identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E93F965FFFFCBD3649C99AFEFD2FF865.text	E93F965FFFFCBD3649C99AFEFD2FF865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathygobius antilliensis	<div><p>Bathygobius antilliensis group</p><p>This group includes B. ramosus, B. lineatus, B. curacao and B. antilliensis . Bathygobius curacao was recovered as the basal member of this group, followed by the two Eastern Pacific species, and B. antilliensis . The B. antilliensis group is part of a polytomy containing the B. soporator group plus B. geminatus, a clade containing two Indopacific B. fuscus and B. coalitus, and B. mystacium .</p><p>Miller &amp; Smith’s (1989) most parsimonious Wagner tree (based on 46 morphological characters) placed B. ramosus in a clade with three Indo-Pacific Bathygobius species ( B. cyclopterus (Valenciennes, 1837), B. cotticeps (Steindachner, 1879), and B. niger (Smith, 1960), this group being basal to the remaining 11 Bathygobius species on their tree (including B. soporator, B. andrei, B. curacao and B. mystacium). The group consisting of B. ramosus and its Indo-Pacific allies was characterized by having a complex multifurcate branching pattern on the first two free pectoral fin rays, although B. ramosus lacks the head scales and the projection on the tubular anterior naris that are present on the Indo-Pacific species (Miller &amp; Smith 1989; Miller &amp; Stefanni 2001). B. antilliensis also lacks head scales and the projection on the anterior naris, and this species also typically possesses a more extensive pectoral fin ray branching pattern than other western Atlantic congeners, although the branching is not usually as extensive as observed B. ramosus and is somewhat variable within the species. A pattern of multifurcate free pectoral fin rays may be a synapomorphy of the more derived members of the B. antilliensis group (both B. curacao and B. lineatus have a single branching point on upper pectoral rays), and possibly a larger clade that contains the Indo-Pacific B. cyclopterus, B. cotticeps, and B. niger . Alternatively, Miller &amp; Stefanni (2001) questioned the homology of this character, as it has been demonstrated to be homoplasious in the Atlantic-Mediterranean genera Gobius and Mauligobius (Miller 1984, 1986; Brito and Miller 2001). Two hypotheses were suggested to explain the relationship between B. ramosus and its potential Indo-Pacific allies (Miller &amp; Smith 1989; Miller &amp; Stefanni 2001): B. ramosus arose from an invasion across the Eastern Pacific barrier by western Pacific stock; or B. ramosus represents a Pacific survival of circumtropical post-Tethyan stock, whose Atlantic sister-species must have gone extinct. The recent discovery of the Atlantic sister-species ( B. antilliensis) supports the latter hypothesis. If B. antilliensis and B. ramosus are sister species isolated by the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, then the speciation events separating B. curacao, B. lineatus, and the common ancestor of B. antilliensis and B. ramosus must have predated this closure.</p><p>In terms of both morphology and genetics, B. curacao is very divergent from all other species in our analysis including other members of the B. antilliensis group. Miller &amp; Smith (1989) hypothesized that B. curacao’s closest allies are the West African species B. burtoni (O'Shaughnessy 1875) and B. casamancus (Rochebrune 1880), and the Indo-Pacific species B. cocosensis (Bleeker 1854) and B. petrophilus (Bleeker 1853) . While B. petrophilus, B. burtoni and B. casamancus were not available for our analysis, our molecular analyses show no evidence of a close relationship between B. curacao and the Indo-Pacific B. cocosensis . A combined molecular and morphological analysis that includes additional old-world Bathygobius species would further clarify the relationship between the B. antilliensis group and potential old-world allies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93F965FFFFCBD3649C99AFEFD2FF865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tornabene, Luke;Pezold, Frank	Tornabene, Luke, Pezold, Frank (2011): Phylogenetic analysis of Western Atlantic Bathygobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa 3042: 27-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200832
E93F965FFFFBBD3149C998DBFA62F80D.text	E93F965FFFFBBD3149C998DBFA62F80D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathygobius soporator	<div><p>Bathygobius soporator group</p><p>This group, which includes B. soporator, B. andrei, and B. lacertus, was recovered as monophyletic on each gene tree and on the tree from the concatenated analysis. The Eastern Pacific B. andrei was recovered as the basal member of the group. Three distinct geographic lineages (West Africa, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean/South America) are apparent within B. soporator (see “ Bathygobius soporator sublineages” section below). Despite the well-supported hypothesis shown by the concatenated phylogeny, support values throughout the B. soporator group on the RAG1 gene tree (not shown here) are very low, and B. soporator itself appears polyphyletic. We attribute the poor resolution of species in this group to the low levels of polymorphism at this nuclear locus, thus demonstrating the ineffectiveness of using a single slow-evolving nuclear gene when trying to resolve fine scale relationships within this group.