identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
012941C21033AE672648DAA06E01E658.text	012941C21033AE672648DAA06E01E658.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyraja badia (Garman 1899)	<div><p>Amblyraja badia (Garman, 1899)</p><p>Remarks: Originally described from off Panama, this species has subsequently been reported from the ENP, north to the Bering Sea and westward to Japanese waters (Ebert, 2003). This is the only ENP species for which we have been unable to positively identify egg cases. Garman (1899) noted two egg cases that were dredged up during the Albatross expedition of 1891, the same expedition in which the holotype of A. badia was collected. However, the egg cases were collected at a different, although nearby, location from where the A. badia was caught. Therefore, it is uncertain whether these egg cases belong to that species. The egg cases were described by Garman (1899) as “covered with fine villi or pile, in longitudinal series, though harsh to the touch gives the appearance of a soft rich black velvet”. We attempted to locate these egg cases that were accessioned at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ 1009 and 1010), Harvard University for further examination, but they appear to have been lost (Ann Holmes, curator, MCZ, pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/012941C21033AE672648DAA06E01E658	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
E994757059C5FDC6F60C37D59AD4CB84.text	E994757059C5FDC6F60C37D59AD4CB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja abyssicola (Gilbert 1896)	<div><p>Bathyraja abyssicola (Gilbert, 1896)</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Bathyraja abyssicola (Figure 2) are large, 108 to 111 mm in length, with MAW about 67-69% of ECL. Egg case surface texture coarse and very rough to the touch, striated, the surface is irregular and with rasp-like denticles. LKW is very narrow, &lt;5% of MAW and with a distinct groove between the lateral keel and case proper. This groove is not present in any other ENP skate egg case. Lateral keels extend onto horns and are also present on inner horns. Anterior apron border of egg case broad and concave, anterior horns more robust than posteriors at base, becoming flattened and thread-like at tips. Posterior apron is nearly straight, broad, and transverse, about 10 mm wider than anterior apron. Posterior horns long, about two times length of anteriors and about 1.2 times ECL, curved inwards, each tapering to a thread-like tip. Attachment fibers present, originating on lateral keel near the junction of exterior base of posterior horns and case. Egg cases removed from a single specimen was a light golden brown in color.</p><p>Remarks: Bathyraja abyssicola is a large, deepwater species usually found on the continental slope between 362 and 2906 m, although most records of its capture have come from&gt; 1,000 m deep (Zorzi &amp; Anderson, 1988). It is considered to be a rare species, but recent deepwater surveys along the ENP continental slope have revealed this skate to be more common than previously thought (unpublished data). To the best of our knowledge this is the first confirmed record and description of the egg case of this species.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224336, 141.0 cm TL, west of Alexander Island, Washington (47.4935 N, - 125.5185 W), 1428 m, 24 August 2004.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E994757059C5FDC6F60C37D59AD4CB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
FA442873E69D2332F17FB565E494A547.text	FA442873E69D2332F17FB565E494A547.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja aleutica (Gilbert 1896)	<div><p>Bathyraja aleutica (Gilbert, 1896)</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Bathyraja aleutica (Figure 3) are very large,&gt;120 mm in length, with MAW about 73-76% of ECL. Egg case surface very coarse, striated, and with long anteriorly directed prickles giving it a velvety texture. Lateral keels very narrow, about 6-7% of MAW. Attachment fibers present, originating near base of posterior horns. Anterior apron border broad and concave, similar in width to the posterior.</p><p>Anterior horns relatively short, about 60-80% of ECL, curved inwards, tapering towards tips, becoming thin and filamentous. Posterior apron straight, broad, transverse, posterior horns longer than anteriors and about 90% or more length of egg case, tapering towards tips with tendrils coiling towards filamentous tips. Color after preservation a golden brown, lighter along lateral keels.</p><p>Remarks: A common species in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska its southern range is now known to extend into northern California (Hoff, 2002; Ebert, 2003).</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224337, 138.0 cm TL, eastern Bering Sea (56.1972 N, 169.7457 W), 242 m, 17 June 2002; MLML uncatalogued, 136.0 cm TL, eastern Bering Sea (60.3806 N, - 178.6524 W), 295 m, 29 June 2002; MLML uncatalogued, 134.9.0 cm TL, eastern Bering Sea (60.3806 N, - 178.6524 W), 295 m, 29 June 2002 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA442873E69D2332F17FB565E494A547	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
