taxonID	type	description	language	source
EE383C17FFADFF8AFF48FD0DFA40FC44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell medium to large in size, length 25 to 230 mm, usually thick and solid; when fully expressed, sculpture consisting of rounded axial ribs bearing one or more rows of tubercles or spines on upper part of last whorl; basal sculpture consisting of two or more spiral rows of shorter spines of tubercles; upper and basal sets of spines separated by sector with spiral cords, which may be noded or smooth; adult outer lip with crenulated polished edge, its inner side smooth or with variably long spiral lirae; inner lip with three to five symmetrical columellar folds; siphonal canal moderately to very long.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFADFF8AFF48FD0DFA40FC44.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The family Vasidae comprises a compact group of Late Eocene to Recent neogastropods with ornate shells. Traditionally the group has often been considered to be a subfamily Vasinae of Turbinellidae, but Lemarcis et al. (2022) showed with molecular evidence that Vasidae and Turbinellidae belong to separate, distantly related clades, which also differ anatomically (Kantor 1996; Medinskaya et al. 1996). It is therefore appropriate to treat the Vasidae at family level. The prevailing consensus holds that the Vasidae comprises five genera: Altivasum Hedley, 1914 from temperate Australia, Hystrivasum Olsson & Petit, 1964 from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida, Siphovasum Rehder & Abbott, 1951 from the Gulf of Mexico, Tudivasum Rosenberg & Petit, 1987 from Australia and Zanzibar, and Vasum Röding 1798 from throughout the tropics. The subgenus Globivasum Abbott, 1950 was considered a synonym of a broadly construed Vasum by Vokes (1966). As in other neogastropods, the shell of Vasidae is divisible into three sectors: an adapical sector, extending from the suture to the last whorl’s periphery; a central sector of the last whorl; and an abapical sector centered on the siphonal canal and adjacent basal portion of the last whorl. (Vermeij 2002). In the case of Vasidae, the abapical sector comprises the siphonal canal and the two or more spiral rows of basal spines or tubercles on the shell exterior as well as the columellar folds on the adaxial wall of the aperture. The adapical sector is nearly always characterized by one or two rows of spines or tubercles. Between the adapical and abapical sectors, the shell exterior bears spiral cords, which are often marked by small scales or tubercles. There is considerable variation in the relative sizes of the three sectors of the shell. The presence of basal spines in Vasidae is shared with three other neogastropod groups: the Muricidae (Muricinae, some Coralliophilinae, some Ergalataxinae and Muricopsinae), Melongenidae (especially in the genera Melongena, Echinofulgur, Rexmela, Torquifer, and Tropochasca), and Columbariidae (especially in Columbarium). Merle (2001, 2005) showed for Muricidae that these spines are part of a sculptural zone that differs from the more adapical spiral arrangement of cords and tubercles on the last whorl. Although all these families lack columellar folds, Cossmann (1901) and Douvillé (1920, 1921, 1929) inferred a close relationship among Turbinellidae (including Vasinae) and Melongenidae, implying homology and conservation of the basal spines. Early melongenids such as Cornulina, Sycostoma, and species in the Pugilina clade (with Pugilina, Hemifusus, Saginafusus, and Volegalea) lack the basal spines even when peripheral tubercles are often expressed in these taxa. This circumstance, together with the fact that early columbariids and turbinellids also lack basal spines, implies that the basal spines in the families under consideration evolved independently from a condition in which basal spiral cords are stronger than those on more adapical sectors of the shell. Such highly expressed basal cords are very widespread among neogastropods including Pseudolividae, Conoidea, Strepsiduridae, Fasciolariidae, Nassariidae, Volutidae, and Mitridae (see Vermeij 1998). Although columellar folds such as those in Vasidae appear to be topographically linked to external basal spines or cords, the above discussion shows that those external basal features often develop in the absence of columellar folds, and that folds can develop in the absence of basal external sculpture. This independence implies separate genetic and developmental controls on the expression of external and internal sculptural features on the abapical sector of the shell’s last whorl (Vermeij 2002).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAEFF8AFF48FB9DFF2CF8A0.