</p><p>The B. soporator group provides an interesting opportunity to investigate the homology of pigmentation patterns in Bathygobius . Both B. soporator and B. andrei are diagnosed from congeners in their respective regions by a possessing a broad dark vertical or slightly diagonal bar on the first dorsal fin. Bathygobius lacertus, which appears to be the sister species to B. soporator, possesses a longitudinal pigmentation pattern on the first dorsal fin, which is the most common pattern seen in Bathygobius species. Similarly, the general body pigmentation of B. andrei and B. soporator are nearly identical, yet B. lacertus possesses a two-row spotted pattern of body pigmentation that more closely resembles B. antilliensis, B. geminatus, B. cocosensis and B. coalitus than it does B. soporator or B. andrei . There are several potential scenarios explaining the discordance between the phylogenetic relationships inferred from our molecular phylogenies and the shared pigmentation patterns observed in this group. If our hypothesis reflects the true phylogeny of the group, that is, if B. soporator is indeed more closely related to B. lacertus than it is to the phenetically similar B. andrei, then this would suggest that B. lacertus has undergone a relatively recent and rapid reversal in body and dorsal fin pigmentation back to the more common and likely ancestral patterns of the two-row spotted body pigmentation pattern (to which there are several variations within the genus) and the horizontal dorsal fin pigmentation pattern. Coinciding with this reversal in pigmentation patterns would be a shortening in the anterior extent of predorsal squamation, as both B. soporator and B. andrei share predorsal squamation that extends well beyond the posterior margin of the preopercle, and B. lacertus does not. An alternative possibility is that the relationships shown here for the B. soporator group (driven largely by two rapidly mitochondrial gene trees, as RAG1 had low resolution for this group) does not reflect the true phylogeny – perhaps a result of extensive homoplasy in the hypervariable mitochondrial genes (discussed below). If this latter scenario is true, B. andrei may in fact be an allopatric sister species of B. soporato r (a “geminate pair”), as suggested by the nearly identical pigmentation.</p><p>Previous studies implied a close relationship between B. andrei and B. soporator . Rubinoff &amp; Rubinoff (1971) performed hybridization studies on Eastern Pacific B. ramosus, B. andrei, and Atlantic B. soporator, all of which came from Panama. In no-choice group matings (multiple females of one species, multiple males of the other species), B. andrei x B. soporator had 37 spawnings, whereas B. ramosus x B. soporator had only nine spawnings, and the sympatric B. ramosus and B. andrei did not spawn. While the B. ramosus x B. soporator eggs were not reared to maturity, B. andrei x B. soporator offspring were reared, and a backcross of this F1 generation with parent B. andrei produced viable offspring (Rubinoff &amp; Rubinoff 1971). Analysis of genetic distance from protein electrophoresis studies on the same species of Panamanian Bathygobius confirmed that B. soporator was more closely related to B. andrei than to B. ramosus (Gorman et al.1976) . The four trees provided by the morphological analysis of Miller &amp; Smith (1989) provide additional support for a B. soporator - B. andrei sister relationship.</p><p>A confounding issue with the Rubinoff &amp; Rubinoff (1971), Gorman et al. (1976), and Miller &amp; Smith (1989) studies is that B. soporator was previously diagnosed based on a suite morphological characters that are also present in B. lacertus (a species previously considered a synonym of B. soporator) and B. antilliensis (which had not yet been described at the time of the prior studies). Although B. antilliensis is not currently known from Panama (Tornabene et al. 2010), B. lacertus is, and thus it is possible that Gorman et al. (1976) and Rubinoff &amp; Rubinoff (1971) had both B. soporator and B. lacertus in their analysis. Although the western Atlantic B. soporator material from Miller &amp; Smith (1989) has not been reexamined, it may contain all three species as well. Therefore, any conclusions made from these previous studies about the B. soporator – B. andrei relationship should be interpreted with caution. The combined molecular, morphological, and behavioral evidence available from the current study and previous studies supports the presence of a monophyletic group containing B. andrei, B. soporator, and B. lacertus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93F965FFFFBBD3149C998DBFA62F80D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tornabene, Luke;Pezold, Frank	Tornabene, Luke, Pezold, Frank (2011): Phylogenetic analysis of Western Atlantic Bathygobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa 3042: 27-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200832
E93F965FFFFABD3349C99F1AFD74FE7C.text	E93F965FFFFABD3349C99F1AFD74FE7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathygobius mystacium	<div><p>Bathygobius mystacium and B. geminatus</p><p>Bathygobius mystacium is both morphologically and genetically distinct from most other New World Bathygobius species, although it overlaps with B. geminatus in some meristic counts and morphometric measurements. The neighbor-joining tree of Tornabene et al. (2010) showed these two species as being genetically similar, however the phylogeny from our concatenated dataset failed to resolve the placement of B. mystacium . Bathygobius geminatus was resolved as the sister species to the B. soporator group, however we refrain from including this species in the B. soporator group as the posterior probability value of this relationship was a modest 0.70. The relationships between B. geminatus, B. mystacium and their congeners were variable and were not well-supported across each of the individual gene trees. The Wagner parsimony tree from Miller &amp; Smith (1989) generated from morphological data shows B. mystacium as the basal member of a clade also containing B. soporator and B. andrei . This relationship is not supported by any of our analyses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93F965FFFFABD3349C99F1AFD74FE7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tornabene, Luke;Pezold, Frank	Tornabene, Luke, Pezold, Frank (2011): Phylogenetic analysis of Western Atlantic Bathygobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa 3042: 27-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200832