A0867F6664A040268AC794CCF22C5B63.text	A0867F6664A040268AC794CCF22C5B63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja kincaidii (Garman 1908)	<div><p>Bathyraja kincaidii (Garman, 1908)</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Bathyraja kincaidii (Figure 4) are very small, 50 to 66 mm in length, with MAW about 76-91% of ECL. Egg case dorsal surface covered with thin layer of fine fibers, ventral surface with either a very thin fibrous layer or without. Surface of egg case beneath fibrous layer finely striated with longitudinal rows and smooth to the touch. LKW very broad, about 14-19% of MAW, and extending length of case including outer edge of horns; a keel is present along inner edge of the posterior horns, but absent on anterior horns. Attachment fibers present along entire edge of lateral keels. Anterior apron border broad, concave; anterior horns about 50-80% ECL, and flattening towards tips becoming thread-like. Anterior horns curve perpendicular to dorsal aspect of egg case and hooking rearward. Posterior apron border broad, nearly straight, transverse, about 3-9 mm wider than anterior apron. Posterior horns moderately long, length similar to ECL, curved inward to median aspect of egg case, flattening toward tips, and becoming thread-like. Egg cases from preserved specimens range from a light to dark brown except for lateral keels which are usually lighter brown to gold colored.</p><p>Remarks: The egg case described and depicted by Cox (1963) for this species appears to be consistent with our findings in that it is a small egg case, nearly as wide as long, has attachment fibers present, and prominent lateral keels. Our description differs in that we found the egg cases of B. kincaidii to be smooth to the touch while Cox (1963) described the surface texture as moderately rough. Since we do not know the location of where those egg cases were collected or their eventual deposition we are unable to directly compare our egg cases with those of Cox (1963). It may be that the slight differences we observed in our samples are within the normal range of variability. Bathyraja kincaidii, however, may represent a species complex of two or more distinct, sympatrically occurring species ranging between the Gulf of Alaska and California. Therefore, careful examination of egg cases from throughout this region may help elucidate this question.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224339, 48.2 cm TL, off Davenport, California (ca 36.5368 N, - 122.1445 W), 170 m, 3 August 2002; MLML BK0209-6, 50.1 cm TL, off Davenport, California, (ca 36.5368 N, - 122.1445 W), 181 m, 21 September 2002; MLML BK0210-7: 50.0 cm TL, off Davenport, California (ca 36.5596 N, - 122.2220 W), 311 m, 24 October 2003; MLML BK121503-4-1, 53.5 cm TL, off central Oregon (45.7385 N, - 124.3820 W), 153 m, 13 September 2003; MLML BK102403-02-3, 56.9 cm TL, off northern California (40.2276 N, - 124.5422 W), 360 m, 5 October 2003 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0867F6664A040268AC794CCF22C5B63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
6EF11A4498D34EFE6E37506DA8CCAA28.text	6EF11A4498D34EFE6E37506DA8CCAA28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja microtrachys (Osburn & Nichols 1916)	<div><p>Bathyraja microtrachys (Osburn &amp; Nichols, 1916)</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Bathyraja microtrachys (Figure 5) are small, 79 to 81 mm in length, with MAW about 63-64% of ECL. The egg case surface is coarsely striated, with irregular rasp-like denticles, making its texture very rough to the touch. LKW is very narrow, &lt;5% of MAW and not extending onto horns. Anterior apron border of egg case broad, deeply concave, anterior horns robust at base, but flattening towards tips and becoming thread-like, tips curving dorsally and back towards egg case. Posterior apron is nearly straight, broad, and transverse, width similar to anterior. Posterior horns robust at base, very long, about 66% length of anteriors and about 1.1 times ECL, curved inwards, each tapering to a thread-like tip. Attachment fibers present, extending length of lateral keel. Egg cases removed from a single preserved specimen were a dark golden brown.