explanate thickened (except for terminal segment which is parallel-sided), and projecting beyond sides of body and usually covering laterotergites in the abdomen, visible only if they are laterally prolonged. Head: antennal segment 3 surmounted by a ring of hairs and subequal in length to the elongate sense cone. Mouthparts: mandibles without inner teeth; apical palpomeres of maxilla and labium with terminal sense organs. Thorax (Figs 128, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138): prothorax longer than wide, always with lateral projections especially at posterolateral corners; meso and metathoracic segments shorter than prothorax and with 2 or 3 lateral projections. Legs: tibiae with an apical brush of fine white hairs reaching over the apical claw (tarsungulus) (Fu et al. 2012 b Fig. 55). Abdomen (Figs 129, 130, 133, 134): median sternal plates of segments 1 – 6 and laterotergites of segments 1 – 6 with short posterior projections in Pacific Island species; posterolateral corners of laterotergites angulate, often narrowly prolonged and may be visible at sides of body from above when lateral margins of terga are narrowed and prolonged (Fig. 134) (Fu et al. 2012 b Fig. 54).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E3DC508FF6FB986FC13ECA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Luciola s. str. is addressed from scoring a population from Pisa of Luciola italica, the type species (Ballantyne and Lambkin 2000, 2001, 2006, 2009). Bourgeoisia and Lampyroidea (based only on its type species syriaca) are submerged under Luciola. Luciola italica exists in a variety of morphological forms across Europe, and such an investigation while necessary is currently beyond our capacity. Suggestions for possible subdivisions below relate to Figs 3, 4 and the key to genera and species groups incorporates all these possible subdivisions of Luciola. 1. Fig. 3 Node 1 two aquatic Japanese species Luciola cruciata, L. owadai. 2. Fig. 3 Node 8 blue number 2 (Luciola trilucida). 3. Fig. 3 Node 11 blue number 3 (Luciola indica). 4. Fig. 4 Node 44 blue number 20 Species 8. 5. Fig. 4 Node 45 includes species with elytral punctures in lines, an emarginated LO in V 7 and sclerites surrounding the aedeagal sheath (L. carinata – L. aquatilis). 6. Fig. 4 Node 46 (Luciola dejeani – L. aegrota). Footnote: * 1 hand collected at night; 2 yellow pan in day * single larva from Foret du Nord lacks the anterolateral projection; # curved towards rear in 1 larva from Col d’Amieu, 3 Aoupinnie larvae from top camp and sawmill, and in one of two larvae taken on 23. xi. 2001; + outer posterior margin of lateral tergal projections with small tooth in Mt Taom, Mt Mou base, one Dzumac Road larva and Foret du Nord larva. List of species of Luciola s. str. - antipodum (Bourgeois) * - aquilaclara sp. nov. * - italica L. - hypocrita Olivier * - oculofissa sp. nov. * - syriaca (Costa) Here we address specifically only the fauna of New Caledonia and Fiji *.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E47C50BFF6FBD0DFA97E9F4.taxon	description	[Figs 109 – 114]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E47C50BFF6FBD0DFA97E9F4.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Not reliably located. LB located a specimen in the Bourgeois collection (Box 22 MNHN) in 2003 labelled 1. (hand written) Bourgeoisia antipodum Bourg; 2. Kanala Fauvel. The specimen lacks head and pronotum, and is discussed below. Other specimens examined (* = tentative inclusion only, discussed below). NEW CALEDONIA: 21.31 S, 165.57 E Kanala 2 males (Olivier collection Box 59 MNHN), one male labelled 1. (handwritten) Kanala; 2. Luciola ?? antipodum FvL (? Fauvel collector) N. Caledonia. Mt St Arago, 19. vi. 1914, P D Montague, male (“ under side of abdomen highly luminous ”) (NHML). Grotte de Ninrin-Reu nr Poya, 4. i. 1965 G Gross Biospel. Exped., male (SAMA) *. 21.37 S, 165.46 E, Farino 750 m 3 – 10. ii. 2002 male Malaise trap, C Darling (QMBA). SOLOMON ISLANDS: San Cristobal, Kira Kira 0 – 50 m, 10. xi. 1964 RS, male (BPBM) *.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E47C50BFF6FBD0DFA97E9F4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Specimens identified as L. antipodum Bourgeois conform in size, extent of eye emargination, and extent of LOs in V 6, 7 to the Kanala males in the Olivier collection, and extent of LOs to the fragment of abdomen in the Bourgeois collection (MNHN) with the exception of those indicated by * above which are discussed below. A small species known only from New Caledonia, with deep grey dorsal colouration (Fig. 109), large head with eyes subcontiguous ventrally, and a well developed dorso-lateral eye emargination (Fig. 110); LOs in V 6, 7 oval in outline and not reaching margins of either segment, nor to the posterior margin in V 7 (Fig. 114). Females and larvae not associated. Male. 3.6 – 4.7 mm long; 1.6 – 1.7 mm wide; W / L 0.4. Colour (Figs 109, 110): Pronotum very dark brown; MS, MN and elytra lighter brown; ventral surface of body lighter brown than elytra except for pale LOs in V 6, 7 which are retracted from the lateral margins on both segments and assume an oval outline (Fig. 114). Pronotum (Fig. 109): 1.3 – 1.5 mm wide; 0.9 – 1.0 mm long; W / L 1.4 – 1.5. Elytron: 3.1 – 3.7 mm long. Head: GHW 0.9 – 1.3 mm; SIW 0.1 mm; ASD <ASW (sockets very close almost contiguous); eye emargination well defined, visible when head retracted (Fig. 110). Abdomen (Fig. 114): LO in both V 6, 7 small, entire, not reaching sides of V 6, not reaching sides or posterior margin of V 7 except: Ninrin-reu male where LO in V 6 especially reaches almost to sides; Mt St Arago male where LOs do not reach sides but remaining area of both ventrites occupied by diffuse fat body and appear white; Kira Kira male where LO plaques occur at sides of V 6, and rest of V 6 and V 7 occupied by diffuse fat body which may not be luminous (LO in this male gives appearance of being bipartite in V 6). Aedeagus (Figs 111 – 113): ML with very narrow apex, shorter than LL which curve inwards at their narowed rounded apices; LL widely separated along middorsal line, with a rounded projection along inner margins, at approximately half their length from the apex; BP very narrow.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E47C50BFF6FBD0DFA97E9F4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We consider the specimens in the Olivier collection (MNHN) most closely approach the original designation of this species by Bourgeois. The specimen Ballantyne located in the Bourgeois collection (MNHN) is labelled Bourgeoisia. Whether it can be regarded as a type is questionable. Olivier (1908) assigned the species to Bourgeoisia; it may have been relabelled by Bourgeois or possibly Olivier himself. It is without a head and pronotum and both elytra are incomplete. However the abdomen shows features consistent with the Kanala males in the Olivier collection viz. oval LOs in V 6, 7 not reaching either the sides, or the posterior margin of V 7. The Kanala males (MNHN) also have well defined eye emarginations visible when the head is withdrawn. This species may be very poorly represented now in New Caledonia, as despite extensive collecting there by the team from Queensland Museum only a single Farino male has the strong eye excavation and appears to have a very reduced LO in both V 6 and 7. Alternatively (see below) the retraction of the light organ in the older pinned specimens may be simply a postmortem effect. Determination of critical features in some specimens which are in poor condition has been difficult. Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009 Fig. 59) figured the specimen from Ninrin-reu (SAMA) with well defined eye emarginations. A large and widespread population of a second species with extensive LOs in V 6, 7 was a recent collection, but this population, described here as Luciola aquilaclara sp. nov., lacks the eye emargination. A second extensive population without LOs and with very strong dorsal eye emarginations is described as L. oculofissa sp. nov. All three New Caledonian species share a similar dorsal colouration and almost identical pattern of aedeagus and aedeagal sheath. The possible function of the eye emargination is discussed subsequently. No larval associations for this species were made. Ballantyne (1968) redescribed a single male from the Solomons with a well defined eye emargination, but could not determine the extent of the LO material in V 6, 7, and it may belong here. The LL of the male aedeagus are closely approximate dorsally (Ballantyne 1968 Figs 174, 175) unlike the specimens depicted here. A second specimen from San Cristobal included here has eye emarginations but LO in V 6 may be bipartite (they are separated by fat body and thus extent of the actual light organ is difficult to determine). Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009: 46, Figs 142, 143) described Atyphella kirakira from San Cristobal with bipartite LO in V 6 separated by extensive fat body, and non aggregated fat body in V 7. Existing information about the New Caledonian firefly fauna is confusing. L. antipodum may have been represented in the recent QMBA field collections by a single male. L. caledonica Bourgeois was described, probably from a female, as 10 mm long, with an orange pronotum having a dark anterior mark and dark brown elytra. No specimens approaching this size have been collected recently on New Caledonia and Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009) synonymised caledonica with plagiata Blanchard and assigned the species to Pygatyphella. Fauvel’s (1904) account of luminous L. caledonica from New Caledonia is at best second hand and the observations he refers to may well have been luminous fungi. Heller’s (1916) list is a catalogue entry only.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E44C507FF6FBBFDFBD6ECEC.taxon	description	[Figs 115 – 119, 130 – 134, 136, 137]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E44C507FF6FBBFDFBD6ECEC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW CALEDONIA: 22.19 S, 166.53 E Foret de Thi, 100 – 300 m, 23 – 25. iii. 1961, JS (BPBM). Paratypes. NEW CALEDONIA: 20.18 S 164.24 E Col d’Amein 3 km WSW 520 m 14. XII. 2004 1 larva (Type C), rainforest, sieved litter; 20.18 S 164.24 E 520 m 6. i. 2005 3 larvae (2 type C, 1 type B), rainforest sieved litter; 21.37 S, 165.49 E 470 m 27. i. 2004 larva (Type B) QMBA 1120, rainforest sieved litter; 21.37 S, 165.49 E Col d’Amieu west slope upper 480 m 3. v. 2005 3 larvae (Type B, 1 larva Type C). 20.24 S, 164.32 E Mandjelia Summit 780 m, 6 – 7. xi. 2001 3 larvae (Type C) QMB 1055 rainforest, 12. xii. 2004 7 larvae (Type C) sieved litter; 20.24 S 164.31 E Mandjelia lower creek 580 m 12. xii. 2004 3 larvae (1 type C, 2 type B), rainforest sieved litter. 20.26 S, 164.14 E Nehoue campground 50 m 2 males hand collected. 20.47 S 164.35 E Mt Taom summit site 1 980 m 7. xii. 2004 larva (Type B), rainforest sieved litter; Mt Taom summit site 2 940 m 7. xii. 2004 larva (Type B), rainforest sieved litter; Mt Taom summit site 3 7. xii. 2004 2 larvae (Type B) rainforest sieved litter. 21.09 S 165.19 E Aoupinie: sawmill 500 m 17. xii. 2004 larva (Type C) rainforest sieved litter; 21.11 S 165.19 E top camp 3 males; 850 m, 20 – 21. xi. 2000 2 males; 850 m 23. xi. 2001 3 larvae (Type C) QMB 1045 rainforest, sieved litter; 850 m 23. xi. 2001 male hand collected; 750 m 2. v. 2005 larva (Type C). 21.25 S, 166.24 E, Grotte de Ninrin-Reu nr Poya, Biospel. Exped. 4. i. 1965, at light, G. Gross, male (SAMA). 21.34 S 166.07 E Col de Petchecara S end 22. xi. 2003 – 29. i. 2004 FIT male; 21.34 S 166.06 E Col de Petchecara middle FIT male. 21.35 S, 165.59 E Gelima 5 kms S 485 m 15. xi. 2002 larva (Type B) QMB 1083 rainforest, sieved litter. 21.35 S 165.50 E Mt Rembai 700 m 30. xii. 2004 1 larva (Type C) rainforest, sieved litter. 21.45 S 166.00 E Mt Do Summit 1000 m 22. xi. 2003 – 28. i. 2004 male Min. FIT. 22.02 S 166.28 E Dzumac Road junction 950 m 9. xi. 2002 3 larvae (Types B, C) QMB 1077 rainforest, sieved litter; Dzumac Road 22.03 S 166.28 E 700 m 5. xii. 2003 – 26. i. 2004 male FIT GM (taken with male L. oculofissa sp. nov.). 22.05 S 166.22 E Mt Mou base 350 m 4. ii. 2004 2 larvae (Types B, C) QMB 1119 rainforest, sieved litter. 22.06 S, 166.39 E Riv. Bleue panoramic track 160 m 12 males (9 males 20. xi – 11. xii. 2000) malaise trap. 22.09 S 166.41 E Houp Geant 320 m 6. v. 2005 2 larvae (Type C). 22.15 S 166.49 E Pic du Pin site 1 QM party 26. xi. 2004 10 males night hand collected rainforest, male pyrethrum knock down (4 males L. oculofissa sp. nov. taken at this site). 22.19 S, 166.53 E Foret de Thi, 100 – 300 m, 23 – 25. iii. 1961, JS 19 males (BPBM). 22.19 S, 166.55 E, Foret de Nord sites 1, 2 QM party, 480 m, 2. xii. 2004, male (site 1), male (site 2) rainforest at night hand collected; 210 m site 2 21. iv. 2005, larva (Type C). All specimens in QMBA unless indicated otherwise; QMBA specimens taken by a team of P. Bouchard, C. Burwell, P. Grimbacher, G Monteith and S. Wright.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E44C507FF6FBBFDFBD6ECEC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Known only from New Caledonia; dorsal colouration deep grey as for L. antipodum, L. oculofissa sp. nov. and L. hypocrita. Distinguished by the well developed LOs in V 6, 7 (Fig. 119) occupying all but a very narrow posterior margin of V 7, and the lack of any obvious eye emargination when head is withdrawn (Figs 115, 116). Male. 4.1 – 6.0 mm long. Colour (Figs 116, 119): body very dark brownish grey, pronotum very dark and often contrasting with the slightly paler elytra; T 8 paler brown and semitransparent; white LOs occupying all of V 6, 7 except for a narrow posterior margin in V 7 (Fig. 119). Pronotum (Fig. 116): 0.8 – 1.2 mm long; 1.2 –– 1.7 mm wide, W / L 1.3 – 1.5; pronotal width subequal to humeral width or slightly less in some pinned specimens. Elytron: 3.3 – 4.8 mm long; subparallelsided. Head (Figs 117, 118): GHW 1.1 – 1.4 mm; SIW 0.1 – 0.15 mm; antennal sockets almost contiguous; the small mouthparts may indicate that this species does not feed as an adult. Aedeagus (Figs 111 – 113): ML with very narrow apex, shorter than LL which curve inwards at their narrowed rounded apices; LL widely separated along middorsal line, with a rounded projection along inner margins at approximately half their length from the apex; BP very narrow. Female. Unknown. Probably flightless. Males have most of the ventral head area devoted to compound eyes (Fig. 117) and have simple short antennae so are probably relying on sighting the female response from above. Larva (Figs 130 – 134, 136, 137). Associated by correspondence of collecting data with that of males and distinguished by features outlined in Table 11, and below. Larvae are described as either Type B or C of which B may represent earlier instars of C and differs only in colouration as described below. Both types were often taken at the same site. Instars not identified. Colour: Type B: (e. g. Col d’Amieu, Gelima Figs 130, 131) (Fu et al. 2012 b Figs 52 – 54) thoracic terga light to quite dark brown; some with terga 2 and 3 dark with 2 pale markings along anterior area near mid line on each (Fig. 131), abdominal terga dark brown with pale markings scattered, terga 7 and 8 largely pale with dark markings along median line, and 9 dark with pale anterolateral corners. Paler Type B larvae (e. g. Mt Taom summit Fig. 136) with light brown thoracic terga and abdominal terga 1 – 6, with 7, 8 largely pale, having dark markings along mid line and anterior margin only. Type C (Figs 132, 133, 134, 137): thoracic terga 1 – 3 quite dark with some paler markings (along posterior margins in Aoupinnie larvae Fig. 137, towards posterior margin and to sides in Mandjelia larvae Fig. 132); abdominal terga (Figs 132, 137) 1 – 3 or 1 – 5 pale yellow with irregular brown markings, abdominal terga 4 – 6 largely brown, dark markings sometimes restricted to tergum 6; terga 7, 8 largely pale yellow with some dark markings; most of tergum 9 brown. Ventral plates on both larval types are brown. Dorsal surface (Figs 131, 132, 136, 137): well sclerotised, with pale punctures scattered evenly over the surface; well defined pale median line running from anterior margin of protergum to posterior margin of abdominal tergum 8; all terga with short paired projections along posterior margin beside mid line (Fu et al. 2012 Fig. 52); Mt Taom summit larva with short paired teeth along posterior margin of abdominal terga 1 – 6 (Fig. 136). Thorax: protergum wider than long, with 4 lateral projections on each side including produced posterolateral corners (e. g. Figs 131 – 133, 137); meso and metaterga much wider than long, shorter than protergum, with 3 lateral projections on each side including the produced posterolateral corners. Abdomen (Figs 130, 132, 133, 134): depending on orientation of specimen and degree of lateral extension laterotergites may be visible from above on one or both sides. Abdominal terga 1 – 8 with posterolateral corners prolonged narrowly and apically rounded; terga 1 – 8 diminish in width and increase in length; posterolateral corners narrowly prolonged (Figs 130, 132) and slightly curved in some Aoupinnie and Col d’Amieu larvae (Fig. 137). Ventral surface (Figs 130, 133, 134) (Fu et al. 2012 Fig. 54): posterior margin of median sterna plates of abdominal segments 1 – 6 with paired narrow projections, of segments 7, 8 with shorter projections; posterior end of laterosternites (coloured part) dark, projecting; posterolateral corners of laterotergites of segments 1 – 8 narrow and projecting.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E44C507FF6FBBFDFBD6ECEC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name highlights both the dark dorsal colouration and the large LO (aquilus, a, um latin dark coloured; clarus, a, um latin bright). Remarks. Discovery of the existence of two new species of Luciolinae in New Caledonia has only been made possible by the extensive collecting activities of the team from the Queensland Museum. The partial or complete loss of LO material with expansion of the ventral head area as well as the development of a posterolateral eye excavation in L. antipodum and L. oculofissa sp. nov. is discussed subsequently. This species is distributed from north to south in New Caledonia and at altitudes both above and below 300 m.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C507FF6FBECFFE82E981.taxon	description	[Fig. 138]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C507FF6FBECFFE82E981.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. Luciola atra Pic. FIJI: 18.00 S, 178.00 E labelled 1. Handwritten Luciola sp. (Olivier dit); 2 handwritten Luciola atra n s; 3 symbol; 4 printed black ink Ins. Fiji (MNHN). Holotype. Male. Luciola hypocrita Olivier). Male. FIJI: 18.00 S, 178.00 E labelled 1. Handwritten on pink paper Luciola hypocrita; printed Ern. Oliv.; 2 printed SPECIMEN TYPICUM ORIGINALE AUCTORIS Ern. Olivier; 3. Handwritten Fidjie Ins. (MNHN).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C507FF6FBECFFE82E981.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males known only from Fiji. Dark grayish dorsal colour with small posterolateral eye excavation; male LOs restricted to anterolateral plaques in V 6 only; female flightless, with elytra covering much of the abdomen, coloured as for male; larvae dorsally deep grey with a tuft of fine white hairs at the apex of the tibiotarsus. Ballantyne (1968) redescribed males, and described a female and larva. Deheyn and Ballantyne (2009) characterized light production in the female and expanded the redescription of males, females and larvae. Larval characters are expanded in Table 11, Fig. 138 and Fu et al. (2012 b Figs 50, 51).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C507FF6FBECFFE82E981.