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Altivasum flindersi Verco, 1914; by original designation, Recent, Australia	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAEFF8AFF48FB9DFF2CF8A0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell large, up to a length of 230 um, relatively light-weight, spire high; axial sculpture consisting of relatively short, high ribs; all primary spiral cords adorned with scales, tubercles, or spines, including three cords above shoulder angulation; scales and spines adaperturally oriented; basal rows of spines not well differentiated from more adapical spines; umbilicus wide; outer lip glazed at edge and abaperturally, forming broad glazed area at posterior end of aperture; inner side of outer lip smooth; aperture relatively broad; columella with three folds; siphonal canal long, very narrowly open, straight. Included species. Altivasum flindersi Hedley, 2014 (Great Australian Bight), A. clarksoni Maxwell & Dekkers, 2019 (off Esperance, Western Australia), A. hedleyi Maxwell & Dekkers, 2019 (eastern Great Australian Bight), to Geraldton, Western Australia), A. pauladellaboscae Cooper & Maxwell, 2020 (Jurien Bay to Rockingham, Western Australia), A. profundum Dekkers & Maxwell, 2018 (off Augusta, Western Australia).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAEFF8AFF48FB9DFF2CF8A0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. A. flindersi, BMNH, Coffin Bay, South Australia; BMNH Port Lincoln, South Australia. A. hedleyi, BMNH Safety Bay, Western Australia; Vermeij collection Augusta, Western Australia.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAEFF8AFF48FB9DFF2CF8A0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Altivasum is a distinctive genus from temperate southern and western Australia. Its composition and characters have been reviewed by Dekkers & Maxwell (2018), Maxwell & Dekkers (2019), and Cooper & Maxwell (2020). At a maximum length of 230 mm, A. hedleyi is the largest known vasid. The broadly open umbilicus, reflected outer lip, adaperturally oriented scales or spines, smooth inner side of the outer lip, and long straight siphonal canal s et altivasum apart from other genera. Nothing has been published on the biology of any of the species.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAFFF8CFF48FF28FEA4FECA.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Turbinella cassiformis Kiener, 1840; Recent, Brazil (Fig. 1).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAFFF8CFF48FF28FEA4FECA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell large, up to a length of 105 mm, solid, spiny; spire one-quarter to one-third total shell length; axial sculpture consisting of short, high, rounded ribs on upper part of last whorl, each bearing one peripheral and one subsutural spine; base with three spiral rows of spines; upper and lower sets of spines separated by sector with thin, high spiral cords bearing adaperturally directed scales; umbilicus absent; aperture relatively broad; outer lip glazed at edge but not abaperturally; posterior end of outer lip with two glazed spines, forming an adult flare to aperture; inner side of outer lip with paired denticles near edge, smooth further within; columella with three or four folds; adapical columellar fold situated just posterior to adapical row of basal spines; tip of siphonal canal dorsally oriented. Included species. Aristovasum cassiforme Kiener, 1840 (Rio Grande do Norte to Bahia, Brazil), A. chipolense Vokes, 1966) (Chipola Formation, Early Miocene, Florida).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAFFF8CFF48FF28FEA4FECA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Greek aristo, best; and Vasum.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAFFF8CFF48FF28FEA4FECA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Aristovasum cassiforme, Vermeij collection, Guarapari, Espirito Santo, Brazil.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAFFF8CFF48FF28FEA4FECA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new genus Aristovasum comprises a divergent group of tropical western Atlantic species, one (A. chipolense) from the Early Miocene of Florida, the other (A. cassiforme) from the Recent fauna of Brazil. Diagnostic characters include the posterior flaring of the aperture with two glazed subsutural spines, the present of adaperturally directed scales on central-sector spiral cords, the presence of subsutural spines, the absence of long spiral lirae inside the outer lip, and the absence of an umbilicus. The posterior flare of the aperture differs from the posterior extensions seen in Rhinovasum gen. nov., in which it is a lobe or smooth rounded platform, and Florivasum, in which the outer and inner lip merge seamlessly at the posterior end of the aperture. Volutella shares with Aristovasum a smooth inner side of the outer lip, but it lacks the posterior apertural extension and subsutural spines; moreover, Volutella has an open umbilicus, which is absent in Aristovasum. There are three basal rows of spines in Aristovasum and only one or two in Volutella. In her monograph, Vokes (1966) recognized that Vasum chipolense (here Aristovasum) differs from all other American vasids except its likely descendant, A. cassiforme. She also speculated that A. chipolense might be ancestral to Hystrivasum, which shares with Aristovasum the presence of adaperturally directed scales or spines. Hystrivasum differs from Aristovasum by having an open umbilicus and lacking the glazed posterior end of the aperture. The only account of the biology of A. cassiforme is that of Matthews-Cascon (1985), who showed that the diet of this sand- and grassbed-dwelling species consists of polychaetes and bivalves. The species lives at a depth of three to five meters.