</p><p>Remarks: This is the first confirmed record, and description, of the egg case of this species. The egg cases described here were removed in utero from a 62.8 cm TL specimen (SIO 8780). Cox (1963: Figure 7) suggested that the egg case he described and illustrated as B. trachura may eventually prove to be this species. However, the term embryo that was removed from that egg case (CAS 25617), and described below, appear to be that of B. spinossisima (Ebert, 2005).</p><p>Until recently this species had been considered a synonym of B. trachura (Ebert, 2003). However, examination of the holotypes of B. microtrachys and B. trachura by the senior author, plus additional material confirm that these species are distinct. To further separate these two species their egg cases can be used to distinguish them from each other. The egg case of B. microtrachys differs from that of B. trachura in that the former has very narrow lateral keels and a coarsely striated surface texture that is rough to the touch, while the latter has very broad lateral keels and is smooth to the touch.</p><p>Bathyraja microtrachys is one of the deepest occurring skate species, known to occur down to at least 3,100 m (unpublished data). The shallowest record of this species is the holotype known from 1,995 m. All other records of it have come from depths greater than 2,000 m.</p><p>Material examined: SIO 8780, 62.8 cm TL, off Waldport, Oregon (44.4130 N, - 125.3410 W), 2850 m, 6 February 1987.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6EF11A4498D34EFE6E37506DA8CCAA28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
552246765B34020B7AFED1AAC90D24EB.text	552246765B34020B7AFED1AAC90D24EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja spinossisima (Beebe & Tee-Van 1941)	<div><p>Bathyraja spinossisima (Beebe &amp; Tee-Van, 1941)</p><p>Description: The egg case of Bathyraja spinossisima (Figure 6) is large, about 92 mm in length excluding horns, with MAW of 73% ECL. The surface is weakly striated, with both dorsal and ventral surfaces being plush to the touch. LKW is very narrow, about 3% of ECL, and extending onto horns. Attachment fibers are absent. Anterior apron broadly concaved, curving perpendicular from horizontal plane of egg case, and narrowing at tips. Posterior apron about 7 mm wider than anterior, nearly straight, broad, and transverse. Posterior horns about two-thirds ECL, curved inwards, and narrowing to tips. Egg case color after preservation is a uniform plum brown.</p><p>Remarks: A single egg case originally identified by Follett (1952: Figure 1) as that of Bathyraja trachura based on a near term embryo found inside was subsequently described by Cox (1963). This egg case has also been inaccurately illustrated in the literature as being that of B. trachura (Eschmeyer et al., 1983; Mecklenberg et al., 2002; Ebert, 2003). However, Ebert (2005) examined this egg case and embryo (CAS 25617), and compared it with egg cases removed in utero from B. trachura, and concluded that the embryo fit that of the holotype of B. spinossisima . Miller and Lea (1972) first reported the occurrence of B. spinossisma from the ENP based on this specimen, but without explanation, only giving the museum catalogue number where it is deposited. At the time Follett (1952) and Cox (1963) identified this egg case as B. trachura, B. spinossisima had not been reported from the ENP.</p><p>The holotype of B. spinossisima is an embryo that had been removed from an egg case collected in very deepwater off Panama. Interestingly, a pair of egg cases also collected off Panama, in very deepwater, by Garman (1899) in some aspects appears to fit the description of this species. Unfortunately, the egg case for the holotype of B. spinossisima and Garman’s egg cases have been lost.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 25617, egg case with embryo present, Mulberry Seamount, 78 km west of Point Montara, central California (37.2630 N, - 123.2842 W), 1400 to 2000 m, 8 February 1950.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/552246765B34020B7AFED1AAC90D24EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