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Branham’s (2010) reference to Luciola atra (G. A. Olivier) larva was misspelled and is a reference to Lucidota atra.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C506FF6FBA27FA4AE83F.taxon	description	[Figs 120 – 127]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C506FF6FBA27FA4AE83F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW CALEDONIA: 22.06 S 166.39 E Riv. Bleue panoramic track 160 m 20. xi – 11. xii. 2000 malaise trap (MNHN). Paratypes. NEW CALEDONIA: 20.39 S 165.13 E Touho TV tower 400 m 30. I. 2004 QMB 1114 rainforest sieved litter 1 larva. 22.06 S 166.39 E Riv. Bleue panoramic track 160 m 20. xi – 11. xii. 2000 malaise trap, 11 males; Riv. Bleue (Mois de Mai) 400 m 19. xi. 2001 QMB 1046 rainforest sieved litter 1 larva. 22.09 S 166.41 E Foret Electrique 220 m 23. iv. 2005 larva. 22.11 S 166.01 E 700 m 3. xi. 2002 QMB 1072 rainforest sieved litter 1 larva. 22.15 S 166.49 E Pic du Pin site 1 rainforest yellow pan 25 – 26. xi. 2004 4 males. 22.17 S 166.53 E Pic du Grand Kaori site 2 250 m 22. xi – 21. xii. 2004 malaise trap rainforest 3 males; 22.17 S 160.54 E Pic du Grand Kaori site 2 21. xi. 2001 – 29. i. 2002 malaise trap 2 males. 22.19 S 166.55 E Foret du Nord sites 1, 2 480 m 2. xii. 2004 yellow pan 23 males. 22.21 S 166.58 E Port Boise, 20 m 22. xi. 2001 – 29. i. 2002 4 males (FIT) 1 larva (pitfall trap). (QMBA).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C506FF6FBA27FA4AE83F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Known only from New Caledonia; dorsal colouration deep grey as for L. antipodum, L. aquilaclara sp. nov. and L. hypocrita. Distinguished by lacking any trace of LOs, and the huge anteriorly projecting eye emargination clearly visible from above when head is withdrawn. Female not associated. Larvae associated by correspondence of collecting data with that of males and distinguished by features outlined in Table 11, Figs 128, 129, 135 and below. Male. 3.6 – 4.5 mm long. Colour (Figs 120 – 125): pronotum very dark almost black, elytra slightly paler; underside of body pale brown except for black head. Pronotum (Figs 121, 123): 0.8 – 1.2 mm long; 1.2 mm wide, W / L 1.2 – 1.5; pronotal width subequal to humeral width or slightly less in some pinned specimens. Elytron: 2.8 – 3.5 mm long; subparallelsided. Head (Figs 120, 121, 122, 123): elongate and protruding beyond anterior margin of pronotum (Fu et al. 2012 b Figs 48, 49). GHW 1.2; SIW 0.1 mm; ASD <ASW; antennal sockets contiguous; the small mouthparts may indicate that this species does not feed as an adult. Aedeagus (Figs 126, 127): ML with very narrow apex, shorter than LL which curve inwards at their narrowed rounded apices; LL widely separated along middorsal line, with a rounded projection along inner margins at approximately half their length from the apex; BP very narrow. Female. Unknown. Probably flightless. Larva. Associated by correspondence of collecting data with that of males and distinguished by features outlined in Table 11 (as larva type A), Figs 128, 129, 135 and below. Colour (Fig. 128, 129, 135): Dorsal surface quite dark brown with either only tergum 8 pale (Fig. 128), or both terga 8, 9 pale (Fig. 135). with narrow dark markings along posterior margin; ventral plates well defined, brown except for pale yellow underside of abdominal segments 7, 8 (Fig. 129). Dorsal surface (Figs 128, 135): well sclerotised; large pale punctures scattered along anterior and lateral margins of protergum, and at sides of remaining terga; well defined pale median line running from anterior margin of protergum to posterior margin of abdominal tergum 8; terga without any short paired projections along posterior margin beside mid line (Fig. 128, 135). Thorax (Figs 128, 135): protergum not much wider than long, with 3 short lateral projections on each side including barely produced posterolateral corners (Fig. 128, 135); meso and metaterga much wider than long, shorter than protergum with 2 lateral projections on each side including the produced posterolateral corners. Abdomen (Figs 128, 129, 135): laterotergites not visible from above; abdominal terga 1 – 8 with lateral margins expanding towards posterior end and posterolateral corners narrowed and apically acute (Fig. 128) or rounded (Fig. 135). Ventral surface (Fig. 129): posterior margin of median sternal plates of abdominal segments 1 – 6 with paired narrow projections, sterna areas of segments 7, 8 ill defined; posterior end of laterosternites dark, projecting; posterolateral corners of laterotergites of segments 1 – 8 narrowed, angulate, and slightly projecting towards rear.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C506FF6FBA27FA4AE83F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name emphasizes the huge eye emargination (oculus, - i (m) Latin eye; fissus, a, um Latin split, cloven).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E48C506FF6FBA27FA4AE83F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was mainly collected during daylight hours using yellow pans (shallow plastic dishes with the inside painted bright yellow). A 1 cm deep layer of detergent water was placed in them and they were laid out on the forest floor during the day. G. B. Monteith (of the Queensland Museum team which collected these insects) noted that flying insects patrolling the forest floor zoom down to investigate the bright colour, land on the bright yellow surface, and drown. The dorsal eye excavation is enormous and discussed subsequently. Larval associations are tentative only. It is known from the southern area of New Caledonia at elevations lower than 300 m, with two exceptions. The southern Foret Nord record at 480 m is of many males. Monteith considers the northerly record at the Touho TV tower in the north east of the island may have been mislabelled; it is based on a single larva.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E49C51EFF6FBAB4FA4AEC11.taxon	description	[Figs 139 – 184]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E49C51EFF6FBAB4FA4AEC11.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Pteroptyx effulgens Ballantyne.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E49C51EFF6FBAB4FA4AEC11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Medeopteryx gen. nov. is a new genus based mainly on New Guinean bent-winged fireflies formerly assigned to Pteroptyx, and is proposed for New Guinean and Australian species with an entire LO in V 7, the posterior margin of which is trisinuate with PLP no longer or wider than the MPP. All but two species have deflexed elytral apices. It is most obviously distinguished from Pteroptyx s. str. in having an entire LO in V 7, without a MFC and bulbous paraprocts on the aedeagal sheath. Male. Pronotum: dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas; punctation dense; anterior margin not explanate; W / L 1.3 – 1.7; either subparallel-sided, margins straight (A = B = C), or lateral margins diverging with posterior rounded convergence (C> A, B); pronotal width <humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, or sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners usually angulate, 90 º to median line, or rounded obtuse; posterolateral corners not usually projecting as far as median posterior margin and separated from it by scarce emarginations. Hypomera: closed; median area not elevated in vertical direction; median area more widely flattened than elsewhere; pronotal width / GHW 1.2. Elytron: punctation dense, not linear, not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices either deflexed or not; deflexed apex rounded, pointed or truncated, truncated apices short (Figs 141,143 – 146,153); epipleuron and sutural ridge extending beyond mid-point, to deflexed apex; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus, viewed from above epipleuron arises anterior to or level with posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length until deflexed apex; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided. Head: moderately-deeply depressed between eyes; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes close to moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum moderately separated; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, usually separated by up to ASW or> ASW in the “ cribellata complex ” (Ballantyne 1987 a: 131); clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach to or beyond inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts functional; apical labial palpomere strongly flattened, shaped like narrow triangle (narrowest at base), with inner edge entire; 2 – 3 X as long as wide. Antennae 11 segmented; length> GHW, usually twice GHW; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced; FS 1 not shorter than pedicel. Legs: with inner tarsal claw not split; without MFC; no femora or tibiae swollen or curved; no basitarsi expanded or excavated. Abdomen (Figs 139 – 146): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; V 3 and / or V 4 often with curved posterior margins and V 4 extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of V 3 (this feature varies between different specimens in the one species and may be difficult to determine on dried pinned abdomens); posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate; LO in V 7 entire and occupying most of V 7, reaching to sides but not posterior margin; posterior half of V 7 not arched or swollen, muscle impressions not visible, anterior margin of LO emarginate only in clipeata sp. nov. (Figs 147 – 151); LO present in V 6, occupying all or almost V 6. MPP present, symmetrical, apex emarginate, often shallowly so and emargination may not be visible from beneath; MPP not laterally compressed, short (L = W), not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T 8 apex, without dorsal ridge, median longitudinal trough; MPP longer than or subequal in length to, and wider than or subequal in width to, horizontal PLP. V 7 often with median ‘ dimple’ (depressed area Fig. 143 arrowed) anterior to MPP, in which case the ventral surface of the MPP is elevated (Ballantyne & McLean 1970 termed this a ‘ hump’); V 7 without median carina, median longitudinal trough, anteromedian longitudinal depression on face of LO, incurving lobes or pointed projections, or reflexed lobes on dorsal surface; dorsal face of light organ bearing paired cuticular strips running from the sides of the MPP over the surface of the LO and attaching anteriorly to longitudinal abdominal muscles, in antennata, corusca, cribellata, effulgens, elucens, flagrans, fulminea, platygaster, pupilla, similisantennata, similispupillae, sublustris, torricelliensis (Ballantyne 1987 a; 1993), or a wide single strip in clipeata sp. nov. (Fig. 150 CS). T 7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T 8 well sclerotised, symmetrical, W = L, visible posterior area not narrowing abruptly, median posterior margin emarginate, often widely so; usually widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in both an anterior and posterior direction; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V 7 nor MPP, not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V 7; T 8 ventral surface with a well developed median longitudinal trough margined by well defined ridges; anterior end of ridges usually with flanges which may be symmetrical / asymmetrical, narrow or broad, and with rounded or pointed apices (Figs 142,174,175); without lateral depressed troughs, asymmetrical projections, median posterior ridge; concealed anterolateral arms of T 8 either as long as visible posterior portion of T 8 or slightly shorter, not laterally emarginated before their origins, not expanded dorsoventrally, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T 8 not enfolding sides of V 7. Aedeagal sheath (Figs 174,176): approx. 3 times as long as wide; without paraprocts; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T 9, anterior margin without transverse band. Aedeagus (Figs 152,171 – 173, 180 – 182): L / W approx. 5 / 1; LL lack lateral appendages; apices of LL not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL / ML narrow; LL of equal length, very slightly shorter than ML, contiguous or slightly separated longitudinally by most of their length along inner dorsal margins; LL base width not = LL apex width which is narrower than that of ML; LL apices not expanded in horizontal plane; dorsal base of LL symmetrical; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins, not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin, apices of LL not inturned, nor out-turned; without projection on left LL; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, not strongly arched, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin. Female (Figs 154 – 167). Macropterous and some species observed in flight. Pronotum without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male. Elytral punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and / or curved. LO in V 6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V 7; median posterior margin of V 7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V 8 entire (Figs 154 – 159). Bursa (Figs 160 – 167) with paired wide plates; posterior oblique pair broad ventrally narrowing to pointed dorsal ends. Larva. Not reliably associated.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E49C51EFF6FBAB4FA4AEC11.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Medeopteryx (feminine noun; Greek mede = genitals, and pteryx = a wing, thus highlighting the shape of V 7 and the deflexed elytral apices).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E49C51EFF6FBAB4FA4AEC11.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two groups within Pteroptyx Olivier have been recognized (Ballantyne 1987 a) and successive phylogenetic analyses of the Luciolinae support this move to further subdivide the bent-winged fireflies (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000, 2006, 2009). List of species of Medeopteryx gen. nov. - Species * have an exclusively Australian distribution - amilae (Satô) comb. nov. - antennata (Olivier) comb. nov. - clipeata sp. nov. - corusca (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - cribellata (Olivier) comb. nov. - effulgens (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - elucens (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - flagrans (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - fulminea (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - hanedai (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - platygaster (Lea) comb. nov. - pupilla (Olivier) comb. nov. - similisantennata (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - similispupillae sp. nov. - sublustris (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - tarsalis (Olivier) comb. nov. - torricelliensis (Ballantyne) comb. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C51EFF6FBED9FEC6EE93.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. PHILIPPINES: 9.52 N, 123.35 E Cebu Island, Argao, 62 km S of Cebu City, 10. x. 1968, (Yokosuka City Museum, Japan).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C51EFF6FBED9FEC6EE93.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. With orange pronotum and dark brown elytra; without flashing data; very similar to M. effulgens and M. fulminea, (both of which have associated flashing data), distinguished from M. effulgens by the brown head, and from M. fulminea by its distribution in the Philippines.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C51EFF6FBED9FEC6EE93.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Previously it was considered that bent-winged fireflies without the MFC were restricted to New Guinea and northern Australia (Ballantyne, 1987 a). M. amilae is the first species without the comb recorded west of the island of New Guinea. The head colour between the eyes of the holotype as interpreted by LB is medium brown (Satô described it as yellow orange). This colour is characteristic of M. fulminea which is retained because it is based on Behaviour Voucher specimens where accurate light patterns are related to individual specimens. No such data is available for M. amilae.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C519FF6FBB5FFA40EF84.taxon	description	[Figs 154, 160]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C519FF6FBB5FFA40EF84.taxon	description	1979, Fig. 7. Pteroptyx antennatum Olivier, 1910 b: 47; 1913 b: 417. Ballantyne, 1987 a: 127 (synonymy). Lectotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: Fly River, designated by Ballantyne (1987 a: 127) (MCSN).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C519FF6FBB5FFA40EF84.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 143.00 E, 9.00 S, Western Pr., Ellangowan Island, Fly River, 11. xi. 1922, A. McCulloch, male, 2 females (AMSA). Madang District, Alexishafen, Sek Bridge, xi. 4.1969, J. Buck (SEK 23), mating pair *.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C519FF6FBB5FFA40EF84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 7 – 9 mm long; orange pronotum, dark brown MS and elytra; FS orange or dark brown; FS 7 – 9 shorter than other FS; elytral apex broadly rounded; LO entire in V 7; MPP of V 7 short, broad, apically truncate and projecting moderately beyond the posterolateral corners. Distinguished from M. similisantennata by the antennal colour, shape of the MPP and outline of the deflexed elytral apices (Ballantyne 1987 a Figs 3, 4). Female (of mating pair) (Figs 154, 160). 8.0 mm long. Colour: as for male except for brown flagellar segments, abdominal ventrites pale brown, V 5 paler across posterior margin, V 6 entirely pale except for brown laterally reflexed margins and very narrowly brown posterior margin; V 7 pale in anteromedian portion; abdominal tergites light brown except for tT 7, 8 which are darker than rest. Abdomen (Fig. 154): V 6 posterior margin with posterolateral corners acute, broadly excavated across posterior margin with small pointed projection in median line; V 8 not indented in median line. Bursa (Fig. 160): two sets of separate plates with very small median oviduct sclerite.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E51C519FF6FBB5FFA40EF84.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier named this species for the distinctive orange FS, and brown scape and pedicel. A lectotype male and a female (Ballantyne & McLean, 1970; Ballantyne, 1987 a), and a further male and two females listed above, are the only specimens LB has seen with the pale coloured FS, consistent with the original description. All are from the type locality of the Fly River. All other specimens assigned have brown FS. Ballantyne and McLean (1970: 240, Fig. 5) described 2 males with brownish orange FS (from Milne Bay area in Eastern Papua, and River Tor in Indonesia Papua), as Pteroptyx antennata, and another 4 males (as " Species A ", page 266) which conformed to P. antennata except for the uniformly dark FS. Ballantyne (1987 a) designated a lectotype male from a syntype series from the type locality and assigned a further 23 males to the species and included Ballantyne and McLean's Species A; all conformed to the description of antennata in Ballantyne and McLean (1970) (i. e. all lacked paler coloured FS), and many had flashing data associated (Lloyd 1973 a). When observed with the unaided eye the dark and shiny brown scape and pedicel, and dull lighter brown FS approach Olivier's original description. Lloyd (1973 a) described the two major flash patterns of the males and the ability of small groups of flying males to flash in " apparent synchrony. " Lloyd (1973 b) described and figured the " four modulation flicker "; Lloyd (1978) figured " one of two flicker patterns ” and (1979) the flash pattern of Species F (assigned to antennata by Ballantyne (1987 a). Guérin-Méneville (1838) described Luciola ruficollis with black antennae, abdomen entirely yellow beneath and abdominal apex " trilobo' '. Ballantyne (1987 a) considered ruficollis may have been based on antennata like specimens. Luciola ruficollis is not presently identified in collections of New Guinean Luciola. At Alexishafen Medeopteryx antennata is sympatric with, and similar to M. similisantennata, with which it apparently shares the same pattern of light production. The similarities in light patterns suggest a form of mimicry.