identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E8619D712D4B4226FE1BFBA8FB82FCAD.text	E8619D712D4B4226FE1BFBA8FB82FCAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman 1880)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman, 1880)</p>
            <p> Ecteinascidia crassa Herdman 1880, p. 723 . </p>
            <p> Rhopalaea crassa: Kott 1990a, p. 26 and synonymy; 2003, p.1613. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see  Kott 1990, 2003):  Western Australia (  Houtman’s Abrolhos ,  Cockburn Sound );  Queensland (  Mooloolaba ,  Great Barrier Reef to Lizard I.);  West Pacific (  Solomon Is , Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, the  South China  Sea , Sri Lanka and Madagascar.  New records:  Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 17, 378 m, 21.11.05, QM G328425 - seven specimens, Bald I., Stn 34, 408 m, 24.11.05, QM G328426, Jurien Bay, Stn 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328423). </p>
            <p>The new record from Bald I is the most southerly location yet recorded for this otherwise widespread tropical species. However, it should be noted that the species is recorded from temperate waters also north of the equator (Japan and the South China Sea). The southern Australian records are from unusually deep water.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The specimens from Point D’ Entrecasteaux are upright, translucent lobes of relatively firm test, Their upper terminal surface is rounded and smooth and the lower half of each lobe (where some foreign particles adhere) is slightly reduced in diameter. Basally some rootlike projections of the test have sand adhering. The long abdomina are firmly embedded in the test, but these specimens appear to have lost the upper (thoracic) part of the body and there is no trace of the usual fragile thoracic test. One of the individuals from Bald I. has delicate test enclosing a small, possibly regenerating, thorax on an abdomen of the usual form tightly enclosed in the characteristically firm translucent test of the lower half of the body. Diaphanous thoracic test is also present attached to the firmer abdominal test (in which an abdomen is embedded) in the specimen from Jurien Bay, although little detail can be observed as the specimen has been completely flattened.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>These specimens are mutilated, and generally the firm abdominal test is all that remains. However, in a few specimens the appearance and consistency of the test of this species is recognizable.</p>
            <p> Family  CLAVELINIDAE Forbes and Hanly, 1848</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D4B4226FE1BFBA8FB82FCAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D4A4220FE64FCA4FC61F9DA.text	E8619D712D4A4220FE64FCA4FC61F9DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clavelina meridionalis (Herdman 1891)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Clavelina meridionalis (Herdman, 1891)</p>
            <p>(Figures 1A–C)</p>
            <p> Podoclavella meridionalis Herdman 1891, p. 603 . </p>
            <p> Clavelina meridionalis: Kott 1990a, p. 48 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): Western Australia (Monte Bello Is, Point Charles, Cape Boileau, Cape Jaubert, Dampier Archipelago, Houtmans’s Abrolhos); New South Wales (Port Stephens, Port Hacking, Port Jackson, Solitary Is.), Queensland (Bowen, Mackay, Low Is.); Indonesia. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Point Cloates, Stn 139, 09.12.05, 100 m, QM G328144).</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimens were taken from a hard substrate within the previously known geographic range but at a greater depth than that formerly recorded (20 m) for this tropical species.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimens are of the usual form for this species, having a long, hard, narrow, yellowish and opaque stalk supporting a long, narrow, translucent head up to two-thirds of the total length. The stalk subdivides into smaller root-like branches adhering to small rocks or pebbles, presumably torn from the substrate by the dredge. The branchial aperture is terminal, but is recurved so that the aperture is directed posteriorly. The anteriorly directed atrial aperture is on a short anterodorsal siphon. Two of the three specimens are about 10 cm, but although the external test of each zooid is entire, the thorax is entirely mutilated, having been expelled from the test. The abdomina, although not well preserved, are retained in the test. The third specimen is small and the zooid has a small developing thorax that could be regenerating. This regenerating thorax contains numerous (about 20) rows of at least 20 small circular stigmata. The anterior and posterior rows are very irregular and in most rows at least some of the stigmata are horizontally divided, the rows apparently in the process of subdividing. Strong longitudinal and oblique muscle bands on the thorax continue along the length of the abdomen. A vertical gut loop is in the abdomen. A long, smooth-walled stomach with a conspicuous suture line but without folds is halfway down the abdomen. The wide longitudinal ridges evident in the stomach wall appear to be artefacts of the stretching and collapse of the stomach. A short, narrow duodenum is behind the stomach. The remainder of the gut is obscured by the mass of small pear-shaped testis follicles crowded in the gut loop and spread around the distal, post-pyloric part of the descending limb and the adjacent proximal part of the ascending limb. In these specimens, a mass of gut contents in the rectum also obscures the gut loop. A narrow vascular stolon projects from the posterior end of the zooid into the stalk.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> In the absence of the thorax (which, in  Clavelina lacks internal longitudinal vessels), the identity of the present solitary species is difficult to determine. Its body form is very similar to that of  Pterygascidia mirabilis Sluiter, 1904 , having a long oval head surrounded by a layer of soft transparent test supported on a long narrow stalk attached basally to a hard substrate by a small tuft of roots. The branchial aperture faces the substrate on a conspicuous terminal recurved siphon (see Millar 1975, 1988 for discussion and synonymy). Previously  Pterygascidia was thought to be a member of the aplousobranch family  Cionidae with the gut and gonads behind the pharynx. However (see Kott 1990a) it is now known to be a phlebobranch ascidian with the gut and associated gonads in the body wall alongside (rather than behind) the thorax and the body not divided. </p>
            <p> The similarity in the external appearance of  Pterygascidia and the present species appears to be the result of convergence, a phenomenon often observed in the  Ascidiacea in which phylogenetically unrelated taxa share structural features that appear to enhance their interactions with the environment. Convergence can thus be seen in the adaptations that compensate these organisms for their sessile habit. </p>
            <p> Family  HOLOZOIDAE Berrill, 1950</p>
            <p> Sycozoa seiziwadai Tokioka, 1952</p>
            <p> Sycozoa seiziwadai Tokioka 1952, p. 99 ; Kott 2002, p. 25 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2002): Western Australia (Cape Jaubert, Broome, Port Hedland, Dampier Archipelago, Cape Preston); New South Wales (Cronulla); Queensland (Great Barrier Reef); Northern Territory (Darwin, Arafura Sea), New Caledonia, Philippines, Indonesia. New record: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10/05 (Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G329471).</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>A single specimen consisting of a single stalked fan-like head, heavily fouled with sand was taken from the central western Australian coast. The species is common in the vicinity of Darwin and the Arafura Sea.</p>
            <p> Family  POLYCITORIDAE Michaelsen, 1904</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D4A4220FE64FCA4FC61F9DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D4C4223FE73F991FC4FFD76.text	E8619D712D4C4223FE73F991FC4FFD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cystodytes dellachiajei (Della Valle 1877)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cystodytes dellachiajei (Della Valle, 1877)</p>
            <p> Distoma dellachiajei Della Valle 1877, p. 40 . </p>
            <p> Cystodytes dellachiajei: Kott 1990a, p. 179 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): Australia (Port Hedland and south to Albany across the Great Australian Bight, South Australian Gulfs, d’Entrecasteaux Channel and north to Maria I. Port Phillip Bay and NSW, the Great Barrier Reef); New Zealand; New Caledonia; Palau Is; Tahiti; Philippines; Fiji; Sri Lanka; West Indian Ocean; Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean. New records: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328481; Jurien Bay, Stn 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328159, G328163; Zuytdorp, Stn 104, 97 m 05.12.05, QM G328169).</p>
            <p>Kott (1990a) notes that the species is not confined to the tropics.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimens are small gelatinous cushions, some scraps of larger slabs. Each zooid is completely encased in a capsule of characteristic saucer-shaped spicules showing through the firm, translucent test as an opaque globe.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D4C4223FE73F991FC4FFD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D4F423DFE74FD0FFDAAFD16.text	E8619D712D4F423DFE74FD0FFDAAFD16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudistoma convocatum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eudistoma convocatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 2A, B)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27515, QM G328114) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is a vertical, sessile cone. The basal half is a thick, cylindrical stalk without zooid openings. Zooids open independently on the upper half of the lobe, which is a greenish tinge, possibly a result of ciliates mixed with the sand which forms a thin, hard layer in the surface test which forms a rigid framework around shallow, evenly distributed spaces in which the expanded thoraces could be accommodated. Sand becomes less crowded toward the centre of the colony, where the test is seen to be transparent and relatively soft. Sand is moderately crowded in the stalk.</p>
            <p>Zooids are of the usual eudistomid form with separately opening branchial and atrial siphons. In the present specimen they are very contracted and withdrawn into the base of the colony. On the thorax, longitudinal muscle bands overlie the conspicuous layer of transverse muscles and then continue along the abdomen. Longitudinal furrows that are artefacts of contraction are in the otherwise smooth stomach at the posterior end of the abdomen. The post-pyloric part of the gut loop is kinked. Two large larvae are in the peribranchial cavity, although larval structures were not detected. The larval trunk is 0.55 mm long and the tail is wound all the way around.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Sand is not uncommon in the test of colonies of  Eudistoma spp. , and there is little intraspecific variation in its distribution. Also its zooids are conservative and few differences have been detected. However, some significant interspecific variation exists in the arrangement of zooids and the distribution of embedded sand. In the present specimen the colony contains embedded sand throughout. The sand is particularly crowded on the upper surface although it becomes less crowded towards the centre. The species differs from  E. aureum Kott, 1990 (a southern Australian species with a vertical undivided colony) which lacks sand in or on its upper half. Of the species with sand throughout the colony,  Eudistoma constrictum Kott, 1990a resembles the present species in the absence of rudimentary cloacal systems. In  E. constrictum a naked area, free from sand, surrounds each pair of apertures on the upper surface of the cushion-like colonies (which also are different from the vertical colony of the present species).  Eudistoma pyriforme (Herdman, 1886) also has a sandy colony but its zooids are arranged in circles forming rudimentary systems and its colonies consist of shallow lobes on a common base.  Eudistoma ovatum (Herdman, 1886) , another species with sand throughout the test, has zooids arranged in circles and the distal part of the descending limb of the gut loop forms a stiff, yellow spiral rather than being kinked (see Kott 2004b). The present species appears to be a new species, characterized by its vertical sandy colony, zooids opening independently rather than forming rudimentary systems and with two large embryos being incubated in the atrial cavity. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D4F423DFE74FD0FFDAAFD16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D51423CFE74FCECFEA3FE88.text	E8619D712D51423CFE74FCECFEA3FE88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudistoma eboreum Kott 1990	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eudistoma eboreum Kott, 1990</p>
            <p> Eudistoma eboreum Kott 1990a, p. 205 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): Queensland (Lizard I.). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328054) . </p>
            <p>Although the species was formerly known from the north-eastern coast of the continent, the new record from the north-western coast suggests a tropical Indo- West Pacific range.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colony is a firm, irregular mat, orange in preservative. The upper half of the colony is soft and cloudy with orange vesicles in the test. Zooids are withdrawn into the sandy basal half of the colony. Each zooid has a single, large embryo at varying levels of the abdomen, presumably having been fertilized at the base of a long abdomen, although in the present specimen the whole zooid is very contracted. Zooids are muscular, as is characteristic of this genus, with longitudinal bands and a continuous coat of transverse thoracic muscles.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Apart from the apparent absence of rudimentary systems and the black pigment cells around the zooids, this specimen closely resembles  Eudistoma eboreum Kott, 1990a (known previously from Lizard I.) and the Western Pacific tropical  Eudistoma muscosum Kott, 1990a . In addition to the larger (0.04 mm) vesicles in the test, the latter species has shiny reddish spheres (0.01–0.02 mm) and dark coloured zooids that separate it from the present species. The present species has been assigned to the species  E. eboreum on the basis of its sand-free test on the top half of the colony which is cloudy with large tan/orange/yellow vesicles. The specimens only lack the fusiform to dendritic cells found in  E. eboreum . Only a single larva in each zooid has ever been recorded in this species, although the larval structure is not yet known.  Eudistoma maculosum Kott, 1990 is a temperate species with dark coloured zooids. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D51423CFE74FCECFEA3FE88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D50423EFE6CFE50FD4AFE6B.text	E8619D712D50423EFE6CFE50FD4AFE6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucoelium coronaria (Monniot 1988)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eucoelium coronaria (Monniot, 1988)</p>
            <p> Polycitorella coronaria Monniot, 1988, p. 228 ; Kott 1990a, p. 184 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): Western Australia (from North-West Cape to  Cockburn Sound ); South Australia (  Great Australian Bight ,  Pearson and  Ward Islands ); Victoria (  Port Phillip Bay ).  New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /   05 (Kalbarri,  Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328017)  . </p>
            <p>The new record is within the range formerly recorded for the species.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Eucoelium coronaria (Monniot, 1988) displays a range of colony shapes, from sessile cushions or sessile to stalked cones like the present ones. The present preserved colonies lack the black pigment often found in the test of the upper surface of the previously recorded preserved specimens. The posterior end of the gut loop in these newly recorded contracted zooids is drawn up into a wide loop in the same way as previously reported for this species (see Kott 1990a, Figure 68g). </p>
            <p> Family  PROTOPOLYCLINIDAE Kott, 1992</p>
            <p> The type genus  Protopolyclinum Millar, 1960 from the North Island, New Zealand, is monotypic. Its type species,  P. pedunculatum , has colonies consisting of small, oval heads each on a long, narrow stalk. The zooids have vestiges of internal longitudinal vessels in the form of biramous branchial papillae on the transverse vessels. </p>
            <p> The family  Protopolyclinidae as originally defined contains genera with separately opening six-lobed apertures, large pharynges with numerous long rectangular stigmata, and gonads in a posterior abdomen with testis follicles sometimes bunched behind the ovary. A large and smooth stomach is about halfway down a relatively short abdomen, the rectum extending nearly to the base of the atrial siphon. The large stomachs of all  Protopolyclinidae are smooth externally but usually have irregular creases in the internal epithelium that presumably are artefacts of their collapse. Occasionally these creases have been erroneously interpreted as folds. </p>
            <p> Kott (1992a) included in the family the genera  Protopolyclinum Millar, 1960 ,  Monniotus Millar, 1988 and  Condominium Kott, 1992a . In the present work  Pseudodiazona Millar, 1963 , with entire longitudinal branchial vessels (formerly considered a genus of the  Diazonidae ) has been included in the Protopolyclindae, having, like most other genera in the family, its gonads in a posterior abdomen rather than enclosed in the gut loop (as in  Diazonidae ). Genera in this family appear to represent successive stages in the evolution of aplousobranch ascidians which, with increasingly prolific replication, have progressively smaller zooids with a smaller and more simplified branchial sac. Most closely related to an aplousobranch ancestor with a large branchial sac, possibly like  Ciona , is  Pseudodiazona , with numerous rows of stigmata and entire internal longitudinal vessels.  Protopolyclinum Millar, 1960 and  Monniotus Millar, 1988 lack entire internal longitudinal branchial vessels but retain one or more branchial papillae (presumed to be the relicts of internal longitudinal vessels) on the transverse vessels. They have progressively fewer rows of fewer stigmata. In  Condominium Kott, 1992a branchial papillae have not been detected. </p>
            <p> With the exception of  Pseudodiazona , genera of the  Protopolyclinidae have zooids arranged in systems (albeit not cloacal systems) that separate the excurrent water driven out of the forward projecting atrial apertures from that drawn into the posteriorly directed branchial apertures. In  Condominium areolatum (Kott, 1992a) , completely embedded zooids have branchial and atrial apertures along opposite sides of the margin of the colony. Where zooids are only partially embedded or separate from one another, as in  C. floreum sp. nov. (below) and  Monniotus spp. , branchial apertures are directed down from the sometimes flat antero-ventral surface of the zooid, while the atrial apertures are directed up from the opposite side of the terminal anterior end of each zooid. </p>
            <p> Ritterellidae Kott, 1992a , a related family with separately opening zooids, a short abdomen and a posterior abdomen, is separated from the present family by its distinct parallel external folds in the stomach wall. Colonies of  Ritterellidae have numerous zooids forming systems similar to those of  Condominium and there has been some confusion in generic assignations.  Ritterella multistigmata Kott, 1992a appears to be a synonym of  Monniotus australis (Kott, 1957) , having similar zooids and colonies, including its meshwork of thoracic muscles. Its stomach folds are internal, and are artefacts. It should also be noted that, although Kott (1992a) recorded two species of  Monniotus from Australia, their ranges overlap and their differences may be associated with age and/or contraction.  Ritterella rete Monniot F. and C., 1991, an irregular colony covered in sand, has a regular mesh of longitudinal and transverse vessels on the thorax and longitudinal muscles on the remainder of the zooid. It lacks stigmata, as do so many abyssal species. However, the pharyngeal wall does have the frame of the internal longitudinal branchial vessels like those in  Pseudodiazona and this, with the lack of external stomach folds and the long posterior abdomen, suggests that the species should be assigned to  Pseudodiazona (see below) rather than to the  Ritterellidae . Another deep water species,  Ritterella folium Monniot C. and F., 1991, with true stomach folds and a short posterior abdomen, appears to be correctly assigned. </p>
            <p> Pseudodistomidae and  Euherdmaniidae also have separately opening zooids and a posterior abdomen but are distinguished from the  Protopolyclinidae and  Ritterellidae by many characters.  Pseudodistomidae have a smooth-walled, fourchambered stomach more or less halfway down a moderately long abdominal gut loop, a brood pouch at the posterior end of the thorax, and only three rows of stigmata.  Euherdmaniidae is clearly distinguished by its long oesophagus and stomach at the end of the long abdomen (as in the genera  Eudistoma and  Polycitor of the  Polycitoridae ). The long abdomen and eversible tubular adhesive organs are both characters it shares with  Pycnoclavellidae and, despite the lack of a posterior abdomen in the latter family, this may indicate a relationship between  Pycnoclavellidae and  Euherdmaniidae . </p>
            <p> Larvae are known for only few of the species in these related families. Larvae of the general polyclinid type, with ectodermal ampullae and vesicles, are known for  Monniotus australis , and for  Ritterella pedunculata and  Dumus areniferus (Ritterellidae) . These larvae are clearly different from those of  Euherdmaniidae with their inverted tubular adhesive organs. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D50423EFE6CFE50FD4AFE6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D524238FE7CFE72FD00FD6D.text	E8619D712D524238FE7CFE72FD00FD6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudodiazona longigona (Tokioka 1959)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pseudodiazona longigona (Tokioka, 1959)</p>
            <p>(Figures 2C–E)</p>
            <p> Homoeodistoma longigona Tokioka 1959, p. 224 . </p>
            <p> Pseudodiazona claviformis: Kott 1990a, p. 31 and synonymy, 2005b, p. 29; 2006, p. 178. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2005b): South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Gulf St Vincent); Victoria (Port Phillip Bay, Eden, Cape Howe); Tasmania (Port Davey, Five Mile Bluff); New South Wales (Jervis Bay, Botany Bay); Japan (Sirahama). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Albany, Stn 22, 100 m, 22.11.05, QM G328066).</p>
            <p>  Apart from the type specimen from Sirahama (Japan) previous reports of this species are only from the south-eastern quarter of the Australian continent in shallow waters (to 10 m), generally in embayments. The new record from deeper waters in the south-west considerably extends its range. The Japanese type specimen is from a similar depth (120 m)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is conical, to 14 cm high and about 12 cm diameter at the base. It is fixed to the substrate by a small area in the centre of the basal surface. An accessory lateral lobe of the colony arises from the base of the cone. The test is soft, gelatinous and translucent. Unfortunately the zooids in this specimen are contracted and their structure is obscured. Zooid openings are evenly spaced over the surface. Separate branchial and atrial apertures, both six-lobed, are evenly spaced over the outer surface. Strong longitudinal muscles extend along the whole length of the zooids, and a strong band is along each side of the abdomen and the posterior abdomen. About 30 rows of crowded stigmata can be detected in the branchial sac. Triangular dorsal languets are on transverse vessels where they cross the mid-dorsal line. Papillae supporting crowded internal longitudinal vessels are on the transverse branchial vessels. The oesophagus is relatively short and the smoothwalled stomach in the middle of the descending limb of the gut loop is separated from an oval posterior stomach by a short section of mid-intestine. The rectum occupies the whole extent of the distal (ascending) limb of the gut loop and extends up to the anterior third of the long branchial sac, opening near the base of the atrial siphon. Numerous testis follicles are strung out along the length of the posterior abdomen, although they are usually bunched either at the posterior end or along its whole length, presumably as a result of contraction.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Pseudodiazona claviformis (Kott, 1963) and its synonyms (see Kott 2005b) formerly known from the south-eastern quarter of Australia were, on the basis of their entire internal longitudinal branchial vessels, thought to be species of the  Diazonidae . However, in  Pseudodiazona the heart is at the end of a long posterior abdomen, which contains the gonads, while in  Diazonidae there is no posterior abdomen, the heart is at the end of the abdomen and the gonads are also in the abdomen (in the gut loop).  Pseudodiazona appears to belong to the  Protopolyclinidae , differing from the monotypic genus  Protopolyclinum only in having entire internal longitudinal branchial vessels rather than relicts of them as branchial papillae. Indeed, Kott (1963) may have been correct in originally assigning the present species to the genus  Protopolyclinum , rather than the genus  Pseudodiazona Millar, 1963 which was erected later the same year in the family  Diazonidae .  Homoeodistoma longigona Tokioka, 1959 from Sirahama (120 m) also has a long posterior abdomen with a long series of male testis follicles and ova lined up in the oviduct extending from the posterior abdomen into the thorax. Other aspects of the zooids, including their apertures, musculature, gut, gonads and the anal opening are similar to  Pseudodiazona claviformis (Kott, 1963) and although the internal longitudinal branchial vessels have not been reported for the Japanese specimens they are most likely to be present (see Millar 1963; Kott 1990a). At this stage Kott’s (1990a, p. 33) view that the Japanese species is distinguished by its more robust colony does not appear to be a valid reason for separating these species. Accordingly,  Pseudodiazona longigona (Tokioka, 1959) appears to be the senior synonym of  Pseudodiazona claviformis Kott, 1963 and its synonyms (see Kott 1990a). </p>
            <p> The newly recorded colony is different from those previously reported with a sandy base and rounded to flat-topped heads on cylindrical stalks (see Kott 1990a). The upright conical shape of the newly recorded specimen has not previously been reported for this species. The long posterior abdomina and crowded internal longitudinal branchial vessels appear to be the same as those previously reported. The soft test is reminiscent of a number of species of  Pseudodistoma (e.g.  P. gracilum Kott, 1992a ), however  Pseudodistoma has only three rows of stigmata and other distinctive characteristics, such as a brood pouch with no more than three developing embryos (see Kott 2007). </p>
            <p> It should be noted that  Homoeodistoma longigona Tokioka, 1959 was erroneously assigned to  Homoeodistoma Redikorzev, 1927 . It is not related to  Homoeodistoma michaelseni Redikorzev, 1927 (,  Placentela crystallina Redikorzev, 1913 from the Sea of Ohotsk).  Placentela Redikorzev, 1913 is the type genus of the monotypic family  Placentelidae , which has gonads in a posterior abdomen, although the heart is in the abdomen rather than at the posterior end of the posterior abdomen (see Kott 1992a).  Placentela areolata Kott, 1963 , from Mackay (Queensland), has gonads in a posterior abdomen, separately opening apertures and lacks branchial papillae. However, unlike the genus  Placentela , its heart is at the end of the posterior abdomen. Kott (1992a) designated it the type species of a new genus,  Condominium , in the family  Protopolyclinidae , distinguished from other genera in the family by its lack of either branchial papillae or internal longitudinal vessels. </p>
            <p> Ritterella rete Monniot C. and F., 1991, taken from 200–300 m off New Caledonia is completely encrusted with sand, as is  Condominium floreum sp. nov. , although its zooids are reported to be completely embedded rather than projecting from the common test at their anterior ends (as in the latter species). The New Caledonian species resembles  Ritterella spp. and  Condominium spp. in the longitudinal and transverse muscles on the thorax and the longitudinal muscles extending along the abdomen and the posterior abdomen. The species is distinguished by the apparent absence of stigmata in the mature zooids despite the small round perforations with parastigmatic vessels reported in the less mature zooids. Monniot C. and F. (1991, Figure 6F) reported branchial perforations in  R. rete to be stigmata that have lost their ciliated epithelium. However, from their description and accompanying figure, the branchial wall appears to be delineated by a framework of transverse and longitudinal vessels homologous with the vessels in the reduced branchial sacs of many abyssal species. Nevertheless, whatever the actual homology of the branchial sac of this New Caledonian species, it is readily distinguished from  Ritterella in the absence of stomach folds. It may be more accurately assigned to  Pseudodiazona . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D524238FE7CFE72FD00FD6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D54423AFE66FD77FD49FAF7.text	E8619D712D54423AFE66FD77FD49FAF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Condominium areolatum (Kott 1963)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Condominium areolatum (Kott, 1963)</p>
            <p>(Figures 3A–D)</p>
            <p> Placentela areolata Kott, 1963, p. 74 . </p>
            <p> Condominium areolatum: Kott 1992a, p. 397 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Cockburn Sound): South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Taylor I.); New South Wales (Lord Howe I.); Queensland (Great Barrier Reef, Mackay, Torres Strait); New Caledonia. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 18, 100 m, 21.11.05, QM G328441).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly reported specimen conforms to those previously described, being three flat fan-shaped sandy lobes arising from a common base. Each lobe has a groove along each side of its terminal edge. The small anteriorly directed atrial siphons open into one of these grooves, and the recurved branchial siphons open into the groove on the opposite side of the edge of the fan. The relatively large zooids are in a single layer along the edge of the fan projecting down toward the base of the colony. Each separately opening siphon is six-lobed, although the recurved branchial siphon has four lobes on its outer edge and only two on the other (under) side. The thoracic body wall contains a fine, rather regular meshwork of longitudinal and transverse muscles. Wide bands of fine longitudinal muscles continue along each side of the abdomen and the posterior abdomen. Twenty-two rows of stigmata are in the branchial sac, with about 30 rectangular stigmata per side anteriorly, reducing in number toward the posterior end of the sac. Conspicuous triangular languets on each transverse vessel are in a line just to the left of the mid-dorsal line. The epithelium on these dorsal languets is raised into rounded papillae. Two large embryos are being incubated in the posterior end of the atrial cavity. The spherical stomach is about halfway down the abdomen. It is empty in these specimens and the internal wall has fine longitudinal grooves (presumably in the glandular epithelium) that seem to fade out posteriorly. The pointed posterior abdomen is about the same length as the abdomen. It has small bunched testis follicles throughout. The ovary, consisting of a few large eggs, is at the anterior end of the posterior abdomen. Only part of one reasonably advanced larva was detected. The trunk appears to have been about 1.2 mm long and almost spherical. At the posterior end there is an ocellus, what appear to be two otoliths and part of the thorax including the branchial aperture. A great mass of yolk occupies most of the trunk. At the anterior end a band of long, narrow median ampullae is interrupted by three stalked, tulip shaped, antero-median adhesive organs, each with a long cone of adhesive cells set in a deep, delicate, inflated epidermal cup with thin walls that appears to be formed of squamous epithelial cells. These antero-median elements of the larval trunk are obscured by a wide arc of epidermal vesicles along each side of the anterior end of the larva. The tail is relatively short for such a large larva not extending the full length of its ventral surface.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The species is not common and although it now is known from a considerable geographic range, records represent only single colonies, or fragments of colonies from widely separated locations, although the colonies probably are hidden from collectors by the sand embedded in the surface test (Kott 1992a). The fact that most of the colony is embedded in the substrate further conceals the colonies, only the rims of the fan shaped lobes (with both incurrent and excurrent apertures) being exposed.</p>