F863C534903EF126CCC2A83323C1ECD8.text	F863C534903EF126CCC2A83323C1ECD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja trachura (Gilbert 1892)	<div><p>Bathyraja trachura (Gilbert, 1892)</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Bathyraja trachura (Figure 7) are small, 62 to 78 mm in length, with MAW about 77-97% of ECL. Egg case surfaces with prominent longitudinal striations and smooth to the touch. LKW very broad, striated, about 15-20% of MAW, and extending length of case including outer edge of horns; an inner keel is present along edge of both anterior and posterior horns. Attachment fibers present along lateral keels, originating about outer base of posterior horns. Anterior apron border broad and concave, anterior horns about one-half ECL, horns curved inwards toward median plane of egg case, tips curling towards ventral aspect of egg case, and flattening towards tips. Posterior apron nearly straight, broad, transverse, and up to 7 mm wider than posterior apron. Posterior horn length variable, 0.8 to 1.4 times ECL, horns curved inwards to median plane of egg case, and flattening towards tips. A distinct crossbar originating midway along posterior horns was present on six of nine egg case pairs. One pair had evidence of an incompletely formed crossbar and two had no evidence. This crossbar is unique among ENP skates. Color after preservation a dark brown becoming a light golden brown on keels.</p><p>Remarks: Ebert (2005) described the egg case of this species, based on material from the eastern Bering Sea, and commented that the egg case described and figured by Cox (1963) as B. trachura was not that species. The egg case figured by Cox (1963: Figure 5), and captioned as Raja stellulata, is actually that of B. trachura .</p><p>The posterior horns on some B. trachura egg cases, 75% in this study, have a unique crossbar that is not present on any of the other skate egg cases that we have examined from this region (Figure 7). In some instances the crossbar was broken or missing. Whether the crossbar remains intact, or for how long, once the egg case is deposited on the seafloor is unknown as we did not obtain any egg cases of this species in situ.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224340, 79.1 cm TL, off central Oregon (45.3862 N, - 125.5707 W) 924 m, 3 September 2004; MLML BT 100804-1-6, 86.5 cm TL, off central Oregon (45.3862 N, - 125.5771 W), 929 m, 3 September 2004; MLML BT 110504-2-3, 66.3 cm TL, off northern California (37.0453 N, - 120.3272 W), 1101 m, 12 October 2004; MLML BT 031105-04, 789 mm TL, off northern California (38.5142 N, - 122.6890 W), 320 m, 17 February 2005; MLML BT 011205-19, 78.7 cm TL, off central California (36.2502 N, - 122.0718 W), 366 m, 6 January 2005 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F863C534903EF126CCC2A83323C1ECD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
44AB37FE31FAAC9A05001CA2637AC775.text	44AB37FE31FAAC9A05001CA2637AC775.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raja binoculata Girard 1854	<div><p>Raja binoculata Girard, 1854 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16567377-D5D8-4299-8D76-A000D6BAF121" title="Lookup 'Raja binoculata Girard, 1854' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span></p><p>Description: The egg cases of Raja binoculata <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16567377-D5D8-4299-8D76-A000D6BAF121" title="Lookup 'Raja binoculata' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> (Figure 8) are perhaps the most distinctive skate egg case found in the ENP. The dorsal surface is convex with two prominent ridges; no other known ENP skate egg case has these ridges. These are very large egg cases, 210 to 280 mm in length from anterior to posterior apron borders, with a MAW about 52% of ECL. Egg case surface very smooth, without striations or fibrous covering. Under magnification the surface appears smooth and without striations. LKW very broad, about 30-33% of MAW, narrowing to about 4-6% at MIW, and extending length of egg case including outer edge of horns; keels also along inner edge of horns. Attachment fibers not present. Anterior apron border broad, slightly concave, fraying along edge, anterior horns about 28-30% of ECL, curving dorsally, with tips flattening and curling toward egg case. Posterior apron broad, transverse, and fraying at edge, its width less than that of anterior. Posterior horns short, stout, about 32-38% ECL, horn base width about 24% of horn length; horns curved, and flattening towards tips. Lateral keels extend beyond horn length. Color of egg case after preservation a dark brown to greenish brown.