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C519FF6EBC57FC2FEBD1.taxon	description	[Figs 147 – 153]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C519FF6EBC57FC2FEBD1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: Ruka, 9 m, 12. viii. 1964, H. Clissold, light trap (BPBM). Paratypes (42). Same locality as holotype, 18 males. 8.51 S, 143.11 E, Western District, Oriomo River, 3 m, light trap, H. Clissold, 1. viii. 1964, 6 males; 4. viii. 1964, 2 males; 6. viii. 1964, 14 males; 16. viii. 1964, 2 males (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C519FF6EBC57FC2FEBD1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pronotum orange, elytra dark brown; distinguished from all other Medeopteryx by the loss of the anteromedian area of LO in V 7 (Fig. 147). Female and larva unknown. Male. 6.5 – 7.0 mm long. Colour: pronotum, MS and MN orange; elytra dark brown (under direct microscopic examination the illumination makes the elytral pubescence appear golden thus masking the base elytral colour); head dark brown with a median triangular area on vertex dingy orange; labrum orange; antennae and palpi dark brown; ventral aspect of thorax and abdominal V 2 – 4 and basal fourth of V 5 light brown (ventral surface of metathorax sometimes dingy orange); legs orange except tibiae 1, and tarsi of all legs dark brown; V 6 and 7 pale cream in area of LO, yellowish elsewhere; all tergites pale brown; dorsally reflexed margins of Vs cream. Pronotum: 1.0 – 1.2 mm long; 1.4 – 1.6 mm wide; subparallel sided; punctures small, shallow, separated by their width. Head: moderately depressed between eyes; GHW 1.2 – 1.3 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; ASD subequal to ASW. Antennae elongate, slender, FS 7 – 9 not obviously shorter than remaining FS. Elytron (Fig. 153): apex rounded. LO (Figs 147, 149, 151): retracted from anteromedian area of V 7 (the cuticular area extending from the MPP of V 7 attaches in this area, as do longitudinal muscles visible through cuticle; Fig. 150). Abdomen: MPP projecting posteriorly a little beyond PLP and projecting ventrally (Fig. 147, 149, 151), terminating in fine paired projections. T 8: ventral surface with lateral ridges and finely pointed, forwardly projecting flanges. Aedeagus: (Fig. 152) with apex of median lobe pointed, and bearing an acute ridge on dorsal surface level with the incurved tips of LL.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C519FF6EBC57FC2FEBD1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specific name clipeata (clipeatus, a um, Latin = bearing a shield) refers to the shield shaped area in V 7 devoid of LO. This new species superficially resembles M. antennata. The functional significance of the modifications to V 7 and the reduction in LO area are discussed subsequently.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C518FF6FB81AFCBBE917.taxon	description	[Figs 139 – 142, 155, 161, 162]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C518FF6FB81AFCBBE917.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: Eastern Highlands Pr.: 145.22 E, 6.02 S, 4.7 miles east of Goroka (ANIC). Other specimens examined. Listings extend Ballantyne (1987 a). NEW GUINEA: 143.35 E, 3.35 S, Wewak, 2 – 20 m, 13. x. 1957, on palm, JLG, male (BPBM). 144.45 E, 5.53 S, Banz, west of Nondugl, 21. vii. 1955, light trap, JLG, 1750 m, male (BPBM). Banz, Waghi Valley, 1500 m, vii. 21.1955, light trap, JLG, 2 males (BPBM). 144.37 E, 5.55 S, Western Highlands, Kamang, near Minj, 1840 m, 21. v. 1966, JLG, male (BPBM). Western Highlands, Korn farm, 1560 m, x. 15.1958, light trap. JLG, male (BPBM). 145.22 E, 6.02 S, Korifeuga, 22 km SE Goroka, 1200 m, 30. vii. 1961, malaise trap, JLG, male (BPBM). 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Wau, Morobe Distr., 1200 m, 30. vii. 1961, malaise trap, JLG, male (BPBM). 146.55 E, 8.16 S, Tapini, 1000 m, 9 – 12. vii. 1968, Mena, 2 males (BPBM). 147.13 E, 7.52 S, Morobe Pr., Garaina, 800 m, 15 – 21. i. 1968, J. & M. S., male (BPBM). 147.44 E, 8.52 S, Kokoda, iii. 20.1956, JLG, light trap, 6 males, (1 male 400 m), male 28 – 29. iii. 1956, male at 400 m, 14 – 16. xi. 1965 (BPBM). Eastern Highlands, Simbu Pr., Chimbu district, Kundiu 5 mating pairs, 26 – 27. xi. 1969; 9. xi. 1969, sp. samp. # 5 MP ‘ flasher’ (1) (ANIC). Eastern Highlands, outside Goroka on Lae Road, across from Tech. College, mating pair (G 383) (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C518FF6FB81AFCBBE917.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6 – 7.5 mm long; yellow pronotum, black MS and elytra; elytral apex rounded (Fig. 141); LOs entire in V 7; abdomen with dimple and hump (Figs 139, 140, 142) (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 10). Female. 6.8 – 7.0 mm long. Colour: as for male – pronotum and MN yellow, MS dark brown in posterior 2 / 3 and dusky brown in anterior 1 / 3; elytra brown; ventral surface of body including head and legs brown except for pale yellow venter of prothorax and yellow coxae 1, pale light organ, and slightly darker brown posterolateral corners of V 7; all abdominal tergites pale brown, T 7 slightly darker in lateral third; T 7, 8 slightly darker than preceding. Abdomen (Fig. 155): posterolateral corners of V 6 rounded, V 6 not excavated across posterior margin; posterior margin of V 7 broadly, deeply and evenly excavated, with posterolateral corners acutely angled and pointed; V 8 not indented in median line. Bursa (Figs 161, 162).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E56C518FF6FB81AFCBBE917.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lloyd (1973 a) listed all his species by number and his " P. (= Pteroptyx) species 17 " was identified by Ballantyne as P. cribellata. These specimens were subsequently assigned to P. corusca (Ballantyne, 1987 a), which was the only Highland species recorded. (The improbability of a highland species having been collected around 1890 was pointed out by John Buck and others, who considered that P. cribellata could not have been based on highland specimens.). This species is one of a complex of cryptic species, the ' cribellata complex' of Ballantyne (1987 a), who described a female of a mating pair (from Goroka) with lateral pronotal margins finely dark, but otherwise consistent with this description. " The synchronised flash pattern appeared to be a single simple flash, but actually consisted of 2 modulations a preliminary dim one followed by a brighter one " (Lloyd, 1973 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E57C51BFF6FBBDCFE2DE83F.taxon	description	[Figs 143, 156, 163]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E57C51BFF6FBBDCFE2DE83F.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens were collected by J., J. H., and M. Sedlacek, and are in BPBM. Listings extend Ballantyne (1987 a). NEW GUINEA: 145.04 E, 6.37 S, Chimbu Pr., Karimui: 4. vi. 1961, light trap, male, J. & M. Gressitt; 1080 m, 14 – 15. vii. 1963, male. 146.35 E, 7.13 S, Morobe Pr., Bulolo: 700 m, 26. xi. 1969, 4 males; 6. xi. 1969, male; 900 m, 6. xi. 1969, male; Bulolo, Vatut: 700 – 800 m, 1 – 7. vi. 1969, male; Bulolo River: 680 m, 27. iii. 1969, male; 700 m, 26. xi. 1969, male; 800 – 900 m, 31. viii. 1965, male; 850 – 900 m, 24. viii. 1965, 2 males. 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Morobe Pr., Wau, Kujera: 1300 m, 27. vi. 1969, male, A. Mirza. Wau, Morobe District: 880 – 1050 m, 8 – 9. ii. 1963, male; 1050 m, 11. xi. 1961, male, 5. i. 1961, male; 1100 m, 29. viii. 1961, male, 26. x. 1961, 2 males; 1150 – 1600 m, 9. xi. 1968, male; 1200 m: 27. i. 1966, male; 13. viii. 1961, light trap, male; 14. vii. 1961, light trap, male; 5 – 13. iii. 1964, M – V light trap, male, 8. v. 1967, on Amaranth, no collector, male; 12 – 1300 m, 22. x. 1965, male; 1300 m, 14. viii. 1961, male; Oct 19, 1969, J. E. Lloyd (G 381) male, female. Wau, Morobe District, Mt Missim: 880 – 1050 m, 8 – 9. ii. 1963, 4 males; 900 m, 22. ii. 1965, 2 males. 147.44 E, 8.52 S, Kokoda, 380 m, iii. 20.1956, light trap, 2 males, JLG; 28 – 29. iii. 1956, light trap, 2 males, JLG; 400 m, 17 – 18. xi. 1965, male. Madang District, Kar Kar Island, ' Mt H. I. Tree' 28. XI. 1973, E. Ball Tube 21, 16 males 18 females (10 dissected) (ANIC). AUSTRALIA, Queensland: Cape York Peninsula: Dividing Range, 15 km west King Billy Creek, 5 – 12. ii. 1976, G. B. Monteith, 3 males (synchronous flashing). (QMBA). 143.17 E, 12.44 S, Iron Range, Gordon's Creek, 8. viii. 1983, B. Gillies, male (MUMA).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E57C51BFF6FBBDCFE2DE83F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Orange pronotum, dark brown elytra, rounded elytral apices (Fig. 143), dimple on V 7 (Fig. 143 arrowed); distinguished from other similarly coloured species by the dimensions of the deflexed elytral apex (A, B, C are subequal) and the deep dimple on V 7 (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 7). Female (Figs 156, 163) (Kar Kar Island specimens). 6.5 – 7.2 mm long. Colour: as for male except for dusky brown MS appearing slightly darker in posterior half (probably because of underlying mesothorax), pale LO in V 6, and moderately dark brown V 7, 8 and T 7, 8 (V 7 may bear irregular whitish patches along its anterior margin and the posterolateral corners of V 7 may be darker brown than rest. Abdomen (Fig. 156): posterior margin of V 6 not excavated, posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin of V 7 broadly, deeply and evenly excavated, with posterolateral corners acutely angled and pointed; V 8 not indented in median line. Bursa plates (Fig. 163).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E57C51BFF6FBBDCFE2DE83F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type locality of Ighibirei is in Central province on the Kemp Welch river (Helgen et al. 2008). In the absence of knowledge of this locality specimens were assigned to this species (see Ballantyne and McLean 1970; Ballantyne 1987 a). Any reassessment of such specimens can only be made on morphological grounds. In the absence of any flashing data, Ballantyne and McLean (1970) assigned a range of morphologically variable specimens to Pteroptyx cribellata. In 1970 LB had provided Lloyd with tentative determinations, and his species " P. 17 " was thus identified in Lloyd (1973 a) as Pteroptyx cribellata. Ballantyne (1987 a) described a lectotype and considered that only two of Lloyd's (1973 a) species, viz. species 17 and 20, conformed closely to cribellata. The flashing patterns of these two species are very similar. LB eliminated the possibility of Lloyd's species P. 17 with its highland distribution, being cribellata (Ballantyne, 1987 a). Of the broad assemblage of specimens tentatively assigned to cribellata by Ballantyne and McLean (1970), and reassigned by Ballantyne (1987 a), only specimens with lowland distribution were considered as possible cribellata. Haneda (1966), Hanson (1978), and Hanson et al. (1971) refer to Pteroptyx cribellata from New Britain; the species is Medeopteryx effulgens (Ballantyne 1987 a). Buck (1988: 268) was not sympathetic to the need for such taxonomic changes, despite having heralded the possibility (Buck et al., 1981 a: 278). Olivier (1913 b) synonymised Luciola platygaster Lea with Pteroptyx cribellata (Olivier). Ballantyne and Lambkin (2000) assigned platygaster to Pteroptyx. Specimens listed here extend the range of cribellata and are tentatively assigned as no definitive information on light production is available.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E54C51AFF6FBAB4FDB1E867.taxon	description	[Figs 144, 157, 164]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E54C51AFF6FBAB4FDB1E867.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 152.00 E, 4.00 S, New Britain, Gazelle Pen., 8.2 mi S Rabaul (ANIC). Other specimens examined. Unless otherwise indicated specimens are in BPBM. Listings extend Ballantyne (1987 a). NEW GUINEA, New Britain: Bismarck Archipelago: 152.0 E, 4.20 S, Vudal, SW of Keravat, 13. xii. 1959, T. Maa, male. Gazelle Peninsula, 140 m, 21 – 27. x. 1962, malaise trap, JS, male; Gazelle Peninsula, Baipinrs: St Pauls, 350 m, 4. ix. 1955, light trap. JLG, male. 152.20 E, 4.20 S, Keravat, Lowl Agr. Exp. Sta., 3. vi. 1965, 3 males, 2 females; 21. vii. 1965, 2 males G. S. Dun; 15. vi. 1954, J. Szent-Ivany, female, resting on cacao (Dept. Agriculture, Port Moresby). Keravat, 10. ii. 1966, G Monteith, 13 males, 2 females (Tubes 231, 221, 223 UQIC); 60 m, ix. 11.1955, JLG, 2 males, 31. viii. 1955, male. Vunabakan, 180 m, 10 km east of Keravat, 16 – 20. xi. 1959, T. Maa, 6 males, female. Gazelle Peninsula, Malmalwan – Vunakanau, v. 4.1956, light trap, 4 males, v – 11 – 13 – 1956, male, JLG. 150.0 E, 5.0 S, Willaumez Peninsula, Volupai, 100 m, iv. 16.1956, light trap. JLG, male. Vunakanau, 350 m, x. 10.1957, 2 males, v. 4.1956, JLG 2 males. 151 – 152.0 E, 5.0 – 6.0 S, Jacquinot Bay, Wunung Plantation, iv. 30.1956, JLG, male. 152 E, 2 – 5.0 S, New Ireland: Lakuramau Plantation, east coast, 1. viii. 1955, feeding on cacao foliage (adult was probably resting), J. Szent-Ivany, male (Dept. Agriculture, Port Moresby).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E54C51AFF6FBAB4FDB1E867.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6.8 – 7.5 mm long; orange yellow pronotum, MS and MP; head between eyes yellow; deflexed elytral apex pointed; LO entire in V 7; abdomen with dimple and hump; distinguished from all but M. fulminea and M. amilae by the possession of pointed elytral apices, and from fulminea and amilae by the orange head, and apparent restriction of effulgens to New Britain (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 8). Female. 5.7 – 6.9 mm long. Colour: as for male except V 5 sometimes paler brown than preceding ventrites, pale light orgn in V 6, and the yellow semitransparent terminal two ventrites; basal abdominal tergites brown, T 7, 8 paler brownish yellow than preceding ones. Abdomen (Fig. 157): posterior margin of V 6 not excavated, posterolateral corners rounded; V 7 broadly, moderately deeply and evenly excavated along posterior margin, with posterolateral corners acutely angled and pointed; V 8 not indented in median line. Bursa (Fig. 164).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E54C51AFF6FBAB4FDB1E867.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne (1987 a) included only specimens with associated flashing data in the type series, and indicated that assignment of specimens without flashing data was tentative only. Because effulgens and fulminea are very similar, determination of the colour patterns (especially those of head, MS and the terminal tergites) is important. Ballantyne (1987 a) encountered difficulty determining colour patterns in alcohol preserved specimens, which were apparently dead before being preserved. This difficulty is sometimes overcome by drying specimens before examination. M. effulgens has an orange head with a dark triangular area on the vertex, and occur in New Britain. However Ballantyne (1987 a) recorded one mating pair with an orange-headed male and black-headed female. No conclusions should be drawn from distributional records of specimens other than those of the type series. Type specimens of effulgens and fulminea are not sympatric, with effulgens restricted to New Britain while fulminea occurs on the New Guinea mainland. Although very similar morphologically, their light production is different. Ballantyne and McLean's (1970) composite Pteroptyx cribellata included certain specimens with orange head; their Groups 1 A, p. 244 and 1 D, p. 244 were recorded from both New Guinea and New Britain, and the New Guinean specimens are tentative inclusions here. In New Britain M. effulgens is sympatric with an orange-headed Australoluciola pharusaurea sp. nov. Lloyd (1973 a) recorded 2 collecting sites " SW of Simpson Harbor, on Burma Road ...... The swarm trees were cocoas and palms at the roadside. Males flashed single, short flashes at a period of about 1.2 sec., frequently in bouts of about 6 flashes ". Lloyd (1973 a) described the " simple flashes " of both M. effulgens and M. fulminea and he listed them on p. 268 as species 15 and 16, and figured the flashes of the latter. The species recorded as Pteroptyx cribellata in Hanson et al. (1971), Hanson (1978), Buck et al. (1981 a, 1981 b) from New Britain is M. effulgens.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E55C51AFF6FBA4CFE62EABE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 146.40 E, 7.22 S, 4 mi n Wau, elev. c 2800 ', near Kunai Creek, Lae Road (ANIC). Other specimens examined. Listings extend Ballantyne (1987 a). NEW GUINEA: 143.35 E, 3.35 S, Wewak, 2 – 20 m, 13. x. 1957, JLG, male. 146.35 E, 7.13 S, Bulolo, 1010 m, 19. viii. 1956, male, light trap, EF. 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Wau, Morobe Dist., 1200 m, male 29. vi. 1961, at light, male 22 – 30. vi. 1962, light trap. 146.55 E, 8.16 S, Tapini, 1000 m, 9 – 12. vii. 1968, 2 males, Mena. (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E55C51AFF6FBA4CFE62EABE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6.5 – 7.2 mm long; pronotum and MN yellow, MS medium brown; head dark brown; elytral apices rounded; very similar to M. corusca and M. cribellata, from which it can be distinguished by the completely dark dorsal aspect of the abdomen, the outline of the median posterior projection of V 7, the ventral surface of T 8 including the shape of the flanges, and its simple single flash (the other 2 species have a bimodal flash) (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 11)	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E55C51AFF6FBA4CFE62EABE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lloyd (1973 a) recorded it as " abundant at the Namie-Bulolo site near Wau " and sympatric with M. effulgens, M. cribellata, M. sublustris, and 3 Luciola species, and the male flash pattern " a single, short flash with a period of about 5.5 secs ".	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC515FF6FBF84FB5DE842.taxon	description	[Figs 146, 158]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC515FF6FBF84FB5DE842.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 144.58 E, 5.59 S, Chimbu District, Catherine Mission (ANIC). Other specimens examined. Specimens are in BPBM unless otherwise indicated, and listings extend Ballantyne (1987 a). NEW GUINEA: 145.53 E, 5.54 S, Above Kerowagi, 2300 m, vii. 6.1955, JLG, male. 144.37 E. 5.55 S, Minj, W Highlands, ix. 8 – 13.1959, sweeping, T. Maa, 2 males, 2 females. 145.04 E, 6.37 S, Karimui, 1080 m, 13. vii. 1963, male. 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Wau, Morobe District, Mt Missim, 1100 m, 17. i. 1963, H. Clissold, male; 880 – 1050 m, 8 – 9. ii. 1963, male; 1450 m, 20. iii. 1974, on Urticaceae, JLG male. Wau, Bulolo River, 850 – 900 m, 24. viii. 1965, male; 1100 – 1200 m, 25. ix. 1968, male NK. Morobe Dist., Aseki, 1100 m, 13. iv. 1974, A. Hart, male. Feramin, 150 – 120 m, 11 – 22. v. 1959, WB, male. Chimbu District, Kundiu, Catherine Mission. 26 – 29. XI. 1969, 8 mating pairs; one MP # 6, 13. XI. 1969; 1 MP no spect. 