            <p> With the exception of the tail, larval organs are described here for the first time. They appear to be unique in the profusion of epidermal vesicles around the anterior end of the trunk and in the tulip-shaped adhesive organs. Although epidermal vesicles are known to occur in many polyclinid larvae, they are seldom as crowded as they are in this larva. Similar larval epidermal vesicles are in the (possibly polycitorid) genus  Brevicollis Kott, 1990a although in that species they arise from large rounded lateral ampullae along each side of the adhesive organs which have not been detected in the present species. Also, the adhesive organs of  Brevicollis appear to be invaginated into the trunk rather than on short stalks as in the present species. </p>
            <p>It is possible that the immature larvae of the present species Kott (1992a) described as being only 0.44 mm long are less mature developing embryos rather than the well-formed larva described above.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D54423AFE66FD77FD49FAF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D564237FDB4FA89FEDBFDEC.text	E8619D712D564237FDB4FA89FEDBFDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Condominium floreum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Condominium floreum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 3E–H)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27514 QM G328116) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is upright, and divided into laterally flattened undulating fans with an additional secondary lobe. Each lobe expands into a flat platform at the top. Uniform, rounded, small papillae are crowded cauliflower-like over the platformlike surface. Basally the colony narrows into a short, irregular attachment. Each of the surface papillae contains the anterior end of a zooid with its two independent openings each on a short siphon opening separately to the exterior. The branchial aperture is terminal but is turned ventrally to open at one side of the rounded top of a sand-covered surface papillum. The opening of the anterodorsal atrial siphon projects straight up to open on the opposite side of the surface papillum. The rim of each of the apertures is divided into six wide shallow lobes with a narrow pointed papillum in the narrow interval between these lobes. In the preserved specimens narrow longitudinal lines of pigment extend along the length of each siphon from the middle of each scallop on the rim of each opening to the base of the siphon. The internal structure of the thoraces is obscured by contraction in the holotype.</p>
            <p>On the thorax a coat of transverse muscles is beneath the longitudinal muscle bands which continue over the abdomen and the long posterior abdomen. There appear to be about 20 rows of at least 30 long, narrow stigmata separated from one another by a wide transverse vessel that extends into a pointed tongue as it crosses the dorsal mid-line. A conspicuous circular neural ganglion and funnel-shaped neural duct has a large circular opening into the pharynx at the anterior end of the dorsal lamina. The long, robust muscular zooids have relatively long thoraces, a narrow gut loop of about the same length with a stomach halfway down, and an especially long posterior abdomina. The large, globular stomach is smooth externally, but sometimes is irregularly creased internally, presumably as a result of the collapse of the stomach wall. A short, wide, post-pyloric duodenal region, a relatively small posterior stomach and a long, wide rectum are separated from one another by short lengths of narrow mid-intestine. Small testis follicles appear to be in a single row in the posterior two-thirds of the long, thread-like posterior abdomen.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The small, pointed lobes that alternate with the six shallow scallops of the rim of the apertures resemble those in the rim of apertures of  Phallusia spp. associated with yellow pigment spots once erroneously referred to as ocelli (see Kott 1985). However, each of the six streaks of yellow pigment along the siphons in the present species is associated with the centre of the wide, shallow scallops rather than the small pointed projections that alternate with them. The body muscles are unusual in that the coat of circular muscles on the thorax resembles the coat of relatively crowded thoracic muscles that, in  Eudistoma spp. , lies beneath the longitudinal bands. With the congeneric  Condominium areolatum (the type species of the genus), it differs from other  Protopolyclinidae in the apparent absence of any trace of longitudinal branchial vessels. Its long, threadlike posterior abdomina and the form of its colony readily distinguish it from  C. areolatum . </p>
            <p> Like  Ritterellidae and  Pseudodiazona longigona , the posterior abdomen of the present species (  C. floreum ) is long and narrow, while  C. areolatum and most  Monniotus spp. have bunched testis follicles in a short posterior abdomen. The length of the posterior abdomen and the arrangement of the testis follicles may be artefacts caused by the post-mortem events affecting the zooid. </p>
            <p> Family  PSEUDODISTOMIDAE Harant, 1931</p>
            <p> The family is characterized by its separately opening six-lobed apertures, three rows of stigmata, smooth stomach, relatively short gut loop, a distinct rectal valve and incubation of one to three large larvae in a brood pouch at the postero-dorsal end of the thorax. The larvae have similar large antero-median adhesive organs consisting of clumps of adhesive cells recessed into everting cups of larval epithelium (see Kott 1990a, 1992a, 2007). Formerly (Kott 1992a), the family was thought to contain the relatively speciose genus  Pseudodistoma and the monotypic genera  Citorclinum Monniot and Millar, 1988 and  Anadistoma Kott, 1992a , all with gonads in a posterior abdomen. More recently, Kott (2007) has discussed the relationships of the genus  Sigillina to  Pseudodistoma . The former genus is distinguished primarily in the presence of the gonads in the gut loop in the abdomen (rather than being in a posterior abdomen where they are located in the latter genus), the narrow posterior abdominal stolon from the concavity of the gut loop (rather than a posterior abdomen) and an almost spherical (rather than four-chambered) stomach. Both zooids and larvae of these genera otherwise are similar; a close phylogenetic relationship is implied and in this work  Sigillina is proposed as a member of the family  Pseudodistomidae . </p>
            <p> The genus  Pseudodistoma is known from a number of species primarily in the southern hemisphere, but also from north of the equator into Japanese waters, tropical western Africa (Senegal) and the Mediterranean (Corsica). Species are known from South Africa (Cape Province) and the West Indian Ocean (Madagascar), the tropical waters of the western Pacific, Australian tropical and temperate waters and New Zealand.  Sigillina also is known from a range of locations in the Indo-West Pacific. Neither genus has been recorded from the eastern Pacific or the western Atlantic (see Kott 1992a). Generally, their zooids are conservative, showing little inter-specific variation. Larvae also are very similar to one another, being invariably large, with large antero-median adhesive organs and a relatively large mass of yolk. It is not likely that these large larvae are free swimming for long periods and the large mass of yolk is most probably associated with a long incubatory period during which the oozooid develops to an advanced stage. The unusually large adhesive organs with conspicuous cones of adhesive cells may also be associated with the attachment of a large oozooid (see Kott 1992a). Of known larvae only  P. aureum has a larval trunk that is less than 1.0 mm long and Kott (1992, p. 424) thought larval adhesive organs were different from other species, indicating a polyphyletic origin for the genus. However, the adhesive organs with their tufts of adhesive cells arising from the base of cup-shaped depressions in the anterior end of the larval trunk (see Kott 1992a,  P. aureum Figure 16c and  P . australe Figure 17f) in due course develop stalks, evert into balloon-like structures and subsequently form flattened plates with a patch of adhesive cells in the centre of the everted adhesive organ (see  P. australe: Kott 1992a , Figure 17g:  P. candens Kott, 1992a , Figure 18c). Larvae found in the newly recorded material of both genera, although not in good condition, show a range of developmental stages and confirm the lack of diversity in both zooids and larvae of these genera. Possibly the lack of conspicuous distinguishing characters resulting in misidentification could be the explanation of the wide geographic range of many of the species. </p>
            <p> Anadistoma Kott, 1992a , thought to be a related genus in the family  Pseudodistomidae , is known from the type specimen of its type species  A. attenuatum . The morphology of the zooids (including the relative lengths of parts of the body) resembles contracted zooids of  Pseudodistoma spp. However, on reexamination, these unusually large and very much contracted zooids are found to have an almost continuous coat of transverse muscles beneath the longitudinal muscles of the thorax. With their smooth stomach, these transverse muscles clearly distinguish them from  Pseudodistoma spp. The long oesophageal neck, three rows of stigmata, separately opening six-lobed apertures and the coat of transverse muscles on the thorax may indicate a phylogenetic connection with the genus  Eudistoma in the  Polycitoridae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D564237FDB4FA89FEDBFDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D5B4237FE0EFDFCFCEDF941.text	E8619D712D5B4237FE0EFDFCFCEDF941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigillina australis Savigny 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sigillina australis Savigny, 1816</p>
            <p> Sigillina australis Savigny 1816, p. 179 . Kott 1990a, p. 87. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott, 1990a):  Western Australia (Montebello I. to Albany);  South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Investigator Strait); New  South Wales (  Port Jackson to  Nelson’s Bay ); New Zealand (  North Island ). New records:  Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (Albany, Stn 26, 212 m, 23.11.05, QM G328438; Kalbarri, Stn 96, 4,12,05, 435 m, QM G328473- 5 specimens; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328445;  Shark Bay , Stn 115, 120 m, 7.12.05, QM G328136, QM G328142; Shark Bay, Stn 116, 100 m, 07.12.05, QM G328135; Shark Bay, Stn 118, 100 m, 07.12.05, QM G328134; Carnarvon, Stn 124, 100 m, 08.12.05, QM G328145)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> The heads of the colonies of the present specimens are often relatively short, and the stalks sometimes longer and thinner than those of  Sigillina cyanea (which the present species closely resembles in its colony and zooid form). However, it lacks the characteristic colour of the latter species and is more or less grey or colourless in preservative. </p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimens from Kalbarri appear to have been dried, although a large larva was detected in a brood pouch at the postero-dorsal corner of the thorax of zooids that otherwise had disintegrated. The larval trunk is 0.9 mm long and there are two vertically elongated antero-median adhesive organs. The tail is wound only halfway around the trunk. Other organs were not detected.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The species has a similar range to that of  S. cyanea , although its range is not interrupted across the Great Australian Bight and it also has been recorded from North Island (New Zealand). Generally, this species appears to be a temperate one extending into the tropics on the western Australian coast, while  S. cyanea has a characteristically tropical range extending into temperate waters in south-western Australia and onto the central New South Wales coast on the eastern seaboard of the continent. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D5B4237FE0EFDFCFCEDF941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D5A4231FDB1FF69FDB8FCB6.text	E8619D712D5A4231FDB1FF69FDB8FCB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigillina cyanea Herdman 1899	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sigillina cyanea Herdman, 1899</p>
            <p> Colella cyanea Herdman, 1899, p. 70 . </p>
            <p> Sigillina cyanea: Kott 2007, p. 643 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 2007): Western Australia (Dampier Archipelago and south to King George’s Sound); New South Wales (  Port Jackson and north to Coffs Harbour); Queensland (Capricorn Group); Aru Is. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 200 m, 24.11.05, QM G328130, Stn 38, 160 m, 24.11.05, QM G328131; Kalbarri, Stn 96, 435 m, 4.12.05, QM G328470) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The species is readily identified by its striking navy-blue colour, rope-like heads on a thick, relatively short cylindrical stalk (seldom longer than the head), separately opening zooids with characteristic short, wide thoraces with separate atrial and branchial siphons, three rows of stigmata, abdomen about the same length as the thorax with gonads in the gut loop, a long posterior abdominal vegetative stolon and a single embryo being incubated in a brood pouch at the postero-dorsal corner of the thorax.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The Australian reports of this species seem to represent two populations, one that extends from the Dampier Archipelago to the southern coast of Western Australia at Bald Is. This population may extend into the Arafura Sea and Aru Is., although the species has not been recorded from other parts of Indonesia. It is not recorded from the southern coast east of Bald I. or from the south-eastern quarter of the continent south of Port Jackson and, although it has been recorded from the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, its other records on the eastern coast are from a limited range on the central eastern coast between Port Jackson and Coffs Harbour. It is possible that the species favours hard substrates and strong currents (see Kott 2007) and there could be ecological/sampling reasons for its recorded range.</p>
            <p> Sigillina grandissima Kott, 1990</p>
            <p>(Figure 4A)</p>
            <p> Sigillina grandissima Kott 1990a, p. 93 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): Western Australia (northeast of Montbello Is.,  Dampier Archipelago ,?  Northwest Cape ,  Houtman’s Abrolhos ,  Cervantes ,  Cockburn Sound ,  Great Australian Bight ).  New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /   05 (Zuydorp near Kalbarri,  Stn 110, 106m, 06.12.05, QM G328124)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colony is a single tongue-shaped lobe 10 cm high, 4 cm wide and narrowing to the base where it is about 2 cm in diameter. Zooids open separately around the whole surface of the colony and project obliquely in toward the centre and base.</p>
            <p>As previously described, the zooids are robust and branchial and atrial apertures are on short, six-lobed siphons, the branchial terminal and the atrial antero-dorsal. The thorax and abdomen are of about equal length. The stomach, about halfway down the abdomen, is almost spherical with a smooth wall.</p>
            <p>In the newly recorded colony, a single large larva was found in a brood pouch in the test presumably separated from the postero-dorsal part of a thorax. Otherwise, neither larvae nor gonads were detected. The larvae are as previously described, although only two adhesive organs were detected with three large ampullae on each side. The central ampullae, level with the space between the two vertically placed adhesive organs, are longer than the dorsal and ventral pairs. The larval trunk is up to 4.0 mm long but the tail is relatively short, barely reaching the anterior end of the trunk. The terminal end of the tail has a wide vane around it.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The new record is within the previously known geographic range of this robust species that appears to be well represented on the continental shelf of the western and southern coasts of the continent. Kott (1990a) noted a gap in its continuous range between Cockburn Sound and the Great Australian Bight. The new material is from the northern part of its known range at a greater depth than previously recorded. The larva is characteristic of this genus, with a large trunk, rounded lateral ampullae and two or three large adhesive organs with flat platforms of adhesive cells in the epidermal cups. This larva is similar to the larvae of other species in this genus, but with a trunk almost twice the length.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D5A4231FDB1FF69FDB8FCB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D5D4233FE1EFC46FEF9F942.text	E8619D712D5D4233FE1EFC46FEF9F942.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudodistoma australe Kott 1957	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pseudodistoma australe Kott, 1957</p>
            <p> Pseudodistoma australis Kott 1957, p. 101 ; 1992a, p. 428 and synonymy; 2003, p. 625 and synonymy (  Pseudodistoma australis Kott, 1992 ; 1985 sic). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previous records (see Kott 2003): Western Australia (Exmouth Gulf to Cockburn Sound, off southern Australia to Port Phillip Heads); Tasmania (Forestier Peninsula); Queensland (Swain Reefs). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328164 nine specimens; Bald I., Stn 39, 99 m, 25.11.05, QM G328103) . </p>
            <p>An occurrence off the southern coast of Western Australia is consistent with the previously recorded range of this species, and is at the greatest depth yet recorded for this species.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colonies are upright, fleshy, translucent, naked cones to 12 cm, sometimes slightly irregular and branched. The basal half (to 3 cm diameter is only slightly narrower than the top and is one-quarter to three-quarters of the total length. Evenly distributed separately opening zooids are around the rounded head of the colony. Details of the structure of the zooids could not be determined, although short but broad thoraces, relatively narrow abdomina and long and narrow posterior abdomina can be seen. The identification of these specimens is provisional and is based on the form of the colonies, the absence of sand, the absence of common cloacal systems and the disposition of the zooids.</p>
            <p> Family  POLYCLINIDAE Milne Edwards, 1842</p>
            <p>The family contains aplousobranch genera with gonads in the posterior abdomina of thread-like zooids, which are arranged in common cloacal systems, the atrial apertures opening into an internal common cloacal cavity. The relatively long, narrow, vertical gut loop consists of a long oesophagus and duodenum, and distinct sections of mid-intestine between the duodenum and posterior stomach and posterior stomach and rectum, respectively. The distal section of the mid-intestine is invariably in the pole of the gut loop and usually a rectal valve is at its junction with the long rectum that constitutes the ascending limb of the loop.</p>
            <p> The most speciose genus is  Aplidium Savigny, 1816 , distinguished by its longitudinally folded stomach wall and barrel-shaped stomach.  Polyclinum ,  Aplidiopsis and  Synoicum have characters in common, although  Polyclinum displays significant differences from the other genera that may signify a polyphyletic family. The genera  Polyclinum ,  Synoicum and  Aplidiopsis are all distinguished from  Aplidium by their lack of longitudinal gastric folds, similar shield-shaped stomachs with a smooth or mamillated wall and posteriorly directed strands of antero-dorsal and postero-ventral larval vesicles.  Synoicum and  Aplidiopsis are distinguished from  Polyclinum by a long posterior abdomen, usually with testis follicles in a long single or double row, rather than the sac-like posterior abdomen with bunched testis follicles of  Polyclinum . However  Polyclinum and  Aplidiopsis (but not  Synoicum ) have a constriction separating the abdomen from the posterior abdomen (containing gonads) and the distal end of the gut loop is twisted, causing the gonoducts to loop around it. The proximal part of the ascending limb of the gut loop bends up in a loop crossing the distal part of the descending limb before extending anteriorly. The vas deferens is caught in this twist (see  P. fungosum Kott, 1992a , Figure 25b). </p>
            <p> Previously  Polyclinum was the only genus of the  Polyclinidae known to have branchial papillae on the transverse vessels. In the course of the present study these small protrusions have been found on the transverse vessels of  S. rapum sp. nov. and  S. intercedens (Sluiter, 1909) . They are possible vestiges of the longitudinal branchial vessels usually present in taxa with larger zooids in what may be more primitive aplousobranch taxa (e.g.  Cionidae ,  Diazonidae and some  Protopolyclinidae ) and in the  Phlebobranchia and  Stolidobranchia . </p>
            <p> The atrial siphon in  Synoicum is of particular interest, demonstrating a minimal departure from the six-lobed aperture of  Ritterella , a genus distinguished by its longitudinally folded stomach and separately opening six-lobed branchial and atrial apertures. The similarity of the atrial siphons of some  Synoicum spp. and  Ritterella is emphasized by a median papillum posterior to the atrial aperture that occurs in certain species of  Ritterella ,  Synoicum and  Polyclinum (see  Ritterella compacta Kott 1992, p. 442 ). </p>
            <p> However, the atrial apertures of  Synoicum spp. display a great deal of variation. Sometimes this is as a result of contraction, but occasionally they may represent significant specific morphological characters. The simple, short siphon with a circular sphincter and almost smooth atrial rim of  S. vesica sp. nov. ,  S. durum Kott, 1992 and  S. bowerbanki Millar, 1963 appear to be only marginally different from the condition observed in  S. intercedens (Sluiter, 1909) and  S. suareum Kott, 1992 in which the aperture is produced well out from the zooid. A similar but more conspicuous extension of the atrial siphon has been observed in  S. sacculum Kott, 1992a and in  S. rapum sp. nov. The atrial apertures of  S. implicatum sp. nov ,  S. castellatum Kott, 1992a ,  S. concavitum Kott, 1992a and  S. erectum Kott, 1992a have significantly longer pointed bifid or trifid lips projecting from the anterior rim of the opening.  Synoicum bucccinum Kott, 1992a and  S. chrysanthemum Kott, 1992a have three or four similar long atrial lips arising from the anterior border of the aperture, but the opening itself is long and sessile, exposing much of the branchial sac to the common cloacal cavity. It appears to represent a consistent genetically controlled character shared by a small group of species in this genus. It differs significantly from excurrent openings in the majority of species in this genus, which are more restricted circular openings. </p>
            <p> Synoicum spp. are diverse in the material collected from the western Australian continental shelf. The genus is represented by six species all with sandy colonies, of which three are new to science and another (  S. laboutei ) was known previously only from the West Indian Ocean. Of the species taken,  S. chrysanthemum is readily distinguished by its stalked colony, double rows of zooids around zooid-free patches of test. Double series of zooids lining the sides of circular cloacal canals also occur in  S. vesica sp. nov. ,  S. longistriatum Kott, 1992a and  S. macroglossum (Hartmeyer, 1919) but are not as regular as in  S. chrysanthemum , while in  S. laboutei the zooids are on each side of straight canals that extend parallel to one another down the sides of a vertical conical colony.  Synoicum rapum sp. nov. has turnip-shaped colonies with a thin hard layer of sand externally like  S. vesica but its zooids appear to be arranged in circles around central common cloacal apertures like  S. durum Kott, 1992a and, together with its pouched, mulberry-like stomach walls, this arrangement of zooids distinguishes  S. rapum from others with a similar colony shape. The hard, external layer of sand in  S. rapum and  S. vesica sp. nov. is distinctive. Despite these distinctive characters that separate species in each genus from one another, there are aspects of the form of their systems and zooids shared by species in both  Synoicum and  Aplidium . As well as the absence of folds in the stomach wall, the form of the atrial siphon, with the anterior rim produced out into a conspicuous tongue, seemed to separate  Synoicum from  Aplidium (see Kott 1992a). Nevertheless, the latter character is not exclusive to  Synoicum (occurring also in  Aplidium spp. ) and is not always present (absent from  S. macroglossum ). Examination of material in the present collection suggests that a clear separation between these genera on presently recognized characters is not readily sustained (see  Synoicum pseudogrisiatum sp. nov. ,  S. sphinctorum Kott, 2006 ). Many  Aplidium spp. have five stomach folds and muscular atrial lips extending out from the body wall anterior to the siphon. However, another group of  Aplidium spp. has a large atrial lip projecting out from the upper rim of the atrial opening that resembles the condition in  Synoicum spp. Kott’s (1992a) statement that there is a difference in entry of the oesophagus into the stomach in  Synoicum appears to be related to the state of contraction of the zooid and cannot be substantiated. Their similar larvae also suggest a close phylogenetic relationship between  Synoicum and  Aplidium . However, similarity in the form of colonial systems, and the adaptations of the atrial apertures associated with these systems, could be the result of convergence rather than a significant indication of affinity. The only reliable character presently known to distinguish these two genera is the condition of the stomach wall, careful examination sometimes revealing that what appear to be folds are artefacts caused by collapse of the stomach rather than true structural folds. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D5D4233FE1EFC46FEF9F942	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D61420FFE2EFB00FCEDFAEE.text	E8619D712D61420FFE2EFB00FCEDFAEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum chrysanthemum Kott 1992	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum chrysanthemum Kott, 1992</p>
            <p>(Figures 4B–D)</p>
            <p> Synoicum chrysanthemum Kott 1992a, p. 485 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously reported (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Bluff Point,  Dongara ).  New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (  Albany ,  Stn 22, 100 m, 22.11.05, QM G328067;  Albany ,  Stn 26, 212 m, 23.11.05, QM G328429 six specimens; Bald I., Stn 31, 106 m, 23.11.05, QM G328428; Pt. Hillier, Stn 57, 196 m, 27.11.05, QM G328097 eight specimens;  Jurien Bay , Stn 82, 02.12.05, 85–92 m, QM G328149; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328060 G328061)  . </p>
            <p>  Although previously only three specimens of this species were known, the new records suggest that this is a common component of the continental shelf benthic fauna from a relatively extensive depth range of 6–212 m around the south-western corner of the continent from Shark Bay to Albany. However, it appears to be more common at deeper stations (QM G328097 eight specimens 196 m, QM G328429 six specimens 212 m) only one or two being taken at the other stations where depths ranged from 64 to 100 m, suggesting that the species’ optimal depth is at about 200 m near the edge of the continental shelf  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colonies always have a toadstool-shaped head, rounded on the upper surface with a cylindrical stalk of varying diameter (to 1 cm) and length (to 8 cm) arising from the centre of the under surface. The surface of the head is covered with a mosaic of oval elevations separated by a network of surface depressions over the circular common cloacal canals. The circular canals are lined on each side by zooids with their branchial openings visible along the margins of the common cloacal canals. Internally, the test contains sand, which is crowded in a layer around the outside of the stalk but less crowded in the centre of the stalk. Thread-like posterior abdomina project down into the stalk amongst the sand grains. Large sessile common cloacal apertures are randomly placed at the junctions of some of the canals. Stalks sometimes divide into two toward the base forming a sort of secondary prop that helps to support the colony. In the newly recorded preserved material the surface test of parts of the stalk is transversely wrinkled.</p>
            <p>Branchial apertures are lined with six pointed lobes. The atrial aperture is a wide opening surrounded by a strong sphincter with two to four pointed lobes projecting from the anterior rim of the opening into the surface test over the common cloacal canals. Stigmata are in 12–16 rows of about 12 per row. The stomach wall is smooth and the short stomach in the relatively short, rounded abdomen is small and spherical. A marked constriction separates the thorax and abdomen. About 12 testis follicles are bunched together in an otherwise long, thread-like posterior abdomen. Larvae, present in the atrial cavity of colonies from Kalbarri (collected in December), have a trunk 1.0 mm long with the tail wound half-way around it. Three rows of about 12 stigmata in each half-row are in the larval pharynx. The usual antero-dorsal and postero-ventral strands of vesicles project posteriorly, and short, rounded lateral ampullae are on each side of the base of the median ampullae that alternate with the three antero-median adhesive organs.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> These robust colonies that appear to abound in the deeper waters of the continental shelf are readily identified by their long cylindrical stalks, circular common cloacal canals lined with zooids which have long atrial tongues and large sessile atrial openings, and small and smooth stomach walls. The larvae, reported for the first time, are similar to others in this genus, especially the tropical  Synoicum buccinum Kott, 1992a which has larvae with similar median and lateral ampullae and larger and fewer vesicles than usual projecting from the postero-ventral and postero-dorsal test strands. However, the colonies of the latter species have branched stalks with smaller heads than the present deeper-water, temperate species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D61420FFE2EFB00FCEDFAEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D634209FE7BFAE8FE09FC50.text	E8619D712D634209FE7BFAE8FE09FC50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum implicatum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum implicatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 5A–C)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Pt. Hillier, Stn 57, 117.1970E 35.3735S, 195– 6 m, 27 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27523, QM G328098) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is a massive, sandy hemisphere with generally club-shaped lobes around the outer surface, each containing a separate cloacal system with zooids surrounding a central terminal common cloacal aperture. These lobes are partially fused to one another along their length by the sand that adheres to their surface. Sand is also crowded throughout the test. The zooids extend down the length of each lobe, almost to the base. Clumps of minute spherical orange bodies are in the test associated with each zooid, which also is orange.</p>
            <p>The branchial aperture has six moderately long lobes around it. A long muscular atrial tongue divided into about three long lobes arises from the anterior rim of the short siphon. About 20 rows of crowded stigmata are in the branchial sac. The smooth stomach is long, almost cylindrical. A conspicuous globular posterior stomach is in the gut loop. The zooids are in replicative mode and the long posterior abdomina are filled with trophozoite cells.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The gut loop, branchial and atrial apertures are like those of  S. buccinum but the zooids are longer, with more rows of stigmata and the cloacal systems with numerous systems in each lobe are different. However, colonies like the present one (consisting of separate lobes crowded together, adhering to one another along their length and joined basally) do occur in other species in this genus. Such colonies occur in  S. intercedens (Sluiter, 1909) , which is distinguished by its pouched stomach wall and  Synoicum obscurum Kott, 1992 from the south-eastern corner of the continent. Although the irregular markings on the stomach wall of the latter species that Kott (1992a) thought were unique probably are artefacts, it is distinguished from the present species by its smaller atrial opening and the absence of the long atrial tongue of the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D634209FE7BFAE8FE09FC50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D654208FECEFC21FCD0FCE2.text	E8619D712D654208FECEFC21FCD0FCE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum laboutei	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum laboutei F. and C. Monniot, 2006 </p>
            <p>(Figures 5D, E)</p>