</p><p>Remarks: The egg case of R. binoculata <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16567377-D5D8-4299-8D76-A000D6BAF121" title="Lookup 'R. binoculata' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> is perhaps the largest egg case of any known skate species, with a maximum known length, excluding horns, exceeding 300 mm (Hitz, 1964). Raja binoculata <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16567377-D5D8-4299-8D76-A000D6BAF121" title="Lookup 'Raja binoculata' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> is the only skate species, except for R. pulchra Liu, 1932 <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2C60E901-973B-4939-92F6-F109CBE5C1AA" title="Lookup 'R. pulchra Liu, 1932' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span>, known to have multiple embryos per egg case. These skates may have 2-7 embryos, with an average of 3-4 per egg case (Hitz, 1964). The Japanese endemic R. pulchra <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2C60E901-973B-4939-92F6-F109CBE5C1AA" title="Lookup 'R. pulchra' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> is known to have 1-5 embryos per egg case (Ishiyama, 1958b). Although it has not been studied in detail, increased fecundity, due to multiple oviparity, in these species may have significant conservation implications. Raja binoculata <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16567377-D5D8-4299-8D76-A000D6BAF121" title="Lookup 'Raja binoculata' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span> is known to produce up to 360 egg cases per year in captivity (Kevin Lewand, Monterey Bay Aquarium, pers. comm.). Assuming an average of 3.5 embryos per egg case the annual fecundity may reach 1,260 neonates, or more, making it one of the most fecund of all elasmobranchs.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224341, northern California (38.033 N, - 123.1237 W), 78 m, 24 September 2004; MLML RB 102403-4-06, 146.7 cm TL, central California (36.4076 N, - 121.5276 W), 69 m, 22 October 2003; MLML EX 58, southern Oregon (44.311 N, - 124.257 W), 71 m, 4 September 2004 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/44AB37FE31FAAC9A05001CA2637AC775	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
047DD2E09F49FF5A6D3E1FCFFCC4DA9E.text	047DD2E09F49FF5A6D3E1FCFFCC4DA9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raja inornata Jordan & Gilbert 1881	<div><p>Raja inornata Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1881</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Raja inornata (Figure 9) are very small, 68 to 73 mm in length from anterior to posterior apron borders, with MAW about 73-77% of ECL. Egg case surfaces finely striated, without fibrous covering, and very smooth to the touch. LKW is very broad, about 17-25% of MAW, and extending length of case including outer edge of horns; keels absent or very minute along inner horn edge. Attachment fibers not present. Anterior apron border broad, concave, anterior horns about 34-52% of ECL, curling ventrally, and flattening and hook-like towards tips. Posterior apron nearly straight, broad, transverse, and about 4-6 mm wider than anterior apron width. Posterior horns relatively short, about one-half ECL, curved, and flattening towards tips. Preserved egg case color dark brown becoming lighter on keels.</p><p>Remarks: The present description of this egg case differs from the original description by Cox (1963) in that we did not observe attachment fibers to be present in any of the specimens examined. Also, Cox (1963) did not comment on the broad lateral keels of these egg cases which we found to be a good characteristic for separating between similar looking egg cases, but from different species.</p><p>Material examined: Ten egg cases all deposited between July and August 2005 by R. inornata specimens held at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Two of these egg cases accessioned as CAS 224342.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/047DD2E09F49FF5A6D3E1FCFFCC4DA9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
AF2665481F71A03CB78815005B447CD9.text	AF2665481F71A03CB78815005B447CD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raja rhina Jordan & Gilbert 1880	<div><p>Raja rhina Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1880</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Raja rhina (Figure 10) are large, 93 to 102 mm in length, with MAW about 62- 70% of ECL. Egg case dorsal surface covered with dense woven-like fibers, ventral surface with either a thin fibrous layer or without. Surface of egg case beneath fibrous layer is finely striated and smooth to the touch. LKW broad, about 13-19% of MAW, and extending length of case including outer edge of horns; an inner keel is present along edge of both anterior and posterior horns. Attachment fibers present along lateral keels, originating about midway along egg case. Anterior apron border broad and concave, anterior horns also about one-half ECL, and flattening towards tips, becoming thread-like. Posterior apron nearly straight, broad, transverse, and about 1-7 mm wider than anterior apron width. Posterior horns relatively short, about one-half ECL, curved, flattening towards tips, and becoming thread-like. Color from fresh specimens a uniform golden brown.