8. XI. 1969 (ANIC). INDONESIA, West Irian (as New Guinea, Netherlands): 140.10 E, 2.48 S, Genjam, 40 km W of Hollandia, 100 – 200 m, 1 – 10. iii. 1963, T. Maa, male. Guega, W. of Swart Valley, 1200 m, 15. xi. 1958, JLG, 2 males. Swart Valley, W side, 1400 – 2000 m, xi. 13.1958, male, JLG. Swart Valley, Karubaka, 1450 m, xi. 12.1958, male; 1300 m, xi. 7.1958, 2 males, 3 females, JLG.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC515FF6FBF84FB5DE842.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6.1 – 7.1 mm long; pronotum, MP yellow, MS dusky yellow, darker than pronotum; frons and labrum sometimes orange; elytral apices rounded (Fig. 146); LOs entire in V 7; dimple and hump absent; distinguished from M. torricelliensis (Fig. 183) by its smaller size and the outline of the terminal abdomen; from M. hanedai by the uniformly orange pronotum, and M. sublustris by the smooth surface of the pronotum (see Fig. 184) (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 12; Ballantyne & McLean 1970 Figs 14, 15). Female (Fig. 158) (Kundiu specimens). 5.9 – 7.2 mm long. Colour: as for male except for dusky brown MS, pale LO in V 6, and slightly paler brown V 7, 8 which may be irregularly marked laterally in darker brown. Abdomen: posterior margin of V 6 not medially emarginate, posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin of V 7 broadly, shallowly and evenly emarginated, posterolateral corners rounded; V 8 not indented in median line. Bursa with two sets of wide plates.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC515FF6FBF84FB5DE842.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne (1987 a: 152) described the flashing patterns of this species which earned it the common name of " flickerer " used by Lloyd, Buck, Hopkins and others. Lloyd (1973 a) described " 3 common and distinctive luminescent patterns " and the female behaviour pattern, where " females are attracted to and land near flashing males. In other species (non Pteroptyx) studied in New Guinea and elsewhere, it is the males that are attracted to stationary luminescing females ".	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC514FF6FBA6EFDCCEB47.taxon	description	[Figs 145, 159]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC514FF6FBA6EFDCCEB47.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: Morobe District, 2,800 ' (ANIC). Other specimens examined. Collector is J. Sedlacek unless indicated otherwise, and specimens are in BPBM. Listings extend Ballantyne (1987 a). Ball’s tubes from Kar Kar Island (in ANIC) are identified by tube number and annotation as KK followed by a number; these can be related to field data records kept by Ball. Specimens * have lateral pronotal margins finely dark. NEW GUINEA: 146.00 E, 4.40 S, Kar Kar Island, Namau, 0 – 200 m, 9. viii. 1968, NK, 11 males; 145.52 E, 4.42 S, Kurum, 0 – 100 m, viii. 1968, NK, male. Kar Kar Island, Eldon Ball, 22. xi. 1973 3 males, 6 females (tube 11 KK 2); 20. xi. 1973 5 females (tube 13 KK 1); 22. xi. 1973 2 males, 5 females (tube 9 KK 2); 23 Nov 1973 9 males, 1 female (Tube 20, KK 2); 22 Nov 1973 5 males, 4 females (tube 25 KK 5); 22 Nov 1973 5 males 4 females (tube 28 KK 4) (ANIC). 147.51 E, 6.35 S, Finschhafen, 14. iv. 1944 male, 21. iv. 1944 male *, E. Ross; iv. 1944, F. Skinner, male *. 146.53 E, 6.43 S, Bubia, near Lae, vii. 22.1959, Freycinetia, male. 146.35 E, 7.13 S, Bulolo, 700 m, 18. vi. 1969, male, 6. xi. 1969, male, 26. xi. 1969, 4 males (2 males *), 31. xii. 1969, male. Bulolo River, 680 m, 2. ii. 1969, male *, 23. iv. 1969, male *, 8. v. 1969, male *, 4. vi. 1969, male *; 26. xi. 1969, 2 males *; 1130 m, 17. ix. 1969, male *. Bulolo-Vatut, 7 – 800 m, 1 – 7. vi. 1969, male *. 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Wau, Morobe District, 1080 m, 15. viii. 1964, light trap, male *; 1100 m, 2. ix. 1961, male *; 1150 m, 11. vii. 1971, (Mallotus), male; 1200 m, 19 – 23. vi. 1961, light trap, 2 males; 30. vii. 1961, malaise trap, male; 10. vii. 1961, male; 7. viii. 1961, male; 14. viii. 1961, light trap, male; 17. viii. 1961, light trap, male *; 26 – 29. ix. 1961, M-V light trap, male; 27. x. 1961, 2 males; 15 – 22. xi. 1961, 3 males; 19. xi. 1961, 2 males (1 male *); 2. xii. 1961, male; 15. xii. 1961, male *; 18. xii. 1961, 2 males *; 25. xii. 1961, male; 28 – 30. vi. 1962, light trap, male *; 23. i. 1968, male; 22. iii. 1969, on coffee, male *; 19. vii. 1971, (Mallotus), 2 males; 6. vii. 1973, on Ficus sp., male; 1200 – 1300 m, 4. ii. 1962, male, G. Monteith; 14 – 17. i. 1963, male; 1600 – 1700 m, 28. xii. 1961, male. Wau, Hospital Creek, 1200 m, 6. iv. 1965, male. Wau, Mt Missim, 900 m, 22. ii. 1965, male *. 147.10 E, 7.53 S, Garaina, 800 m, 15. i. 1968, male *, 4. i. 1968, male *, 830 m, 13 – 15. i. 1968, male *. 147.44 E, 8.52 S, Kokoda, 400 m, 15 – 20. xi. 1965, light trap. 4 males; 18. xi. 1966, male; 380 m, iii. 20.1956, light trap, JLG, 2 males. 147.07 E, 9.30 S, east of Port Moresby, Bisianumu, 500 m, 8. vi. 1955, primary forest, JLG, male. Daradae Plantation, 500 m, 80 km N to Port Moresby, ix. 4.1959, T. Maa, 21 males (1 male sweeping). Mamai Plantation, near Port Glasgow, i. 1965, 30 – 60 m, P. Shanahan, male. INDONESIA, West Irian (as New Guinea, Netherlands): 139.00 E, 2.00 S, River Tor, mouth, 4 km E of Hol Maffen, 2 – 5. vii. 1959, light trap, T. Maa, male *. 140.39 E, 2.37 S, Hollandia area, W Sentani, Cyclops Mts, 50 – 100 m, 22 – 24. vi. 1959, light trap, JLG and T. Maa, male. Hollandia, 13. iii. 1960, T. Maa, male.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC514FF6FBA6EFDCCEB47.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 5.5 – 6.8 mm long; pronotum yellow with narrowly dark lateral margins; MP yellow, MS dark brown; head between eyes brown; deflexed elytral apex pointed (Fig. 145; Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 9); LOs entire in V 7 (Fig. 145); most similar to M. amilae and M. effulgens, distinguished from the former by its patterns of light production and distribution in eastern New Guinea, and from the latter by light patterns, head colour, and occurrence in mainland New Guinea. Female (Fig. 159; Kar Kar Island specimens). 6.3 – 7.2 mm long. Colour: as for male with dark MS; pale LO in V 6; V 7, 8 not as dark as preceding ventrites, V 7 may have pale markings irregularly scattered in anterior section. Bursa plates like those of M. cribellata: (e. g. Fig. 163).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5AC514FF6FBA6EFDCCEB47.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne (1987 a) chose the specific name to emphasize the pattern of light production, and the common name of " flasher " given by Buck and others. M. effulgens and M. fulminea may be restricted in distribution i. e. effulgens to New Britain and fulminea to mainland New Guinea. Ballantyne's (1987 a) decision to erect 2 species was a purely taxonomic one. Ballantyne (1987 a) described two exceptions in the New Britain population of M. effulgens without orange heads; of specimens recorded here the dark headed Lindenhafen male has MS dusky and T 8 dark; the Keravat male has MS and T 8 pale. Ballantyne (1987 a) recorded two elytral apex types for specimens assigned to fulminea – viz. elytral apices pointed (Fig. 9 g) and rounded (Fig. 9 j), but keyed the species with elytral apices pointed. Specimens from Kar Kar Island have elytral apices more broadly rounded, and their assignment here without any information on flashing patterns is thus tentative only. Lloyd (1973 a) recorded this species from " Bulolo River near Wau .... near Lae at the Markham River Bridge ... and at Alexishafen at the Biges River Bridge ". It occurred alongside M. pupilla and M. antennata at Alexishafen, and M. elucens at Wau (Ballantyne 1987 a, p. 156); it emits " single short flashes at periods of 1 to 1.9 sec " (Lloyd 1973 a). At similar temperatures the interval is 1.2 – 1.3 seconds for both fulminea and effulgens. The single male in " Species F " (Ballantyne & McLean, 1970) is assigned to M. fulminea.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5BC517FF6FB96DFDCBEC77.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 144.44 E, 5,51 S Star Mountains, Sibil Valley (BPBM). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 143.00 E, 9.00 S, Western Pr., Fly River, Losobip, 400 – 600 m, viii. 1969, JS, male, 2 females (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5BC517FF6FB96DFDCBEC77.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 5.9 – 6.2 mm long; distinguished from all other Medeopteryx by the median dark marking on the pronotum. (Characters of terminal abdomen not determined).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5BC517FF6FB96DFDCBEC77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Luciola aspera Olivier, described from a female, has median dark pronotal markings similar to M. hanedai; however males without deflexed elytral apices are assigned to aspera which is transferred to Australoluciola gen. nov. The Fly River male is the only representative of this species from other than the Sibil Mountains and the specimens may not be conspecific.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E58C517FF6FBE7CFCF4EE2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. An Australian Medeopteryx with orange pronotum, dark brown elytra, dimple and hump on V 7, and narrowly deflexed elytral apex (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2000 Fig. 20). Female macropterous, larva unknown.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E58C517FF6FBE7CFCF4EE2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne and Lambkin (2000) revealed two species of Pteroptyx (now Medeopteryx) in Australia, distinguished by the form of the deflexed elytral apex. The females recorded from Iron Range in Ballantyne and Lambkin (2000: 69) are probably females of M. cribellata.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E58C516FF6FBC8AFB35EF57.taxon	description	[Figs 168 – 176]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E58C516FF6FBC8AFB35EF57.taxon	description	Other Specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 5.14 S, 145.45 E, Madang Dist., Sek Harbor, 10 mi n Madang, Oct. 5, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, 2 males (G 148, 141). (JELC). Mt Lamington District Northern Division, C. McNamara 6 males (1 male v. 1927) (AMSA).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E58C516FF6FBC8AFB35EF57.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One of two Medeopteryx with trisinuate V 7 but without deflexed elytral apices; distinguished most from M. similispupillae by the pale terminal abdominal tergites (Fig. 170) and the broader ML (that of similispupillae is very narrow; Fig. 182). Male. 5.3 (lectotype) – 7.7 mm long. Colour (Fig. 168): pronotum dingy orange (finely dark margined in G 141); MS dingy orange, marked in brown in anterior half; MN cream; elytra uniformly very dark brown, reddish brown with narrowly pale margins in one Mt Lamington male; head between eyes, antennae and palpi almost black (head of G 148 appearing paler brown as semitransparent cuticle reveals underlying fat body); entire ventral surface of thorax, all of legs 1 – 3 dark brown (coxae and base of femora of legs 1, 2 orange in one Mt Lamington male); basal abdominal ventrites dark brown; V 5 – 7 dirty white (1 / 4 to ½ of posterior area of V 5 pale in Mt Lamington males; T 2 – 6 yellow (lectotype), brownish in Mt Lamington males, semitransparent, T 7 – 8 white, semitransparent. Pronotum: 1.3 (lectotype) – 2.2 mm wide, 1.0 (lectotype) – 1.4 mm long, W / L = 1.4 – 1.7; punctures shallow, contiguous across anterior and lateral margins, separated by up to their width over central area of disc; midanterior margin broadly rounded, moderately projecting beyond rounded anterolateral corners, with lateral margins subparallel, converging slightly in anterior and posterior third in lectotype; lateral margins divergent slightly posteriorly, with anterolateral and posterolateral corners angulate in Mt Lamington males. Head: GHW 1.1 (lectotype) – 1.8 mm, SIW 0.2 mm; ASD slightly <ASW. FS elongate, slender, subequal. Abdomen (Figs 169, 170, 175, 176): LOs occupying all of V 6 and 7 except for narrow posterior margin of 7; MPP moderately broad, longer than wide, apically truncate (lectotype) or slightly emarginated, longer and wider than PLP, T 8 with broad short rounded flanges in lectotype; flanges about as long as wide and apically truncate in Mt Lamington males (Fig. 175). Aedeagus: (Figs 171 – 173) ML expanded, and may appear concave in posterior half, 0.7 as wide as LL across narrowest portion of ML; LL inturned at inner apex.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E58C516FF6FBC8AFB35EF57.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Confusion in the literature over the identity of Luciola pupilla is resolved by designation of a lectotype (first in a syntype series). McDermott (1966) incorrectly assigned pupilla to Pteroptyx. LB tentatively identified Lloyd's (1973 a) Luciola species 11 as Luciola pupilla and abdominal modifications were described (Ballantyne, 1987 a, b). This study has revealed two species with similar V 7, viz. M. pupilla and M. similispupillae sp. nov. It is now possible to determine an approximate location for " Ighibirei " which is also the type locality of Medeopteryx cribellata (Olivier). Helgen et al. (2008) referred to Loria’s collecting locality as either “ on the Kemp Welch river some little way inland “ or “ just inland from the mouth of the Wanigela River ”. The elevation is unknown. Lloyd's field records for specimen G 148 read " slow double pulse signal, one second interval ".	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C516FF6FBD9CFD39E962.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 145 – 146.00 E, 4 – 6.00 S, Madang District, Alexishafen, at bridge (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C516FF6FBD9CFD39E962.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderate sized (7.5 – 8.9 mm long); pronotum, MS and MN orange; elytra dark brown; LO entire in V 7; dimple and hump absent; very similar to Medeopteryx antennata (Olivier), distinguished by the outline of the terminal abdomen and elytral apex and the uniformly dark antennae (Ballantyne 1987 a Figs 3, 4).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C516FF6FBD9CFD39E962.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens included by Ballantyne (1987 b: 159) in the type series of this species were initially included by Lloyd (1973 a) in Pteroptyx (now Medeopteryx) antennata on the basis of their flashing data, and similarities with that species are discussed elsewhere.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C511FF6FBB4EFB8CEE87.taxon	description	[Figs 164 – 167, 177 – 182)	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C511FF6FBB4EFB8CEE87.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: Madang District, Alexishafen at bridge, 10. x. 1969, (G 206) J E Lloyd (ANIC). Paratypes (68) NEW GUINEA: Madang District, Alexishafen, at bridge, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, Oct. 9 3 males (G 184, 193, 198 *); Oct. 10 3 males (G 204, 211, 215); Oct. 12 4 males (G 218, 219, 222 *, 224); x / 9 / 1969, SEK 12, J Buck male (ANIC). Madang District, Sek Harbor, 10 mi N Madang; Oct. 7 male (G 174); Oct. 29 male (G 448). (JELC). All but * have associated flashing data. The following ethanol preserved paratypes have associated flashing data with labels quoted exactly as written to permit association with Buck's field records (KK = Kar Kar Island followed by tube number). Collector is J. Buck and specimens are in ANIC unless otherwise indicated NEW GUINEA: 4.40 S, 146.00 E, Kar Kar Island: 2 males, xi / II / 1969, KK / 1; male, female xi / 13 / 1969 KK # 1; male xi / 14 / 1969 phase shift, bat house, KK / 1; male, xi / 14 / 1969, phase shift bat house, KK / 2; male, xi / 15 / 1969 phase shift bat house, KK / 3; male, xi / 15 / 1969 phase shift, bat house, KK / 4; mating pair xi / 11 / 1969 KK / 4; male, xi / 11 / 1969 phase shift, bat house, KK / 5; male, xi / 15 / 1969 phase shift, bat house KK / 6; male, xi / 16 / 1969 phase shift, bat house, KK / 7; male, xi / 15 / 1969 phase shift, bat house KK / 8; male, xi / 16 / 1969, phase shift, bat house KK / 9 *; 2 males, xi / 11 / 69 KK / 9 *; male, xi / 11 / 1969, KK / 11; male, xi / 11 / 1969 KK / 12 *; male, xi / 11 / 1969, KK / 13 *; 2 males, xi / 11 / 1969, KK / 14 *; male, female, xi / 11 / 1969, KK / 15; 4 males, xi / 11 / 1969 KK / 16; male, xi / 11 / 1969 KK / 16; 2 males, xi / 11 / 1969 KK / 16; 4 males, xi / 11 / 1969, KK / 16; male, xi / 11 / 1969 KK / 16; male, female Kar Kar morgue, xi / 11 / 1969, KK / 21; male, X / 23 / 1969; male, xi / 11 / 1969 used by Eldon Ball Tube KK / E 41; male, xi / 11 / 1969. Collector Eldon Ball: 2 males, 22 Nov. 1973 KK / 1 – 1,1 – 21 Tube 18; male, Tube 5 A (no other data); male, (used for temperature coefficient work), Tube Ball 4; 3 males, 22 Nov 1973, KK – 3, 1 – 23, Tube 8; 3 males, specimens # 2, # 6 and # 8 respectively, labelled Kar Kar, near Kurum school, to accompany tapes 1 A & 1 B of 25 / xi / 1973. (ANIC). Code name. Luciola 11 (Lloyd, 1973 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C511FF6FBB4EFB8CEE87.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One of two species of Medeopteryx with trisinuate V 7 but without deflexed elytral apices; most obviously distinguished from the similar M. pupilla by the dark brown T 6 – 8 (those of pupilla are pale). Male. 6.5 – 7.3 mm long; Colour (Fig. 177 – 179) pronotum bright clear orange, fat body evenly distributed beneath; MN cream; MS transparent, orange in anterior half, brown in posterior half in holotype, orange in G 204, dark brown in G 184, 193, 218, 219, 222, 224; elytra dark brown, (lateral margin may appear paler because of golden hairs); head between eyes with a triangular very dark brown area on vertex, remainder medium brown; median fine dark sulcus apparent through posterior dark triangle on head; labrum transparent, dingy orange; apices of palpi dark brown; antennae dark brown (as dark as vertex), scape and pedicel largely glabrous, appearing slightly darker than hair covered FS or much darker in G 193, 184; ventral surface of pro and mesothorax, coxae 1 and 2 and bases of femora 1 and 2 orange; rest of legs 1 and 2 brown; all of metathorax and legs 3 brown (except for orange trochanters); basal abdominal ventrites brown, V 5 with very narrow cream band across midposterior margin; V 6 and 7 creamy yellow; all tergites, and dorsally reflexed lateral margins of ventrites, brown (Fig. 179). Pronotum: 1.3 – 1.6 mm long, 1.3 – 2 mm wide, W / L = 1.2; punctures small, shallow, irregularly distributed, contiguous or separated by up to their width; midanterior margin rounded, projecting moderately beyond acute anterolateral corners; lateral margins converging in anterior and posterior areas; midposterior margin indented. Head: GHW 1.5 – 1.6 mm; SIW 0.3 – 0.4 mm; ASD = ASW. LOs: occupying V 6 and 7 entirely except for narrow posterior band of 7; MPP of V 7 moderately broad, apically truncate (Fig. 178) projecting a little beyond the broadly rounded LPP, and separated from them by moderately deep excavations; dorsal face of V 7 bearing 2 elevated cuticular strips; T 8: median posterior margin emarginated (Fig. 179); with lateral ridges and flanges similar to those of M. pupilla. Aedeagus: (Figs 180 – 182): elongate, slender; ML narrowed in middle third, ¼ as wide as LL at this point. Female. 6.3 – 7.2 mm long; coloured as for M. pupilla and not further distinguished here.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E59C511FF6FBB4EFB8CEE87.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was initially identified by LB as Luciola pupilla and references to L. pupilla in Ballantyne (1987 a: 164, 165, 167, Fig. 14 k; 1987 b: 177, 185), Buck and Buck (1978: 486, 487), and Hanson (1978: 2158) are to this species (See Table 1). Lloyd (1973 a) described the flash pattern " Males flew slowly around and through the bushes and trees, emitting single, short flashes at periods of ca 1 sec ".	