            <p> Synoicum laboutei Monniot F. and C. 2006, p. 129. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Monniot F. and C. 2006): Malagasy. New record: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10/05 (Cape Mentelle, Stn 15, 97 m, 21.11.05, QM G328443).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is a vertical cone about 6 cm high and 3 cm diameter consisting of a single common cloacal system. About 16 vertical paired rows of zooids (a row along each side of parallel common cloacal canals) are on the pink upper half of the colony converging to the terminal common cloacal aperture. Sparse sand is embedded in the internal test, especially in the lower half of the colony but is absent from the test around the red common cloacal aperture and the rows of zooids. Sand is present in the surface test between the double rows of zooids. The zooids are particularly contracted. A strongly muscular atrial lip protrudes from the body wall anterior to the small atrial siphon. The thoraces have strong muscles down each side and are contracted. The abdomina and posterior abdomina are also contracted and twisted. Each zooid can be seen to have a long oesophagus, a small, smooth-walled stomach halfway down the abdomen, a long duodenal area and a small posterior stomach at the posterior end of the abdomen. Muscle bands from the abdomen continue along the posterior abdomen and, in this specimen, these muscles are contracted and the outside of the posterior abdomen is gathered into a frill along each side so that it appears to be especially broad. It is separated from the abdomen by a narrow constriction.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The only two records of this species are separated by a vast distance. The species is readily identified by the strawberry-like appearance of the colonies, each a single common cloacal system consisting of parallel double rows of zooids arranged evenly around the colony converging to the terminal common cloacal aperture. The specimens appear to be identical with the exception only of the thread-like posterior abdomen of the type specimen and its lack of a constriction between the abdomen and posterior abdomen. The presence of this constriction suggests that the species may be in the genus  Aplidiopsis especially as the posterior abdomina of  Aplidiopsis are not always short or fusiform-shaped sacs and sometimes are long (see  Aplidiopsis indicus F. and C. Monniot, 2006) like those of the present species.  Aplidiopsis can be distinguished by its delicate muscles, which seldom extend beyond the anterior half of the thorax, and by the twisted distal end of the gut loop (involving the vas deferens). This twist has not been reported for species of  Synoicum (including the present specimens). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D654208FECEFC21FCD0FCE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D64420BFE0CFCFBFBCEFC7F.text	E8619D712D64420BFE0CFCFBFBCEFC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum macroglossum (Hartmeyer 1919)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum macroglossum (Hartmeyer, 1919)</p>
            <p>(Figures 5F, G)</p>
            <p> Macroclinum macroglossum Hartmeyer 1919, p. 126 . </p>
            <p> Synoicum macroglossum Kott 1990a, p. 494 ; 2003, p. 1630. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a, 2003): Western Australia (Cape Jaubert); Queensland (Mooloolaba, Mackay, Heron I., Swain Reefs). New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 39, 99 m, 24.11.05, QM G328104 five colonies).</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colonies are from the most southerly location yet reported for this species and from the greatest depth. Previous records are from tropical locations albeit on the north-eastern and north-western parts of the continent. The new records suggest it could have a wider range.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimens are extensive slabs, to 0.75 cm thick and up to 13 cm in greatest extent. A thin surface layer of translucent test containing only sparse sand grains forms a layer over the surface. Beneath the surface, sand grains increase in density towards the base of the colony, that continues as a band of sandy test around the outer margin, framing the almost sand-free layer of test on the upper surface. Randomly spaced sessile common cloacal apertures are on the surface, although they are obscured by sparse sand and crowded zooids, the latter appearing to line canals converging to these common cloacal apertures.</p>
            <p>Zooids are muscular, but small and narrow. They have a pronounced atrial lip from the body wall anterior to the small atrial siphon about one-third of the distance down the dorsal margin of the body. A small dorsal median papillum projects from the body wall behind the atrial siphon. Both siphons have a conspicuous sphincter muscle. The atrial lip often has a straight, toothed margin but it is variable, sometimes being long and pointed. The margin of the branchial aperture has six lobes and the atrial opening also has some small pointed processes around its entire rim. The branchial sac is long and narrow with about 20 rows of stigmata and only about 12 long and narrow stigmata in each half-row. The stigmata reduce in length towards the dorsal and ventral midlines. A short, narrow gut loop has a small, smooth-walled stomach about halfway down its proximal limb. Larvae have not been detected in any of the recorded specimens of this species.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The species is unusual in the marked separation of the atrial lip from the siphon, the atrial lip in this genus usually projecting directly from the anterior rim of the opening. The separation of the lip from an excurrent siphon is more often seen in  Polyclinum and  Aplidium . However, this does not seem to indicate any particular phylogenetic affinity. The external appearance of the slab-like colonies is also distinctive with an upper almost naked layer of test framed by the sandy base and margins of the colony as in colonies of  Aplidium crustum sp. nov. Kott (1992a) suggested that the present species was distinguished from the closely related  S. papilliferum (Michaelsen, 1930) , which has a similar atrial tongue and siphon, by its raised common cloacal apertures as well as its lack of an external layer of sand. However, only the latter distinction is confirmed in the newly recorded specimens. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D64420BFE0CFCFBFBCEFC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D67420AFE76FC7EFC3FFB9E.text	E8619D712D67420AFE76FC7EFC3FFB9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum obscurum Kott 1992	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum obscurum Kott, 1992</p>
            <p>(Figure 5H)</p>
            <p> Synoicum obscurum Kott 1992a, p. 496 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Victoria (Bass Strait, off Lakes Entrance); New South Wales (Arrawarra). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 200 m, 24.11.05, QM G328459) . </p>
            <p>The species appears to be an indigenous Australian temperate species with a possible range around the southern half of the continent.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colony is a number of sandy lobes branching from a common basal stalk. The terminal part of each branch is an inverted cone, with a circular, slightly concave upper surface gradually narrowing to a thick stalk that is about the same length and half its diameter. Sand is embedded in the brittle external test over the terminal cone where the thoraces of the zooids are accommodated but it is not in the thin partitions of the test that separate the zooids from one another. However, sand is crowded in the basal stalk of the colony where the thin abdomina and posterior abdomina penetrate the solid test. The surface test is slightly raised over the anterior end of each of up to eight zooids that form a circle around the outer margin, surrounding the central depression where the common cloacal cavity has a sessile opening. A terminal six-lobed branchial opening is on a short siphon. The atrial opening, on the antero-dorsal corner of the body, has a muscular lip (contracted in these specimens) with three pointed lobes along its distal margin. The lip is inserted into the margin of the common cloacal aperture. Fine longitudinal muscles, about 20 from the branchial siphon and about five finer ones from the atrial siphon, extend the length of the thorax and continue in a narrow band along the threadlike abdomen and posterior abdomen. Fine transverse muscle fibres in each transverse vessel extend out into the body wall ventrally and dorsally. The thorax is long with 12 rows of 25 stigmata in each half row in the anterior part of the branchial sac although the rows become shorter toward the posterior end of the pharynx. Small papillae, about 12 per row, are on each transverse vessel. The abdomen is about one-third of the length of the thorax and is narrow with a tight vertical gut loop. The small, narrow, smooth walled stomach is about halfway down the descending limb of the gut loop. The posterior abdomen is long and thread-like, many times the length of the rest of the zooid. Testis follicles are in either a single or a double row and a small ovary with five or six eggs is at the anterior end of the testis follicles. About three embryos at different stages of development are in the posterior end of the atrial cavity.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The species has a characteristic appearance, the newly recorded colony closely resembling the previously reported material from the eastern seaboard of the continent, the only difference being that the latter have more compacted colonies with the lobes being more tightly bound together, adjacent lobes both adhering to the same grain of sand. The external appearance of the colonies most resembles  Polyclinum orbitum Kott, 1992a and  Ritterella papillata Kott, 1992a , both of which have similar colonial systems but are distinguished by genetic characters of their zooids. The former species has more numerous branchial papillae, a twisted gut loop and a constriction at the anterior end of the posterior abdomen and the latter species has a folded stomach wall. Branchial papillae, though previously not recorded for this genus, now are known to occur in many species (see above) </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D67420AFE76FC7EFC3FFB9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D664204FE5CFB5EFD50F942.text	E8619D712D664204FE5CFB5EFD50F942.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum pseudogrisiatum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum pseudogrisiatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 6A–D)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /   05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27511, QM G328118; paratype QM G328123; further specimens; Jurien Bay,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.294/lat -35.335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.294&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.335">Stn</a>
                 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328148)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype (QM G328118) colony is a spherical, sandy ball about 5 cm in diameter and is fixed to the substrate by irregular but small holdfasts from a limited part of the lower surface. The paratype is three sandy lobes, narrowing to a common basal stalk. Each lobe is from 2 to 8 cm in diameter across the upper, more or less horizontal surface and up to 10 cm high. Some sand is embedded in the internal translucent test, but sand is crowded in the surface test. Two or three large systems open on the upper surface of each lobe. The systems are readily distinguished by the darker brownish-red colour of the zooids where they come to the surface around the deeply indented margin of a large circular elevated area with the large, sessile, common cloacal aperture in the centre. The indentations around the margin of this elevated area divide it into six or seven petal-shaped lobes, and the indentations which are associated with the depressions in the surface may be where common cloacal canals converge to a large common cloacal aperture.</p>
            <p>Zooids are long and narrow, the branchial siphon is conspicuous with a prominent sphincter muscle and long branchial tentacles originating at different levels in the siphon and projecting back toward the lumen of the pharynx. A long, sometimes bifid atrial lip projects from the body wall some distance in front of the short atrial siphon. In some of the preserved material, the distended body wall forms a long S-shaped curve with the atrial tongue. In other specimens, the tongue lies flat against the anterior wall of the thorax. A conspicuous dorsal ganglion and gland (ventral to the ganglion) with a funnel-shaped neural duct opening into the pharynx can be seen at the anterior end of the mid-dorsal line of the thorax. Dorsal languets are at the dorsal end of the inter-stigmatal vessels as usual, although the anterior languet, just posterior to the dorsal neural complex, is particularly large. Stigmata are in about 20 short rows with about 12 in each half-row, leaving an imperforate strip of pharyngeal wall on each side of the middorsal line.</p>
            <p>The abdomen contains a long, narrow gut loop. The stomach is relatively long and narrow, halfway down the abdomen. Sometimes it appears to have shallow folds. However, on careful examination these apparent folds are seen to be the result of the stretching and collapse of the stomach. The mesial wall of the stomach curves around the rectum, a cross-section of the stomach appearing as a crescent with its horns on opposite sides of the rectum and the suture line in the centre of the outer convex curve. Often, the lateral walls of the stomach collapse in to form two apparent folds each side of the suture line. In fact the stomach wall in these specimens is smooth and is not folded. In the absence of true structural folds (which would give strength to the stomach wall), compression of the stomach by contraction of the longitudinal muscles in the body wall produces some irregular transverse folds that obscure the shape of the stomach.</p>
            <p>The testis follicles are in two short rows at the posterior end of the long posterior abdomen. A long vas deferens, convoluted as a result of contraction, extends forward to the thorax. An ovary was not detected.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Both colonies and zooids of these specimens closely resemble  Aplidium grisiatum Kott, 1998 (nom. nov. for  A. griseum Kott, 1992a ) although the latter species has seven well-defined stomach folds. A close relationship may exist between  A. clivosum (with five stomach folds) and  A. grisiatum (with seven stomach folds) although their colonies are distinctive (see Kott 1992a) and a similarity between  A. clivosum and the present species is not implied. Specimens of  A. grisiatum from Darwin, the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef and the Palau Is. were free of sand externally and internally, sand being confined to the stalk section (see Kott 2002). As in the present species, the thorax is narrow and gonads are in the posterior part of the posterior abdomen. Nevertheless, there are eight stomach folds (seven in some newly examined colonies) and the species appears to be correctly assigned to  Aplidium . The present newly recorded species from Western Australia, distinguished from  A. grisiatum by its smooth stomach wall, is assigned to the genus  Synoicum . </p>
            <p> The thoraces of the present species resemble those of  A. grisiatum , although they are larger and the atrial lips larger and more distinctly separated from the atrial siphon by a greater interval of the body wall. The atrial siphons and lip of the present species are similar to those of  Synoicum macroglossum (Hartmeyer, 1919) and  S. papilliferum (Michaelsen, 1930) rather than the majority of  Synoicum spp. (which have an atrial lip projecting from the anterior rim of the aperture). The former species (see Kott 1990a) has long branched cloacal systems and is naked on the upper surface. Michaelsen (1930) was not able to detect the common cloacal apertures in the type specimens of  S. papilliferum . These are conspicuous in the present species and distinguish it from Michaelsen’s species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D664204FE5CFB5EFD50F942	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D6B4206FE53FF69FB8CFCEF.text	E8619D712D6B4206FE53FF69FB8CFCEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum rapum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum rapum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 6E–G)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 99–100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27518, QM G328012) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is a large, turnip-shaped colony about 9 cm high and 5 cm diameter across the upper (convex) surface. Colony diameter decreases toward the base. In places, zooids seem to be arranged in circles around tightly closed common cloacal apertures. However, generally, their arrangement is obscured by the tough, hard test which has a thin layer of sand externally. A layer of sand is present internally at the posterior end of the abdomen but is only sparse elsewhere. The test is a mulberry colour in preservative, the colour being especially conspicuous internally.</p>
            <p>Zooids are long and thread-like. Both apertures are on conspicuous siphons. The long branchial siphon, with six pointed lobes around the rim of the opening, inclines away from the longitudinal axis of these contracted zooids. The atrial siphon projects antero-dorsally, forming an obtuse angle with the branchial siphon at the anterior end of the body. The anterior rim of the atrial opening is produced into a narrow tongue, bifid at the tip, and the posterior rim of the opening is produced out into a single point, these projections framing a gaping opening. Longitudinal thoracic muscles extend obliquely from the siphons to the endostyle and the posterior end of the thorax. A small pointed papillum is in the midline posterior to the base of the siphon. Stigmata are in rows of about 30 (anteriorly) to 20 (posteriorly) on each side. Dorsally, they are long and narrow perforations but are shorter ventrally. Transverse vessels, containing conspicuous transverse muscle fibres, have about 20 minute rounded papillae along their length. Each transverse vessel is expanded into a triangular languet across the mid-dorsal line.</p>
            <p>The shield-shaped stomach, in the middle of the relatively short abdomen, has a mulberry-like wall, with regular rounded pouches. The long duodenal region is separated from the expanded posterior stomach by a short length of mid-intestine. A distal length of mid-intestine curves around in the pole of the gut loop before expanding into the rectum, which occupies the whole ascending limb of the loop. The posterior abdomen is long and thread-like with small testis follicles in a single or double row part of the way along its length. A one-egg ovary is anterior to the male follicles.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The new species described here has the usual characters of  Synoicum . It lacks the twisted gut of  Polyclinum and  Aplidiopsis . Unlike  Polyclinum , it has a long posterior abdomen with strong longitudinal muscle bands and testis follicles in a double or single row. However, it also has a dorsal papillum behind the atrial aperture and branchial papillae on the transverse vessels that resemble those in  Polyclinum . Previously these branchial papillae had not been reported for  Synoicum , but their occurrence in the present species suggests that they could occur. Their value in assessing phylogenetic relationships within this family is in doubt and they no longer can be considered characteristic of  Polyclinum . Similar papillae were not detected on the transverse vessels of re-examined specimens of  Synoicum atopogaster Kott, 1963 ,  S. buccinum Kott, 1992a ,  S. citrum Kott, 1992a ,  S. durum Kott, 1992a ,  S. longistriatum Kott, 1992a ,  S. macroglossum (Hartmeyer, 1919) ,  S. obscurum Kott, 1992a , and  S. sphinctorum Kott, 2006 . They were found, however, on the transverse vessels of  Synoicum intercedens (Sluiter, 1909) , which, like the present species, has a pouched stomach wall, the anterior rim of the atrial opening produced into an anterior lip and the posterior rim produced into a range of lobes or a lip. Unlike the present species,  S. intercedens has branched colonies, each branch with a terminal common cloacal aperture.  Synoicum partitionis (Monniot, 1987) , with pouches in the stomach wall and branched colonies, each branch with a terminal common cloacal aperture like  S. intercedens , lacks the branchial papillae.  Synoicum erectum Kott, 1992a and  S. sacculum Kott, 1992a (both known from temperate waters) also have pouched stomach walls but lack branchial papillae. Both these species resemble the present one in having a number of circular systems,  S. erectum colonies have similar mushroom-like lobes but a narrow branchial sac with only about eight stigmata per half row, and  S. sacculum has a lobed surface and testis follicles bunched in the posterior abdomen (not in longitudinal series as in the present species). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D6B4206FE53FF69FB8CFCEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D6A4200FE49FCF7FE03FB9F.text	E8619D712D6A4200FE49FCF7FE03FB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum sphinctorum Kott 2006	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum sphinctorum Kott, 2006</p>
            <p>(Figure 7A)</p>
            <p> Synoicum sphinctorum Kott 2006, p. 200 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 2006): South Australia (Kangaroo I.). New record: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10 /05 (Albany, Stn 22, 100 m, 22.11.05, G328068) . </p>
            <p>The only known records of this species from two widely separated locations off the southern coast of the continent may represent the eastern and western limits of its range.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> The colony is a large, firm dome, with a smooth, even external surface. It is about 5 cm high and is fixed by the whole of the flat, irregular and sandy base, which is about 8 cm in diameter. A thin layer of sand is in the surface test around the upper surface of the colony. The internal test is firm but glassy and transparent and has only sparse sand embedded in it. Zooids are robust. A distinct sphincter is around the top half of the tulip-shaped branchial siphon. The atrial siphon is also surrounded by a broad sphincter muscle. A conspicuous atrial lip is produced from the anterior margin of the aperture. A small dorsal papillum projects from the median line just behind the atrial siphon. The branchial sac has stigmata in about 22 rows with about 20 in each half row. The wall of the small, elongate stomach has about 12, sometimes branched, longitudinal tracts of glandular epithelium but these are not the distinct folds of the stomach wall that are characteristic of the genus  Aplidium . Bunched testis follicles behind a small ovary are in the anterior part of the posterior abdomen. In these zooids the thorax and the abdomen and the abdomen and posterior abdomen respectively are separated by a constriction of the body wall. Up to three larvae are being incubated in the base of the atrial cavity of some of the zooids. The trunk is 1.0 mm long and a mass of epidermal vesicles is in the larval test around the anterior half of the trunk which project back to the posterior end of the </p>
            <p>trunk along the median ventral and dorsal lines. The tail curves about three-quarters of the way around the trunk.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The zooids of the present species are characteristic of the majority of the species in this genus, with the atrial tongue projecting out from the anterior rim of the aperture, rather than from the body wall anterior to the opening as it does so often in  Aplidium . Also the dorsal papillum is characteristic of (though not exclusive to)  Synoicum . The longitudinal tracts of epithelium lining the stomach wall can be mistaken for stomach folds, although careful examination shows that although they protrude slightly into the stomach, the stomach wall itself is not folded. The constrictions of the body wall between thorax and abdomen and abdomen and posterior abdomen are reminiscent of similar constrictions in  Aplidiopsis . However the only similar species of  Aplidiopsis ,  A. sabulosa , has a mulberry-like stomach. The constrictions in the present zooids could be artefacts. </p>
            <p> Kott (2006) found surface features associated with separate circular systems in the types of this species (from Kangaroo I.). These were not detected in the present specimen, in which indications of the form of the systems were not detected amongst the sand that adheres to the surface. Other features of the zooids are similar. The species is distinguished from others in this genus by the absence of a mulberry-like pattern of pouches in the stomach wall, the simple dome-shaped colony without sand in the internal test and the large larval trunk with crowded epithelial vesicles in the larval test (reminiscent of the larvae of some species of  Aplidium ). The bunched male follicles have been reported in some of the zooids of the Western Australian  Synoicum atopogaster Kott. 1992a and appear to be dependent on the state of contraction of the posterior abdomen (see  Synoicum atopogaster Kott, 1992a ). The latter species also resembles the present one in having numerous vesicles in the larval test but lacks the distinctive protruding atrial siphon of the present species and its larva has median ampullae between the adhesive organs that were not detected in the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D6A4200FE49FCF7FE03FB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D6C4203FD99FB5EFC59FBBA.text	E8619D712D6C4203FD99FB5EFC59FBBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum vesica Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synoicum vesica sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 7B, C)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Pt. Hillier, Stn 57, 117.1970E 35.3735S, 195–196 m, 27 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27524, QM G328100) . </p>
            <p> This species is one of three  Synoicum spp. taken at this location, the others being  S. chrysanthemum and  S. implicatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype colony is a rounded globe about 6 cm in diameter, narrowing to the base by which it is fixed to the substrate. A network of red veins is along each side of circular common cloacal canals, where the zooids open to the surface through the thin surface layer of crowded sand. Internally sand is sparse and the firm gelatinous test is translucent, containing only a scattering of spherical red cells and the long, well-spaced zooids that project into the base of the colony. Common cloacal apertures were not detected.</p>
            <p>Zooids are long and narrow. Both apertures have a relatively short muscular siphon. The rim of the branchial aperture has six shallow lobes and the anterior rim of the atrial aperture is produced forwards into a short rounded lip. The branchial sac has up to 20 rows of stigmata with 12 rather short and rounded stigmata in each half row. The length of the stigmata gradually decreases toward the dorsal and ventral midlines. The abdomen is short, although the oesophagus is long. The smooth-walled stomach tapers toward its pyloric end where it merges into the duodenum. The posterior stomach is oval as is the mid-intestine which opens into the rectum in the pole of the gut loop.</p>
            <p>Gonads consisting of the longitudinal cluster of male follicles and connected by vasa efferentia are grouped around a single-egg ovary in the middle of a very long posterior abdomen. The long posterior abdomina of most of the zooids are filled with vegetative cells and it is probable that this colony is in a vegetative phase, as evidenced by the small stigmata and the small abdomen and simple gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The tropical  Synoicum durum Kott, 1992a and  S. suarenum Kott, 1992a from eastern Australia have simple atrial apertures like the present species. The former species also has a sandy external layer of sand like the present species. The latter has a similar long posterior abdomina with a cluster of gonads halfway down but it lacks an external layer of crowded sand. Further, both these species have zooids arranged in circles around central common cloacal apertures rather than lining each side of the common cloacal canals forming a network as in the present species.  Synoicum intercedens (Sluiter, 1909) also has a short atrial siphon and a rounded anterior lip on the anterior rim of the opening, but its almost spherical stomach has pouches in its wall unlike the small smooth pear-shaped stomach of the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D6C4203FD99FB5EFC59FBBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D6E421DFE4BFC44FDD1FC5A.text	E8619D712D6E421DFE4BFC44FDD1FC5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium caelestis Monniot 1987	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium caelestis Monniot, 1987</p>
            <p> Aplidium caelestis Monniot 1987, p. 517 ; Kott 1992a, p. 528 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Rottnest Island, Shark Bay); South Australia (Great Australian Bight to Bass Strait); New South Wales (Norfolk Island); Queensland (Capricorn Group to Lizard Island), New Caledonia, Marianas. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Cape Mentelle, Stn 15, 97 m, 21.11.05, QM G328448; Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328063; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328465).</p>
            <p>The new records confirm the wide geographic range of this species around the Australian continent.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Some colonies (QM G328063 G328465) are irregular sheets with vertical, evenly spaced zooids more or less parallel to one another, lining the shallow thoracic common cloacal canals beneath shallow depressions in the surface. Other specimens (QM328448) are large dome-shaped to spherical colonies, slightly more fleshy on the upper surface where the zooids line the narrow, crowded, oval to elongate more or less parallel common cloacal canals that converge toward the top of the dome. Sand is present throughout the colonies, but is most crowded in the outer layers where it surrounds and is surrounded by the double rows of zooids and is in the thin layer of test over the common cloacal canals. The undersurface of the dome-shaped colonies is especially sandy and sometimes narrows to irregular root-like projections or stalks that may penetrate into the substrate.</p>
            <p>The long, thread-like zooids are similar in all specimens. They are parallel to one another at the surface but criss-cross internally. Anteriorly they narrow to a prominent branchial siphon with the atrial tongue projecting from the body wall at the base of the branchial siphon, well separated from the small atrial siphon. The atrial tongue extend across the top of the common cloacal Five longitudinal folds are in the stomach wall. Gonads are in a long, thread-like posterior abdomen. A single immature larva being incubated in contracted zooids occupies almost half of the length of the atrial cavity.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The large globular colonies described above are different from the encrusting ones usually reported for this species. However, although the colony shape is different, the systems, anterior tongue from the body wall anterior to the small atrial siphon, the long posterior abdomen and a single large larva in the atrium resemble previous reports of  A. caelestis . </p>
            <p> Systems are different from  A. clivosum and  A. crateriferum but zooids are similar.  Aplidium lenticulum also has similar zooids but less sand, zooids are confined to the sides of the common cloacal canals and have more (16–20) rows of stigmata. Colonies of  A. solidum are similar to the present species, although it has a more conspicuously quilted appearance, its common cloacal canals being circular, rather than elongate and more or less parallel to one another as they are in the present species. The zooids also are similar although in  A. solidum the zooids are shorter, the anterior end not so conspicuously narrowed and the atrial lip rising from the margin of the anterior rim of the atrial siphon, </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D6E421DFE4BFC44FDD1FC5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D71421CFE7EFC22FD9BFC3F.text	E8619D712D71421CFE7EFC22FD9BFC3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium clivosum Kott 1992	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium clivosum Kott, 1992</p>
            <p>(Figure 7D)</p>
            <p> Aplidium clivosum Kott, 1992a, p. 530 and synonymy; Kott 2004b, p. 48. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2004b): Western Australia (Ashmore Reef, Port Hedland, Montebello I., Cockburn Sound, Geographe Bay, Hamelin Bay); South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Spencer Gulf, Gulf St Vincent, Kangaroo I., Flinders I.); New South Wales (Jervis Bay); Queensland (Heron I.). New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 38, 169 m, 24.11.05, QM G328127; Pt. Hillier, Stn 57, 195 m, 27.11.05, QM G328099; Jurien Bay, Stn 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328160).</p>
            <p>The species is known from around the Australian continent in temperate to tropical waters but has not yet been recorded outside these waters.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Newly recorded colonies are mushroom-like, with a flat upper surface or sometimes an almost spherical head and a sandy stalk which branches into prop-like structures basally. Sometimes the sandy sides of the colony tend to overlap the upper surface. Two to four shallow, wide depressions up to 2 cm in maximum extent are in the upper surface. The surface test may slightly overlap the margins of these wide depressions. Double rows of zooids line the canals that converge to the large common cloacal apertures on conical protrusions more or less in the centre of each of these depressions. Sand is crowded on the upper surface and around the sides of the colony and forms a thin, hard crust that usually obscures the position of the zooids. Sand is less crowded internally. The test is transparent but firm. It has minute purple cells scattered through it. Zooids are a dark reddish-purple and criss-cross through the internal test of the colony. They are as previously described (see Kott 1992a) with a long branchial siphon, six well-formed lobes around the branchial aperture and a short, conspicuous branchial sphincter. A large atrial tongue projects from the body wall just anterior to a short siphon. Up to 20 rows of about 12 stigmata are on each side of the thorax. The stomach is halfway down the abdomen and has five conspicuous folds in its wall. The long hair-like posterior abdomen contains double rows of male follicles. In these specimens it is contracted and the vas deferens convoluted.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> These robust colonies are characterized by the large depressions in the upper surface in which double rows of zooids converge to a limited number of conical protrusions with terminal common cloacal apertures. The colonies and zooids have a superficial resemblance to those of  A. crateriferum , although the latter species has smaller cloacal cavities surrounded by zooids rather than the long converging double rows of zooids in the present species. Both  Aplidium grisiatum Kott, 1998 (which has zooids with eight or nine stomach folds rather than the five in the present species) and  Synoicum castellatum Kott, 1992a (with zooids with the characters of  Synoicum rather than the folded stomachs of  Aplidium spp ) have colonies that superficially resemble the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D71421CFE7EFC22FD9BFC3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D70421EFE59FC3EFB17FC01.text	E8619D712D70421EFE59FC3EFB17FC01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium crateriferum (Sluiter 1909)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium crateriferum (Sluiter, 1909)</p>