</p><p>Remarks: DeLacy and Chapman (1935), who first described these egg cases, found that they may range up to 130 mm in length, making it one of the larger skate egg cases found in the ENP. Although Cox (1963) stated that these egg cases were very similar to that of R. inornata we found them to be quite distinct. The egg case of R. inornata is much smaller, lacks a fibrous covering, and has a broader lateral keel, without attachment fibers, relative to the maximum egg case width.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224343, 74.8 cm TL, off central California (36.4701 N, - 121.5312 W), 488 m, 10 December 2002; MLML RR121602-3-11, 85.6 cm TL, off central California (36.4574 N, - 121.5469 W), 186 m, 16 December 2002; MLML RR121602-1-04, 73.1 cm TL, off central California (36.4536 N, - 121.5382 W), 91 m, 16 December 2002 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF2665481F71A03CB78815005B447CD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
A60D24F70E230D3ADC9EABA944F28F33.text	A60D24F70E230D3ADC9EABA944F28F33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert 1880	<div><p>Raja stellulata Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1880</p><p>Description: The egg cases of Raja stellulata (Figure 11) are large, 91 to 92 mm in length, with MAW about 66-70 % of ECL. The egg case is covered with dense fibers on the dorsal surface, thinner on the ventral. The outer fibrous covering appears as an intricately woven sheath with a wool-like texture. Beneath these fibers the egg case is smooth, with very fine longitudinal striations. The LKW is narrow, &lt;10% of ECL, and not extending onto horns. Attachment fibers are present along lateral keels. Anterior apron border broad and concave, anterior horns become flattened towards the tips and hook inwards. Posterior apron nearly straight, broad, transverse, and about 1-2 mm wider than anterior apron width. The posterior horns are about 5 to 6 mm longer than anteriors, curved, conical and tapering, becoming flattened, but without filamentous tips. The tips are hook-shaped at the ends. Color after preservation a uniform brown.</p><p>Remarks: The egg case of R. stellulata has not been previously described. The egg case figured by Cox (1963: figure 5) as this species is actually that of B. trachura . The egg case of R. rhina and R. stellulata are somewhat similar, but can be easily distinguished by the narrower lateral keels present on the latter. Also, the attachment fibers on R. stellulata extend the length of the lateral keels, while the fibers on R. rhina egg cases originate midway along lateral keel of egg case.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224344, 73.2 cm TL, off Davenport, California (36.9235 N, - 122.2275 W), 88 m, 16 April 2004.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A60D24F70E230D3ADC9EABA944F28F33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
78376A3B9DBBB93710808168625BDD69.text	78376A3B9DBBB93710808168625BDD69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathyraja spinossisima (Beebe & Tee-Van 1941)	<div><p>[[ Bathyraja spinossisima (Beebe &amp; Tee-Van, 1941) ??]]</p><p>Unidentified deepsea skate egg case “A”</p><p>Description: The egg cases of this unidentified species (Figure 12a) are very large, 188 to 198 mm in length, with MAW about 58-62% of ECL. The surface is finely striated, smooth to the touch, and without a fibrous outer layer. Surface under magnification appear as shallow, wavy, concave striations. The LKW is very broad, about 14% of MAW, and folds over itself. Attachment fibers are absent. Anterior apron border broad and concave, anterior horns more robust than posterior, inner and out keels present, horn length 53-57% ECL, curving dorsally relative to aspect of egg case, and flattening to tips and curling. Posterior apron border almost straight, transverse, thinning along edge, and slightly less than width of anterior apron. Posterior horns 58- 67% of ECL, curving medially and ventrally, slightly longer than anterior, flattening to tips, and with outer and inner keels present along edges. Color in situ a light yellowish, but becoming a bronze to greenish brown after preservation (Figure 12b).