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5EC511FF6FBB2CFC69EA02.taxon	description	[Fig. 184]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5EC511FF6FBB2CFC69EA02.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Morobe district, 4 miles north of Wau, 2800 ', near Kunai Creek, Lae Road, xi. 12.1969, J. Lloyd (ANIC). Other specimens examined (listings extend Ballantyne 1987 a). NEW GUINEA: 146.53 E, 6.43 S, Bubia, Markham valley, 50 m, 20. ix. 1955, JLG, male. 147.00 E, 6.45 S, Lae, 20 m, 19. vii. 1964, JS, male. 146.35 E, 7.13 S, Bulolo, 700 m, 26. xi. 1969, JS, male. Bulolo River, 680 m, 8. v. 1969, JS, male. Sum-Sum, 580 m, 64 km north of Wau, 15. ii. 1963, H. Clissold, male. 147.10 E, 7.53 S, Garaina, 830 m, 13 – 15. i. 1968, JS, male. 148.15 E, 8.45 S, Popondetta, 23. ii. 1966, G Monteith, male, 4 females (Tube 240, UQIC). 147.44 E, 8.52 S, Kokoda, 400 m, JS, 15 – 20. xi. 1966 male, 18. ix. 1966, male. Kokoda-Pitoki, 450 m, iii. 24.1956, JLG, male. (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5EC511FF6FBB2CFC69EA02.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6.5 – 7.3 mm long; pronotum orange, MS yellow, MN brown; without dimple and hump on V 7; distinguished from all other Medeopteryx by the elaborate pronotal sculpturing (Fig. 184) (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 12).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5EC511FF6FBB2CFC69EA02.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specific name characterises the flash pattern, where, to the naked eye, the second component of the double flash is not visible (sublustris = gleaming faintly, glimmering). " The 2 peaks are nearly completely separate and the 1 st is about twice the intensity of the 2 nd " (Lloyd, 1973 a). This species was not at first recognized by Lloyd in the field. Olivier (1909 a) described Luciola foveicollis from New Guinea with distinctive pronotal sculpturing and colour pattern similar to this species. However Luciola foveicollis (assigned herein to Australoluciola gen. nov. and redescribed) lacks the deflexed elytral apex and the pronotal sculpturing of the holotype is not to LB’s eye at all unusual, and quite unlike the distinctive pattern described for sublustris.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBF84FAA7EE69.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 143.00 E, 9.00 S, Western Pr., Fly River (MCSN). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: New Ireland: 150.48 E, 2.34 S, Kavieng, 11. ii. 1966, G. Monteith, 2 males, 8 females (Tube 222 UQIC). NEW GUINEA: 143.00 E, 9.00 S, Western Pr., Sturt Is., Fly River, 5. x. 1936, male, 2 females; 7. x. 1936, 2 males, 4 females; 8. x. 1936, 2 males, 3 females; 14 – 16. x. 1936, 15 males, 18 females (AMNH). Mediri, 60 miles up Fly River, 8. xi. 1922, A. McCulloch, male, 2 females (AMSA).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBF84FAA7EE69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6.2 – 9.1 mm long; dorsally yellow with elytral apices dark brown: the apical brown area may extend anteriorly in strips of decreasing width, sometimes reaching humeral angles; distinguished from all other New Guinean Medeopteryx by its dorsal colouration.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBF84FAA7EE69.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is only known from mainland New Guinea at the Fly River, and on New Ireland. There are no details of light production and the two populations may not be conspecific. The pale dorsal colouration with dark tipped elytra which are sometimes dark margined probably provides some protective advantage. To the unaided eye the outline of the lateral margin of the body is totally disrupted.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBC45FE2CE99F.taxon	description	[Fig. 183]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBC45FE2CE99F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: West Sepik Pr., 3.23 S, 142.14 E. Torricelli Mountains, Mokai Village, 750 m, i. 1.1959 (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBC45FE2CE99F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderately large (10 – 11 mm long); pronotum and MS reddish orange, MN brown medially, orange laterally; elytra black; most similar to Medeopteryx antennata, distinguished by the uniformly dark antennae, the nature of the posterior margin of V 7 (Ballantyne & McLean 1970 Fig. 14), and its restricted distribution.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC512FF6FBC45FE2CE99F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This distinctive species is known only from the two specimens originally described and an additional specimen listed here.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC52CFF6FBA54FA4AE87F.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Pygatyphella salomonis (Olivier)	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E5DC52CFF6FBA54FA4AE87F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009) distinguished a group of five species within Pygatyphella (Ballantyne) as “ Pygatyphella B ” and this difference is formalised here with the erection of Pacifica gen. nov., which differs from Pygatyphella (Ballantyne) as follows: four species with dorsal colouration of orange pronotum (sometimes with median dark mark), and dark brown elytra which may be pale margined; Pac. russellia is pale dorsally; pronotum never with angulate convergence along lateral margins, or small depression present just anterior to corner; with irregularities at rounded obtuse posterolateral corners, not projecting strongly if at all beyond median posterior margin; no interstitial lines well-defined; elytral margins convex-sided; posterior area of V 7 never reaching into LO (LO not medially emarginated); apex of MPP rounded or squarely or obliquely truncate; MPP with dorsal longitudinal ridge; dorsal surface of the posterior area of the MPP faced with cuticle that is not attached to the ventral surface of V 7 and ends just behind the area of muscle attachment posterior to the LO; the anterior margin of this cuticle is emarginate and continues along the ventral surface of the MPP as a ridge (e. g. Ballantyne & Lambkin 2009 Figs 342 – 349, especially Fig. 358); ventral surface of T 8 usually with a curved, slightly off – centre ridge close to posterior margin; T 8 outlines in Pac. limbatipennis, limbatifusca and salomonis characterised (Ballantyne & Lambkin 2009 Figs 438 – 442); T 8 with pale partly membranous ventral projections from the bases of the anterolateral prolongations; aedeagal sheath sternite posterior to the lateral tergite articulations subparallelsided in basal 1 / 3 to 1 / 2; aedeagus L / W <3; LL / ML wide; ML never asymmetrical, always with lateral teeth; anterior margin of LL never asymmetrically produced. Male. Pronotum: dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas; punctation dense; wider across posterior area than rest (C> A, B); pronotal width greater than humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins in anterior half divergent posteriorly; lateral margins in posterior half diverge then converge with rounded convergence; indentation at mid-point absent; without sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner absent; irregularities at corner present; posterolateral corners rounded obtuse, projecting as far as, or beyond median posterior margin, separated from it by shallow emargination. Hypomera: closed; median area not elevated vertically; anterior area not flat to side of head; posterior area widely and strongly flattened and strongly adpressed; pronotal width / GHW 1.6. Elytron: punctation dense, not linear, not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices not deflexed; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point, do not extend as a ridge around apex and neither is expanded in apical half; 0 interstitial lines; viewed from beneath with specimen horizontal epipleuron at elytral base narrow, covering humerus, and viewed from above arises anterior to posterior margin of the MS; epipleuron developed as lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided or convex. Head: moderately depressed between eyes; moderately exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum close; frons-vertex junction rounded, not well-defined; without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed and not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, separated by less than ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts functional; apical labial palpomere non – lunate, strongly flattened, in the shape of a wide triangle, inner edge dentate, with 3 or more ‘ teeth’. Antennae 11 segmented; length> GHW to twice GHW; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced; FS 1 not shorter than pedicel; FS always at least 2 X as long as wide. Legs: inner tarsal claw not split; without MFC; no femora or tibiae swollen or curved; no basitarsi expanded or excavated. Abdomen: without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; no ventrites with curved posterior margins nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment; LO in V 7 entire, occupying half of V 7, entire LO reaching to sides or not, not reaching to posterior margin; neither anterior nor posterior margin of entire LO in V 7 medially emarginated; posterior half of V 7 arched with transverse muscle impressions usually visible in this area; posterolateral corners not produced, rounded; LO present in V 6, occupying almost all V 6. MPP present, symmetrical, apex symmetrical or not, and rounded, squarely truncate, or obliquely truncate; MPP with a narrow to wide and elongate dorsal ridge slightly to left of the median line; L = W, not strongly inclined dorsally; not engulfed by the apex of T 8; V 7 without median carina, median longitudinal trough, anteromedian depression on face of LO, PLP, incurving lobes or pointed projections, median ‘ dimple’, or reflexed lobes. T 7 without prolonged posterolateral corners. T 8 strongly sclerotised, not subparallel-sided, margins converge gently towards posterior end; symmetrical, W = L or L> W of visible posterior portion, which does not narrow abruptly; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior emargination, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing the posterior margin of V 7 nor the MPP; T 8 not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V 7 horizontally; T 8 ventral surface without flanges, lateral depressed troughs; median longitudinal trough absent; median posterior ridge present, usually curved, may be straight (plagiata); concealed anterolateral arms of T 8 present, not laterally emarginated before their origins, narrow, usually as long as visible posterior portion and expanded dorsoventrally; apices without bifurcation of inner margin; bases with ventrally directed pieces present. Aedeagal sheath: never> 4 times as long as wide; without paraprocts; asymmetrical in posterior area with sheath sternite subparallel-sided for a third its length past articulation with sheath tergite, and then emarginated on right side; sternite not angulate on L or R sides; posterior margin entire, rounded, not emarginated on either side; anterior half of sternite broad, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending widely anteriorly beside sheath sternite; tergite not subdivided, without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T 9; anterior margin of tergite without transverse band. Aedeagus: L / W <3 / 1; LL without lateral appendages, visible from beneath beside ML; LL / ML wide to moderate; LL of equal length, slightly shorter than ML; LL diverging along inner margins, and separated there by> half their length; LL base width not = LL apex width which is subequal to or narrower than that of ML; LL apices not expanded horizontally; dorsal base of LL symmetrical, not excavated, median margin broadly rounded; LL without lateral hairy appendages; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, with paired lateral teeth. Female. Macropterous and assumed capable of flight. Pronotum shaped as for male; punctation moderate to dense; pronotum> humeral width; irregularities near posterolateral corner present. Elytral punctation neither as large as that of pronotum nor evenly spaced, punctation dense. Head not strongly reduced but can be retracted within prothoracic cavity, and antennae on head between eyes. Elytra with no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and / or curved. LO in V 6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V 7. Larva not associated. List of species of Pacifica gen. nov. - limbatifusca (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - limbatipennis (Pic) comb. nov. - plagiata (Blanchard) comb. nov. - russellia (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - salomonis (Olivier) comb. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E63C52CFF6FBA76FA4BEBD1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. SOLOMON ISLANDS: Makira Pr., San Cristobal: 10.35 S, 161.30 E, Manipwena, Magoha River, 13. viii. 1960, COB (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E63C52CFF6FBA76FA4BEBD1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Part of Ballantyne and Lambkin’s 2009 Pygatyphella B complex; very similar to Pacifica limbatipennis, which is not known from San Cristobal, distinguished by the median pronotal markings, the paler brown elytra, the slightly paler and much wider lateral elytral margins, and the restricted occurrence on San Cristobal.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E63C52FFF6FB81DFBC0ECC7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. SOLOMON ISLANDS: labelled 1. Printed label ‘ Type’; 2. Printed ‘ Solomon Is R A Lever’; 3. Lunga; 4. Handwritten ‘ Atyphella salomonis var limbatipennis Pic; 5. Handwriting unclear could be Gauda (? = Guadalcanal) 7 Dec (NHML).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E63C52FFF6FB81DFBC0ECC7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One of the Pygatyphella B complex of Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009); dorsal colouration orange pronotum with dark brown elytra which are pale margined along their lateral margins; most similar to Pac. limbatifusca (Ballantyne), distinguished by the absence of small paired dark markings on the pronotum, the very dark brown elytra and the narrower lateral pale band. Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009) distinguished this from other similarly coloured species on page 69 and from Pygat. salomonis in Tables 8, 9.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E60C52FFF6FBEECFE88E95D.taxon	description	Luciola plagiata Blanchard. SOLOMON ISLANDS (Ile St. George). Location of type specimens unknown.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E60C52FFF6FBEECFE88E95D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Moderate sized (6.0 – 7.4 mm long); pronotum red yellow with an anterior median dark mark; elytra black; venter of body yellow; median posterior projection of V 7 with rounded apex; T 8 with ventrally directed flanges on long and vertically expanded anterior prolongations; MPP with dorsal ridge; T 8 with short posteromedian ridge; ML of aedeagus with lateral teeth; aedeagal sheath with basal 1 / 3 of posterior area subparallel-sided.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E60C52FFF6FBB99FCD0E8D7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. SOLOMON ISLANDS: Central Pr., Russell Island: Pavuvul Is, Pepesala, 0 – 100 m, 19. vii. 1964, RS (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E60C52FFF6FBB99FCD0E8D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The only species Ballantyne and Lambkin (2009) identified in the Pygatyphella Group B complex with pale dorsal colouration. Known from 2 specimens.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E60C52FFF6FB91CFEE3EAF6.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. SOLOMON ISLANDS. (NHML).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E60C52FFF6FB91CFEE3EAF6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other similarly coloured Solomon Island species by the retracted LO in V 7, the arched posterior area of V 7. Distinguished from Pac. limbatipennis by the pale lateral elytral margins, and narrower and apically pointed teeth on the ML in the latter (see Ballantyne & Lambkin 2009, Tables 8, 9 for comparisons).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E61C529FF6FBF84FC33E93C.taxon	description	[Figs 185 – 190]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E61C529FF6FBF84FC33E93C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Poluninius selangoriensis sp. nov. monotypic.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E61C529FF6FBF84FC33E93C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Poluninius gen. nov. is an oriental genus belonging in a group of 7 genera characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with LL concealed behind the median lobe when viewed from beneath, pronotal width less than width across elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across the middle, with posterior half of sternite tapering evenly on both sides towards a narrow entire apex. Males are distinguished from Australoluciola gen. nov. which has an entire LO in V 7 by the bipartite V 7 LO; from Colophotia in lacking both a median carina on V 7, and expanded and oblique PLP; from Pteroptyx in lacking deflexed elytral apices; from Trisinuata gen. nov. by the presence of lobes along V 7 posterior margin and aedeagal sheath paraprocts; from most Medeopteryx gen. nov. in lacking deflexed elytral apices. Similar to Pyrophanes with lobes along V 7 posterior margin, differing in lacking the MFC, and lateral ventral troughs of T 8 bearing spines and hairs. It differs from Luciola indica in lacking the bulbous median lobe and in possessing bulbous projections along V 7 posterior margin. Dorsal colour pattern of yellowish pronotum and elytra with apical brown area is common to many species in SE Asia (McDermott 1966). Male. Pronotum: dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas; punctation dense; anterior margin not explanate; subparallel-sided, margins straight (A = B = C); width <humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, or sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners angulate, less than 90 and inclined obliquely to the median line; posterolateral corners not projecting as far as median posterior margin and separated from it by scarce emarginations. Hypomera: closed; median area not elevated in vertical direction; median area more widely flattened than elsewhere; pronotal width / GHW 1.2. Elytron: punctation not linear, not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices not deflexed; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point, almost to apex but not as ridge around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus; viewed from above the anterior margin of the epipleuron arises anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided. Head: moderately depressed between eyes; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum moderately separated; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, ASD subequal to ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles. Mouthparts functional; apical labial palpomere strongly flattened, shaped like narrow triangle (narrowest at base and L 2 – 3 X W), with inner edge entire, and less than half as long as apical maxillary palpomere. Antennae 11 segmented; length> GHW to twice GHW; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced; FS 1 not shorter than pedicel. Legs: inner tarsal claw not split; without MFC; no femora or tibiae swollen or curved; no basitarsi expanded or excavated. Abdomen: (Figs 185, 186; Fu et al. 2012 b Figs 13 – 15) without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; no ventrites with curved posterior margins nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior; LO in V 7 bipartite with inner margins almost contiguous, occupying most of V 7, and reaching to sides and into the short PLP; LO present in V 6, occupying almost all V 6. MPP present, symmetrical, apex rounded and shallowly emarginate, not laterally compressed, short, longer and wider than PLP, not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T 8 apex, without dorsal ridge, median longitudinal trough. V 7 posterior margin trisinuate with incurving apically bulbous lobes and pointed projections in the emarginations between MPP and PLP; V 7 without median carina, median longitudinal trough, anteromedian depression on face of LO, median ‘ dimple’, or reflexed lobes; PLP short slightly produced and narrow, much narrower and shorter than MPP. T 7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T 8 well sclerotised, symmetrical, W = L, visible posterior area not narrowing abruptly, median posterior margin shallowly and narrowly emarginate; widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in both an anterior and posterior direction; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V 7 nor MPP, not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V 7; T 8 ventral surface with well developed median longitudinal trough, margined by well defined symmetrical ridges; anterior end of ridges not produced, rounded in outline; without lateral depressed troughs, asymmetrical projections, median posterior ridge; concealed anterolateral arms of T 8 slightly shorter than visible posterior portion of T 8, not laterally emarginated before their origins, not expanded dorsoventrally, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T 8 not enfolding sides of V 7. Aedeagal sheath (Figs 189, 190): approx. 