E93F965FFFFABD3049C998DBFC79F8D2.text	E93F965FFFFABD3049C998DBFC79F8D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathygobius soporator	<div><p>Bathygobius soporator sublineages</p><p>Distinct mitochondrial sublineages within B. soporator were observed by Tornabene et al. (2010), as they recognized the presence of two genetic lineages of B. soporator in the western Atlantic. The current study confirms the presence of these sublineages. With the inclusion of West African material in our dataset, there are now three clades of B. soporator . Two of these clades contain individuals from the western Atlantic and the third clade consists of individuals from Guinea. One of the two western Atlantic clades consists of individuals from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coast of Florida (“lineage 3” of Tornabene et al. 2010). The other western Atlantic clade has representatives from throughout the western Atlantic, but not from the Gulf of Mexico (“lineage 2” of Tornabene et al. 2010). The specimens of B. soporator from Guinea in this study are morphologically indistinguishable from specimens of the two western Atlantic clades of B. soporator . The western Atlantic lineages of B. soporator were not described as distinct species by Tornabene et al. (2010) despite their occurrence in sympatry in some locations, due to the possibility of deep coalescence, the lack of diagnostic morphological or pigmentation characters, and the lack of additional independent information from nuclear genes. Although the current study incorporates the nuclear gene RAG1, the level of polymorphism in this gene alone was not high enough to resolve the species that comprise the B. soporator group, much less the three smaller clades within B. soporator itself. Thus, the question of whether or not B. soporator (sensu Tornabene et al. 2010) represents several cryptic species remains unanswered.</p><p>Because the sublineages have only been observed in mtDNA thus far, the possibility of deep coalescence cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the observed pattern of divergence. On the other hand, the three clades of B. soporator may indeed represent genetically and evolutionarily distinct, reproductively isolated independent species. If we assume that B. andrei and its Atlantic counterpart (whether B. soporator, B. lacertus, or the common ancestor of the two) became separated roughly 2.8-3.1 mya by the closure of the Isthmus of Panama (Lessios 2008), then the diversification between the two western Atlantic clades of B. soporator and the West African clade must have occurred significantly later than the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. Models of vicariance and/or dispersal that would explain this pattern of distribution are difficult to hypothesize because of our poor understanding of the effect of Pliocene glaciations on the trans-Atlantic ocean currents that would be responsible for facilitating or preventing gene flow between amphi-Atlantic populations. Although the finer details of surface currents during and since the Pliocene are not known, the overall surface patterns within the Atlantic may have been stabilized following the closure of the Isthmus of Panama (Maier-Reimer et al. 1990; Haug and Tiedemann 1998), which may have contributed to the formation of semi-permiable barriers to gene flow and subsequent speciation within the Atlantic basin (e.g. Muss et al. 2001).</p><p>Several genera of tropical and subtropical fish have similar patterns of recent west-to-east Atlantic dispersal and diversification after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama (Floeter et al. 2008: fig 10, scenario “e”). Some examples include seahorses of the Hippocampus erectus -group (Casey et al. 2004), blennies of the genus Ophioblennius (Muss et al. 2001), and wrasses of the genus Clepticus (Heiser et al. 2000) . In these three examples the African members are most closely related to members throughout the western Atlantic ( Hippocampus erectus - group), South American members ( Clepticus), or are separated from Caribbean members by a mid-Atlantic Ridge clade ( Ophioblennius). A similar pattern is also seen in the goby Gnatholepis thompsoni, which has recently invaded the eastern Atlantic via a central Atlantic “stepping stone” population (Rocha et al. 2005). Unlike our study however, the aforementioned examples do not exhibit separation between a Gulf of Mexico clade and Caribbean/South American clade. Bathygobius soporator does occur in the Cape Verde Islands in the central Atlantic, but specimens were not available for this study. A population genetic analysis of B. soporator with increased sample sizes from each lineage plus the central Atlantic, as well as a phylogenetic analysis using a more sensitive nuclear gene may further clarify the present biogeographic distribution and increase our understanding of the relationships between the three mitochondrial lineages of B. soporator .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E93F965FFFFABD3049C998DBFC79F8D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tornabene, Luke;Pezold, Frank	Tornabene, Luke, Pezold, Frank (2011): Phylogenetic analysis of Western Atlantic Bathygobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa 3042: 27-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200832