            <p>(Figures 7E–G)</p>
            <p> Amarancium crateriferum Sluiter 1909, p. 103 . </p>
            <p> Aplidium crateriferum: Kott 1992a, p. 536 and synonymy. </p>
            <p> Not  Aplidium crateriferum: Monniot F. and C. 2001, p. 207. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (near Onslow and Exmouth); Queensland (south to central Great Barrier Reef), Philippines. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 18, 100 m, 21.11.05, QM G328436; Albany, Stn 22, 100 m, 22.11.05, QM G328111, G328113, G328117; Jurien Bay, Stn 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328147, G328151).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Colonies are mushroom, turnip shapes or upright cones or paddles. Often they are sessile but sometimes they have a short, thick, and cylindrical to tapering stalk. The most conspicuous characteristics of this species are the deep pit-like depressions in the surface, about 2 cm apart and up to 2 cm in maximum extent, evenly spaced over the top half of the colony,. These depressions have one or two conspicuous chimneylike, cylindrical common cloacal siphons protruding from near the centre. A large, common cloacal cavity is beneath these surface depressions and some short canals may converge to it, although these are obscured by sand in the newly recorded specimens. One colony (QM G328113) is an irregular, sandy slab narrowing to what looks like a handle on one side and with large dimples along the other side as if a stalked colony had fallen on its side, the dimples being distorted circular depressions with chimney-like common cloacal protrusions. Colonies are up to 15 cm high, including the stalk. Their maximum diameter (to 9 cm) is usually about halfway down large egg-shaped colonies or at the base of the head.</p>
            <p>Zooids usually are withdrawn from the surface and their openings to the exterior, either around or in the saucer-like depressions, are obscured by the sand crowded in the surface or embedded deeper in the test. The sand crowded in the outer layer of test forms a hard crust but is less crowded internally where the firm, hard test can be seen to be translucent. Zooids are red in the preserved colonies and their mutilated remains are sometimes evident between the sand grains in the centre of the colony. The red pigment is in spherical cells in the body wall of the zooids and is conspicuous in the base of the colony surrounding the zooids where they are crowded together having withdrawn from the surface. Zooids are robust, with a conspicuous branchial sphincter at the base of the siphon. The muscular atrial lip arises from the body wall anterior to a relatively short atrial siphon. About 20 rows of stigmata are in the branchial sac although the number of stigmata could not be determined. The stomach is small, with five longitudinal folds. Testis follicles usually are in two rather irregular rows in the posterior abdomen although occasionally only a single row of follicles was observed.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimens appear be consistent with those previously recorded in most characters, including the red zooids, the deep pits depressed into the surface test and the tubular common cloacal siphons rising from the base of these depressions. Zooids are also characteristic, narrowing at the anterior end and with a strong muscular atrial lip from the body wall some distance anterior to the atrial siphon. However some variations are reported in the amount of sand embedded in the test and in the number of folds in the stomach wall.</p>
            <p>Specimens from the type location (Jolo Light - Philippines) recorded by Millar (1975) appear to have been correctly assigned. However other specimens from the type location (Van Name 1918) and those from the Palau Is. (Tokioka 1967) probably are not conspecific. The Australian specimens Kott (1992a) recorded are similar to the type in most characters except for the absence of sand in some of the specimens. As in the present specimens, the majority of those previously recorded have sand crowded in the surface and less crowded internally. At this stage, lacking other distinguishing characters, the sandy specimens and naked ones may reflect intraspecific variation. Also there is some variation in the number of folds reported to be in the stomach wall, Sluiter’s (1909) report of 12 stomach folds and Millar’s (1975) of six or seven could be errors (see Kott 1992a; Millar 1975, Figure 31), inconsistencies in these counts possibly resulting from counting folds on only one side of the stomach or they could be the result of intraspecific variation in a species with the wide geographic range of the present one.</p>
            <p> The robust zooids and colonies resemble those of  A. clivosum and  A. lunacratum which also have conspicuous protuberrant common cloacal apertures and zooids that narrow in front of the large atrial tongue projecting from the body wall well in front of the atrial siphon. Although Kott (1992a) discussed the relationship between  A. lunacratum and  A. crateriferum , she did not include  A. clivosum in that discussion. In  A. clivosum the surface depressions are large, wide and saucer-shaped with long canals converging to the protuberant common cloacal apertures, while  Aplidium lunacratum has regular, crowded, pit-like depression with a short but wide common cloacal siphon surrounded by a regular circle of zooids. These colonies resemble those of  A. crateriferum more closely than  A. clivosum , although the systems of  A. crateriferum are less regular, more separated from one another and more deeply depressed into the surface than those of  A. lunacratum . Zooids of  A. lunacratum have only 10–15 rows of stigmata while  A. crateriferum has 18–20 rows. The larvae of both these species are exceptionally large, having a trunk over 2 mm long with the anterior end obscured by epidermal vesicles. However they can be distinguished by the single median ampullae that alternate with the adhesive organs in  A. lunacratum but not in  A. crateriferum . </p>
            <p> The general shapes of the colonies of  A. crateriferum in the present collection resemble those of  A. panis sp. nov. Both species also have atrial tongues separated from the atrial siphon, five stomach folds, similar numbers of rows of stigmata and two rows of male follicles. However, the present species is distinguished by the red colour of its zooids, zooid openings confined to the upper half of the colonies and the characteristic deep circular depressions into which the systems open with conspicuous chimney-like cylindrical common cloacal siphons. The distribution of sand in the colony of  A. panis is also distinctive. </p>
            <p>The descriptions of specimens from the Philippines assigned to this species by F. and C. Monniot (2001) are equivocal and the specimens may be incorrectly assigned. They are said to have five stomach folds but zooids are reported to be ‘‘arranged in lines’’ and the characteristic chimney-like common cloacal siphons are not reported.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D70421EFE59FC3EFB17FC01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D724218FD91FBDBFC35FCE4.text	E8619D712D724218FD91FBDBFC35FCE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium crustum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium crustum sp. nov</p>
            <p>(Figures 8A, B)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /   05 (Albany,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.294/lat -35.335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.294&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.335">Stn</a>
                 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27517, QM G328107; paratype QM G328110; further specimen: Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 18, 100 m, 21.11.05, QM G 328427)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Colonies are irregular slabs up to 11 cm in maximum extent, and up to 4.5 cm thick, growing over irregular substrates. Sand is crowded in the base and outer margins of the colonies, the marginal test slightly overlapping the quilted upper surface. Sand is less crowded on the upper surface and throughout the remainder of the colony. The quilted pattern is created by narrow depressions over circular common cloacal canals that surround rounded elevations of the surface. Branchial openings perforate the upper surface on these elevations. Large, sessile common cloacal apertures are at the junctions of some of the narrow canals, especially around the periphery of the upper surface inside the overlapping sandy marginal test.</p>
            <p>Zooids are numerous and thread-like, criss-crossing one another through the moderately sandy internal test. Six-lobed branchial apertures are on short siphons and an atrial tongue of variable size arises from the anterior rim of the relatively small circular opening. The branchial sac is obscured by longitudinal muscle bands that extend from the thorax along each side of the zooids. Nevertheless, 15 rows of about 20 stigmata in each half row were detected. The relatively small, cylindrical stomach, halfway down the abdomen, has 20 particularly fine parallel longitudinal folds. Double series of male follicles are in the long posterior abdomen. Larvae were not found in either of the examined colonies.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The present colonies are distinguished by their circular common cloacal canals with common cloacal apertures at their junctions, the relatively large number of folds in the stomach wall and the distribution of sand which is especially crowded in the base and outer margin of the colony. The species from the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific with similar colonies and common cloacal systems are  Aplidium tabascum Kott, 1992a , the related  A. cellis Monniot 1987 (with sand completely encrusting the test) and the possibly conspecific  A. lobatum Savigny, 1816 (with a short posterior abdomen),  Aplidium solidum (with similar cloacal systems and impregnated with sand) and  A. lenticulum Kott, 1992a (distinguished by the origin of its atrial lip from the body wall in front of a short siphon rather than from the anterior rim of the opening). The colony also resembles some of  A. scabellum (Michaelsen, 1924) from New Zealand. However, all of these species have five folds of the stomach wall, distinguishing them from the present species with its 20 fine longitudinal folds (see Kott 1992a). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D724218FD91FBDBFC35FCE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D74421BFDBBFCFCFCC3FD6E.text	E8619D712D74421BFDBBFCFCFCC3FD6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium eudistomum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium eudistomum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 8C–E)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 26, 118.3410E 35.3397S, 212 m, 23.11.05, holotype WAM Z27519; paratypes QM G328439? Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328453) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The type material consists of a series of almost identical vertical stumpy finger-like lobes, to about 3 cm high and about 1 cm diameter throughout. Sand is present in the lower half of the colony but there is very little sand in the firm test of the upper half of the colony. Zooids open all around the upper half of the colony and converge into the centre and down into the stalk. A terminal common cloacal aperture is on the top of each colony and small, narrow common cloacal canals were detected extending down the sides of the colony. Zooids are small and muscular. A small atrial lip projects from just in front of the small atrial siphon, although when zooids are contracted it appears to be part of the anterior rim of the opening. Branchial stigmata are in 12 rows, although the number in each row could not be counted. The stomach is small and its wall has eight parallel rounded folds. The posterior abdomen is long, even in the contracted zooids.</p>
            <p>The specimen (QM G328453) from Kalbarri, questionably assigned to this species, is damaged. Although it has the characters of the type material from Albany except that the terminal common cloacal aperture cannot be seen, many of the zooids are withdrawn into the base of the colony and the stomach appears to have only five folds rather than the eight of the type material.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> These small vertical lobes are different from the large massive colonies of most of the  Aplidium spp. in this collection. Generally they resemble some species of  Eudistoma . The species can be identified by the arrangement of its zooids that seems to represent a single cloacal system with its terminal common cloacal aperture and its zooids with eight stomach folds. It resembles  Aplidium constrictum (Sluiter, 1900) from the sub- Antarctic Chatham I. The type locality of Sluiter’s species does not preclude the present specimens from Albany from conspecificity, although Sluiter’s species does not have the embedded sand. Van Name (1918) and Tokioka (1967) assigned to this species sandy specimens from the Philippines and the Palau Is. respectively. These specimens have similar colonies and similar numbers of rows of stigmata and stomach folds to the present specimens. However, only nine zooids are reported to be in the Philippine material (Tokioka 1967) and neither these tropical specimens nor  A. constrictum (Sluiter, 1900) from Chatham I. appear to be conspecific with either the present colonies from Albany or the one from Kalbarri. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D74421BFDBBFCFCFCC3FD6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D774215FE74FD6FFC8DFF09.text	E8619D712D774215FE74FD6FFC8DFF09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium hyacinthum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium hyacinthum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 9A–C)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27516, QM G328108; paratype QM G328109) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Holotype and paratype each consist of two opaque, orange-coloured, long, firm cylindrical stalks (15× 16 mm and 10× 8 mm respectively) joined basally. Sparse but evenly distributed sand is embedded in the translucent internal test as well as in the opaque external layer of the stalk. A translucent terminal cap-like head, sometimes pointed and sometimes rounded, is on the top of each stalk. Short rows of zooids in the head converge to a large terminal common cloacal aperture. The branchial and atrial apertures are relatively close to one another, the branchial aperture on a short six-lobed siphon and the atrial aperture has a large and often bifid or trifid tongue from the anterior rim of the opening. Twelve rows of stigmata, each half-row with about 25 stigmata, are in the branchial sac. The stomach, halfway down the abdomen, has 30 fine parallel folds in its wall. The posterior abdomen is very long, extending down into the base of the stalk.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The appearance of this species with its long orange stalks is unusual. Other known species with relatively narrow, long but not such regularly cylindrical stalks and an atrial tongue from the upper rim of the opening are  A. australiensis Kott, 1963 (with a thin leathery stalk, large head and only 16 folds of the stomach wall);  A. bacculum Kott, 1992a with branched and irregular stalks, only five rows of stigmata and five deep stomach folds;  A. brevilarvacium Kott, 1963 with similar cap-like heads on narrow but branched stalks and zooids with 10 stomach folds; and  A. geminatum Kott, 1992a with a thick transversely wrinkled stalk and a number of cloacal systems in each large almost spherical head. One of the few species with a similar number of longitudinal folds in the stomach wall and a similarly large, wide pharynx,  A. uteute Monniot and Monniot, 1987 , forms flat-topped cushions and sheets or vertical mushroom-like colonies always with a number of simple circular systems of zooids in each colony contrasting with the </p>
            <p>colonies of the present species with their cylindrical stalks each supporting a single cloacal system with a terminal common cloacal aperture.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D774215FE74FD6FFC8DFF09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D794214FE06FED0FD94FDA6.text	E8619D712D794214FE06FED0FD94FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium magnilarvum Kott 1992	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium magnilarvum Kott, 1992</p>
            <p>(Figures 9D–G)</p>
            <p> Aplidium magnilarvum Kott 1992a, p. 563 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1992a): Western Australia (Eucla). New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Cape Mentelle, Stn 15, 21.11.05, 97 m, QM G328442, G328449 Albany, Stn 26, 212 m, 23.11.05, QM G328431; Bald I., Stn 39, 99 m, 24.11.05, QM G328101).</p>
            <p>  The species now is known from six specimens, all from off the southern coast of Western Australia in the western half of the Great Australian Bight at depths from 99 to 212 m.  Previously recorded specimens are from 180 190 m (Kott 1992a)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colonies are circular cushions to about 2–5 cm deep and 5–10 cm diameter to top- or fungus-shaped, the upper surface sometimes flat but sometimes raised into a dome. Sand is embedded in the surface test and around the sides and base of the colony but internally it is less crowded and occasionally is sparse. Both the top-shaped colony (QM G328431) and a cushion-shaped one (QM G328442) have the hard, rigid, sand-filled test round the side of the colony overlapping the outer margin of its convex upper surface. This may be an artefact caused by the collapse of the soft internal test while the stiff marginal test stands up around it. A particularly large circular cushion (QM G328449) about 10 cm diameter and 5 cm high has sand adhering to the outer wall and scattered throughout the colony although it is absent from the almost flat reddish jelly-like upper surface. The red colour results from the minute spheres throughout the test where they generally are obscured by the embedded sand. Evenly spaced common cloacal apertures sometimes are evident on the upper surface. In the large colony, which lacks sand in the upper surface, zooids can be seen to be in crowded circular systems around each of these relatively closely spaced fleshy common cloacal apertures. Internally, the long thread-like red zooids are very crowded. They are close and parallel to one another at the surface, although posteriorly they criss-cross one another in the internal test. Thoraces are long but relatively broad with about 15–20 rows of about 20 stigmata in each half-row. A short terminal branchial siphon has six lobes around the aperture and an atrial tongue of variable size with a bifid tip arising from the body wall just anterior to a small atrial siphon. A small stomach halfway down the descending limb of the gut loop has five folds. The posterior abdomen contains one and sometimes two rows of male follicles. A large translucent yellowish egg is at the proximal end of the posterior abdomen, and in some of the zooids the egg appears to have increased in size, become elliptical and is found at the top of the abdomen just behind the thorax. In some specimens the testis follicles are in single regular rows in the posterior abdomen but in other specimens regular or irregular double rows are present.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the newly recorded colonies are different from the upright lobes of the type material, the disposition of the embedded sand, the form of the zooids and what appears to be a single large egg found at various levels, presumably moving up the abdomen to the atrial cavity, are the same. Zooids have a large atrial tongue separate from the small atrial siphon, and a small stomach with five longitudinal folds. The species has similar distribution of sand to that in  Aplidium panis sp.nov. but the latter species has a clump of red vesicles associated with each zooid and sand is almost entirely absent from the internal test.  Aplidium tuberosum also is also similar but has sand crowded throughout the test, especially in the centre of the colony, and its circular systems are separated from one another by depressions in the surface. </p>
            <p>Present records suggest that the species could be endemic to the deeper waters of the Great Australian Bight.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D794214FE06FED0FD94FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D784214FD83FDB6FD0AF9EB.text	E8619D712D784214FD83FDB6FD0AF9EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium panis Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium panis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 10A–C)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27513, QM G328115) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is a sessile vertical cone about 8 cm high. The external surface is a hard crust of crowded sand grains. Only occasional clumps of sand are present internally in the otherwise translucent test. A cluster of small, red vesicles is embedded in the test in the vicinity of each zooid. The arrangement of zooids in the test is obscured by their contraction and withdrawal. Zooids have a large atrial lip projecting from the body wall anterior to the opening, which is on a distinct siphon. Stigmata are in 18– 20 rows, although the number per row was not determined. The small short stomach has five longitudinal folds in its wall. Male follicles are in two rows in the posterior abdomen.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the colony is a similar shape to some of  Aplidium crateriferum sp. nov. , it lacks the latter species’ characteristic surface common cloacal apertures on chimneylike protrusions projecting up from deep depressions over the common cloacal cavities. The distribution of sand (which, in the present species, is crowded only in the surface) also helps to distinguish this species from other sandy  Aplidium spp. (such as  A. tuberosum sp. nov. ) with sand crowded throughout the colony, only five stomach folds and separate atrial lips. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D784214FD83FDB6FD0AF9EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D784216FE5CF985FCF4FA93.text	E8619D712D784216FE5CF985FCF4FA93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium solidum (Herdman 1899)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium solidum (Herdman, 1899)</p>
            <p>(Figure 10D)</p>
            <p> Psammaplidium solidum Herdman 1899, p. 85 ; Kott 1992a, p. 586 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 1990a): Western Australia (Dampier Archipelago); eastern Australia (  Jervis Bay and north to the Tropic of Capricorn). New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 22.11.05, QM G328064; Bald I., Stn 39, 99 m, 24.11.05, QM G328065; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328466) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Irregular, hard, rigid, sandy colonies, from small cushions to upright double-sided plates have flat-topped elevations about 0.5 cm diameter on the surface. The surface test is depressed over the circular common cloacal canals that surround the surface elevations. Random common cloacal apertures are at some junctions of the common cloacal canals. Sand is present internally but is not crowded. Branchial apertures have six pointed lobes. A short projecting atrial siphon has a small lip from its anterior rim. The branchial sac has 12 rows of stigmata with about 10 per row. The short stomach with five longitudinal folds is halfway down the long abdomen. The posterior abdomina are of varying length from short (with about eight large crowded testis follicles bunched behind the abdomen) to long and thread-like (with testis follicles in double rows). Up to three relatively small (to 0.06 mm trunk) larvae are in the posterior end of the atrial cavity. Larvae have many vesicles around the anterior end but ampullae were not detected. The stalk of the adhesive organs are basally expanded.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The external appearance of this species is dominated by the sand contained in, and adhering to, the surface of the colonies. Zooids often are relatively short and narrow, the thorax, abdomen and posterior abdomen being about equal length with few large male follicles (to about six). However, the posterior abdomina sometimes are long. A small, muscular atrial siphon with its small, short lip (from the anterior rim of the opening) is located antero-dorsally. The larval trunk is characteristically small (0.5– 0.6 mm long). The larval adhesive organs of this and related species (see  A. petrosum Kott, 1992a ) have the base of the stem expanded. </p>
            <p> A specimen of  Aplidium petrosum Kott, 1992a from the Spencer Gulf, South Australia, is erroneously assigned to the present species (see Kott, 1992a, p. 586).  Aplidium petrosum is known only from southern Australia and is distinguished from  A. solidum by its larger larvae with median ampullae. The species can be separated from those with zooids arranged around common cloacal apertures by its circular common cloacal canals and quilted surface similar to  Aplidium tabascum Kott, 1992 which has similar zooids and larvae to the present species and also lacks median ampullae. However, it has less sand, larger larvae, and fewer stigmata than in the present species.  Aplidium lenticulum has a similar larva but only one is incubated at a time. It has median larval ampullae, a longer posterior abdomen and less sand in the colony than the present species.  Aplidium caelestis has similar sandy colonies but its common cloacal canals are elongate rather than circular as they are in the present species and it has longer zooids with a narrowed anterior. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D784216FE5CF985FCF4FA93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D7A4210FDA4FA62FD10FA40.text	E8619D712D7A4210FDA4FA62FD10FA40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium tuberosum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium tuberosum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 11A–E)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /   05 (Albany, Stn 22, 118.2940E 35.3350S, 100 m, 22 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27512, QM G328112: paratype QM G328129; further record: Jurien Bay,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.294/lat -35.335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.294&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.335">Stn</a>
                 83, 113 m, 02.12.05 QM G328152)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype has rounded lobes to vertical flattened plates branching from an irregular, basal, common trunk to form a firm, sandy, branching tree-like colony. The paratype is a single, laterally-flattened, paddle-shaped upright lobe, narrowing to the base, 14 cm high and about 10 cm maximum width. Sand is crowded throughout, especially in the central test core where it forms a skeletal support for the colony. Zooids are crowded, their thoraces at right angles to the outer surface and separated from one another by rigid, sand-filled partitions of test. They are arranged in small circles around small, shallow common cloacal cavities. Although presumably each of these common cloacal cavities has a central opening to the exterior, it was not detected amongst the crowded sand. The abdomina and posterior abdomina curve down into the central test and toward the base of the colony. The systems are crowded, although depressions in the surface test separate them from one another, and the colony breaks up readily.</p>
            <p>Branchial tentacles extend down into the long siphon from a circle around the top. Thoraces are relatively short with a conspicuous six-lobed, terminal branchial aperture and a muscular antero-dorsal atrial lip from the body wall anterior to the atrial aperture which is on a small siphon. Stigmata are in about 12 rows with about 14 stigmata in each row, although these are obscured by contraction. The gut forms a narrow vertical loop. The small stomach with five parallel folds in its wall is half-way down the descending (proximal) limb of the gut loop. The long, narrow posterior abdomen contains a long series of irregular, thick, disc-shaped follicles. Sometimes one to three large cigar-shaped larvae 1.0 mm long are lined up in the atrial cavity. Epidermal vesicles are crowded in the larval test over the anterior two-thirds of the trunk. These are particularly conspicuous scattered around the wide, shallow, short-stalked antero-median adhesive organs. Epidermal ampullae were not detected. The tail reaches around the anterior end of the trunk.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The length of these zooids is variable, although the number of rows of stigmata is always about 12, readily distinguishing the species from  A. panis (which sometimes has similar colonies). The zooids of this species resemble some others in the genus with five stomach folds and a muscular atrial tongue separate from the opening.  A. solidum (Herdman, 1899) and  Aplidium ritteri (Sluiter 1895) have similar colonies and five stomach folds, although both have small atrial tongues from the anterior rim of a small atrial opening. Larvae of both these species have a trunk only about half the size of the present species (1.0 mm) and the larva of  A. ritteri is further distinguished from the present species in the presence of median ampullae. Other species with similar zooids reported in the present work have less sand internally and/or different systems and longer thoraces. The large larvae with crowded vesicles around the anterior part of the trunk resemble those of  A. crateriferum although the latter species has a longer larval trunk. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D7A4210FDA4FA62FD10FA40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D7C4213FDE4FA25FCD3FE04.text	E8619D712D7C4213FDE4FA25FCD3FE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium Savigny 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium ? sp. 1 </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Record: Western Australia CSIRO SS/05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 18, 100 m, 21.11.05, QM G328435).</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The colony is a large, irregular sandy slab about 2 cm thick with delicate threadlike zooids opening on both sides. Between the sand grains the test is seen to be pink and the preservative is also stained a pink-orange colour. The zooids are parallel at the surface but criss-cross one another in the centre. At the surface they appear to be in circles of about 10 around a central common cloacal aperture but this arrangement is obscured by sand. Also, sand has been forced into the branchial sacs of the zooids and the apart from what appears to be an atrial lip (bidentate at the tip), atrial apertures and the branchial sacs of the zooids are mutilated. Five stomach folds were detected in the stomach wall. This specimen is unidentifiable.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D7C4213FDE4FA25FCD3FE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D7F4212FDA4FDD4FEBBFBB1.text	E8619D712D7F4212FDA4FDD4FEBBFBB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium Savigny 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aplidium ? sp. 2 </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 22.11.05, QM G328006.)</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The colony, encrusting rubble, has a tough cloudy test containing granular particles but without embedded sand. Zooids are mutilated, although they are seen to be long and threadlike with a long posterior abdomen and about 20 longitudinal folds in the wall of a small stomach. The atrial aperture is obscured and the presence of an atrial lip and its relationship to the aperture is not apparent. The specimen appears to be unidentifiable.</p>
            <p> Family  DIDEMNIDAE Giard, 1872</p>
            <p>In this family, generic and species determinations are based on aspects of the morphology of the small, simplified and convergent zooids embedded in common test, often amongst crowded calcareous spicules. Spicule distribution is known to be adjusted to shade the colonies of a group of autotrophic species containing plant cell symbionts (see Parry 1987; Kott 2001) and Kott (2001) suggested that the white reflecting surfaces of the calcareous spicules may lower the temperature in shallowwater habitats. It appears from species in the present collection that spicules are crowded together in the test of large branching and encrusting colonies to form a firm hard self-supporting colonies or a supporting skeletal framework through the central axis of the colony and its branches.</p>
            <p>Genus definition depends primarily on the structure of the male gonads, the opening of the atrial aperture, the number of rows of stigmata in the branchial sac, the larvae and, to some extent, the form of the colony and its common cloacal systems. Identification at species level relies on variations in those characters as well as the structure and size of the calcareous spicules (which are not affected by the various artefacts of collection and preservation that affect the soft parts of the colony).</p>