3 times as long as wide; with bulbous paraprocts; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T 9, anterior margin without transverse band. Aedeagus (Figs 187, 188): L / W 5 / 1; LL not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL / ML narrow; LL of equal length, slightly shorter than ML, contiguous along inner dorsal margins; separated longitudinally by 1 / 3 their length; LL base width not = LL apex width which is much narrower than that of ML; LL apices not expanded in horizontal plane; LL without lateral appendages; dorsal base of LL symmetrical, not excavated (arrowed in Figs 187, 188); LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins, not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin, apices of LL not inturned, nor out – turned; without projection on left LL; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, with anterior prolongation long and narrow (anterior end arrowed in Figs 187, 188); without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, not strongly arched, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; BP much longer than wide, not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin. Female, Larva not associated.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E61C529FF6FBF84FC33E93C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Poluninius (masculine) is a noun latinised from the surname of the late Ivan Polunin who collected the few species of this unusual genus, and is named in his honour.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C529FF6FBBBFFB1EEBD1.taxon	description	[Figs 185 – 190]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C529FF6FBBBFFB1EEBD1.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Male. MALAYSIA: Selangor, I. Polunin (ANIC). Paratypes (3). Two males same data as holotype (ANIC). Kg Kuantan village orchard, DZA outside, coll Kat, male (FRIM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C529FF6FBBBFFB1EEBD1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The only species of Poluninius, distinguished by its pale dorsal colouration and the fleshy lobes on V 7. Male. 5.1 – 5.5 mm long. Colour: Dorsal surface of pronotum and elytra pale yellowish brown with narrow black areas at the tips of the elytra; Selangor specimens preserved in 70 % ethanol appear semitransparent, with elytra are slightly darker than the pronotum because of underlying hind wings; head between eyes dark brown; maxillary palpi mid brown; apical labial palpomere mid brown, remainder yellowish; ventral surface of thorax and legs orange yellow except for brown tibiae and tarsi of legs 1, and brown tarsi of legs 2, 3; dorsal and ventral surface of abdomen very pale yellowish, except for white LOs in V 6, 7. Pronotum 1.0 – 1.1 mm long; 1.4 – 1.5 mm wide; W / L 1.4. Elytra 5.1 – 5.5 mm long. GHW 1.2 mm; SIW 0.2 mm.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C529FF6FBBBFFB1EEBD1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The type locality is latinised, genitive case to reflect the origins of this species.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C52AFF6FB81DFDCFEF57.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Olivier (1902) described Pteroptyx from 2 species viz. Luciola testacea Motsch. and Luciola malaccae Gorham. Lucas (1920) designated Luciola testacea as the type species of Pteroptyx (see Ballantyne in Calder 1998: 179). Ballantyne and McLean (1970) were of the opinion, from an examination of a black and white photograph of the type species, that Luciola testacea lacked deflexed elytral apices and its taxonomic position is uncertain, and considered that Luciola malaccae should be advanced to the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature for consideration as the type species of Pteroptyx s. str. This matter has been held in abeyance until a phylogenetic analysis established the position of all species with deflexed elytral apices.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C52AFF6FB81DFDCFEF57.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pteroptyx s. str. is an oriental genus that belongs in a group of 7 genera with males characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with apices of LL concealed behind the median lobe when viewed from beneath, pronotal width less than width across elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across middle, with posterior half of sternite not emarginate on either side, and tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex. Males of Pteroptyx s. str. have a MFC, deflexed elytral apices, aedeagal sheath with bulbous paraprocts and bipartite LOs in V 7. Males are distinguished from Australoluciola which has entire LOs in V 7 and lacks the MFC; from Colophotia in lacking a median carina on V 7, expanded and oblique PLP and elongate slender aedeagal sheath; from Pyrophanes and Poluninius gen. nov. which lack deflexed elytral apices; from Trisinuata gen. nov. and Medeopteryx gen. n which lack the MFC and bulbous aedeagal sheath paraprocts. It differs from Luciola indica in lacking the bulbous median lobe and non deflexed elytral apices. Two presently undescribed species were identified in this analysis (Fig. 3 Node 15 blue numbers 5, 6) (one without deflexed elytral apices; Ballantyne in prep.). List of species of Pteroptyx s. str. - asymmetria Ballantyne - bearni Olivier - decolor Olivier - gelasina Ballantyne - maipo Ballantyne - malaccae Olivier - macdermotti McLean - masatakai Kawashima - sulawesiensis Kawashima - tener Olivier - truncata Ballantyne - valida Olivier	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E66C52AFF6FB81DFDCFEF57.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two species of flashing fireflies in Malaysia both belonging to the genus Pteroptyx Olivier are similar, and their inconsistent identification in various publications, (not least those of the first author), is addressed and resolved here. The species are Pteroptyx tener Olivier, a mass synchronising species that is the basis for the tourist development involving firefly watching on the Selangor River in Western peninsular Malaysia, and Pteroptyx bearni Olivier, a non synchronising species sometimes found in the same habitats as tener. The problems in identification have arisen primarily because Pteroptyx bearni was first redescribed without examination or description of a type, which was not located in the initial investigations (Ballantyne & McLean 1970). Subsequent publications, including depictions of this species on Malaysian stamps, assumed this characterisation to be definitive and are discussed below. Ballantyne located in the Pic collection from the Natural History Museum Paris a single specimen which can be regarded as a surviving syntype of P. bearni and it is described here, and issues covering identifications of this species and P. tener are addressed.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E65C527FF6FBD9CFF09EECF.taxon	description	[Figs 191 – 201, 204, 205]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E65C527FF6FBD9CFF09EECF.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. MALAYSIA: Kalabakan River, 2. vii. 1972, I. Polunin, 10 males, 7 females (ANIC). Pingan Pingan, 20. vi. 2009, Vito, male (FRIM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E65C527FF6FBD9CFF09EECF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Belonging to a group of four species of Pteroptyx s. str. in which T 8 has elongate lobes beside the median posterior emargination; most obviously distinguished from asymmetria and tener by the shape of the terminal abdominal tergites (in asymmetria T 7 is not medially emarginated, and T 8 is asymmetrical; in tener T 7 is shallowly emarginated and slightly sinuous with posterolateral corners narrowed, and T 8 is symmetrical); similar to P. decolor which is not well characterised in collections, differing in the dorsal colour pattern (P. decolor is entirely pale coloured dorsally). Lectotype male. 5.5 mm long; Colour (Figs 191, 192, 194, 195): pronotum (Fig. 192) orange yellow (fat body retracted along both anterior and posterior margins); MS and MN pale brownish; elytra semitransparent, light brown with narrowly pale lateral margin not extending around apex; head, antennae and palpi very dark brown; ventral thorax and legs brownish orange except for dark brown tibiae and tarsi 1, dark brown tarsi 2 and dark brown 4 th and 5 th tarsomeres of legs 3; ventral thoracic colour (especially that of metathorax) partly obscured by dark dehydrated thoracic muscles visible beneath cuticle; basal abdominal ventrites whitish-yellow (underlying fat body visible beneath semitransparent cuticle contributes to colour); LO (Fig. 194) in V 6, 7 yellowish white with very white margins; remainder of V 7 orange; abdominal tergites (Fig. 195) orange, cuticle semitransparent and colour obscured by underlying white fat body; dorsal aspect of apices of PLP narrowly brown (Fig. 195). Pronotum (Fig. 192): 0.9 mm long; 1.5 mm wide; W / L = 1.6; median anterior margin rounded scarcely projecting beyond obtusely rounded anterolateral corners; lateral margins slightly convex sided (i. e. B> A, C); median posterior margin rounded, projecting beyond angulate obtuse posterolateral corners, and separated from them by shallow emarginations; depressed area visible in median area of disc probably post-mortem artefact. Elytra: parallel sided; deflexed apex truncate with inner corner rounded (Fig. 193). Head: GHW 1.1 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; ASD subequal to ASW; apical labial palpomere slightly longer than wide and ½ as long as apical maxillary palpomere. Antennae incomplete; FS 1 elongate slender as long as scape. Legs: MFC sparse, may have up to 5 teeth (teeth appear to be missing). Abdomen (Figs 194, 195): posterior margin of V 7 with broad MPP which is apically shallowly emarginated, and bearing tiny hooks on the dorsal surface of the posterolateral corners; MPP projecting posteriorly just beyond narrowed apices of PLP; LOs in V 7 separated in middle by their width and occupying less than half the area of V 7; posterior margin of T 7 deeply and widely emarginated with posterolateral corners narrowing and apically acute; lateral margins of visible portion of T 8 rounded, median posterior margin emarginated, emargination bounded laterally by narrowed apically pointed projections. Aedeagal complex not dissected from this unique specimen. Based on Ballantyne and McLean (1970), Ballantyne (2001), the aedeagal index (B / A) for bearni is 0.85 and 0.6 for P. tener. Female (Figs 200, 201, 204, 205): (Kalabakan River specimens). 4.8 – 6.3 mm long. Colour: as for male except for pale LO in V 6 only, and pale yellow slightly transparent V 7, 8; no pink colouration in pronotum or fat body discerned. Bursa: anterior plates appearing indented along margins, probably postmortem effect (Figs 200, 201).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E65C527FF6FBD9CFF09EECF.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Ballantyne (2001) distinguished P. similis from both P. decolor and P. tener, but not from P. bearni which had not been adequately characterised in Ballantyne and McLean (1970). Tergite 8 was not dissected and Ballantyne and McLean’s Figure 6 d shows T 7 outline consistent with that of bearni as described here, but T 8 is depicted without lobes to either side of the median emargination. Ballantyne (2001; Fig. 18) depicted a male from Paya Paloh apparently lacking these lobes on T 8 and its identity has not been confirmed. Ohba and Wong (2012) indicated incorrectly that the morphological features of this and P. tener were very similar except for the orange colour in the pronotum. In the field the distinctive pinkish – orange pronotum and darker elytra enable quick and usually accurate identification of P. bearni (Wong pers com.), especially if light patterns are observed (e. g. Fig. 197). Ballantyne (in prep.) observed difficulties interpreting pronotal colour in ethanol preserved specimens, where the pink colour may have leached out. Its occurrence may be variable, since pinned specimens from the same locality also vary in pronotal colour. The pink colour in the fat body is usually found elsewhere apart from the pronotum, and can be seen especially in the dorsal abdomen, where the cuticle is paler and semitransparent (e. g. Fig. 197). Specimens of P asymmetria from Perak and Selangor (FRIM) also have pinkish colour in the pronotum (Ballantyne obs.). In one Kalabakan River specimen the posterior margin of V 7 is arched dorsally such that MPP not visible and projections of T 8 are visible from beneath (Figs 198, 199). P. bearni is non-synchronous, and is usually found downstream from the synchronously flashing P. tener in the more saline waters, but occasionally, probably due to tidal inflows, their habitats may overlap (Ohba and Wong 2012).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E68C526FF6FBCE4FC06ED9C.taxon	description	[Figs 202, 203, 206, 207, 209 – 220]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E68C526FF6FBCE4FC06ED9C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. INDONESIA. Labelled 1. Pink handwritten Pteroptyx tener Ern Oliv.; 2. Printed N. O. Sumatra Tebing-Tinggi Dr Schultheiss (MNHN). Other specimens examined. MALAYSIA: Selangor, Kampung Kuantan, bred from eggs March – June 2000 by Rasainthiran Menayah, 10 females (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E68C526FF6FBCE4FC06ED9C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Belonging to a group of four species of Pteroptyx s. str. in which T 8 has elongate lobes beside the median posterior emargination (Figs 208 – 220); distinguished from asymmetria by the symmetrical T 8 (that of asymmetria is asymmetrical), from bearni and decolor by the deep emargination of T 7 (Figs 212 – 215; that of tener is slightly emarginate and the posterior margin of T 7 sinuate; superficially similar to P. decolor which is not well characterised in collections, differing in the dorsal colour pattern (P. decolor is entirely pale coloured dorsally). Female (Figs 206, 207). As described and figured in Ballantyne and Menayah (2000; Fig. 1 e). Bursa: (Figs 202, 203) median oviduct plate small oval.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E68C526FF6FBCE4FC06ED9C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne and McLean (1970 Plate 1 c, d) figured the specimen depicted here but apparently did not recognise it as a type. The species characterisations given in Ballantyne and McLean (1970), Ballantyne and Menayah (2000), Ballantyne (2001), and Ballantyne et al. (2011), as well as Figures 208 – 220 here, amply describe this species. Ohba and Wong’s (2004) characterisation of this species is confusing. They describe the antenna with “ 13 thin flagellums ” (the antennae are composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellar segments); the male light organs as occurring on the 4 th 5 th and 6 th abdominal segments (they occur on V 6 and 7 only); the female legs as the same as the males (only the male has the MFC). There is a suggestion of a possible copulation clamp e. g. (page 17) “ male inserted its apex of elytra that is bent inside (LB = deflexed portion) under the female elytra and lifted the abdominal segment of the female with the hook of the elytra ” (LB — the deflexed elytral apices press down on the top of the female abdomen; it is the MPP of V 7 that presses upwards); (page 18) “ The hook of the elytra of the male has the function to clamp securely onto the female abdominal segments when copulating with the female ” (LB — the deflexed elytra apex is only part of the copulation clamp). Ohba and Wong (2012) incorrectly indicated that the morphology of this species and that of P. bearni was very similar.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E69C521FF6FBE5FFA4AEE04.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Pygoluciola stylifer Wittmer, 1939, by monotypy (RMNH).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E69C521FF6FBE5FFA4AEE04.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fu and Ballantyne (2008) gave a revised generic description which included species where the terminal abdominal segments were not prolonged, and characterised the two differing male forms included in the genus here. In one, consistent with Pygoluciola sensu Wittmer (1939) the median posterior margin of both V 7 and T 8 narrow and strongly incline either dorsally (V 7) or ventrally (T 8), often overlapping each other in dried specimens. In the second (* in list below) V 7 has no posterior projection, while T 8 may narrow very slightly and can be narrowly downturned. Both forms have a distinctive genital complex: aedeagus with LL considerably longer than ML and membranous in apical half; basal portion well sclerotised; aedeagal sheath with narrow elongate anterior portion of sheath sternite and expanded posterior area; lateral arms of tergite clearly visible at sides. Female: macropterous and assumed capable of flight. Larva not associated. This analysis includes an as yet undescribed species of Pygoluciola (Fig. 4 Node 50 blue number 21) which lacks the pronounced terminal abdomen modifications of Pygoluciola sensu Wittmer. List of species of Pygoluciola Wittmer * = Species without prolongations of terminal abdominal segments in the male - cowleyi (Blackburn) comb. n. * - guigliae (Ballantyne) - hamulata (Olivier) - kinabalua (Ballantyne & Lambkin) - qingyu Fu et Ballantyne * - satoi Ballantyne - stylifer Wittmer - wittmeri (Ballantyne)	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6EC521FF6FBCACFDBAEAEC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. Luciola Cowleyi Blackburn Australia, North Queensland: (NHML). Holotype. Male. Luciola quadricostata Pic North Australia (Natural History Museum, Basel). Other specimens examined. AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: 12.27 S, 130.50 E, Darwin, male W. K. Hunt (UQIC), 11 males (SAMA), male (QMBA), 2 males (MUMA), 2 males, G. F. Hill (UQIC), 4 males G. F. Hill (ANIC), 6 males, G. F. Hill (SAMA); 14 males, 5 larvae, 11 – 12. ii. 1945, B. Malkin (USNM); male, iii. 1943, N. R Laird (ANIC). 