</p><p>Remarks: Three examples of these large unidentified skate egg cases were collected by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) remote operated vehicle (ROV) Tiburon off San Diego, California at a depth of 1,820 m (Figure 12b). These three egg cases were nested among some rocks in what appears to be a nursery area as numerous egg cases were observed on this rough rocky relief substrate (Figure 12c). An adult male and adult female B. spinossisima were observed to swim past the ROV and it is possible that these egg cases may be of that species. However, these egg cases are unlike the egg case that we have tentatively identified as B. spinossisima in that these are not plush to the touch. The only known species that we do not have an example of its egg case is A. badia . Given the high degree of endemism found in skates and the remote offshore location of where these egg cases were observed they may represent an otherwise unknown species. Additional examples of these egg cases, perhaps some with developing embryos, will shed light on their proper identification.</p><p>Material examined: CAS 224345, three egg cases, collected by MBARI remote operated vehicle Tiburon in situ, off San Diego, California (32.9635 N, - 121.0484 W), 1820 m, 29 April 2004.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/78376A3B9DBBB93710808168625BDD69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
A2772B33620C08666F1B96ECE3AA177A.text	A2772B33620C08666F1B96ECE3AA177A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amblyraja badia (Garman 1899)	<div><p>[[ Amblyraja badia (Garman, 1899) ??]]</p><p>Unidentified deepsea skate egg case “B”</p><p>Description: The egg cases of this unidentified species (Figure 13a) are large, 96 to 103 mm in length, with MAW about 79-82% of ECL. The surface is finely striated, smooth to the touch, and without a fibrous outer layer. The LKW is very broad, about 12-14% of MAW, and extending length of case, tapering off along outer edge of horns. Attachment fibers are absent. Anterior apron border broad and concave, anterior horns curling ventrally, becoming flattened and hook-like towards tips, horn length about 47-54% of ECL. Posterior apron border nearly straight, broad, transverse, thinning along edge, and about similar in width to anterior apron. Posterior horns relatively long, 87-96% of ECL, flattening to a filamentous tip. Color in situ is a dark brown on the egg case proper, but becoming lighter along lateral keel and aprons (Figure 13b).</p><p>Remarks: Three examples of these large unidentified skate egg cases were collected by MBARI ROV Tiburon on the Davidson Seamount, an inactive submarine volcano located approximately 120 km southwest of Monterey, California at a depth of between 1,310 and 1,319 m (Figure 13b). These three egg cases, collected on two separate dives, were on each occasion found to be nested near deepsea corals and gorgonians in apparent nursery areas as numerous additional egg cases were observed on each dive where they were collected(Figure 13c). One of the egg cases, upon dissection, was found to contain a small developing embryo of an unknown species of skate. A female A. badia was observed swimming in the vicinity of where these egg cases were collected.</p><p>Material examined: Three egg cases collected by MBARI remote operated vehicle Tiburon in situ; CAS 224346, Davidson Seamount, California (35.721136° N, - 122.723585° W), 1312 m, 27 January 2006 . CAS 224347, Davidson Seamount, California (35.72134° N, - 122.723467° W), 1310 m, 27 January 2006 . CAS 224348, Davidson Seamount, California (35° 43.5688 N, 122° 43.6120 W), 1319 m, bottom temperature 2.9 °C, 18 May 2002 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2772B33620C08666F1B96ECE3AA177A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
E2CD76C69FC9B66112D91121571BE034.text	E2CD76C69FC9B66112D91121571BE034.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rajidae	<div><p>[[Familiy Rajidae]]</p><p>Key to the Eastern North Pacific Skate Egg Cases</p><p>The ENP skate egg cases can be broadly classified into two main groups: those with broad lateral keels (&gt; 10% MAW) and those with narrow lateral keels (&lt;10% MAW). Egg cases in the former group (with broad lateral keels) generally have a surface texture that is finely striated and smooth to the touch. Those in the latter group (with narrow lateral keels) tend to have an egg case surface that is coarse in texture, often with prickles, and is rough to the touch. The only exception in this group is the egg case of R. stellulata that differs in having a finely striated surface beneath a thick fibrous covering.</p><p>The key below includes all of the known valid skate species, plus two unidentified species, known to occur from the eastern Gulf of Alaska (ca 59° N, 138° W) southwards to the California Mexico border (ca 32° N 117° W). The validity of two species, B. obtusa (Gill &amp; Townsend, 1897) and B. rosispina (Gill &amp; Townsend, 1897) is questionable and the occurrence of the Alaska Skate, B. parmifera (Bean, 1881), in the eastern Gulf of Alaska has not been confirmed from this region. The egg cases of B. parmifera, if found to occur in this area, are quite distinct. A description and illustration of the egg case of B. parmifera can be found in Ebert (2005).