            <p>Generally for identification of didemnid species and genera it is necessary to decalcify, stain and clear hand cut slices of the colony, zooids and larvae to detect most of the relevant characters, but difficulties in identifying genera are exacerbated when gonads are not developed, zooids are contracted and the zooids and colony mutilated. For instance, the pharyngeal walls of oesophageal buds and larval pharynges (both without well developed muscles) are not contracted and the number of rows of stigmata and the number in each row can often be readily detected in cleared preparations.</p>
            <p>Additional characters to those traditionally thought to be reliable indicators of genera in the family are set out below:</p>
            <p> 1. Oesophageal buds with three rows of stigmata..........  Trididemnum Oesophageal buds with four rows of stigmata............................................... all other genera of  Didemnidae</p>
            <p> 2. Larval oozooids with three rows of stigmata...  Didemnum and  Trididemnum Larval oozooids with four rows of stigmata................................................ all other genera of  Didemnidae</p>
            <p> 3. Retractor muscle never present.....................  Leptoclinides Retractor muscle usually present..... all other genera of  Didemnidae</p>
            <p> 4. Atrial aperture on a posteriorly directed siphon.........................................  Atriolum ,  Leptoclinides and  Trididemnum Atrial opening not on a posteriorly directed siphon........................................... all other genera of  Didemnidae</p>
            <p> 5. Larval lateral ampullae with primary four on each side usually subdivided........................................  Polysyncraton Larval lateral ampullae not usually subdivided.............................................. all other genera of  Didemnidae</p>
            <p>By detecting some or all of these characters it often is possible to assign specimens to the correct genus, and then to use the spicules to indicate a likely species, even when adult zooids are immature and their structure obscured by contraction and other artefacts.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D7F4212FDA4FDD4FEBBFBB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D7E426DFDBBFB40FEC4FD76.text	E8619D712D7E426DFDBBFB40FEC4FD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atriolum bucinum Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Atriolum bucinum Kott, 2001</p>
            <p> Atriolum bucinum Kott, 2001, p. 21 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Houtman’s Abrolhos). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Cape Mentelle, Stn 15, 97 m, 21.11.05, QM G328447).</p>
            <p>The species is recorded only from the southern section of the western Australian coast.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colony is biramous, divided into two equal sized stumpy lobes, 5 cm high overall, with a large terminal common cloacal aperture on each lobe. The common cloacal cavity is continuous through the two lobes. The zooids are confined to the thin layer of test around the outside of the colony with the branchial siphons opening around the outside and the long atrial siphons opening directly into the central cavity. The spicules are stellate, with 9–11 conical pointed rays in optical transverse section and they are relatively large, to 0.1 mm diameter. They are crowded in the test and the colony is raspy to the touch as a result of the spicules in the surface. Spicules are present throughout the test, although they are most crowded in the surface.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>  The colony, zooids and spicules appear to agree with the type material in all respects except for the everted rim of the common cloacal apertures. It is possible that the everted margin of these apertures is dependent on a degree of relaxation of the colonies. Certainly the present colony appears to be contracted.  It has been cut in half, presumably before fixation.  The continuous large common cloacal cavity is a characteristic of this species, as are its large spicules with relatively few rays.  Atriolum irregulare Kott, 2007 from Tasmania has spicules of a similar size but with more and longer rays and its colonies are less regular and quite different from the present species  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D7E426DFDBBFB40FEC4FD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D01426CFE74FD0EFE7BFA67.text	E8619D712D01426CFE74FD0EFE7BFA67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atriolum tubiporum Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Atriolum tubiporum Kott, 2001</p>
            <p> (Figures 12A; 16A)  Atriolum tubiporum Kott 2001, p. 29 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Dongara, Green Pools, Albany). New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Albany, Stn 26, 212 m, 23.11.05, QM G328440; Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328004; Bald I., Stn 39, 99 m, 24.11.05, QM G328102; Albany, Stn 47, 179 m, 25.11.05, QM G328139).</p>
            <p>The newly recorded material represents many hundreds of specimens. The species appear to have a range limited to the southern half of the Western Australian coast.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Colonies are single or branched lobes, each lobe with a large terminal common cloacal aperture on a short cylindrical protrusion from the surface. Colonies are firm and tough with a relatively restricted central cavity. They have a smooth even surface and are a pinkish-cream colour in preservative. Stellate branchial apertures are evenly spaced over the surface, each with six, spicule-filled lobes. Stellate spicules are evenly distributed in a layer at the surface and they line the common cloacal cavity but are sparse elsewhere. They are up to 0.06 mm diameter and have 11–13 relatively short, evenly spaced, conical rays in optical transverse section.</p>
            <p>Zooids are robust, with the long atrial siphon stretched between the zooid at the surface and the central common cloacal cavity. A circular lateral organ is on each side of the thorax, level with the fourth row of stigmata. The gut forms a voluminous double loop, divided into oesophagus, spherical stomach, conspicuous duodenum, a small almost spherical posterior stomach opening into a wide proximal part of the rectum. The latter is separated from the distal section of the rectum by a narrow midintestinal connecting tube. The stomach and the posterior part of the rectum are yellow in preservative. Gonads consisting of six coils of the vas deferens around an undivided testis were detected for the first time in the newly recorded material from Albany (QM G328440).</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Atriolum irregulare Kott, 2007 has fewer regular colonies without the cylindrical lobes and the large terminal common cloacal apertures of the present species and its spicules are fewer but larger (to 0.1 mm diameter) and with shorter rays than the present species.  Atriolum robustum Kott, 1983 also has similar but more irregular colonies with smaller common cloacal apertures and although its spicules are a similar size (to 0.06 mm diameter) they have more (up to 18) short conical rays in optical transverse section. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D01426CFE74FD0EFE7BFA67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D00426FFDBBFA79FBA0FAA5.text	E8619D712D00426FFDBBFA79FBA0FAA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptoclinides durus Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leptoclinides durus Kott, 2001</p>
            <p>(Figure 16B)</p>
            <p> Leptoclinides durus Kott 2001, p. 57 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Bonaparte Archipelago); Queensland (Great Barrier Reef -Heron I. and north to Hinchinbrook, Deloraine I. and Dingo Reef); Arafura Sea, Micronesia. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bunbury, Stn 14, 95 m, 20.11.05, QM G328158).</p>
            <p>Kott (2001) noted that the species was not common in waters less than 6 m deep.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colony is top-shaped, rounded terminally and tapering to an almost pointed base where it appears to have been attached to the substrate. Two small wart-like protuberances on the upper rounded surface may be common cloacal apertures, but common cloacal canals or cavities were not detected. The test is packed with spicules that are especially crowded in the surface at branchial level. Spicules are small, to 0.03 mm diameter. Some are stellate with 11–13 conical rays in optical transverse section but the larger ones have stumpy rays and are almost globular. Zooids, in a single layer at the surface, are relatively small, underdeveloped and appear to be in vegetative phase, with both thoracic and oesophageal buds being present. The distal end of the gut loop is flexed ventrally to form a double loop. Four or five male follicles are in the abdomen and the vas deferens makes an Sshaped curve across their outer surface.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Zooids of this specimen are small and contracted and although it has been assigned to the ‘‘  dubius ’’ group the only characters of that group detected are the double gut loop, S-shaped curve of the vas deferens over the outside of the testis and the particularly small spicules (smaller than those usually found in the genus). The characters that distinguish the present species from others in the group are the spicules crowded throughout the colony rather than being in a layer at the surface. The absence of a large grape-like cluster of male follicles in the newly recorded colony may be associated with its immaturity. The upright top-shaped (rather than a sheet-like) colony (see Kott 2001) could reflect some intra-specific variation. The number of spicule rays found in the present specimen appears to be the same as the number in the scanning electron micrographs for this species shown in Kott (2001), and Kott’s estimate of 9–11 rays in optical transverse section appears to be too low. </p>
            <p> Leptoclinides dubius has a similar (but greater) diversity of spicules. Also, unlike the present species, spicules are confined to the surface and basal layers of test. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D00426FFDBBFA79FBA0FAA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D03426EFE2CFA40FCD3F942.text	E8619D712D03426EFE2CFA40FCD3F942.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptoclinides fungiformis Kott 1972	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leptoclinides fungiformis Kott, 1972</p>
            <p>(Figures 12B–D; 16C)</p>
            <p> Leptoclinides fungiformis Kott 1972, p. 180 ; 2001, p. 63. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): South Australia (Pearson I., Investigator Strait); New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 18, 100 m, 21.11.05, QM G328444; Albany, Stn 22, 100 m, 22.11.05, QM G328105-6) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colonies are large, robust vertical bulb-shaped lobes, about 4– 7 cm diameter at the top and narrowing (to about 2–3 cm) toward the base. The upper surface is rounded, although the whole surface of the upper expanded half of one colony (QM G328105) projects out into three long, vertical, rounded vanes or ridges. The narrow, constricted basal part of the colony does not form a distinct cylindrical stalk as reported previously for this species, although it does expand into a holdfast at the base. Spicules are crowded in the surface which is smooth and hard. Internally spicules are absent from the test at the abdominal level, although they are present and evenly spaced through the remainder of the test, albeit not crowded as they are in the surface. Posterior abdominal cavities separate the surface zooidbearing test from the internal test core. A series of dimple-like depressions across the top of the colony may be common cloacal apertures, although they are obscured by the contracted condition of the colony. The small spicules (to 0.042 mm diameter) mostly are stellate with 13–15 short pointed conical rays, although other spicules are almost globular with rounded or flattened ray tips.</p>
            <p>Zooids are small and, in the newly recorded material, contracted. The branchial siphon is usually a moderately long cylinder. The posteriorly orientated atrial siphon projecting from the postero-dorsal corner of the thorax is short and the rim of the aperture has minute crenulations. Four rows of up to 14 stigmata are in a half row in the branchial sac. A circle of six or seven wedge-shaped tapered male follicles converge to the vas deferens which make four loose spiral turns around the testis before extending anteriorly to the atrial siphon. A single ovum is between the two outer coils of the vas deferens. Larvae, present in the central test of several of the colonies (QM G328105, G328444), have an almost spherical trunk 0.8 mm diameter with the tail wound the whole way around it. Four rounded lateral ampullae are on each side of the antero-median adhesive organs.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The well defined, transversely wrinkled cylindrical stalk and small spicules (to 0.02 mm diameter) that Kott (2001) reported for the South Australian specimens are conspicuously different from the newly recorded material. Otherwise the colonies, especially the consistency of the test, the form and distribution of the stellate spicules and the zooids are the same in all the specimens here assigned to this species. It is possible that in the previously recorded material some environmental factor has favoured the development of a long stalk and Kott (2001) could have overlooked the larger spicules. Nevertheless in due course these differences may be found to be consistent, justifying the definition of two species</p>
            <p> The present colonies resemble those of  Polysyncraton pedunculatum , especially in regard to their external shape and the position of the common cloacal apertures. The loosely coiled vas deferens (see Kott 2005a) and the presence of the ovum inside the distal coil also resemble  Polysyncraton spp. However, the atrial siphon of the present colonies clearly indicates their status as species of the genus  Leptoclinides .  Leptoclinides minimus Kott, 2005 from Cockburn Sound (Western Australia) has similar small zooids with loosely coiled vasa deferentia. Although re-examination of scanning electron micrographs from the syntypes shows spicules up to 0.036 mm diameter, consistent with the spicules of the newly recorded colonies,  L. minimus spicules are distinguished by their more numerous rays. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D03426EFE2CFA40FCD3F942	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D054269FE2CFF69FC40FA73.text	E8619D712D054269FE2CFF69FC40FA73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptoclinides multilobatus Kott 1954	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leptoclinides multilobatus Kott, 1954</p>
            <p>(Figure 12E)</p>
            <p> Leptoclinides multilobatus Kott, 1954, p. 166 ; 2001, p. 74 and synonymy </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): South Australia (Pearson I., Gulf St. Vincent, Flinders I.); Tasmania (Maria I.). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328128).</p>
            <p>The new record extends the known range of this species across the southern coast of the continent.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The specimen is a smooth surfaced, rather elongate gelatinous mass divided into two rounded lobes with terminal common cloacal apertures. Internally the test is transparent and soft and the zooids are in a thin layer at the surface. The minute calcareous spicules are confined to a single layer in the superficial layer of test. Spicules are not more than 0.02 mm diameter. They have up to 17 pointed fusiform, rod-like or conical rays in optical transverse section. A shallow, horizontal posterior abdominal common cloacal cavity separates the surface zooid-bearing test from the internal core of the colony where the test is a clear, soft jelly-like consistency. The branchial siphon is conspicuous with a conspicuous sphincter muscle. The atrial siphon is also conspicuous and posteriorly orientated, opening into the posterior abdominal common cloacal cavity. Up to 16 stigmata are in a half-row in the branchial sac. The gut forms a double loop. Gonads lie against the dorsal side of the gut loop (posterior to the zooid) and the vas deferens makes an S-bend over the surface of a cluster of numerous, more or less spherical, male follicles before turning anteriorly toward the atrial cavity. A large yellow egg protrudes from the posterior end of the zooid.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The soft colonies, spicules, their distribution, zooids and gonads are characteristic of this widely ranging species. The velum which forms a false siphon at the base of the branchial siphon was not detected in this specimen. The diversity of the particularly small spicules is characteristic, as is their distribution, the shape and consistency of the colony and the central test core in the centre of each lobe.</p>
            <p> The most closely related species in this species group, the tropical  L. dubius (Sluiter, 1909) , is not known from the southern coast of the continent. It is distinguished from the present species by its larger spicules and zooids. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D054269FE2CFF69FC40FA73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D054268FE7EFA02FC60FB34.text	E8619D712D054268FE7EFA02FC60FB34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptoclinides vesica Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leptoclinides vesica sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figure 16D)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  50 (Zuytdorp, Stn 104, 113.101E 27.0517S, 97 m, 05.12.05, holotype WAM Z27531, QM G328458) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is a hard, encrusting slab with spicules crowded throughout. Terminal common cloacal apertures are on a number of rounded prominences on the surface of the colony and large common cloacal cavities are beneath these apertures. Colourless vesicles interrupt the spicules in the surface of the colony between the branchial apertures of the zooids. Spicules are large (to 0.084 mm diameter) and stellate with 13–15 rays in optical transverse section. The rays are conical but rather blunt-tipped.</p>
            <p>Zooids are small and contracted with relatively short branchial siphons with six shallow but pointed lobes around the margin of the aperture. The atrial siphon projects back from the posterior third of the dorsal surface. The branchial sac has four rows of about 10 stigmata in each half row. Eight coils of the vas deferens surround four or five testis follicles. A retractor muscle was not detected. Four short vascular stolons project from the ventral concavity of the gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the form of the encrusting colony of this species (with surface swellings and their terminal common cloacal apertures) is not unusual in this genus, the species has a number of characteristics that distinguish it from other species of  Leptoclinides . </p>
            <p> The characteristic colourless vesicles resemble those arranged in circles in the surface test around the branchial apertures of certain  Polysyncraton spp (e.g.  P. circulum Kott, 1962 ) although they are not arranged in the single circles found in the latter species. The number of vas deferens coils and the number of spicule rays are both relatively numerous for species of this genus.  Leptoclinides imperfectus Kott, 1962 , and  L. sulawesi Monniot F. and C., 1996 have seven coils of the vas deferens and are also distinguished from the present species by their chisel-shaped or truncated spicule ray tips. Further the latter species has fewer spicule rays and the former species has smaller spicules.  Leptoclinides cavernosus Kott, 2001 has a similar number of spicule rays but the spicules are larger than those of the present species, the rays have chisel-shaped tips and it has only six coils of the vas deferens, and although  L. seminudus Kott, 2001 has eight coils of the vas deferens its spicules are smaller with fewer rays and the lower half of its colony is aspicular. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D054268FE7EFA02FC60FB34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D04426BFDB4FAC5FC07FB5F.text	E8619D712D04426BFDB4FAC5FC07FB5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysyncraton calculum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polysyncraton calculum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 16E, F)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 118.645E 35.197S, 157 m, 24 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27529, QM G328140) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is a thin encrusting one growing around a sponge. It is cream in preservative, the colour resulting from the yellow zooids. Common cloacal apertures are about 5 mm apart on slightly elevated rounded prominences on the upper surface. A large horizontal common cloacal cavity is at oesophageal level. The basal layer of the test is thin and contains abdomina and larvae. The large spicules (to 0.14 mm diameter), crowded throughout the colony, are stellate with seven to nine conical pointed rays in optical transverse section. Zooids are large, but in this specimen they appear to have been dried out. The large more or less rectangular thorax is evident and the branchial aperture is on a short tulip-shaped siphon with six pointed lobes around its rim. The ventral margins of the thoraces lie partially embedded in the surface layer of test while a wide open, sessile atrial aperture on the dorsum exposes most of the branchial sac to the oesophageal common cloacal cavity. A long atrial lip with a bidentate tip protrudes from the anterior rim of the aperture. The branchial sac has four rows of stigmata and about 10 stigmata are in each halfrow. A long, tapering retractor muscle projects from about halfway down the oesophageal neck.</p>
            <p>Larvae, present in the basal test, have a trunk 0.76 mm long, the tail wound twothirds of the distance around it, four rows of stigmata in the pharynx of the oozooid and eight lateral ampullae on each side of the three antero-median adhesive organs. A large horizontal ampulla is on the left projecting back from just behind the adhesive array and a single thoracic blastozooid was detected.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The specimen lacks the atrial siphon of  Leptoclinides and  Trididemnum and the fine club-shaped larval ampullae of  Lissoclinum . However it has the retractor muscle of  Didemnum and  Polysyncraton and with four rows of stigmata in the larval oozooid it can be confidently assigned to  Polysyncraton , despite the absence of gonads. </p>
            <p> The large spicules are a conspicuous character of this species. They are similar to, but have slightly fewer rays and are significantly larger than, the spicules of  P. pseudorugosum and  P. lodix (which has less acutely pointed rays). Also, the former species is distinguished by its circular common cloacal canals and slightly quilted upper surface.  Polysyncraton sideris Kott, 2001 has similar large, stellate spicules but is distinguished from the present species by the large vesicles that surround each zooid, more numerous larval lateral ampullae and the lack of a larval blastozooid. Similar large stellate spicules in  P. tasmanensis Kott, 2001 are distinguished from the present ones by the occasional presence of chisel-shaped ray tips. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D04426BFDB4FAC5FC07FB5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D074265FE06FB21FD60FB3F.text	E8619D712D074265FE06FB21FD60FB3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysyncraton dealbatum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polysyncraton dealbatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 13A, 16G)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>
                 Type locality: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10 /   05 (Shark Bay,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.823/lat -25.9076)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.823&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.9076">Stn</a>
                 112, 112.8230E 25.9076S, 100 m, 6 December 2005, holotype WAM Z27527, QM G 328119)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is part of an encrusting colony, white in preservative, with the spicules crowded throughout. Zooids are arranged along each side of shallow, thoracic, circular common cloacal canals and occasionally sessile common cloacal apertures are at the junctions of these canals. A layer of surface test containing the thoraces is relatively thin and even while the thicker basal layer of test is uneven, extending into irregularities in the substrate. Spicules are burr-like, to 0.05 mm diameter, with crowded elliptical or club-shaped rays. Zooids are contracted. A muscular atrial tongue projects from the upper rim of the sessile, open atrial aperture which exposes most of the branchial sac to the common cloacal cavity. A short, contracted retractor muscle projects from the postero-ventral corner of the thorax. About 10 stigmata on each side were detected in the fours rows in the branchial sac. The gut appears to be voluminous, with a large spherical stomach and posterior stomach. It is obscured by a clump of seven or eight testis follicles crowded against the ventrally flexed part of the gut loop. The three coils of the vas deferens are on the surface of the testis and a large yellow egg projects from the side of the abdomen.</p>
            <p>Larvae are being incubated in the basal test. The larval trunk is 1.3 mm long. Each of four primary lateral ampullae subdivides to form eight ampullae on each side of the three antero-median adhesive organs. A large, external horizontal lateral ampulla projects back from just behind the adhesive array on the left side of the larva. Four rows of stigmata are in the larval oozooid and in each of two thoracic blastozooids. The tail winds two-thirds of the way around the trunk.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the zooids are so contracted, the generic characters of  Polysyncraton can all be detected, viz. the numerous testis follicles, the four rows of stigmata in the larval oozooid that distinguish it from  Trididemnum and  Didemnum and the open, sessile atrial aperture, retractor muscle and larval blastozooids that exclude it from  Leptoclinides . </p>
            <p> In the genus  Polysyncraton there are many species with similar common cloacal systems and similar spicules absent from some parts of the colony. These include  P. arvum Kott, 2004c and  P. purou C.and F. Monniot, 1987 (with larger spicules),  P. reticulatum Kott, 2004b and 2007, and  P. dromide Kott, 2001 (with smaller spicules). Similar but smaller larvae, with the four subdividing primary lateral ampullae on each side and two larval blastozooids, are present in  P. regulum Kott, 2001 and  P. rubitapum Kott, 2001 .  Polysyncraton pseudorugosum Monniot, 1993 has stellate rather than burr-like spicules, deeper common cloacal canals and more larval ampullae (12 per side) than the present species. Nine vas deferens coils in  P. palliolum Kott, 2001 distinguishes it from the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D074265FE06FB21FD60FB3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D094267FE74FAC1FE29FEB7.text	E8619D712D094267FE74FAC1FE29FEB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysyncraton fistulum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polysyncraton fistulum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 13B–E; 16H)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Two Rocks, Stn 02, 115.2440E 31.72243S, 102 m, 18 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27510 QM G328446) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is a large colony consisting of numerous (15 or more) vertical fingerlike cylindrical lobes, each about 1.5 cm diameter and up to 7 cm long, branching from common basal stalks of about the same length. The whole colony is about 15 cm high overall. Each of the lobes has a single terminal common cloacal aperture. Zooids are in the surface layer of test, which is separated from the central core by an extensive but shallow horizontal common cloacal cavity, traversed by strands of test connecting the central core to the surface zooid-bearing layer. Embryos and larvae are in the central core of test, the most advanced being in the layer of test adjacent to the common cloacal cavity.</p>
            <p>Spicules are crowded throughout the colony but they are especially crowded in the central core where a hard three-dimensional network of rods of compacted spicules (suspended amongst less crowded ones) forms a supporting skeleton for the colony. The rods of spicules appear more crowded (the meshes of the network are smaller) where they form a central vertical axis, and also where they form an almost continuous calcareous wall that surrounds the colony lobe just beneath the common cloacal cavity. The central axis and the peripheral wall are connected by the lateral branches of the rods.</p>
            <p>The moderately sized stellate spicules (to 0.06 mm diameter) have seven to nine relatively long but irregular rays in optical transverse section. The rays are of various lengths and the tips are often bidentate or even pectinate.</p>
            <p>Stellate, six-lobed branchial openings are evenly distributed over the surface of the colony, their margins lined with spicules. The atrial apertures are large sessile openings exposing most of the branchial sac directly to the common cloacal cavity and an atrial lip was not detected. A large circular lateral organ is on each side of the thorax. The plug of spicules is attached to each side of the test sheath that envelops the thorax as it crosses the common cloacal cavity. About eight stigmata are in each of the four rows of stigmata on each side of the thorax. The gut loop is vertical and oesophageal and thoracic buds are present. Zooids have a circular clump of about seven testis follicle, although the vasa deferentia were not detected in these specimens.</p>
            <p>Embryos have a trunk about 1.2 mm long and the tail winds all the way around it. Eight parallel lateral ampullae are on each side of the sturdy antero-median adhesive organs, each with a relatively thick stalk and a deep cone of adhesive cells in a deep epidermal cup. Blastozooids were not detected in the larvae.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Without the evidence of its coiled vas deferens, this species could be mistaken for one of the few  Lissoclinum spp known to have a number of testis follicles and a large thorax with a wide sessile atrial opening (see Kott 2001) like the present species. However the large larval trunk resembles many  Polysyncraton spp , being rounded (rather than attenuating) posteriorly, having a large number of stumpy lateral ampullae anteriorly (rather than the tapering club-shaped ampullae of  Lissoclinium ) and lacking the pronounced waist and the fine stalks of the adhesive organs of  Lissoclinum larvae. Also, the gut loop is not folded up behind the thorax as it so often is in  Lissoclinum . </p>
            <p> The colonies of the present species are quite distinctive, lacking the surface sculpture and irregularity of  Didemnum spongioides (Sluiter, 1909) . Colonies of  D. roberti Michaelsen, 1930 and  D. ossium Kott, 2001 also resemble the present species to some extent, but in addition to their generic differences they are all distinguished from the present species by aspects of their spicules, zooids and larvae.  Didemnum diversum Kott, 2004a has small stellate spicules with bifid and pectinate ray tips similar to, and about the same size as, those of the present species. Spicules of the present species also are smaller than, but otherwise similar to, the spicules of  P. tasmanensis Kott, 2001 and  Trididemnum cristatum Kott, 2001 .  Polysyncraton pseudorugosum Monniot, 1993 has spicules crowded together to form a skeleton similar to that of the present species, but it has other characters distinguishing it from the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D094267FE74FAC1FE29FEB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D0B4266FE25FE46FC1DFBE9.text	E8619D712D0B4266FE25FE46FC1DFBE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysyncraton millepore Vasseur 1969	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polysyncraton millepore Vasseur, 1969</p>
            <p>(Figures 13F–G; 17A)</p>
            <p> Polysyncraton millepore Vasseur 1969, p. 917 . Kott 2005, p. 2431 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see  Kott 2005):  Western Australia (  Dongara ,  Port Hedland );  Queensland (Whitsunday Is.), New Caledonia,  West Indian Ocean (  Malagasy , Mozambique, Tanzania,  Northern Natal ).  New records:  Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 18, 100 m, 21.11.05, QM G328434; Albany, Stn 22, 99 m, 22.11.05, QM G328050; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96 m, 05.12.05, QM G328056; Jurien Bay, Stn 82, 85– 92 m, 2.12.2005, QM G328033, G328121; Jurien Bay, Stn 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328167)  . </p>
            <p>  The species appears to be common on hard/soft substrates in continental shelf locations around the Indian Ocean and in the tropical  West Pacific. Previously thought to be an Indo-West Pacific tropical species, the new record extends its known range into temperate waters off the southern coast of Western Australia  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> Colonies are thin, flat, brittle sheets with crowded spicules, curved outer margins and ripple marks on the otherwise flat, hard, basal surface parallel to the outer margin of the colony. One of the newly recorded colonies (QM G328033) is attached to the base of another thin, flat and brittle sheet (  Didemnum ossium, QM G 328055). These colonies appear to support one another, and may stand up vertically from the sea floor. Many colonies are extensive, one (QM G328050) is 20 cm in greatest dimension and divided into more or less equal segments like a three-leaved clover. This colony is symmetrical, fixed by the middle of the basal margin. The curved outer margins of each segment often roll back over the upper surface to expose the hard, rippled, basal surface where it probably was not attached to the substratum. </p>