12.33 S, 131.02 E, Virginia near Darwin, S M Gregg 24 males (Jan – March 1998; one male taken in Feb at light); 12 males (Feb and Dec 1999; 8 males taken in Feb at light; male taken in Dec at light); 2 males (March 2000, at light); 4 males (Feb and Dec 2001; one Dec male and 3 Feb. males taken at light) (MAGNT). 13.45 S, 138.41 E, Daly River Mission, 2 males, 14. i. 1974, at light, J. F. Hutchinson (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6EC521FF6FBCACFDBAEAEC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males small (5 – 5.5 mm long), pale brown, head deeply excavated between eyes; eyes very large, almost contiguous ventrally and bearing posterolateral excavations; inner two interstitial lines closest to sutural ridge well defined, outermost line nearest lateral margin moderately defined, second line in from lateral margin poorly defined; apical labial palpomere small, ovoid, entire; antennal length slightly less than GHW; labrum small, about as wide as long. Ventral surface of T 8 without flanges and ridges. Aedeagus with a very short median lobe and broad hair bearing LL. Ballantyne (1968) redescribed and figured males and Ballantyne & Lambkin (2000) gave a short diagnosis. Female. Not associated. Larva. Larvae are associated by label data only. 8 mm long; dorsal surface very shiny, brown; without laterally explanate tergal margins; dorsal surface covered with short brown spines (all terga but the last bear 4 short rounded projections across their posterior margin).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC523FF6FBF84FE99EB8A.taxon	description	[Figs 221 – 227]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC523FF6FBF84FE99EB8A.taxon	type_taxon	Type Species: Pyrophanes similis Olivier, designated by McDermott, 1966: 116.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC523FF6FBF84FE99EB8A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pyrophanes belongs to a group of 7 Luciolinae genera with males characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with LL concealed behind the ML when viewed from beneath, pronotal width less than width across the elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across the middle, with posterior half of sternite not emarginate on either side, and tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex. It is distinguished from all other genera by a combination of MFC and paraprocts on the aedeagal sheath; without deflexed elytral apices; femora 3 are swollen and curved in four of the five species; the posterior margin of V 7 is trilobed with incurving lobes and small pointed projections between the PLP and MPP; the underside of T 8 has depressions at the sides housing very short spines and hairs. Females are macropterous and the bursa in certain species has wide paired plates. Larvae lack laterally explanate margins in Pyrophanes similis (Blair, 1927; Bertrand, 1972). This larva is not however reliably associated and an accurate identification of larval type for this genus is not available. This genus needs more extensive revision than is currently possible here. List of species - appendiculata Olivier - beccarii Olivier - quadrimaculata Olivier - similis Olivier - semilimbata (Olivier) comb. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC523FF6FBF84FE99EB8A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier (1885) considered Luciola indica Motsch. approached Pyrophanes, and (1902) formally incorporated it. This species does not belong in Pyrophanes and is being addressed (Boontop, Lambkin and Ballantyne in prep.). Certain diagrams of the terminal abdomen of Pyrophanes are inaccurate e. g. Olivier (1885, Plate V, Fig. 12) and Olivier (1907 Plate 3 Fig. 10) are inaccurate representations of the terminal ventrite; McDermott’s (1964) brief redescription of Pyrophanes was probably influenced by the atypical abdomen of P. macdermotti McLean which he is known to have examined at this time and he misinterpreted various aspects. Ballantyne in Calder (1998) synonymised Luciola complicata Lea from far north Queensland with Pyrophanes beccarii Olivier.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	description	[Figs 223, 224,227]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	description	Luciola venusta Olivier. Male. Java ouest labelled 1. Typed label Specimen typicum originale auctoris Ern Olivier; 2. Handwritten Luciola venusta with Ern Oliv typed in corner (MNHN). Figs 223, 224.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The only known Pyrophanes species with hind femora not swollen and hind tibiae not curved; very similar in dorsal colouration to Pyro. appendiculata colouration differing in having only the lateral elytral margins pale (appendiculata has both lateral and sutural margins pale, often widely so).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier (1883) described L. semilimbata from a female with elytral punctation in lines. Immediately below he described a male, from ' Java ouest' as L. venusta, with the last 3 abdominal ventrites white, and V 7 trilobed. Olivier subsequently (1902) synonymised the two species. Both sexes conformed in the narrowly pale colour of the sutural ridge and lateral elytral margins. Olivier did not describe the elytral punctures in lines in the male. Gorham (1903) was unsure of the identification of specimens he described as venusta. Olivier (1913 b) probably incorrectly recorded semilimbata (but not the sex of his specimens) from New Guinea, at Erima and Stephansort. Thancharoen et al. (2007 Fig. 5) distinguished 11 species, including semilimbata, where the original description indicated elytral punctures in lines. Neither male nor female in MNHN has elytral punctation in lines. Males are very similar in dorsal colouration to Pyrophanes appendiculata and it is possible that Olivier misidentified some of his New Guinean material. Trisinuata gen. nov. [Figs 228 – 265]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Trisinuata caudabifurca sp. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trisinuata gen. nov. is a New Guinean genus that belongs in a group of 7 genera characterized by: an elongate slender aedeagus with LL concealed behind the ML when viewed from beneath, pronotal width less than width across the elytral humeri, parallel-sided elytra, aedeagal sheath elongate slender, widest across the middle, with posterior half of sternite tapering evenly towards a narrow entire apex; bulbous paraprocts absent. Males have bipartite LOs in V 7, expanded horizontal PLP, trisinuate posterior margin of V 7, and several species have deflexed elytral apices. Males are distinguished from Colophotia in lacking a median carina on V 7, and oblique PLP; from Pteroptyx in lacking bulbous paraprocts and an MFC; from Pyrophanes and Poluninius gen. nov. in lacking incurving lobes along the posterior margin of V 7; from Australoluciola gen. nov. which has entire LOs in V 7 by the bipartite LOs; from Medeopteryx gen. nov. in having bipartite LOs in V 7 with expanded PLP. It differs from Luciola indica in lacking the bulbous median lobe and paraprocts on the aedeagal sheath. Three species are dorsally brown; the remaining species have orange yellow pronota with dark brown elytra. Females associated by label data are macropterous. Larvae are not associated. Male. Pronotum: dorsal surface without irregularities in posterolateral areas and longitudinal groove in lateral areas; punctation dense; anterior margin not explanate; subparallel-sided, with margins straight (A = B = C), except in papuana and similispapuae where C> A and B, with lateral margins diverging posteriorly along their length in papuana, and dimidiata where B> A, C (Figs 239, 242, 251); width <humeral width; anterolateral corners rounded obtuse; lateral margins without indentation at mid-point, or sinuousity in either horizontal or vertical plane; without indentation in lateral margin near posterolateral corner, and irregularities at corner; posterolateral corners angulate, inclined either at 90 ° or obliquely to the median line in papuae; posterolateral corners either not projecting, or projecting as far as median posterior margin and separated from it by scarce emarginations. Hypomera: closed; median area of hypomeron not elevated in vertical direction; median area more widely flattened than elsewhere; pronotal width / GHW 1.2. Elytron: punctation dense, not linear, not as large as that of pronotum, nor widely and evenly spaced; apices deflexed in four species, weakly so in minor; non deflexed apices rounded; epipleuron and sutural ridge extend beyond mid-point, almost to apex but not as ridge around apex, neither thickened in apical half; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent; in horizontal specimen viewed from below epipleuron at elytral base wide, covering humerus; viewed from above the anterior margin of the epipleuron arises level with or anterior to posterior margin of MS; epipleuron developed as a lateral ridge along most of length; sutural margins approximate along most of length in closed elytra; lateral margins parallel-sided. Head: moderately depressed between eyes; well exposed in front of pronotum, not capable of complete retraction within prothoracic cavity; eyes moderately separated beneath at level of posterior margin of mouthpart complex; eyes above labrum close to moderately separated; frons-vertex junction rounded, without median elevation; posterolateral eye excavation not strongly developed, not visible in resting head position; antennal sockets on head between eyes, not contiguous, ASD <or subequal to ASW; clypeolabral suture present, flexible, not in front of anterior eye margin when head viewed with labrum horizontal; outer edges of labrum reach inner edges of closed mandibles or sometimes beyond. Mouthparts functional; apical labial palpomere strongly flattened, shaped like narrow triangle (narrowest at base and L 2 – 3 X W) and at least half as long as apical maxillary palpomere except in Tri. dimidiata sp. nov. where it is a short broad triangle (W / L = 5 / 9), and 0.4 as long as apical maxillary palpomere, with inner edge entire. Antennae 11 segmented; length> GHW to twice GHW; no segments flattened, shortened, or expanded; pedicel not produced; FS 1 not shorter than pedicel. Legs: inner tarsal claw not split; without MFC; no femora or tibiae swollen or curved; no basitarsi expanded or excavated. Abdomen (Figs 228 – 234, 240, 241, 243 – 250, 253, 254, 259 – 262): without cuticular remnants in association with aedeagal sheath; no ventrites with curved posterior margins nor extending anteriorly into emarginated posterior margin of anterior segment except in some Tri. caudabifurca sp. nov. where V 3 is recurved; LO in V 7 bipartite, inner margins not contiguous, reaching into PLP; posterior half of V 7 not arched or swollen, muscle impressions visible between LO halves; LO present in V 6, occupying almost all V 6. MPP present, symmetrical, apex rounded or squarely truncate, either entire or shallowly emarginate, not laterally compressed, as long as or longer than width (L = W or L> W), not inclined dorsally nor engulfed by T 8 apex, without dorsal ridge, median longitudinal trough; shorter than or subequal in length to PLP, MPP narrower than PLP except in Tri. dimidiata sp. nov. where they are subequal in width (Fig. 245); emarginations between PLP and MPP obliquely truncate (deeper at inner corners nearest MPP) in Tri. dimidiata sp. nov. (Fig. 245); V 7 without median carina, median longitudinal trough, incurving lobes or pointed projections, median ‘ dimple’, or reflexed lobes; posterior margin of V 7 trisinuate with PLP moderately to considerably produced, as wide as or wider than MPP, longer than wide except in Tri. papuana where L = W (Figs 253, 254). T 7 without prolonged anterolateral corners. T 8: sclerotised, symmetrical, W = L, visible posterior area not narrowing abruptly, median posterior margin shallowly and narrowly emarginate; widest across middle with lateral margins tapering evenly in both an anterior and posterior direction; without prolonged posterolateral corners, median posterior projections, not inclined ventrally nor engulfing posterior margin of V 7 nor MPP, not extending conspicuously beyond posterior margin of V 7. T 8 ventral surface with well developed median longitudinal trough (except in Tri. similispapuae where it is quite short), margined by well defined symmetrical ridges; anterior end of ridges with flanges which are short to long, narrow to wide, and apically rounded or acute (Figs 232, 250, 255); flanges symmetrical except in Tri. apicula sp. nov., papuae and similispapuae (Fig. 261); without lateral depressed troughs, median posterior ridge; concealed anterolateral arms of T 8 as long as visible posterior portion of T 8, not laterally emarginated before their origins, not expanded dorsoventrally, expanded only in horizontal plane; without bifurcation of inner margin and ventrally directed pieces; lateral margins of T 8 not enfolding sides of V 7. Aedeagal sheath (Figs 238, 257): approx. 3 – 3.5 times as long as wide; without bulbous paraprocts; symmetrical in posterior area where sheath sternite tapers evenly to a narrow rounded apex; anterior half of sternite relatively narrow, apically rounded; tergite without lateral arms extending anteriorly at sides of sheath sternite; tergite without projecting pieces along posterior margin of T 9, anterior margin without transverse band. Aedeagus (Figs 237, 258, 259, 264): L / W 5 / 1; LL lack lateral appendages; LL apices not visible from beneath at sides of ML, LL / ML narrow; LL of equal length, slightly shorter than ML, contiguous along inner dorsal margins; separated longitudinally by most of their length; LL base width not = LL apex width which is narrower than that of ML; LL apices not expanded in horizontal plane; dorsal base of LL symmetrical, not excavated, may be slightly produced or not; LL without lateral hairy appendages along their outer ventral margins, not produced preapically nor narrowly on inner apical margin, apices of LL not inturned, nor out-turned; without projection on left LL; inner margins without slender leaf-like projection; ML symmetrical, without paired lateral teeth and tooth to left side, not strongly arched, apex not shaped like arrowhead, not bulbous, not inclined ventrally; BP not strongly sclerotised, not hooded, not strongly emarginated along anterior margin. Female. Macropterous; associated by label data only for two species. Pronotum without irregularities in posterolateral areas; punctation moderate to dense; pronotal width less than humeral width; without indentation of lateral margin, irregularities at posterolateral corner; outline similar to that of male. Elytral punctation not as large as that of pronotum, nor evenly spaced; no interstitial lines; elytral carina absent. No legs or parts thereof swollen and / or curved. LO in V 6 only, without any elevations or depressions or ridges on V 7; median posterior margin of V 7 widely emarginate, median area not broadly rounded; median posterior margin of V 8 entire. Bursa plates consisting of 2 wide pairs in Tri. papuana and Tri. similispapuae (Fig. 265). Larva. Unknown.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E6CC53EFF6FB826FA4AEB4E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Trisinuata (feminine) is a noun latinised from the English trisinuate, describing the shape of the posterior margin of V 7 where the expanded and lengthened PLP enhance the appearance of the trilobed posterior margin. List of species of Trisinuata gen. nov. - T. apicula sp. nov. - T. caudabifurca sp. nov. - T. dimidiata sp. nov. - T. microthorax (Olivier) comb. nov. - T. minor (Ballantyne) comb. nov. - T. papuae (McDermott) comb. nov. - T. papuana (Olivier) comb. nov. - T. similispapuae (Ballantyne) comb. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E71C539FF6FB965FB89EFEF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA. North East: 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Wau, Bulolo River, 850 – 900 m, 24. viii. 1965, J. and M. S. (BPBM). Paratype s (3). Same locality as holotype, male 4. ii. 1966, JS (BPBM). Morobe District, 4 miles n Wau elev. C 2800 feet, near Kunai creek Lae road, 15. xi. 1969, J. E. Lloyd, male (G 263) (ANIC). Morobe District, Mt Missim, 880 – 1050 m, 8 – 9. ii. 1963, J S. male (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E71C539FF6FB965FB89EFEF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Superficially similar to both Tri. papuae and Tri similispapuae, distinguished by the yellow pronotum, which may be dark margined laterally; elytra dark brown; elytral apex truncate, PLP narrow and T 8 with asymmetrical flanges. Male. 5 – 5.5 mm long. Colour: pronotum bright shiny pale orange yellow with a very fine dark border (without dark margin in Kunai Creek male); remainder of body dark brown except for narrow pale posteromedian area on V 5, largely pale LO in V 6, 7 (darker markings of these segments indicated as stippling in Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 13 q), apical 3 tergites and reflexed margins of V 6, 7 pale brown. Pronotum: 0.8 – 0.9 mm long; 1.4 – 1.5 mm wide; punctures broad, shallow, some contiguous, some separated by their width in median area of disc. Head: moderately depressed between eyes; GHW 0.9 – 1.3 mm; ASD = ASW. Elytron: apices truncate, outer margin (B) slightly curved, inner margin (C) sinuous (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 13 o). LO in V 7 extending into PLP (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 13 q) or not (G 236); MPP shallowly emarginated, posterolateral corners very short and acute. Flanges of T 8 asymmetrical (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 13 r).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E71C539FF6FB965FB89EFEF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name apicula (Latin, apicula, ae = bee) is a play on words, referring to the designation of these specimens as Species B (Ballantyne & McLean 1970; Ballantyne 1987 a).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E71C539FF6FB965FB89EFEF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne and McLean (1970) briefly described and illustrated a single male with unusual deflexed elytral apices as " Species B ". Ballantyne (1987 a: 162) described an additional Wau male. Two additional males are associated and the treatment formalised here. The apical labial palpomere is not dentate on its inner margin, and the apparent dentition observed by Ballantyne (1987 a) is attributed to a clumping of hairs.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E76C538FF6FBDC4FF6CEE53.taxon	description	[Figs 228 – 241]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E76C538FF6FBDC4FF6CEE53.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 7.20 S, 146.45 E, Morobe Pr., 4.5 mi w Wau, Edie Cr. Rd., at Namie Cr. elev. ca 500 ', November 17, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, (G 615.) (ANIC). Paratype s * (5). NEW GUINEA: 144.37 E, 5.47 S, Western Highlands Pr.: Banz, Fatima school, xi. 7.1969, J. Buck, male (Tube B / 9, labelled ‘ flickerer’); 8.15 pm., xi. 6.1969, J. Buck, male (Tube B / 4). Simbu Pr., Chimbu Dist.: Kundiu (sic), Catherine Mission, Oct. 25, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, male (JELC); Kondiu Farm site 1, sweep of fly outs Nov. 30, 1969, E. Ball. male; Kondiu 16. x. 1969, J. Buck (Tube II / 2), male (ANIC). * All specimens collected by Buck and Ball have label data quoted exactly as it appears in the tubes, to allow association with field records. The following paratypes have no associated flashing data. NEW GUINEA: 6.13 S, 143.39 E, Papua, S. Highlands, Mendi, 1660 m, 13. x. 1958, light trap, JLG, male (BPBM). Arabuka, 1500 – 2000 m, 7. i. 1968, JS, male (BPBM). Kundiu, 9 Nov., 1969, J. E. Lloyd, male (G 544) (ANIC). 