</p><p>1a. Lateral keel width broad,&gt; 10% of maximum egg case width...................................................................2</p><p>1b. Lateral keel width narrow, &lt;10% of maximum egg case width.................................................................8</p><p>2a. Egg case very large,&gt; 180 mm....................................................................................................................3</p><p>2b. Egg case usually smaller, &lt;100 mm...........................................................................................................4</p><p>3a. Dorsal surface distinct with two convex ridges; horns &lt;50% ECL; keel width very broad&gt; 30% of MAW .............................................................................................................................................. Raja binoculata <span><sup><a href="https://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16567377-D5D8-4299-8D76-A000D6BAF121" title="Lookup 'Raja binoculata' at ZooBank">ZBK</a></sup></span></p><p>3b. Dorsal surface without convex ridges; horns&gt; 50% ECL; keel width broad about 15 % of MAW............. ........................................................................................................ Unidentified deepsea skate species “A”</p><p>4a. Attachment fibers absent.............................................................................................................................5</p><p>4b. Attachment fibers present ............................................................................................................................ 6</p><p>5a. Lateral keel width very broad, 17-25% of maximum egg case width; posterior horns about one-half egg case length ............................................................................................................................... Raja inornata</p><p>5b. Lateral keel width broad, 12-14% of maximum egg case width; posterior horns about equal to egg case length .............................................................................................. Unidentified deepsea skate species “B”</p><p>6a. Fibrous covering absent .................................................................................................. Bathyraja trachura</p><p>6b. Fibrous covering present .............................................................................................................................. 7</p><p>7a. Fibrous covering thick, woven-like .............................................................................................. Raja rhina</p><p>7b. Fibrous covering thin ...................................................................................................... Bathyraja kincaidii</p><p>8a. Attachment fibers present ............................................................................................................................ 9</p><p>8b. Attachment fibers absent .......................................................................................... Bathyraja spinossisima</p><p>9a. Egg case with fibrous covering ............................................................................................... Raja stellulata</p><p>9b. Egg case without fibrous covering .......................................................................................... ................... 10</p><p>10a. Egg case very large,&gt; 100 mm ................................................................................................................ 11</p><p>10b. Egg case smaller, &lt;100 mm .................................................................................. Bathyraja mircotrachys</p><p>11a. Surface coarse, striated, with long anteriorly directed prickles giving it a velvety texture, and without a distinct groove demarcating lateral keel and egg case ..................................................... Bathyraja aleutica</p><p>11b. Surface very coarse, without anteriorly directed prickles, with a distinct groove demarcating lateral keel and egg case ................................................................................................................. Bathyraja abyssicola</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E2CD76C69FC9B66112D91121571BE034	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	David A. Ebert;Chante D. Davis	David A. Ebert, Chante D. Davis (2007): Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa 1393: 1-18, URL: http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C16005C-21BC-4252-823E-C83515FCFF28