            <p>Evenly spaced common cloacal apertures are present on the upper surface, just inside the outer margin and have brown pigment in the test surrounding them. Zooids open along each side of the circular common cloacal canals that surround white slightly elevated zooid-free areas, giving a quilted appearance. Spicules are tightly packed throughout the colony. Most are stellate, to 0.06 mm in diameter with 9–11 conical rays in optical transverse section. Others have truncated, flat-tipped rays and some are almost globular.</p>
            <p>Zooids are robust and are nearly 2 mm long, with thick, six-lobed, cylindrical to tulip-shaped branchial siphons. A long, narrow atrial tongue, with a spoon-shaped and slightly bifid tip, projects from the upper margin of the large sessile opening that exposes most of the branchial sac to the common cloacal canal. About eight stigmata are in each row. A strong retractor muscle projects from the top of the oesophageal neck. The posterior end of the gut loop is bent ventrally. A divided testis with three or four follicles is pressed behind (dorsal to) the ventral flexure of the gut loop and is surrounded by six coils of the vas deferens.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The newly recorded specimens resemble those previously described in most characters (the zooids, branchial siphon and atrial lip, ventrally flexed gut loop, and the appearance of the colony with common cloacal apertures around the rounded outer margin, and a ripple-marked base). The pigmentation of the newly described colonies differs from the conspicuously two-toned colonies previously reported, in which brown pigment is scattered through the surface layer of test rather than being confined to the area around the common cloacal apertures (see Kott 2004a, 2005). However previously reported specimens of  P. millepore have similar spicules to the present ones and six coils of the vas deferens. Although Kott (2001) found only five coils of the vas deferens (and only three zooids with mature testes), six coils were detected in the re-examined material (see Kott 2005). Amongst tropical species,  Polysyncraton oceanium Kott, 2001 has a similar number of vas deferens coils but is distinguished by its superficial layer of bladder cells.  Polysyncraton palliolum Kott, 2001 has nine coils of the vas deferens and its zooids lack a retractor muscle.  Polysyncraton sideris Kott, 2001 has seven coils of the vas deferens but has differences from the present species in its colonies and zooids and its large spicules.  Polysyncraton luteum Kott, 2004a has eight coils of the vas deferens but small globular spicules.  Polysyncraton pseudorugosum Monniot, 1993 has a similar colony but only three or four vas deferens coils. </p>
            <p>It should be noted that Kott (2005a) is clearly in error in reporting the diameter of spicules of this species to be 0.66 mm rather than 0.06 mm.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D0B4266FE25FE46FC1DFBE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D0A4260FE5BFBFBFD96FBDC.text	E8619D712D0A4260FE5BFBFBFD96FBDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polysyncraton	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polysyncraton ?  palliolum Kott, 2001</p>
            <p>(Figure 17B)</p>
            <p> Polysyncraton palliolum Kott 2001, p. 118 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Rottnest I.). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /   05 (  Jurien Bay , Stn 083, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328161)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The preserved colony is a scrap of an opaque white sheet with spicules crowded throughout. The surface is irregular and squashed, although occasionally there are traces of surface swellings with terminal common cloacal apertures. Zooids appear to be evenly distributed, the abdomina embedded in the basal test and the thoraces crossing the horizontal common cloacal cavity. Posterior abdominal cavities were not detected. Spicules are small (to 0.03 mm diameter) and most are stellate with 3– 15 almost fusiform rays drawn out into pointed tips but a few are burr-shaped with long rod-like rays with rounded or flattened ray tips.</p>
            <p>Despite the fact that the form of the common cloacal systems was not determined, some zooids have particularly large anterior atrial lips with bidentate tips that appear to be like those found incorporated in the margin of large sessile common cloacal apertures in many species of this genus. Other zooids have small contracted atrial apertures with a small atrial lip from its upper margin and probably opened directly into the common cloacal cavity. The branchial apertures are on large tulip-shaped siphons with six conspicuous lobes around the margin of the opening. Thoraces are relatively large with four rows of stigmata and about 15 stigmata per half row. Four or five male follicles were observed in some of the zooids but, although the distal part of the vas deferens was observed extending anteriorly, its possibly coiled proximal part was not detected. In most of the zooids a large yellow egg is present at the posterior end of the zooids against the ventrally flexed part of the gut loop. A retractor muscle was not detected.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The characters that, together, support the assignation of this specimen to the genus  Polysyncraton are the large tulip-shaped branchial siphon, the large thorax with numerous stigmata in each row, the large bidentate atrial lip, the four or five testis follicles and the large yellow egg tightly held against the ventral flexure of the gut loop at the posterior end of the zooid. The burr-like spicules and the zooids closely resemble those of a number of species of this genus. In particular,  P. purou Monniot C. and F., 1987 (from the western Pacific),  P. palliolum Kott, 2001 (from Rottnest I., WA) and  P. regulum Kott, 2001 (from Queensland) have similar but larger spicules (0.07 mm, 0.06 mm and 0.1 mm diameter, respectively).  Polysyncraton dromide Kott, 2001 from Cockburn Sound and tropical Australian waters has similar common cloacal systems and spicules although, like the present specimen, the spicules, are smaller (to 0.04 mm diameter). It is distinguished from both  P. palliolum and the present specimen by the absence of spicules from parts of the colony. Geographically, the present specimen has an affinity with both  P. palliolum and  P. dromide . Although its common cloacal systems together with its smaller spicules could distinguish it from other known species of  Polysyncraton , it is questionably assigned to  P. palliolum until additional data from better specimens become available. </p>
            <p> Polysyncraton pavimentum Monniot, 1993</p>
            <p>(Figures 13H; 17C)</p>
            <p> Polysyncraton pavimentum Monniot 1993, p. 9 . Not Kott 2002c, p. 32 (  P. polysystema Kott, 2005a, p. 2435 ). </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Monniot 1993): New Caledonia, Chesterfield Reef. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Kalbarri, Stn 99, 252 m, 04.12.05, QM G328165: Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96 m, 05.12.05, QM G328058-9; Zuytdorp, Stn 104, 97 m, 05.12.05, QM G328168).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Colonies are extensive, thin, brittle, whitish sheets with a smooth surface. Spicules are crowded throughout. They are to 0.08 mm diameter and are of two sorts, some stellate with 13–15 sharply pointed conical rays in optical transverse section, and others are burr-like, their flat-tipped rays made up of crowded, parallel, rod-like crystals. Zooids are robust, with a long cylindrical branchial siphon. Separate common cloacal systems, each a circle of zooids about seven deep around a central stellate common cloacal aperture, are separated from one another by a band of solid test (visible on the surface of the colony) that divides it into polygonal areas. The position of the zooids is indicated by the stellate branchial apertures, their margins lined with spicules, opening on the surface of the colony. Zooids are small but robust with a conspicuous tulip-shaped branchial siphon, a thin, narrow anterior atrial lip and six or seven stigmata in each half row. The simple gut loop does not appear to be bent ventrally. Gonads were not detected.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the gonads were not detected in this specimen, it has been assigned to this genus on the basis of its separate cloacal systems (known to occur in a number of  Polysyncraton spp ), large branchial siphons, thin, narrow atrial tongues and the size and form of its spicules. </p>
            <p> Of the tropical species of this genus known to have spicules to 0.09 mm diameter and separate systems,  Polysyncraton polysystema Kott, 2005a from the Northern Territory (  P. pavimentum: Kott 2002c ) has stellate spicules with fewer rays than  P. pavimentum Monniot, 1993 (from New Caledonia) which, like the present specimen, has two sorts of spicules, some globular with flat-tipped rays and others stellate with 13–15 pointed rays.  Polysyncraton glaucum Kott, 2001 (from the Great Barrier Reef) has long conical spicule rays,  P. lithostrotum: Monniot 1993 from New Caledonia (  Polysyncraton sp. ?) has spicules with short rays to only 0.04 mm diameter (see Kott 2005, p. 2436) and  P. multiforme Kott, 2001 (from Houtman’s Abrolhos) has stellate spicules (to 0.05 mm diameter) with numerous (17–19) short pointed rays. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D0A4260FE5BFBFBFD96FBDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D0C4263FE5BFBA5FCABFC95.text	E8619D712D0C4263FE5BFBA5FCABFC95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum Savigny 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum ?  candidum Savigny, 1816</p>
            <p>(Figure 17D)</p>
            <p> Didemnum candidum Savigny 1816, p. 194 ; Kott 2001, p. 157 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Kimberley); Queensland (Great Barrier Reef); Western Pacific, Indian Ocean (Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Arabia, West Indian Ocean, Mozambique, Malagasy, Mauritius, Tanzania). New record: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10/05 (Zuytdorp, Stn 104, 97 m, 05.12.05, QM G328457).</p>
            <p> Didemnum candidum is a tropical species with a wide range in the Indo-West Pacific region. </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is part of a small encrusting sheet growing on a sponge. It is whitish pink in preservative, the colour resulting from the orange zooids showing through the white spicules which are crowded throughout. Spicules are to 0.056 mm diameter with five to nine almost cylindrical round-tipped rays in optical transverse section. A shallow, horizontal common cloacal cavity is at thorax level. Zooids are tightly contracted and few features can be detected. A retractor muscle is contracted to a short triangular projection at the posterior end of the thorax. The vas deferens coils eight times around a flattened, lens-shaped to almost spherical, undivided testis.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The only characters available to distinguish the present specimen are the short, contracted retractor muscle, eight vas deferens coils and stellate spicules with five to nine short, cylindrical round-tipped rays. Although the undivided testis, the presence of a retractor muscle and the coiled vas deferens suggest that this specimen could belong to either  Trididemnum or  Didemnum , the distinctive spicules are not known in the former genus. The spicules most resemble those of  D. candidum Savigny, 1816 . That species is conservative in its morphology and many specimens have been erroneously assigned to it (see Kott 2001). The present specimen differs in having eight (rather than seven) coils of the vas deferens and the thorax could be larger than that of  D. candidum but its spicules are very similar and the specimen is tentatively assigned to that species.  Didemnum madeleinae F. and C. Monniot, 2001, from Papua New Guinea, has seven coils of the vas deferens but only a few spicules similar to the present ones are scattered amongst a majority with conical pointed rays.  Didemnum delectum Kott, 2001 has similar spicules but with longer rays and  D. plebeium Kott, 2005 has conical rather than rod-like rays. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D0C4263FE5BFBA5FCABFC95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D0F4262FE74FC67FE77FDEF.text	E8619D712D0F4262FE74FC67FE77FDEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum cygnuus Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum cygnuus Kott, 2001</p>
            <p>(Figure 17E)</p>
            <p> Didemnum cygnuus Kott, 2001, p. 169 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Port Hedland,  
Swan 
River
Estuary
 ).  New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /   05 (Lancelin,  Stn 76, 100 m, 01.12.05, QM G328456)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The single colony is an encrusting sheet on a sea-grass blade. It has been damaged and may have been dried out. Branchial apertures are conspicuous on the surface where the six lobes of each aperture are filled with spicules and protrude slightly from the surface, looking like small daisies. Internally groups of zooids are slung across an extensive internal common cloacal cavity in branching test connectives that connect the thin surface and basal layers of test. Spicules are scattered evenly throughout the test but are relatively sparse. They are small (to 0.04 mm), stellate but often irregular sometimes assymmetrical and occasionally with rays of different lengths in the one spicule. Generally they have seven to nine conical rays in optical transverse section, but spicules with five or 11 rays also occur. Four rows of stigmata were detected in the branchial sac, but little else of the zooid can be detected.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>This specimen has the same habitat (on a sea-grass blade) and the protruding branchial lobes filled with spicules have the same daisy-like appearance as the previously recorded specimens, including the type material. Also the spicules appear to be identical. The open appearance of the common cloacal cavities in the newly recorded colony probably resulted from desiccation of the specimen, reducing the strands of test (in which the zooids are embedded) to relatively thin strands.</p>
            <p> The form of this colony is similar to  Trididemnum spumosum from the same habitat (on a blade of sea-grass) and  Lissoclinum maculatum (see below). Their similar burr-like spicules (distinguished from one another by their size) are different from the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D0F4262FE74FC67FE77FDEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D0E427DFDA4FDEFFF47FCC1.text	E8619D712D0E427DFDA4FDEFFF47FCC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum dolium Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum dolium sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figure 17F)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 118.645E 35.1907S, 157 m, 24 November 2005, holotype Z27521, QM G328008) . </p>
            <p>The species may be from a deeper-water southern ocean fauna not previously sampled.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is vertical, its upper half divided into two conical lobes up to 1 cm high, each with a terminal common cloacal aperture. The solid central test mass is separated from the outer zooid-bearing layer by a series of posterior abdominal cavities. Spicules are in a crowded layer beneath an aspicular superficial layer of test but they are sparse in the remainder of the colony. The spicules (to 0.04 mm diameter) are either stellate with crowded conical and pointed rays, 13–15 in optical transverse section, or they are smaller and almost globular, with fewer flat-tipped, rod-like rays than the stellate spicules.</p>
            <p>Zooids are small and contracted with a relatively long, tulip-shaped branchial siphon and large sessile atrial apertures exposing a large part of the branchial sac to the common cloacal cavity. There appear to be four rows of stigmata but the branchial sac is obscured by contraction. A long tapering retractor muscle projects from the oesophageal neck. Gonads were not detected in this specimen.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Zooids lack the posteriorly oriented atrial siphon of  Trididemnum and  Leptoclinides and they have a retractor muscle (which also excludes  Leptoclinides ). Therefore this species could be either in the genus  Polysyncraton or  Didemnum . The small zooids without an atrial lip are generally characteristic of  Didemnum and have determined the assignation of this species. </p>
            <p> Although its spicules are smaller, this species resembles  D. sucosum Kott, 2001 in its branching colony, with posterior abdominal cavities and spicules largely confined to a layer on the base of the colony and a surface layer beneath an aspicular bladder cell layer.  Didemnum species known with three-dimensional colonies similar to the present one but lacking the superficial layer of bladder cells are the tropical  D. roberti Michaelsen, 1930 ,  D. spongioide Sluiter, 1909 (both with larger spicules with fewer rays) and  D. fragum Kott, 2001 (with larger, to 0.07 mm diameter, exclusively stellate spicules with conical pointed rays). </p>
            <p> Didemnum velum sp. nov. also has a similar arrangement of its spicules with a layer at thorax level beneath a superficial aspicular layer of bladder cells and another layer of spicules on the base of the colony. However, it lacks the globular spicules with rod-shaped rays found in the present species and its colony is a two-dimensional sheet without the posterior abdominal common cloacal cavities of the present species.  Didemnum dealbatum Sluiter, 1909 (see Kott 2001, p. 145) has similar spicules but with fewer rays and the superficial aspicular layer is not present. Like the present species, the spicules in both the latter species are crowded in two layers, one on the surface and another on the base of the colony. </p>
            <p> A mixture of stellate spicules with crowded conical rays and globular ones with flat-tipped rays similar to the present species occurs in a number of  Didemnum spp. such as  D. moseleyi and  D. ossium (with two-dimensional cloacal systems) and  D. elongatum (with three-dimensional cloacal systems), although their spicules are larger than those of the present species and they are present throughout the colony. The temperate species  D. ternerratum Kott, 2001 has similar spicules but with more rays </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D0E427DFDA4FDEFFF47FCC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D11427CFE03FC93FCD2FEA2.text	E8619D712D11427CFE03FC93FCD2FEA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum jedanense Sluiter 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum jedanense Sluiter, 1909</p>
            <p> (Figure 17G)  Didemnum jedanense Sluiter 1909, p. 59 . Kott 2001, p. 194; 2007, p. 1182 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2007). Western Australia (Cape Ruthiers); Queensland (Hervey Bay, Abbot Point, Mossman, Great Barrier Reef; Northern Territory (Darwin), Indonesia New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328005).</p>
            <p>Previously known only from tropical waters, the new record from the southern coast of Western Australia is the most southerly location recorded for the species. The species appears to be a common component of continental shelf ascidian communities of the Indo-West Pacific.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Scraps of white didemnid colony are found encrusting sponge and rubble. The test is translucent, and although it has some sand embedded this may be an artefact of the collecting method which has badly damaged the colony.</p>
            <p>Calcareous spicules are in a layer beneath the spicule-free superficial surface of the colony, and some project down into the lining of the branchial siphons. Spicules have 17–19 long, crowded, more or less fusiform, irregular to pointed-tipped rays in optical transverse section, and are to 0.055 mm diameter.</p>
            <p>Zooids are robust, with a vertical gut loop. Eight coils of the vas deferens spiral around the outer half of the almost spherical and undivided testis.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The robust zooids, fleshy colonies and the almost burr-like spicules of this species, with their long crowded rays, are distinctive. However the arrangement of spicules in the colony is variable. The scraps of the newly recorded specimens are too mutilated to determine the arrangement of zooids in the colonies.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D11427CFE03FC93FCD2FEA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D10427FFE53FE42FD30FA59.text	E8619D712D10427FFE53FE42FD30FA59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum moseleyi (Herdman 1886)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum moseleyi (Herdman, 1886)</p>
            <p>(Figures 14A; 17H)</p>
            <p> Leptoclinum moseleyi Herdman 1886, p. 272 . </p>
            <p> Didemnum moseleyi: Kott 2007, p. 1186 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001, 2007): Western Australia (Shark Bay, Port Hedland, Houtman’s Abrolhos, Cockburn Sound; Queensland (Currumbin, Mackay, Capricorn Group Great Barrier Reef); Indonesia, Philippines, Palau, New Caledonia, Tokara Is, Indian Ocean. New record: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10/05 (Zuytdorp, Stn 104, 97 m, 05.12.05, QM G328455).</p>
            <p>This is a tropical, Indo-West-Pacific species and the new record is well within its known range.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is a thin encrusting sheet, white in preservative, with circular common cloacal canals lined on each side by zooids. Spicules (to 0.05 mm diameter) are diverse and are crowded throughout the colony. They consist of stellate spicules with 11–13 conical but relatively blunt rays in optical transverse section and almost globular spicules with crowded flat tipped or rounded rays. A single larva found in the colony has a larval trunk to 0.65 mm long with the tail wound almost the whole way around it. Four lateral ampullae are along each side of the median adhesive organs and a small horizontal lateral ampulla is on the left behind the adhesive array. The adhesive organs are particularly small with narrow stalks and particularly narrow and shallow epidermal cups from which the cone of adhesive cells projects forward on a narrow neck. This could represent either an artefact or a developmental stage of these organs, although it has not previously been reported. Three rows of stigmata are in the larval pharynx although there are four rows in the adult zooids.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the gonads are not present, the three rows of stigmata in the larval pharynx but four in the adult indicate that this is a  Didemnum sp. The diverse but relatively small spicules of two different types are characteristic of the present widespread species. </p>
            <p> Surprisingly, larvae for this species have not been reported often. Kott (1962) and Tokioka (1967) reported larvae with four pairs of lateral ampullae, although the larvae from specimens from Darwin (Kott 2005a) have six ampullae on each side. It is possible that this character will be found to be a variable one, but at this stage the problem is not resolved.  Didemnum ossium Kott, 2001 has both types of spicules but the stellate spicules have more rays, there are fewer globular spicules and many more larval lateral ampullae than the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D10427FFE53FE42FD30FA59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D134279FE0BFA18FCBDFF09.text	E8619D712D134279FE0BFA18FCBDFF09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum multiampullae Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum multiampullae sp. nov</p>
            <p>(Figures 14B; 18A)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Kalbarri, Stn 102, 113.311E 27.8134S, 96 m, 5 December 2005, holotype WAM Z27526, QM G328057) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>In preservative, colonies are thin white encrusting sheets with spicules crowded throughout. The stellate branchial apertures, lined with spicules, are evenly distributed over the surface and in some areas some small, pointed, spicule-filled surface papillae are scattered between the branchial apertures. Stellate spicules (to 0.08 mm diameter) usually have 15–17 sharply pointed conical rays in optical transverse section but a few have rounded ray tips and some are almost globular with rounded to flat-tipped rays.</p>
            <p>Zooids are relatively small, although the branchial siphons are large and tulipshaped. About eight stigmata are in each half row. Often a large yellow egg is against the posterior aspect of the ventrally flexed gut loop and the distal coil of the vas deferens extends tightly over the surface of the egg. The vas deferens coils eight times around the undivided testis. A strong retractor muscle projects from the top of the oesophageal neck. A branched test vessel with terminal ampullae projects from the concavity created by the ventral flexure of the distal end of the gut loop.</p>
            <p>Large larvae, the trunk 0.95 mm long with the tail wound about halfway around it, are being incubated in the holotype colony. A corona of small, cylindrical ampullae, about 20 on each side, surrounds the antero-median adhesive organs, the latter on short, thick, cylindrical stalks. Other structures were not detected in these mutilated specimens.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> This species has large larvae with especially numerous lateral ampullae and zooids with large branchial siphons, small and narrow atrial tongues and a large, yellow egg tightly applied to the posterior end of the gut loop with the vas deferens crossing over its outside surface. These characters can occur in species of the genus  Polysyncraton as well as in  Didemnum . However, the relatively large number of vas deferens coils in the present species is more often found in  Didemnum than in  Polysyncraton and it has three rows of stigmata in the larval pharynx and an undivided testis, both characteristic of  Didemnum . Further, species of the genus  Polysyncraton known to lack larval blastozooids and to have horizontal thoracic common cloacal spaces, numerous pairs of lateral larval ampullae and six or more coils of the vas deferens are readily distinguished from the present species by characters additional to the generic characters. In this regard,  Polysyncraton dromide Kott, 2001 differs from the present species in the distribution of its spicules and  P. millepore Vasseur, 1969 has fewer coils of the vas deferens.  Polysyncraton palliolum Kott, 2001 has eight coils of the vas deferens (like the present species) but although its larvae are not known, it can be distinguished by the arrangement of its zooids along each side of the common cloacal canals that form a network in the surface test.  Polysyncraton sideris Kott, 2001 also has numerous larval lateral ampullae but is distinguished by its larger spicules and other characters of its colony and zooids including the seven coils of the vas deferens. </p>
            <p> In the genus  Didemnum ,  D. ossium Kott, 2001 (a tropical species from north-western Australia and the Northern Territory and newly recorded from the north-western coast) and  D. tapetum sp. nov. (a new species from the southern coast of Western Australia) have larvae with numerous lateral ampullae, spicules crowded throughout the colony and the same number of vas deferens coils as the present species. However,  D. tapetum sp. nov. has almost globular spicules and  D. ossium spicules are stellate but significantly smaller and with fewer rays than those of the present species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D134279FE0BFA18FCBDFF09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D154278FE7EFEC8FD0AFD8C.text	E8619D712D154278FE7EFEC8FD0AFD8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum ossium Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum ossium Kott, 2001</p>
            <p>(Figure 18B)</p>
            <p> Didemnum ossium Kott, 2001, p. 217 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Western Australia (Montebello Is, Bonaparte Archipelago); Northern Territory (English Company Is); New Caledonia; Philippines. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Jurien Bay, Stn 82, 85 m, 2.12.05, QM G328055).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> In preservative, the pale pinkish-beige basal surface of the thin, brittle sheet-like colony is applied closely to the basal surface of a large colony of  Polysyncraton millepore (QM G328033) forming a frond-like structure that probably stands up from the sea floor on its edge. The colonies appear to support each other, each with its fairly evenly spaced branchial aperture exposed to the exterior on opposite sides of the frond. The common cloacal cavity is a shallow horizontal cavity at thorax level. Sessile common cloacal apertures are fairly evenly spaced over each exposed surface. Spicules are crowded throughout the colony. Spicules are mostly stellate, to 0.05 mm diameter, with 11–15 relatively long pointed rays in optical transverse section, but a few are globular with flat-tipped rays. </p>
            <p>Zooids are robust. Although they are contracted in this specimen, the branchial siphon is conspicuous and relatively long with six rounded lobes on the rim of the aperture. A wide sessile atrial aperture opens directly into the shallow, horizontal common cloacal cavity. A narrow anterior atrial lip, bifid at the tip, projects across in the roof of the common cloacal cavity. A retractor muscle projects from the upper part of the oesophagus. About eight stigmata are in each of the four rows. A large, undivided testis follicle has nine coils of the vas deferens around its outer surface.</p>
            <p>The larval trunk is 0.9 mm long. It has about 16 pairs of finger-like lateral ampullae and a long horizontal lateral ampulla (about one third of the length of the trunk) projects back from behind the ring of ampullae on the left side of the trunk.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The zooids of the present material are crushed and contracted but in life they probably were large and robust. A similar branchial siphon and atrial tongue, nine coils of vas deferens, crowded spicules with 11–15 conical rays and some globular spicules with flat-tipped rays, 17 larval lateral ampullae per side, and a large horizontal ampulla on the left are reported for the type material of this species. The hard colony surface, without an aspiculate superficial layer, is also distinctive.</p>
            <p> Known tropical species with similar numbers of larval lateral ampullae but with fewer vas deferens coils are  Didemnum elongatum (which has a similar branchial aperture and a short, narrow atrial lip like the present species but less robust zooids) and  D. clavum which has different spicules.  Didemnum paa C. and F. Monniot, 1987 and  D. astrum Kott, 2001 have 10 coils of the vas deferens and fewer larval lateral ampullae than the present species.  Didemnum chartaceum has aspiculate layers of test, more crowded conical spicule rays and other distinctive characters, although its larval ampullae and vas deferens coils are similar to the present species.  Didemnum levitas Kott, 2001 has similar spicules and zooids but the centre of the colony is aspiculate and it has only seven coils of the vas deferens.  Didemnum inveteratum Kott, 2001 from north-western Australia has a hard, rigid colony, shallow thoracic common cloacal canals with zooids along each side (rather than the shallow horizontal canals of the present species) and only five coils of the vas deferens.  Didemnum multiampullae sp. nov. and  D. tapetum sp. nov. described in the present work have similar numbers of lateral ampullae surrounding the anterior end of the larval trunk, but they are distinguished from the present species by their spicules, the former having larger spicules with more rays in transverse optical section and the latter having almost globular spicules. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D154278FE7EFEC8FD0AFD8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D14427BFE4CFD69FB92FF09.text	E8619D712D14427BFE4CFD69FB92FF09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum perplexum Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum perplexum Kott, 2001</p>
            <p>(Figure 18C)</p>
            <p> Didemnum perplexum Kott 2001, p. 224 ; 2004a, p. 757 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2004a): Queensland (Great Barrier Reef); New Caledonia; Indonesia. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328122; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96 m, 05.12.05, QM G328034).</p>
            <p>  The new record extends the known range of the present species from the tropical  West Pacific including the Great Barrier Reef to the tropical waters of Western Australia and the Indian Ocean  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colonies are the usual thin, brittle sheet-like encrusting forms previously described for this species. Minute spicule-filled papillae are on parts of the surface. Stellate spicules to 0.046 mm diameter with seven to nine and occasionally only five relatively long, strong conical rays in optical transverse section are present throughout the colony. A vast horizontal common cloacal cavity is present at thorax level. Zooids are small, sometimes narrow, fusiform and brownish red in preservative. A long, tapering retractor muscle projects into the test from about halfway down the long oesophageal neck. The testis is undivided and is surrounded by seven coils of the vas deferens. Larvae, with the trunk 0.8 mm long and the tail wound almost the whole way around it, have six ampullae along each side of the three antero-median adhesive organs.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The spicules have conspicuously conical rays that contrast with the more cylindrical shapes of so many  Didemnum spp. spicule rays, such as  D. candidum ,  D. stragulum and  D. delectum .  Didemnum incanum (Herdman, 1899) has similar but smaller spicules. </p>