7.15 S, 146.48 E, Mt Missim, 1600 m, 27. v. 1966, malaise trap, JLG, male (BPBM). 7.20 S, 146.45 E, Wau, Morobe District: 1100 – 1200 m, vi. 1968, NK, male (BPBM); 1150 – 1600 m, 9. ii. 1968, JS, male (BPBM); 1200 m, 30. xii. 1964, M. V. light trap, JS, male; 5 – 6. xii. 1961, 2 males; 14. vii. 1961 light trap, male; 1250 m 12. iii. 1969, male; 12. iv. 1965 malaise trap, male; 1200 – 1300 m, 14. iii. 1963, male; 16. vi. 1965 male; 1450 m, 6. ii. 1963 male (BPBM); same data as Holotype, 2 females (G 623, 624) (JELC). Wau, Morobe Distr., Namoi Creek: 1670 m 26. viii. 1963, malaise trap, JS, male; 1700 – 1800 m, xii. 1965, JS, male; 1750 m 17. viii. 1965, malaise trap, JS, male (BPBM). Wau, Bulolo River, 850 – 900 m, 24. viii. 1965, JS, male (BPBM). Western Highlands, Goiburung, East of Korn farm, 1560 m, x. 15.1958, light trap, JLG, male (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E76C538FF6FBDC4FF6CEE53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males with orange pronotum and dark brown elytra, distinguished by the greatly developed PLP of V 7. Code names. Luciola “ super fork tail ”, “ Swallow tail ”; Luciola 14, Lloyd (1973 a). Male. 5.7 – 7.0 mm long. Colour (Fig. 239): pronotum bright yellow, semitransparent; (paler area of irregular retraction of fat body across anterior and posterior margins and median area where fat body not retracted may appear darker); MS, MN, elytra, head between eyes, antennae, and palpi, very dark brown; ventral surface of pronotum yellow, except for brown prosternum and precoxal bridges; entire ventral surface of meso and metathorax, and all of legs very dark brown; basal abdominal ventrites dark brown; posterior margin of V 5 narrowly white; V 6 white; LO halves in V 7 creamy white, remainder of V 7 yellowish, with white areas where underlying muscle is visible externally (Fig. 240), and a brown area anterior to the median posterior projection of V 7 (Fig. 240); median posterior projection of V 7 in Tubes B / 4, B / 9 is brown; T 1 – 5 light brown; T 6 – 8 semitransparent laterally and pale brown medially (Fig. 241); or T 8 light brown (Kondiu, farm site 1). Pronotum (Fig. 236, 239): 1.5 – 1.7 mm wide; 0.8 – 1.0 mm long; W / L = 1.5 – 2.0; punctures shallow, separated by their width; midanterior margin broadly rounded, moderately projecting beyond acute anterolateral corners; median posterior margin indented; most of disc gently and smoothly convex, otherwise excavated as figured. Elytra: punctures dense, some contiguous; apex of left elytron on holotype slightly down-turned, probably damaged. Head: slightly depressed between eyes; GHW 0.9 – 1.3 mm; SIW 0.3 mm; ASD = ASW. Abdomen (Figs 228 – 232, 240, 241): LO extending into PLP which are bluntly rounded at apices and may incline gently ventrally (Fig. 231); muscle blocks may be visible in dorsal surfaces of PLP (Fig. 229); MPP narrowed at apex which may be entire or finely emarginated, and incline dorsally (Figs 228, 230, 231, 233, 234, 240). T 8: flanges short rounded (Fig. 232). Aedeagus (Fig. 237): elongate slender (L = 5 XW) with apex of ML flattened (viewed from side). Female. Macropterous, coloured as for male except for LO restricted to V 6; associated by label data only.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E76C538FF6FBDC4FF6CEE53.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name emphasises the development of V 7 (cauda = tail; bifurca = 2 forked).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E76C538FF6FBDC4FF6CEE53.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lloyd’s nickname “ Swallowtail ” (pers comm.) describes the posterolateral processes of V 7. Their ventral inclination and the dorsally inclined median posterior projection of V 7 might indicate a wedge or clasper for the female abdomen, or more likely a consequence of dehydration. Ballantyne (1987 a Fig. 2 a, b) described the terminal abdomen of ‘ Luciola species 14 ’ and discussed terminal abdomen modifications in the Luciolinae and their possible significance. Lloyd (1973 a) noted males of this species “ active in the crown of a 50 ft tree standing in the ravine ... ”; males emitted rapid flickers of variable duration. Lloyd’s field records for G 615 are “ looks like long flicker from Mengendi, but (he) also saw short (flickers) in this area i. e. ¾ (second) flicker each 1.5 seconds ”, and for G 413 “ long flicker ”. The two females are associated by label data only. Their field data reads “ glowing on road edge near tree with long flicker sp. (i. e. caudabifurca) in it ”.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E77C538FF6FBC9FFC1DEA68.taxon	description	[Figs 242 – 250]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E77C538FF6FBC9FFC1DEA68.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: Western Highlands Pr., Chimbu District, Kondiu, Catherine Mission, October 25, 1969, J. E. Lloyd, (G 414) (ANIC). Paratype (1). NEW GUINEA: Western Highlands Pr., Chimbu District, Kondiu recorded male November 9 1969, J. E. Lloyd (G 541) (ANIC). Code name. Luciola 13 (Lloyd 1973 a) Male. 7.5 – 7.8 mm long. Colour (Fig. 242): pronotum shiny yellow, semitransparent; MN pale brown with median brown area; MS and elytra uniformly dark brown; ventral surface of pronotum yellow; remainder of ventral surface of body, including posterior margin of V 7, dark brown, except for narrow white posterior margin of V 5, white LO in V 6, and white LO halves in V 7 (Fig. 243); basal abdominal tergites dark brown; T 6, 7 and 8 pale cream with brown mottling in holotype, T 8 white and T 7 white with brown markings along posterior half in paratype (Fig. 247). Pronotum (Fig. 242): 1.2 – 1.3 mm long; 1.6 – 1.8 mm wide; W / L 1.3 – 1.4; punctures small, shallow, contiguous or separated by up to their width; midanterior margin rounded, projecting considerably beyond rounded obtuse anterolateral corners; lateral margins diverging in anterior half, and converging posteriorly in posterior half with slight sinuousity on right side in holotype; posterolateral corners narrowly rounded. Elytra shiny, punctures dense, some contiguous. Abdomen (Figs 243 – 250): posterolateral corners of V 6 narrowed, appearing prolonged if viewed from above in ethanol preserved G 541 (Figs 243, 244, 247). LO (Figs 243, 245) not extending into PLP which are slightly truncate along their inner posterior margins; lateral margins of V 7 strongly divergent in ethanol preserved G 541; MPP moderately broad, apex truncate or very slightly emarginated (Figs 248, 249). T 8: flanges narrowly elongate, apex rounded (Fig. 250). Female, larva unknown.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E77C538FF6FBC9FFC1DEA68.taxon	etymology	Etymology. dimidiata (dimidius, Latin = half) emphasizes the pattern of light production of the single paratype male. Lloyd’s field records for the holotype (G 414) are “ single at ½ sec ”.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E77C53BFF6FB844FEDCECA4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. 6.0 mm long; pronotum and MP dingy yellow, MS dark brown; deflexed elytral apex rounded; distinguished by the bilobed PLP (Ballantyne 1987 a Fig. 5 a, b, c).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E77C53BFF6FB844FEDCECA4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier (1885) named the species for the small size of its pronotum, and Ballantyne and McLean (1970) adopted an E / P index (ratio of elytral width measured across bases to pronotal width) in an attempt to characterise it. The use of this index has been discontinued; microthorax is amply characterised by features of its terminal abdomen. Helgen et al. (2008) indicated Hatam is a village in the Arfak Mountains of the Vogelkop peninsula.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C53BFF6FBD37FDBAEEAA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype Male. NEW GUINEA: 147.24 E, 9.25 S, Bisianumu, east of Port Moresby, 500 m., ix. 25.1955 (BPBM). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 146.40 E, 7.22 S, Edie Creek, near Wau, 1700 m, 2. iv. 1966, JLG, 2 males. 7.13 S, 146.49 E, Mt Missim, 1600 – 2000 m, 21 – 24. ix. 1964, M. S., male (BPBM).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C53BFF6FBD37FDBAEEAA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small (ca 4.5 mm long) with elytral apex barely deflexed; pronotum orange, elytra black.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C53BFF6FBD37FDBAEEAA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is now represented in collections by five males. The elytral apices (Ballantyne, 1987 a, Fig. 6 e, f) are swollen and bulbous and thicker than the remainder of the epipleuron, so their interpretation as " deflexed elytral apices " differs slightly from others, where the deflexed apex of the elytron is anteriorly prolonged and no thicker than the rest of the elytron.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C53BFF6FBB06FED6EB0C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. NEW GUINEA: 148.23 E, 8.37 S, Monda, Buna District, xii. 28.1943 (Cornell University). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 147.10 E, 7.53 S, Garaina, 800 m, 16. i. 1968, J. & M. S., male (BPBM). 147.44 E, 8.52 S, Kokoda, 400 m, iii. 22.1956, JLG, 2 males (BPBM). 148.10 E, 8.55 S, Mt Lamington District, C. T. McNamara, v. 1927 2 males, female; vii. 1927, male, female; viii. 1927, female; i – ii. 1929, female (AMSA).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C53BFF6FBB06FED6EB0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small (4.4 – 4.6 mm long); entirely brown dorsally except for 4 median orange spots on the pronotum; deflexed elytral apex somewhat truncate along margin B with margin C slightly sinuate; distinguished most obviously from Tri. papuana by the presence of the deflexed elytral apex.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C53BFF6FBB06FED6EB0C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This study extends the number of males known in collections. Luciola papuana Olivier was described from a female coloured like M. papuae. Males lacking the deflexed elytral apex are associated with Luciola papuana and the species assigned to Trisinuata gen. nov. and redescribed below. Table 9 lists Luciolinae sharing similar pale brown dorsal colouration, of which three species, including this one, are assigned to Trisinuata gen. nov.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C535FF6FB9A9FB9DECA4.taxon	description	[Figs 251 – 258]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C535FF6FB9A9FB9DECA4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Female. NEW GUINEA: North East: Sattelberg, Huon Gulf (Természettudományi Museum, Budapest). Other specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: 5.38 S, 146.28 E, Finisterre Range, Saidor, Kiambavi village, vii. 22 – 29.1958, WB, male, female (BPBM). Saidor, Matoko village, WB, ix. 6 – 24.1958 2 males; 28. ix – 5 – 1958, 3 males; 29 – ix – 5 – 1958, 2 males (BPBM). Finisterre Mts, Komba, 2 males, 8 females L Wagner (SAMA). 7.00 S, 147.00 E, Morobe District, Huon Peninsula, Gang Creek Camp, Mt Rawlinson, 4500 feet, H. Van Deusen, vi – 21 – 26 – 1964, male; vi – 8 – 1964, 2 males (AMNH).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C535FF6FB9A9FB9DECA4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. One of four species from New Guinea with brown dorsal colouration; distinguished from Aus. fuscamagna sp. nov. and Aus. fuscaparva sp. nov. by the bipartite LO in V 7, and Tri. papuae by the absence of a deflexed elytral apex. Male. 6.7 – 7.2 mm long. Colour (Fig. 251): entirely dark brown except for white V 6, 7 and pale T 6 – 8 (Figs 253, 254). Pronotum: 1.5 – 1.7 mm wide; 1.0 – 1.1 mm long; W / L 1.5 – 1.7; punctures shallow, separated by width of puncture or contiguous; pronotal disc smooth and shiny between punctures; lateral margins diverge along length (C> A, B). Head: GHW 1.3 – 1.4 mm; ASD <ASW. Abdomen (Figs 253, 254, 255): muscles attaching in median area between LO halves are visible through cuticle, LO extending to sides of V 7 and into PLP; MPP wider than long, curving dorsally at its apex which is bifurcate into 2 fine points, shorter and narrower than wide PLP (Fig. 254). T 8 (Fig. 255): well defined, wide lateral ridges and short wide apically rounded flanges. Aedeagus (Figs 257, 258): anterior prolongation of ML not long and slender; apices of LL concealed behind ML and not laterally expanded; lateral margins of LL very slightly curved.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E74C535FF6FB9A9FB9DECA4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier (1913 b) based this species on a female. The similarity of pronotal colour to the type female is most obvious in these males. Table 9 lists Luciolinae with dark dorsal colouration.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E7AC535FF6FBD37FD5AE8D7.taxon	description	[Figs 259 – 265]	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E7AC535FF6FBD37FD5AE8D7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male. INDONESIA West Irian: 135.31 E, 3.23 S, Nabire, South Geelvink Bay, 0 – 30 m, vii. 2 – 9.1962, light trap (BPBM). Specimens examined. NEW GUINEA: Western Highlands 5.32 S 144.08 E Baiyer River, tube bears label ‘ MP (mating pair) * 2 8.15 male yellow female Gr. 11. xi. 69 light male 2 nd BR 2; no collector (see Ballantyne 1987 a: 160) (ANIC).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E7AC535FF6FBD37FD5AE8D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This mating pair was characterised (Ballantyne 1987 a p. 159). Males small (5 – 6 mm long); dorsally entirely brown with small median orange spots on the pronotum, or median area of pronotum entirely dingy orange; very similar to Tri. papuae, distinguished by the outline of the terminal abdomen (Fig. 259, 260), and the asymmetrical flanges on T 8 (Fig. 261); short paired cuticular strips extend anteriorly across the dorsal face of V 7 from the sides of the MPP (Fig. 260). Female coloured as for male except for pale LO in V 6 only. Female. 5.6 mm long. Colour: as for male except for yellowish brown ventral surface of metathorax, pale LO in V 6 only, not reaching to brown lateral margins, light brown basal abdominal tergites and darker brown T 7, 8. V 7 posterior margin gently bisinuate, median area narrowly indented, and posterolateral corners rounded (Fig. 263). Bursa: with broad paired plates (Fig. 265).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E7AC535FF6FBD37FD5AE8D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from two specimens which differed from the similarly coloured Pteroptyx papuae in the outlines of the terminal abdominal ventrite (Ballantyne & McLean, 1970). Ballantyne (1987 a) described two further specimens (a mating pair) and the light colour (male yellow, female green), but had difficulty in determining if the LO in V 7 was bipartite. A reexamination here including the presence of cuticular strands (Fig. 260) to which muscles attach in the median area of V 7 indicates a bipartite LO in V 7. Ballantyne (1987 a: 160) described the aedeagal sheath split by a mating " plug " (spermatophore) retained as a very hard ball attached to the ejaculatory orifice (Fig. 264).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E7BC537FF6FBAF9FF36EC77.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Female. NEW GUINEA: Iles Bertrand, holotype female of Luciola melancholica (MCSN).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E7BC537FF6FBAF9FF36EC77.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype female was described with dark brown elytra and an orange pronotum with dark marginal markings. There are several examples herein where different species have marginal dark markings on the pronotum (e. g. Aus. anthracina, M. fulminea, M. pupilla, Tri. apicula sp. nov.). No males from the type locality of the Bertrand Islands have been located. Ballantyne and McLean (1970: 267) described as " Species D " two males where the pronotal colour most closely approached that of the holotype of melancholica. While they described the LOs as “ filling sternites 6 and 7 ” their diagrams (Fig. 8 n, o) indicate a situation where interpretation of the nature of the LO in V 7 as either entire or bipartite is not clear, and no further action on these two specimens is taken here. They also included specimens in Pteroptyx cribellata Groups 3 and 4 (page 247) where the male pronota had dark markings along the lateral and anterior margins, and in one case also along the posterior margin. All these specimens in Groups 3 and 4 have entire LOs in V 7. Ballantyne (1987 a: 163) included two females as possible melancholica, and indicated that certain Pteroptyx (now Medeopteryx) fulminea have lateral pronotal margins finely dark. Certain specimens from Mt Lamington tentatively assigned to Aus. anthracina have either dark margined or completely pale pronota in the males.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FBE7CFA43EE02.taxon	materials_examined	Type. NEW GUINEA. not located.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FBE7CFA43EE02.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has not been reliably identified in collections. Based on its original description as a small species (ca 6 mm long) with orange pronotum, dark brown elytra, and V 7 trilobed Ballantyne (1987 a: 131) considered that Pteroptyx antennata Olivier could have been based on similar specimens. No reference to ruficollis mentions deflexed elytral apices in the male. The described ventral colouration of yellowish thorax and abdomen is approached by Australoluciola australis which lacks a trisinuate V 7. This species has been attributed to Guérin-Méneville (1830). The actual publication date of this work was 1838, and the species is here attributed to Boisduval (1835) as the first description to be associated with the name.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FBCAEFDF4E83C.taxon	materials_examined	Type. CELEBES. Not located.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FBCAEFDF4E83C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier described a small (5 – 6 mm) male with yellow pronotum, light brown elytra with paler lateral margins, and V 7 prolonged and abruptly narrowed, from the Celebes. McDermott (1966) incorrectly recorded it from New Guinea. Incorrect New Guinean records	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FBA97FE77EBFA.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Saigon (MNHN).	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FBA97FE77EBFA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Olivier (1913 b) recorded this species from various locations in New Guinea (Friedrich Wilhelmshafen = Madang) and islands of Kiriwina, Fergusson and Trobriand. Apart from the type we are unable to relocate any of these specimens.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FB9F6FE92EA99.taxon	materials_examined	Type not examined.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
E46FF2165E78C537FF6FB9F6FE92EA99.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ballantyne as Powell (1965) recorded 9 specimens (6 males) from Lae. McDermott identified these as Photinus cinctellus and considered that mislabelling should be considered. No such specimens have been collected since.	en	Ballantyne, Lesley A., Lambkin, Christine L. (2013): Systematics and Phylogenetics of Indo-Pacific Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and the Description of new Genera. Zootaxa 3653 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3653.1.1
