taxonID	type	description	language	source
EF6F59144906D466FCAA7454FEDBDB31.taxon	description	Scientists have also undertaken to find oribatid mites acting as intermediate hosts for other cestodes. Thysanosoma actinoides (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) parasitizes domestic and wild herbivores. Allen (1973) confirmed that T. actinoides requires two intermediate hosts. In his investigation he tried to infect sheep and goats directly by supplying egg capsules. Egg capsules were usually obtained from the intestinal contents of infected sheep or from rectal fecal samples. Allen (1973) discovered that some egg capsules were resistant to artificial gastric juice and would probably pass through the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals without releasing the oncospheres. Some of these were fed in- tact while others were fed after having been mashed to release all or part of the oncospheres. Tapeworms did not appear in the final host so he collected invertebrates on range known or suspected to be infectious. These were: psocopterous insects, beetles, ants, grasshoppers, tyroglyphid mites, oribatid mites, also foot lice, sheep keds and biting lice. Previously he fed the egg capsules to invertebrates and ectoparasites. Although the eggs of the cestodes were ingested, no larval stages developed in those hosts. T. aetinioides larvae developed and supported development of the larval stages only in psocid body cavities. Cysticercoids from psocids have the appearance of stages infective to a definitive host. Then he fed of these forms directly to tapewormfree lambs. No tapeworm infections were produced in any of lambs (Allen 1959, 1973). Allen (1973) postulated that psocids in which they found the cestode larvae are the first intermediate hosts and that the obligate hosts are either other species of psocids or other groups of insects closely related phylogenetically to them. Denegri et al. (2002) analyzed the role of oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of T. actinoides. They experimentally infected Zygoribatula striassima (Family: Oribatulidae) and Oribatella spp. (Family: Oribatellidae) with larval stages of T. actinoides. The percent of infected mites ranged from 1.3 to 7.3 %. Cysticercoids found in oribatid mites were not completely developed and not infective due to the lack of primordial suckers (Denegri et al. 2002). Oribatid mites are also the first intermediate host of Mesocestoididae family tapeworms. Cysticercoids, which are produced in oribatid mites, are ingested by the second intermediate host (small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians), where tetrathyridia are formed in the body cavity (Zale´sny and Hildebrand 2012; Cho et al. 2013; Tokiwa et al. 2014). Soldatova (1944) claimed to have successfully infected oribatid mites with tapeworm eggs of Mesocestoides lineatus, but did not have enough cysticercoids to complete the life cycle experimentally. Later Webster (1948), James (1968), Kugi (1983) tried to infect oribatid mites and other invertebrates with eggs of Mesocestoides. They attempted to determine the existence of the first intermediate host of Mesocestoides. Unfortunately, all studies were not successful.	en	Roczen-Karczmarz, M., Tomczuk, K. (2016): Oribatid mites as vectors of invasive diseases. Acarologia 56 (4): 613-623, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20164143, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/acarologia/20164143