            <p> Didemnum granulatum Tokioka, 1954 has similar but larger spicules (to 0.06 mm) and the larval trunk is significantly smaller with only four pairs of lateral ampullae. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D14427BFE4CFD69FB92FF09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D17427BFE74FECBFD5DFA72.text	E8619D712D17427BFE74FECBFD5DFA72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum plebeium Kott 2005	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum plebeium Kott, 2005</p>
            <p>(Figure 18D)</p>
            <p> Didemnum plebeium Kott, 2005a, p. 245 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 2005a): Western Australia (Dampier Archipelago. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (Point Hillier,  Stn 20, 419 m, 22.11.05, QM G328451). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is a solid, white, irregular sheet about 5 cm in maximum dimension. Ripple marks are on the base of the colony probably as a result of the tightly packed spicules. Zooids are small, the thoraces comma-shaped, being reduced in diameter posteriorly. A fine, tapering retractor muscle projects from the oesophageal neck just posterior to the end of the thorax. Stellate spicules, crowded throughout, are to 0.05 mm diameter with 9–11 conical pointed or blunttipped rays in optical transverse section.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is larger than the syntypes, which are small colonies to 0.5 cm in maximum dimension with spicule-filled surface papillae associated with each aperture. Other characters conform to the description of the types. Possibly the differences are the result of age or intraspecific variation over the extensive range represented by the two existing records of this species.</p>
            <p> The comma-shaped thoraces are not unusual in this genus (see Kott 2001), being reported for  D. membranaceum Sluiter, 1909 (which differs from the present species in having characteristic giant spicules),  D. granulatum Tokioka, 1954 and  D. perplexum Kott, 2001 (both with larger spicules with fewer rays) and  D. delectum Kott, 2001 (with same-sized spicules but with fewer and more rod-like rays than the conical rays of the present species). The spicule rays of the present species are shorter than the long, pointed rays of  D. multiampullae and  D. ossium and they have fewer rays. Kott (2005) recorded the diameter of the spicules of this species as 0.06 cm, although spicules of that diameter were not detected in the present specimen. The spicules are otherwise characteristic of this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D17427BFE74FECBFD5DFA72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D174274FE66FA0AFB08FF08.text	E8619D712D174274FE66FA0AFB08FF08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum tapetum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum tapetum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 14C, D; 18E)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 39, 118.623E 35.1791S, 99 m, 24 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27522, QM G328016) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is an extensive, thin, brittle sheet with spicules crowded throughout. Its maximum diameter is about 24 cm and the upper and the under surfaces are smooth and even. The undersurface is hard and white with some ripple marks. The upper surface of the preserved colony is a creamish-yellow colour, the colour becoming more intense around what may be regularly spaced sessile common cloacal apertures about 15 mm apart. An extensive, shallow, horizontal common cloacal cavity is at thorax level. At low magnifications the spicules are almost globular, usually to 0.055 mm diameter and occasionally to 0.08 mm, with short, conical to rounded or irregular-tipped rays crowded around the circumference of the spicules. At higher magnifications the spicules are seen to be burr-shaped with narrow rod-like rays with pointed to flat-tipped rays.</p>
            <p>Zooids are robust, with a relatively large thorax, four rows of stigmata, a conspicuous branchial siphon, and a distinct retractor muscle. The vas deferens coils eight times around the large undivided testis. Larvae have an almost spherical trunk with the tail wound most of the way around it. A large corona of about 17 lateral ampullae per side surround the three antero-median adhesive organs, ocellus and otolith and three rows of stigmata are in the larval thorax.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The short, crowded rays and relatively small and almost globular spicules of this thin, brittle colony are generally of similar size and form to the Indo-West Pacific  Didemnum chartaceum Sluiter, 1909 which is distinguished from the present species by its superficial aspicular layer of bladder cells over a layer of spicules, lack of spicules through much of the remainder of the spongy, gelatinous colony, without the larger spicules found in the present species and with nine coils of the vas deferens around an undivided testis. The spicules are smaller and have more rays than those of  D. arancium Kott, 2001 , which also is distinguished by having only six coils of the vas deferens.  Polysyncraton scorteum Kott, 2001 has similar but larger spicules than the present species and fewer vas deferens coils and  P. doboense Sluiter, 1913 from the Aru Is. has similar spicules, although they have fewer rays than the present species. </p>
            <p> Larvae of the present species are relatively small, although they resemble the larvae of both  Didemnum ossium and  D. multiampullae (both described from the present collection) in the large number of lateral ampullae in the corona that surrounds the anterior end of the trunk. </p>
            <p>The holotype is one of most extensive encrusting sheet-like didemnid colonies yet reported.</p>
            <p> Didemnum velum sp. nov</p>
            <p>(Figures 14E, F; 18F)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Albany, Stn 47, 118.2990E 35.3546S, 179 m, 25 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27528, QM G328120) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The holotype is an encrusting sheet growing on a sponge. It has a conspicuous superficial aspicular bladder cell layer over a thin layer of spicules at the level of the short branchial siphons. A single layer of less crowded spicules is on the base of the colony. The remainder of the test between these two layers of spicules is completely aspicular. Spicules are small (to 0.03 mm diameter) with 15–17 rays in optical transverse section. They are of two types, either with pointed conical rays, or with rounded, blunt-tipped rays. A shallow, horizontal, common cloacal cavity is at thoracic level.</p>
            <p>Zooids are small and contracted. The thorax is almost completely spherical. A small stalked lateral organ with the shallow concavity directed postero-ventrally projects slightly from about two-thirds of the way down each side of the thorax. The branchial siphon is a short cylinder with six small lobes around the margin of the opening. A sessile, horizontal atrial opening interrupts the dorsal surface of the thorax. A retractor muscle extends out into the test from about halfway down the narrow oesophageal neck. The four rows of stigmata have about seven stigmata in each half row. The gut forms a simple loop. The stomach is large with a thick epithelial lining. A relatively long duodenum opens into a small posterior stomach (in the loop of the gut) and is separated from the wide proximal part of the rectum by a short mid-intestine. The rectum extends anteriorly, gradually narrowing to a straight cylindrical tube. Gonads were not detected in this specimen. Well-developed thoracic oesophageal buds have four rows of long, oval stigmata, up to seven in each row. Up to four stolonic vessels extend out from the ventral concavity of the gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The spherical form of the small contracted thoraces contrasts with the contracted thoraces of many didemnid species with large sessile atrial apertures which become slightly curved into a comma-shape around a dorsal concavity in the vicinity of the atrial opening. In the present species the dorsal border of contracted zooids is not concave and the spherical outline of the contracted thorax resembles some of the smaller zooids in the genus  Trididemnum . Indeed many species of the genus  Trididemnum have a similar superficial layer of bladder cells over a layer of spicules and another, but thinner, layer of spicules on the base of the colony as in the present species (see  T. areolatum (Herdman, 1906) and  T. caelatum Kott, 2001 ). However  Trididemnum has only three rows of stigmata in the adult and larval pharynges and in the oesophageal buds, but four in the adult and buds of the present species.  Leptoclinides and  Polysyncraton both have four rows of stigmata in oesophageal buds but the former genus never has a retractor muscle. In  Polysyncraton species with an aspicular bladder cell layer overlying a layer of spicules (which are absent from a large part of the colony) often occur (see  P. rica ,  P.otuetue ,  P. purou ,  P. robustum and  P. dromide ). However the present species has smaller zooids and smaller spicules than are usually found in  Polysyncraton and it lacks the atrial lip usually characteristic of the latter species. Therefore, although gonads were not detected, the present specimen appears to be a new species of  Didemnum . </p>
            <p> Species of  Didemnum with a similar distribution of spicules are  D. chartaceum (larger spicules and some globular ones),  D. dolium sp.nov. and  D. sucosum (both with a complex three-dimensional cloacal system and branching colonies also with some globular spicules) and are clearly distinguished from the present new species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D174274FE66FA0AFB08FF08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D184277FDEAFECEFC28FE89.text	E8619D712D184277FDEAFECEFC28FE89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum Savigny 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum ? sp. 1 </p>
            <p>(Figure 18G)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Jurien Bay, Stn 083, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328464 on a specimen of  Aplidium clivosum QM G 328160). </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> These small, flat, white plates about 0.5 cm diameter, are epibionts on the surface of  Aplidium clivosum . Each consists of a single system with a sessile common cloacal aperture in the centre of the upper surface. The common cloacal cavity is horizontal at thorax level and each thorax crosses it in its own independent spicule-filled test sheath. Spicules are crowded throughout. Spicules are stellate to 0.04 mm diameter with 11–13 conical rays in optical transverse section. The surface of the colony is white with conspicuous six-lobed branchial openings, each lobe is filled with spicules. Minute spicule-filled papillae are crowded on the surface between the branchial apertures. Zooids are small and contracted. Seven coils of the vas deferens were detected, although the testis is not entire and appears to have been damaged. Large yellow eggs are present. Oesophageal buds have four rows of stigmata with about six stigmata in each half row. A small larva, its tail wound all the way around the 0.34 mm long trunk, was found in the basal test of one of the colonies. It has an ocellus and otolith, and four large club-shaped ampullae on each side of the three antero-median ampullae. </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> These small, single-system colonies are juveniles, and do not appear to have resulted from lobulation, being well separated from one another on the surface of the host  Aplidium colony. Species of  Didemnum with single systems are few.  Didemnum minisculum Kott, 2001 is a single system, lobulating species but its spicules generally are only to 0.01 mm diameter and have only five to seven rays.  Didemnum mobile Kott, 2001 has similar but less regularly pointed spicule rays and  Didemnum etiolum Kott, 1982 has single system colonies but it has different spicules and is further distinguished by its plant cell symbionts.  Didemnum mantile Kott, 2007 has similar colonies and spicules but its larvae have more lateral ampullae. </p>
            <p> Spicules are similar to some of  D. membranaceum which also has surface paillae. However, it differs from the present species in having characteristic giant spicules as well as the smaller stellate spicules.  Didemnum delectum has similar small larvae with the tail coiled all the way around the trunk, but also has fewer (5–9) spicule rays than the present colonies, and has multisystem colonies.  Didemnum lissoclinum Kott, 2001 has similar spicules to the present species, but they are larger (to 0.07 mm diameter); it has larger larvae and large branched colonies. </p>
            <p> The lack of a  Leptoclinides atrial siphon, the presence of four rows of stigmata in the oesophageal buds and the coiled vas deferens are evidence of  Didemnum or  Polysyncraton but the larva has a small trunk with undivided primary ampullae found in  Didemnum rather than  Polysyncraton and the specimens appear to be correctly assigned to the former genus. </p>
            <p>There is some evidence that these zooids are sexually mature, but it is possible that the colonies are juveniles and characters that would support confident assignation of these specimens to a known species were not detected.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D184277FDEAFECEFC28FE89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1B4277FDB9FE50FE1AFB3E.text	E8619D712D1B4277FDB9FE50FE1AFB3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum Savigny 1816	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Didemnum ? sp. 2 </p>
            <p>(Figure 18H)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Record: Western Australia, CSIRO SS10/05 (Kalbarri, Stn 99, 252 m, 04.12.05, QM G328166).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p> The colony is a flat sheet growing around a sponge with a colony of  Polysyncraton pavementum . Stellate openings of the small zooids are evenly spaced over the upper surface. The surface layer of test overlying the shallow horizontal thoracic common cloacal cavity is thin. Spicules are crowded throughout the colony. They are small (to 0.03 mm diameter) and uniform, with 13–15 sturdy conical rays in optical transverse section with the wide bases of the rays crowded together toward the centre of the spicule. Zooids are small and mutilated and their structure is obscured. </p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Didemnum jucundum Kott, 2001 , a temperate Australian species ranging across the southern coast of the continent from Esperance to Port Phillip Bay, has uniform stellate spicules similar to those of the present species, but they are very much larger. </p>
            <p> The species has been provisionally assigned to the genus  Didemnum on the basis of its small zooids and spicules and its simple horizontal common cloacal cavity. However, there is insufficient information to confidently assign this specimen to either genus or species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1B4277FDB9FE50FE1AFB3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1B4276FE13FB3EFC97FAB9.text	E8619D712D1B4276FE13FB3EFC97FAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trididemnum grandistellatum Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trididemnum grandistellatum sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 14G, H; 19A)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 118.645E 35.1907S, 157 m, 24 November 2005, holotype WAM Z27520, QM G328007) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is sheet-like, with a layer of spicules at thorax level beneath a superficial aspicular layer. Spicules are only sparse in the clear, transparent test of the remainder of the colony. The spicules are large (to 0.186 mm diameter) with 13–15 conical pointed rays in optical transverse section. They break up readily. The common cloacal canals are at thorax level and they encircle blisterlike areas of zooid-free test. From the surface, the stellate, six-lobed branchial apertures are seen opening to the surface along each side of these circular canals. Atrial apertures are circular sessile openings surrounded by a sphincter muscle and exposing only a small part of the branchial sac to the common cloacal canals.</p>
            <p>Zooids are robust and have black squamous epithelium on the body wall. Although the branchial sac is obscured by contraction, there appear to be about 12 stigmata in each of three rows. A retractor muscle, free from the top of the oesophagus, is of varying length, depending on its state of contraction (from short and stumpy to long and finely tapering). A small circular lateral organ is on each side of the thorax, ventral to the atrial aperture. The gut loop is open and rounded. Seven coils of the vas deferens surround the undivided testis and in some zooids the male duct is seen to act as a seminal vesicle. Up to four short stolonic vessels with rounded terminal ampullae project from the ventral concavity of the gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Although the actual number of rows of stigmata is obscured, the black squamous epithelium, position of the atrial opening and its sphincter, the position and size of the small circular lateral organs and the large spicules confined to a single layer beneath the surface together suggest that this is a  Trididemnum species rather than a species of  Didemnum . Although  Polysyncraton spp. usually have a roomy gut loop, they differ from  Trididemnum in having numerous testis follicles and four rather than three rows of stigmata in larvae, replicates and adults and a sessile open atrial aperture rather than the posteriorly orientated atrial siphon.  Leptoclinides spp. also have multiple testis follicles and lack a retractor muscle. </p>
            <p> The colony with its large spicules confined to a layer beneath the surface resembles species of the  (Trididemnum) savignyi group (see Kott 2001).  Trididemnum titanium Kott, 2007 forms a more complex three-dimensional mass than the present specimen, has large spicules (up to 0.17 mm diameter) but with only 9–11 rays in optical transverse section crowded throughout the colony and more (nine) coils of the vas deferens. </p>
            <p> The only other known species in this group with such large spicules is  T. pigmentatum although the rays are more attenuated and spikey.  Trididemnum savignyi has a similar colony but smaller spicules. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1B4276FE13FB3EFC97FAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1A4271FE66FAB8FBB6FC6C.text	E8619D712D1A4271FE66FAB8FBB6FC6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trididemnum sibogae (Hartmeyer 1910)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trididemnum sibogae (Hartmeyer, 1910)</p>
            <p>(Figure 19B)</p>
            <p> Didemnum sibogae Hartmeyer 1910, p1489 (nom. nov. for  D. ramosum Sluiter 1909, p. 63 ). Kott 2005a, p. 2458 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 2005): circum Australia; New Caledonia: India. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 157 m, 24.11.05, QM G328009).</p>
            <p>The new record confirms the presence of this tropical species in temperate</p>
            <p>Australian waters.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is sheet-like, with an extensive horizontal posterior-abdominal common cloacal cavity, although in places it encrusts calcareous rubble and becomes irregular and more or less three-dimensional. The spicules are present throughout the colony. They are stellate, occasionally to 0.12 mm diameter with 9–11 strong conical pointed rays.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The species is characterized principally by the number and form of the spicules, which are smaller than those of  T. grandistellatum and  T. titanium , with more spicule rays than either  T. nobile or  T. pusillum (which have only 7–9) and with fewer rays and less attenuated ray tips than  T. pigmentatum . </p>
            <p> Table, showing  Trididemnum spp. with stellate spicules to 0.08 mm or more </p>
            <p> The known  Trididemnum spp. with stellate spicules up to 0.08 mm or more in diameter are set out in Table 1. They all have robust zooids. The colonies are variable but often three-dimensional and they may be affected by age and environmental factors including substrate. These species are readily confused with one another. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1A4271FE66FAB8FBB6FC6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1D4270FE03FA72FCDBFBF1.text	E8619D712D1D4270FE03FA72FCDBFBF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissoclinum maculatum Kott 2001	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lissoclinum maculatum Kott, 2001</p>
            <p>(Figure 19C)</p>
            <p> Lissoclinum maculatum Kott 2001, p. 310 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 2001): Queensland (Lizard I.). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 200 m, 24.11.05, QM G328462) . </p>
            <p>The only two records of this species suggest that it has a wide geographic range around the Australian coast and possibly beyond, and that owing to its inconspicuous form it has been overlooked by collectors.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The colony is a delicate, low dome with a single, terminal, sessile common cloacal aperture on the upper surface. Internally the zooids cross the vast common cloacal cavity in strands of test connecting the surface with the basal layer of test. Spicules are crowded in a single layer in the surface test. They are up to 0.03 mm diameter and burr-like, with numerous rod-like rays with pointed to flattened tips.</p>
            <p>Zooids have a more or less rectangular outline with the margin of the atrial aperture withdrawn ventrally to expose the branchial sac directly to the common cloacal cavity. The stigmata are long. The gut is folded up behind the thorax and a large yellow egg is behind the almost horizontal gut loop at the posterior end of the zooid. The testis was not detected in this specimen.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The colony and spicules resemble those of  Trididemnum spumosum , although the species are separated by their generic characters and size of the spicules, those of  T. spumosum being only 0.02 mm diameter. The colony also resembles that of  Didemnum cynuus although the latter species has characteristic stellate spicules that are very different from those of the present species (see above). </p>
            <p> Family  STYELIDAE Sluiter, 1895</p>
            <p>Sub-family STYELINAE</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1D4270FE03FA72FCDBFBF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1C4273FDBBFBF6FEA2FE73.text	E8619D712D1C4273FDBBFBF6FEA2FE73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Styela plicata (Lesueur 1823)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823)</p>
            <p> Ascidia plicata Lesueur 1823, p. 5 . </p>
            <p> Styela plicata Kott 1985, p. 116 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1985): tropical to warm temperate waters of the Atlantic and Mediterranean; circum Australia (from Cockburn Sound, Great Australian Bight, St. Vincent Gulf, Port Phillip Bay, Port Hadley, Botany Bay, Port Stephens, Moreton Bay, Hervey Bay); Hong Kong; Japan; West Indian Ocean. It is not recorded from the tropical Western Pacific or from the eastern Pacific. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Barrow I., Stn 169, 93 m, 13.12.05, QM G328132).</p>
            <p>The pattern of its geographic range suggests that it has been introduced around the world. It is found generally in protected and often brackish and polluted waters (see Kott 1985).</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The species is readily identified by its deeply curved gut loop, long stomach with fine longitudinal pleats, long anal lobes, leaf-like endocarps on and in the gut loop, long</p>
            <p>branched male follicles around the long tubular ovarian tubes, one of two on the left side of the body down-curved into the secondary gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>Only a single small specimen was taken. The location at Barrow I., an oil terminal off the north-western Australian coast, is not surprising, although its occurrence at 93 m is a surprise.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1C4273FDBBFBF6FEA2FE73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1F4273FE66FE05FB90FAB9.text	E8619D712D1F4273FE66FE05FB90FAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Styela clava Herdman 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Styela clava Herdman, 1881</p>
            <p> Styela clava Herdman 1881, p. 70 . Kott 1985, p. 115 and synonymy. Hewitt et al. 2002. NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure) and ISSG (Invasive Species Specialist Group) 2006. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1985; Hewitt et al. 2002, p. NBII 2006): In Australia, it has been found in Port Phillip Bay from the 1970s. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Shark Bay, Stn 118, 100 m, 07.12.05, QM G328137).</p>
            <p>Originally recorded from the north-western Pacific the species has readily adapted to temperate locations in the northern and southern hemispheres to which it appears to have been introduced in the last half century.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The single individual taken has a leathery, wrinkled test with longitudinal grooves. It is characteristically vertical, almost cylindrical, with both apertures close together and terminal. The gut loop is a simple vertical loop and there are eight longitudinal gonads on the left with the usual testis follicles in the body wall between the ovarian tubes.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>  From its first recorded occurrence in Australia in the mid-1970s, this species has spread relatively slowly (see Hewitt et al. 2002, p. NBII (National Biological Information Infrastructure) and ISSG (Invasive Species Specialist Group), 2006), although the newly recorded colony from  Shark Bay at 100 m suggests that there may be populations established in south-western Australia. The new record is also significant in that it is the only occurrence recorded outside temperate waters  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1F4273FE66FE05FB90FAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D1F424DFE1EFA43FBC4FB95.text	E8619D712D1F424DFE1EFA43FBC4FB95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemidocarpa completa Kott 1985	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cnemidocarpa completa Kott, 1985</p>
            <p>(Figures 15A, B)</p>
            <p> Cnemidocarpa completa Kott 1985, p. 124 . </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 1985): Victoria (Bass Strait, Deal I.); New South Wales (Arrawarra). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Zuytdorp, Stn 110, 06.12.05, 106 m, QM G328141) . </p>
            <p>Although formerly known from Bass Strait and north almost into subtropical waters on the eastern seaboard of the continent, the new record suggests a range around the southern half of the continent, possibly extending across the southern coast and north to Shark Bay.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is 1.9 cm long, contracted and almost cylindrical with a terminal branchial aperture and the atrial aperture on a thick, anteriorly directed siphon about one-third of the distance down the dorsal surface. The external surface is wrinkled around the apertures although elsewhere it is smooth with sparse sand embedded in the test. About 12 conspicuous branchial tentacles surround the aperture with rudimentary ones alternating. Although the siphon linings are slightly irridescent neither spines nor scales were detected. Four wide folds are on each side. At least six internal longitudinal vessels are between the folds and up to 18 are crowded on the folds in this contracted specimen. Four long, crowded, convoluted, loosely attached and sometimes overlapping but more or less parallel gonads are on the right side of the body. The posterior half of the left side of the body is damaged. The stomach is long, lined with fine parallel longitudinal folds but the remainder of the gut and the gonads were not detected. A few endocarps are on the body wall between the gonads.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>Although it is not in good condition, the specimen is identified on the basis of its lack of siphonal armature, its long, crowded, convoluted gonads, long stomach with fine longitudinal folds in the lining and gut and gonads attached to the body wall by ligaments rather than embedded in it. The relatively few gonads in the newly recorded specimen may be associated with its small size, although it has more internal longitudinal branchial vessels between the folds than previously reported.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D1F424DFE1EFA43FBC4FB95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D21424CFE3EFB72FDCBFE80.text	E8619D712D21424CFE3EFB72FDCBFE80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnemidocarpa radicosa (Herdman 1882)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cnemidocarpa radicosa (Herdman, 1882)</p>
            <p> Styela radicosa Herdman 1882, p. 163 . </p>
            <p> Cnemidocarpa radicosa: Kott 1985, p. 36 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1985): Western Australia (Cockburn Sound); South Australia (Great Australian Bight, St. Vincent Gulf, Spencer Gulf); Tasmania (Bruny I., Port Davey, d’Entrecasteaux Channel): Victoria (Bass Strait, Phillip I., Cape Grant, Lake Entrance, Port Nelson, Portland, Port Phillip Bay); New South Wales (Port Jackson, Solitary Is.); Queensland (Tallebudgera). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Bald I., Stn 39, 110 m, 24.11.05, QM G328011).</p>
            <p>  The new record confirms the range of this species from Cockburn Sound and south across the temperate  southern Australian coast to the NSW/ Queensland border.  It is a common component of shallow water communities.  Previously its greatest recorded depth was 50 m. </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The specimen has the usual flaccid appearance characteristic of this species, with its tough leathery but smooth and flexible test with some deep longitudinal creases in the preserved specimen. It is mostly naked without sand or epibionts. The body wall is thickened posteriorly and the gut and gonads (two on the left and three on the right) are embedded deeply in it.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D21424CFE3EFB72FDCBFE80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D20424CFE59FE59FD77FA61.text	E8619D712D20424CFE59FE59FD77FA61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa argentata (Sluiter 1890)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycarpa argentata (Sluiter, 1890)</p>
            <p> Styela argentata Sluiter 1890, p. 340 . Kott 1985, p. 148 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1985); Western Australia (Rowley Shoals); Queensland (Moreton Bay, Heron I., Britomart Reef, Cape Kimberley, Lizard I.); Indonesia, Palau Is, Gilbert I., Marshall Is. New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Point Hillier, Stn 21, 97 m, 21.11.05, QM G328450).</p>
            <p>The present record is the most southerly for this Indo-western Pacific tropical species.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The specimen is large, 11 cm long, very rough and wrinkled and both apertures are tightly closed. The branchial aperture is turned dorsally and the atrial aperture is directed anterodorsally. The test is tough with sand embedded in it, the body wall is muscular and relatively thin and both the short siphons are darkly coloured. The dorsal tubercle has a relatively open convoluted slit. Four narrow branchial folds are separated by wide expanses of flat branchial sac. The terminal part of the gut loop gut forms a tight circular loop around a flat-topped, circular endocarp before turning anteriorly into a long, straight rectum that terminates near the atrial opening in an anus that is fringed with small, rounded scallops. Very numerous small comma-shaped polycarps, the pointed end directed dorsally, overlap one another in the basal half of each side of the body. There are no other endocarps on the body wall.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is very like the one figured by Kott (1985, Figure 66a). Internally the circular curve of the gut loop, the anal border and the polycarps are also similar. Differences between the newly recorded specimen and the smaller ones figured by Kott are the longer rectum, larger dorsal tubercle and the more numerous overlapping polycarps in the present specimen.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D20424CFE59FE59FD77FA61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D20424FFDBBFA78FD1DFA70.text	E8619D712D20424FFDBBFA78FD1DFA70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter 1890)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890)</p>
            <p> Styela aurita Sluiter 1890, p. 338 . </p>
            <p> Polycarpa aurita: Kott 1985, p. 152 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1985) Western Australia (Cape Jaubert to Cockburn Sound); New South Wales (Port Jackson); Queensland (Moreton Bay, Gladstone, Bowen, Abbot Point, Lizard I. Great Barrier Reef); Northern Territory (Gulf of Carpentaria; Indonesia; Philippines; New Caledonia; Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Venezuela). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10/05 (Zuytdorp nr Shark Bay, Stn 110, 26 m QM G328154).</p>
            <p>The new record is the first from the Western Australian coast and the only one from the Indian Ocean for this otherwise pan-tropical species.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is about 5 cm long, rectangular and sessile. The test is tough, leathery, wrinkled and warty on the outside. The apertures are sessile and difficult to locate amongst the irregularities of the external test. Dark pigment is in the body wall around the margin of each almost sessile aperture. Internally, the specimen appears to be senescent, with a particularly tough body wall and hard fibrous ligaments joining the branchial sac to the body wall. The four branchial folds on each side are shallow, with internal longitudinal branchial vessels crowded on them. A deep, open, longitudinal reverse S-shaped slit is in the centre of the large, cushion-shaped dorsal tubercle that completely fills the almost fusiform peritubercular area. The gut forms a loop across the posterior end of the body. It is deeply embedded in the body wall and the ligament joining proximal and distal limbs encloses small endocarps in the pole of the loop. Endocarps also are between the limbs of the remainder of the loop. The longitudinal folds lining the stomach can just be seen, through the almost opaque body wall. Gonads are senescent and only traces of their openings can be seen scattered on the body wall amongst degenerate endocarps. The anus is bilabiate and its rim is fringed with small, shallow scallops.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>Although larger specimens of this species have been reported (to 12.2 cm: Millar 1975), specimens as senescent as this one have not been recorded. Further, it is possible that the present one would have been very much larger when relaxed. It has been assigned to this species on the basis of the almost complete absence of siphonal extensions of the muscular body wall, dark pigment around the margin of each aperture, the deeply incised slit on the large dorsal tubercle that completely fills the peritubercular area, deeply embedded gut, broad stomach with a strong ligature across the distal end of the gut loop, relatively simple gut loop across the posterior end of the body, small endocarps in the gut loop and on the body wall, crowded internal longitudinal vessels on low branchial folds, and tough fibrous connectives between the body wall and the branchial sac.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D20424FFDBBFA78FD1DFA70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D23424EFE14FA77FD30FB70.text	E8619D712D23424EFE14FA77FD30FB70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa chinensis (Tokioka 1967)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycarpa chinensis (Tokioka, 1967)</p>
            <p> Cnemidocarpa chinensis Tokioka 1967, p. 188 . </p>
            <p> Polycarpa chinensis: Kott 1985, p. 157 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 1985):  Western Australia (Dampier Archipelago, Cockburn Sound);  Victoria (Bass Strait);  Queensland (  Moreton Bay , Gladstone, Mackay, Bowen, Townsville, Nymph I.,  Temple Bay , Murdoch Point, Murray I.); China (Hsia-men); Vietnam. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /   05 (Albany, Stn 26, 212 m, 23.11.05, QM G328437 five specimens; Bald I., Stn 35, 200 m, 24.11.05, QM G328053 G328463;  Jurien Bay , Stn 83, 113 m, 2.12.05, QM G 328170; Carnarvon, Stn 124, 100 m, 08.12.05, QM G328146)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Specimens are laterally flattened, the test thin, rigid and brittle with embedded sand and the body wall adheres closely to it. The largest specimen (QM G328146) has roots along the ventral margin and is 2 cm long. It has up to four internal longitudinal vessels on the folds and two to four between the folds. The gut does not form a loop, rather it extends in a gentle arc from the posterior end of the thorax to the sessile atrial aperture about one third of the way down the dorsal surface. The small, rounded stomach at the proximal end of the gut has straight, internal folds. The anus is fringed with 15 rounded scallops. A row of gonads is along the body wall each side of the endostyle. Each gonad consists of eight pairs of male follicles beneath a short oval ovary directed toward the atrial aperture.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The relatively few internal longitudinal branchial vessels between and on the low branchial folds, the gut running a more or less straight course, gonads in a line each side of the endostyle together with the general form of the body, its brittle rigid test and the roots that fix it into the substrate are all characteristic of this species. There appears to be some variation in the distribution of scallops around the anal border although it is not considered a sufficient reason to separate the present specimen from Carnarvon from others assigned to this species.</p>
            <p>The species appears to be primarily tropical, although its range extending into temperate waters is evident from its occurrence at Bald I. and Bass Strait to the south, and north to the South China Sea.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D23424EFE14FA77FD30FB70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D224249FE5BFB11FC3CFC0F.text	E8619D712D224249FE5BFB11FC3CFC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa decipiens Herdman 1906	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycarpa decipiens Herdman, 1906</p>
            <p> Polycarpa decipiens Herdman 1906, p. 324 . Kott 1985, p. 163 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 1985): Queensland (Bowen,  Cleveland Bay , Lizard I, and Cape Sidmouth); Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Singapore. New record: Western Australia CSIRO  (Lancelin, Stn 76, 100 m, 01.12.05, QM G328454; Kalbarri, Stn 96, 435 m, 4.12.05, QM G328472 five specimens) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The specimen are small fungus-shaped individuals, with circular flat tops, sometimes narrowing to a short stalk on the undersurface and sometimes completely sessile and spherical. The test is thin and brittle with a thin coast of crowded sand. The apertures are sessile and relatively close together on the top of the upper surface. The body wall is a brownish black colour, thin, flaccid and slightly translucent, being thin and not very muscular. The circular nodes surrounded by dark pigment in the outer surface of the body wall that were previously described for this species are, in these specimens, especially conspicuous around the anterior half of the body. Internally, tough white fibres are in the blood vessels of the pharynx and the body wall of one of the specimens (QM G328454). The dorsal tubercle is circular with a deep S-shaped slit in a wide, flat peritubercular area. The anal margin is turned back (like the cuff of a sleeve) and is divided into the long, parallel finger-like lobes previously reported for this species. The distal end of the gut loop encloses the rounded end of a teardrop shaped endocarp. No other endocarps were found on the body wall. Gonads are not deeply embedded in the body wall. They are wide, flat, flask-shaped organs with long male follicles curving around the sac-like ovaries. They are arranged in rows of three to four polycarps, their short ducts from the narrow end of the flask directed toward the atrial aperture. Three rows are on the right side of the body and four on the left.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The tough white fibres in the pharyngeal and body wall blood vessels of one of these specimens have previously been reported as characteristic of  Polycarpa obscura , a similar species, possibly related, known from temperate waters. Otherwise the characteristic thin weakly muscular body wall in the thin rigid test, the deeply incised slit on the circular dorsal tubercle, the long parallel anal lobes turned back like a cuff, the brown pigmented patches in the outer body wall, and the flask-shaped gonads are all as previously described for this species (see Kott 1985). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D224249FE5BFB11FC3CFC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D25424AFE03FBD1FC20FEC1.text	E8619D712D25424AFE03FBD1FC20FEC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa viridis Herdman 1880	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polycarpa viridis Herdman, 1880</p>
            <p> Polycarpa viridis Herdman 1880, p. 74 . Kott 1985, p. 208 and synonymy.  Polycarpa ovata Pizon 1908, p. 211 . Kott 1985, p. 82 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 1985):  Western Australia (Cockburn Sound) ;   South Australia (Great Australian Bight,  Spencer Gulf , Gulf St Vincent); Victoria (Bass Strait)  ;   New South Wales (Cape Jervis, Port Jackson); Queensland (  Moreton Bay and north to  Trinity Bay ). New records  :   Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (Jurien Bay, Stn 83, 113 m, 2.12.05, QM G328155 seven specimens, G328422;  Abrolhos ,  Stn 93, 112 m, 3.12.05, QM G328468 two specimens; Kalbarri, Stn 99, 262 m, 4.12.05, QM G328469; Kalbarri, Stn 102, 96– 98 m, 05.12.05, QM G328062, G328467 three specimens; Zuytdorp, Stn 110, 106 m, 06.12.05, QM G328143)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Individuals are small (seldom more than 2 cm long) and oval with a variable amount of sand embedded in the thin test. Some specimens are sessile, attached basally to a mass of pebbles, others gradually reduce in diameter to a thick basal stalk, and several specimens have a short, narrow stalk from the posterior end of the body or a long, thin, irregular stalk from the postero-ventral quarter. Apertures are small and sessile, the branchial terminal and the atrial halfway along the dorsum. The preserved specimens have blackish-brown to beige test and body wall. The body wall is muscular with an external coat of crowded transverse muscles outside the longitudinal ones. The dorsal tubercle is a large, spongy cushion that fills the peritubercular V with a deep interrupted slit. Four narrow longitudinal branchial folds with crowded and prominent internal longitudinal vessels are on each side of the branchial sac. The stomach is elliptical, occupies about half of the ascending limb of the gut loop and has fine longitudinal folds lining its internal wall The pole of the gut loop curves tightly around a circular, flat-topped endocarp and then continues anteriorly as a long rectum that is about twice the length of the primary loop and terminates at the atrial aperture in an anal opening fringed with well-defined lobes. The number of short, oval polycarps embedded in the body wall is variable, sometimes being confined to the lower half of the body though some often extend into the secondary gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Kott (1985) distinguished  Polycarpa ovata Pizon, 1908 from  Polycarpa viridis Herdman, 1880 by its very small vesicles in the body wall, and flask-shaped gonads with ducts opening on a small papillum at the dorsal end. Nevertheless, she refers to the variability of the gonads, a fact confirmed by gonads in the present specimens, which vary in numbers, shape, the extent to which they overlap, and in the degree to which they are embedded in the body wall. The size of the embedded vesicles, the shape of the body, black brown colour of the test and body wall and the amount of sand embedded in the test are also variable. The characters shared by the specimens assigned here to this species are sessile apertures, a spongy dorsal tubercle completely filling the peritubercular area with a deep sometimes interrupted slit, a tough branchial sac with stout internal longitudinal vessels, a single large flat-topped endocarp in the pole of the gut loop, an unusually long rectum (twice the length of the primary gut loop), rounded and moderately long anal lobes and small crowded polycarps embedded in the body wall. These characters are shared by  P. viridis and  P. ovata and represent a more compelling argument for synonymy than the variable characters formerly relied on to separate these species. </p>
            <p>Although its junior synonym had been recorded from the tropical waters of the Queensland coast, the species appeared to have a primarily temperate geographic range. However the new records extend its known range in Western Australia from Cockburn Sound to Shark Bay.</p>
            <p> Polycarpa flava and  P. fungiformis are also black species although they have especially large conspicuous vesicles embedded in the body wall. The former also has its gonads deeply embedded and in the latter species the endocarp enclosed in the gut loop is irregular in outline rather than the circular, flat-topped mass found in the present species.  Polycarpa pedunculata is a similar stalked species but the endocarp enclosed in the gut loop is elongate rather than circular, the stomach is long, occupying almost the whole of the proximal limb of the gut loop and the gonads tend to be longer than the oval-circular polycarps of the present species. </p>
            <p>Sub-family POLYZOINAE</p>
            <p> Stolonica aluta Kott, 1985</p>
            <p>(Figures 15C, D)</p>
            <p> Stolonica aluta Kott 1985, p. 233 ; 2003, p. 1642. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Previously recorded (see Kott 2003): Western Australia (Dongara). New record: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Bald I., Stn 35, 200 m, 24.11.05, QM G328460) . </p>
            <p>  These specimens are as previously described for this species, which previously was known only from its type locality off  Dongara and, with the new record from the south coast of Western Australia, its known range is extended to include the southwestern corner of the continent  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Small upright oval zooids about 1 cm long are scattered amongst rubble to which they are firmly attached by a short, narrow stalk with irregular terminal root-like projections. The test is tough, creamish-white, without sand adhering to the smooth outer surface. The apertures are on short siphons and in these contracted specimens a small wart-like protrusion surrounds each opening. Posteriorly the body narrows to the stalk, which is hollow and contains an extension of the body wall. Connecting stolons were not detected in these specimens. The branchial aperture is terminal and the atrial aperture antero-dorsal. Long, simple branchial tentacles are at the base of the branchial siphon. The body wall is muscular with longitudinal bands beneath an external coat of transverse fibres. The branchial sac has three folds on each side of the body. A branchial formula on the left is E3(14)7(9)6DL. Up to four long, narrow stigmata are in each mesh, which is usually crossed by a parastigmatic vessel. The gut forms a loosely attached loop on the left. The stomach, occupying about half of the ascending limb of the primary loop, has longitudinal folds which become progressively shorter toward the distal end on the anterior (inner) margin which is extended out into a spur from which a conspicuous caecum curves into the pole of the gut loop. The intestine continues posteriorly as the descending limb of the primary gut loop before sharply turning anteriorly into the rectum, which extends to the atrial opening. The body wall has numerous small endocarps, especially crowded around the postero-ventral part of the body on the right and especially on the left side of the endostyle (beneath the ventral curve of the gut loop). Scattered amongst these endocarps are small male follicles with short vas deferens directed dorsally. These male follicles are especially numerous on the left. Ovaries were not detected in these specimens.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> It is an inconspicuous species, however, with a cryptic habitat amongst the rubble that it is attached to so firmly and it could be found to have a wider range. The tight curves of the gut loop and the crowded endocarps mixed with the male follicles are very likely the result of contraction of the body wall.  Stolonica reducta has some </p>
            <p>characters in common with the present species but its gonads are in a row along each side of the endostyle.</p>
            <p> Family  PYURIDAE Hartmeyer, 1908</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D25424AFE03FBD1FC20FEC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D264245FD93FE86FF40FE4A.text	E8619D712D264245FD93FE86FF40FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyura scortea Kott 1985	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pyura scortea Kott, 1985</p>
            <p>(Figure 15E)</p>
            <p> Pyura scortea Kott 1985, p. 324 . Monniot C. 1989, p. 487. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1985; Monniot 1993): Western Australia (Cockburn Sound); New Caledonia. New record: Western Australia CSIRO 10/05 (Point Cloates, Stn 140, 355 m, QM G328138).</p>
            <p>The newly recorded specimen is only the third record of this species.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The specimen is about 3 cm long and almost as wide, but tough, wrinkled, furrowed and contracted and probably larger and with a smooth outer surface when not so strongly contracted. Both apertures are comspicuous, the branchial aperture terminal and the atrial aperture on a siphon projecting forward from about halfway down the dorsum. Minute (0.02 mm) flat, overlapping scales, convex around their anterior free margin, line both branchial and atrial siphons. The dorsal tubercle is in the short mid-dorsal peritubercular V at the anterior end of the row of dorsal languets along the dorsal midline. Seven well-formed branchial folds are on each side of the body. The gut loop is narrow and gently curved just above the endostyle on the left side of the body. An arborescent liver with crowded lobules branches off the pyloric region of the gut. Gonads are of the usual form for this genus, being divided into a row of connected hermaphrodite blocks. The left gonad is in the loop of the gut and the right one in a corresponding position on the right side of the body. Endocarps are on both the gonads and the gut loop.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>The present species is distinguished by its tough and usually wrinkled test, by the position of the atrial siphon halfway down the body, and by its rounded siphonal scales, shallow peritubercular V, narrow, only slightly curved gut loop and endocarps on the gut loop. Many species in this genus have a tough leathery test and, having strong body muscular they are particularly contractile. Their external appearance does not give many clues to their identity. Further, many are cryptic and strongly adhere to the substrate and are not often collected.</p>
            <p> Like  Microcosmus , the genus  Pyura has siphonal armature (rounded scales or pointed spines) on the portion of test that turns in to line siphons. Scales similar to the present ones are known in  Pyura abradata Kott, 1985 ,  P. confragosa Kott, 1985 ,  P. crassacapitata Kott, 1985 ,  P. elongata Tokioka, 1952 ,  P. fissa (Herdman, 1881) ,  P. irregularis (Herdman, 1882) ,  P. molguloides (Herdman, 1899) and  P. navicula Kott, 1985 as well as  P. scortea . With the exception of  P. molguloides and  P. scortea (which have narrow loops in the ventral curve of the body), the gut of each of these species (especially the first three) forms an open D-shaped loop that occupies a great part of the left body wall.  Pyura molguloides ,  P. fissa and  P. irregularis are also distinguished by their deep, narrow peritubercular Vs that extend about halfway down the dorsal midline of the branchial sac.  Pyura abradata ,  P. elongata and  P. molguloides lack endocarps on the gut.  Pyura molguloides is also distinguished by its unusual sandy coat and  P. abradata is unique in having nine branchial folds on each side. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D264245FD93FE86FF40FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D294244FE03FE1AFD8CFD00.text	E8619D712D294244FE03FE1AFD8CFD00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Herdmania grandis (Heller 1878)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Herdmania grandis (Heller, 1878)</p>
            <p> Cynthia grandis Heller 1878, p. 15 . </p>
            <p> Herdmania grandis: Kott 2002b, p. 363 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 2002):  Western Australia (  Port Hedland , Cockburn Sound, Geraldton, Albany);  South Australia (  Port Naorlinga ); Tasmania (Burnie); Victoria (Bass Strait); New  South Wales (Ulladulla, Woolongong, Shell Harbour, Arrawarra,  Byron Bay ), Queensland (  Tweed River , Moreton Bay, Mooloolaba, Low Is., Cairns, Murdoch Point); Papua New Guinea. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10  /   05 (Lancelin, Stn 76, 100 m, 1.12.05, QMG328432;  Jurien Bay , Stn 83, 113 m, 02.12.05, QM G328150)  . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The new records are of three specimens to 10 cm long and about 5 cm depth. The apertures, on short, horizontal siphons at opposite ends of the upper surface, are directed away from each other. The test on the ventral surface of the body is produced into a thick beard of sand-encrusted roots. Otherwise the cream-coloured test is tough, leathery but flexible, even flaccid. The dorsal tubercle has a convoluted spiral split. The branchial sac has seven relatively narrow folds on each side. Longitudinal muscle bands from each siphon overlap over the upper half of the body but break into fine bands forming a mesh over the lower half of the body. Tonguelike flaps around the internal opening of the atrial siphon appear to be homologous with an atrial velum and have not previously been reported. The gonads are deeply embedded in the body wall, and consist of a thick tubular ovary with clumps of male follicles along the sides and sometimes over the surface. The gonoducal openings, which consist of a male opening lying on top of the oviducal opening, are deeply embedded in an endocarp like thickening of the body wall. Dense clumps of liver diverticulae lie in a row along the gut in the pyloric region. The anal rim is deeply divided into four leaf-like lobes.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p>These large, flaccid individuals differ from previously described specimens only in the anal lobes. These are simple and leaf-like in the present specimen but appear to be smaller, less regular and sometimes subdivided in previously described specimens (see Kott 2002, Figure 2D–G). The gonoducal openings, the dorsal tubercle and the form of the gonads are similar in all recorded individuals. It is the simple gonoducal openings and the form of the gonads that separates the species from others in this genus.</p>
            <p> The newly recorded location on the western Australian coast is well within the known geographic range of this species, although the depth is greater than formerly known for the species. The known range is from around almost the whole of the Australian coast and from Papua New Guinea. It has not been reported from other locations in the western Pacific and it appears to be an indigenous species, rather than an introduction as Hartmeyer and Michaelsen (1928) had suggested. The most closely related species to the present one is  Herdmania pallida (Heller, 1878) which has similar gonads and simple gonoducal openings at the distal end of the ovary which lack the protective hood (found in  H. momus and related species).  Herdmania pallida has a much wider geographic range than the present species, its records being pan-tropical in all oceans (see Kott 2002) and it is distinguished from the present species by its short muscles confined to the upper part of the body, a simple double spiral rather than a convoluted slit on the dorsal tubercle, a single clump of liver lobes along the pyloric region of the gut (rather than a number of discrete clumps) and a smooth anal border. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D294244FE03FE1AFD8CFD00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D284246FE5CFCE1FC73FEF8.text	E8619D712D284246FE5CFCE1FC73FEF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Herdmania momus (Savigny 1816)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816)</p>
            <p> Cynthie momus: Savigny 1816, p. 43 . </p>
            <p> Herdmania momus: Kott 2002b, p. 366 and synonymy. </p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p>  Previously recorded (see Kott 2002):  Queensland (  Southeastern Queensland to Noosa, Great Barrier Reef to Lizard I.)  Western Pacific (Coral Sea Plateau, Indonesia, Philippines, New Caledonia, Fiji),? West Indian Ocean, Red Sea. New records: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /05 (Point D’ Entrecasteaux, Stn 17, 378 m, QM G328433; Albany, Stn 25, 398 m, 23.11.05, QM G328157, 10 juvenile specimens; Bald I., Stn 34, 408 m, 24.11.05, QM G328153, 100 juvenile specimens); Mediterranean (Nishikawa 2002)  . </p>
            <p>The new records are the first from the southern coast of the continent and the most southerly and probably the deepest known records of this species. They are always juveniles, sexually mature species not being present. Also they are unusual in apparently being numerous on the open sea floor and rooted in soft sediments rather than being fixed to hard coralline habitats in shallower waters and as well as being relatively common over an extensive expanse of the sea floor around Albany and Bald I., they are also common over a considerable depth range.</p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The newly recorded colonies are small (to about 2.5 cm diameter), soft, and globular to gooseberry-shaped with a fur of root-like processes along the ventral part of the body and almost sessile apertures at opposite ends of the upper surface. Each aperture is surrounded by four large slightly protuberant triangular lobes of relatively thick test, but otherwise the test is thin, flaccid and translucent with a very fine coat of sand attached to the outer surface. Internally the body wall contains moderately crowded echinated spines characteristic of the genus. Some internal damage to many of these specimens appears to have been caused by the spicules becoming tangled in the body wall, branchial sac and the test possibly when specimens were agitated during collection. These reach only about halfway down the body wall. Some circular muscle bands also are present around each siphon. The dorsal tubercle has a C-shaped opening with the open interval turned slightly to the right and both horns turned in to varying extents. The branchial sac has up to nine broad branchial folds on the right side of the body and eight on the left. As reported in Kott (2002b, Figure 4E, K), the gut forms an open loop around the posterior half of the left side of the body. The anus is bilabiate but each lip is broken up into irregular, relatively shallow rounded anal lobes. A single clump of compact liver lobules is in the pyloric region at the proximal end of the gut. On the left, the gonad is enclosed in the gut loop and the right gonad is in a symmetrical position on the right side of the body. Gonads are more or less straight club-shaped organs in all these specimens. They consist of convoluted ovarian tube with clumps of branched testis follicles along each side so that the testis follicles appear to take a convoluted course along the surface of the ovary. Each clump of testis follicles has vasa efferentia joining short vas deferens that open separately along the surface of the convoluted ovary. The oviductal opening, at the distal end of the ovary, is covered by a large hood from the internal body wall as shown in Kott (2002b, Figure 4F–H). Many of the specimens are sexually mature, with mature eggs in the ovary, apparently mature testis follicles and the characteristic hood (formed from the body wall) that covers the opening of the ovarian tube.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Despite their small size relative to the size of mature specimens formerly reported for this species, some of these specimens are sexually mature, and there is a possibility that they are a temperate species distinct from this well-documented tropical species. However, apart from their size, their habitat and their geographic location, a morphological character distinguishing these small specimens from  H. momus was not detected. The spirals of the slit on the dorsal tubercle are not so well developed and the convolutions of the ovarian tube and continuity of the band of clumps of testis follicles are not as conspicuous as they are in the larger tropical specimens. However these are some of the few probable age/size-associated characters in the specimens. The general form of the gut loop, liver lobes, gonads, gonoducal openings and body muscles are as previously described for this species. </p>
            <p> A species of similar body form and consistency,  H. mentula Kott, 2002b , has been recorded from the north-western Australian coast. Like  H. fimbriae Kott, 2002b , a similar species from the southern and north-eastern coasts,  H. mentula is distinguished from the present species by its vas deferens that extends the whole length of the ovary to a single opening near the oviducal opening that often is associated with an elaborate fringe. Also, although  H. fimbriae has a lobed anus like the present species,  H. mentula has a simple four-lobed anus.  Herdmania grandis also has a lobed anus like the present species, but usually is readily distinguished from all other species by its large size, more numerous and longer muscles in the body wall and the absence of gonoducal membranes associated with either the male or female openings. </p>
            <p> Family  MOLGULIDAE Lacaze Duthiers, 1877</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D284246FE5CFCE1FC73FEF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
E8619D712D2A4242FDF1FEECFD7CFA57.text	E8619D712D2A4242FDF1FEECFD7CFA57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Molgula elva Kott 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Molgula elva sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 15F, G)</p>
            <p>Distribution</p>
            <p> Type locality: Western Australia CSIRO SS10 /  05 (Abrolhos, Stn 091, 113.7840E 28.9888S, 180 m, 3 December 2005, holotype WAM Z27525) . </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>The only available specimen (the holotype) is small, laterally flattened and covered with a layer of sand adhering to delicate hair-like test processes. The apertures are sessile, relatively close together at the end of a slightly oval body about 1 cm long. The body wall is delicate and transparent with fine longitudinal muscle bands radiating from each of the apertures, just reaching those of the other aperture in the middle of each side but extending only halfway down each side of the body. Circular muscles are around each aperture. The longitudinal body muscles insert into six well-spaced pointed processes around each of the apertures. The branchial tentacles have sparse primary and secondary branches but only minute tertiary ones and are not bushy. The small dorsal tubercle tightly enclosed in the peritubercular V has a simple pit-like opening. The dorsal lamina is a plain-edged single membrane. Six branchial folds are on each side of the body. Each fold has about four fine longitudinal vessels along its ventral side but only one, near the edge of the fold, is on the dorsal side. Two long stigmata spiral together around each of the six infundibulae that extend in a row in each of the branchial folds. The gut forms a narrow, slightly curved loop around the postero-ventral curve of the body, close to the endostyle. It has a relatively long oesophagus, a short stomach divided into four longitudinal chambers and a few elongate glandular pockets at the distal end of the stomach. The smooth-edged anal opening is about halfway along the oesophagus. On the right side of the body the long oval kidney is in a position corresponding to that of the stomach on the left. A gonad extends along close and parallel to the curve of the gut loop on the left and the dorsal side of the kidney on the right. Each gonad consists of a fringe of long branched testis follicles along the posterior margin of the long axis of the tubular ovary. The long axes of the testis follicles are at right angles to the long axis of the ovary. The oviducal opening is at the distal end of the ovary, directed toward the atrial aperture but distant from it. Vasa efferentia join to a single vas deferens on the surface of the ovary. The distal end of the vas deferens projects free of the body wall from the anterior margin of the ovary near the base of the short oviduct and is directed toward the atrial aperture. In the present specimen the eggs appear to be mature but the testis and male ducts are not fully developed. The species is likely to be protogynous.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The gonads and their position on the body wall are similar to those of the temperate and sub-antarctic  Molgula malvinensis and  M. rima , although in those species the gonads are longer, extending further anteriorly than in the present species, tending to curve around the anterior end of the kidney and the gut loop, respectively. The velum said to be at the base of the branchial siphon in the latter species was not detected in the present specimen. </p>
            <p> Other species of  Molgula generally encountered in Australian waters have the male follicles at the proximal end of the ovary, or, in those species in which the male follicles tend to encircle the ovarian tube, they often have multiple openings of the vas deferens rather than the single opening found in the present species. The fourchambered stomach and the gently curved arc of the gut loop are also unusual in this genus where glandular folds and pockets in the pyloric region are usually more elaborate and the gut loop more deeply curved. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8619D712D2A4242FDF1FEECFD7CFA57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2008): Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from deep waters of the continental shelf of Western Australia. Journal of Natural History 42 (15 - 16): 1103-1217, DOI: 10.1080/00222930801935958, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930801935958