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA8FF8DFF48FE35FEEBFF72.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Turbinella tubifera Anton, 1838; Recent, Philippines (Fig. 2).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA8FF8DFF48FE35FEEBFF72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell thick-walled, solid, spiny, large, up to 120 mm in length; spire high; axial sculpture consisting of long, adaperturally oriented ribs, forming high row of spines at shoulder angulation; all primary cords bearing spines or nodes, including two rows of higher spines toward base of last whorl; umbilicus present; aperture relatively broad; outer lip glazed at edge and on abapertural side; pouter lip posteriorly forming broad polished extension of aperture; outer lip smooth within; columella with three or four folds; inner lip forming narrow callus ventrally; protoconch large, cylindrical; siphonal canal dorsally directed. Included species. Florivasum lactisfloris (Ferrario, 1983) (see also Ferrario & Bozzetti 1991); F. stephanti (Emerson & Sage 1988); F. tubiferum (Anton, 1838).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA8FF8DFF48FE35FEEBFF72.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin flora, flower; and Vasum.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA8FF8DFF48FE35FEEBFF72.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Florovasum stephanti: USNM 880233, Somalia. F. tubiferum: BMNH: Cuyo Island, Philippines; Vermeij collection: Palawan, Philippines; Olango Island, Philippines.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA8FF8DFF48FE35FEEBFF72.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Species of Florivasum are characterized by a high spire, large protoconch, a broadly open umbilicus, a fully glazed adult outer lip whose inner side is smooth, and a posteriorly flared area forming a polished extension of the aperture. All species have very long spines at the shoulder angulation. Florivasum shares with Vasum the presence of nodes on all primary spiral cords, but differs by being umbilicate, having adaperturally oriented axial ribs, and having a posteriorly glazed sector where the outer and inner lips meet. All species are subtidal, and two (F. lactifloris and F. stephanti, both from Somalia) are deep-water species. Nothing is known of the biology of any of the species.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA9FF8EFF48FEF5FB6CFB2A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Vasum (Globivasum) globulum nuttingi (Henderson, 1919), = Turbinella globulus Lamarck 1816; by original designation, Recent, Caribbean Sea (Figs 3 A, B).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA9FF8EFF48FEF5FB6CFB2A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell broadly biconic, thick, solid; spire typically high (but relatively low in G. globulus); shell relatively small, maximum length 75.5 mm (in Globivasum capitellus from Puerto Rico); sculpture consisting of high, long, rounded axial ribs, which often bear one or two rows of spines on upper part of last whorl; base with two or more spiral rows of nodules; spiral cords on central sector of shell high, narrow, not nodulose; umbilicus present; outer lip glazed at edge but not on abapertural side; inner side of outer lip with variably expressed spiral lirae, which form denticles near lip edge; columella with three folds; siphonal canal short, straight. Included species. Globivasum aedificatum (Guppy, 1876), Late Miocene and Pliocene, Dominican Republic; G. cancellatum (Grateloup, 1845), Late Oligocene, France; G. capitellus (Linnaeus, 1758), southern Caribbean (Figs 3 C, D); G. dominicense (Gabb, 1873), Early Miocene, Dominican Republic; G. elongatum (Vokes, 1970), Early Miocene, Florida; G. globulus (Lamarck, 1816), Lesser Antilles; G. gurabicum (Maury, 1917), Late Miocene and Early Pliocene, Dominican Republic; G. humerosum (Vaughan, 1896), Late Eocene, Louisiana; G. intermedium (Grateloup, 1832), Early Miocene, southern Europe; G. kraatzi (Ferreira & Cunha, 1957), Middle Miocene, Brazil; G. omanense (Harzhauser, 2007), Early Miocene, Oman; G. pugnus (Pilsbry & Johnson, 1917), Early Miocene, Dominican Republic; G. subcapitellum (Heilprin, 1887), earliest Miocene, Florida; G. suwanneense (Petuch, 1997), latest Eocene, Florida; G. whicheri (Petuch, 2013), Lesser Antilles.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA9FF8EFF48FEF5FB6CFB2A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Globivasum capitellus CAS: Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico; Vermeij collection: Port Marie, Curaçao; Santa Cruzbaai, Curaçao; Piscadera Baai, Curaçao. G. globulus Vermeij collection: Antigua.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA9FF8EFF48FEF5FB6CFB2A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In his monograph on western Atlantic Vasidae, Abbott (1950) recognized that the species Vasum capitellum is subgenerically distinct from other Caribbean species, but he assigned this species to the Australian taxon Altivasum. The genus Altivasum is morphologically quite different from the Caribbean species “ V. ” capitellus and other related western Atlantic species. In the same monograph, Abbott (1950) proposed the subgenus Globivasum for a small species, globulus, from Antigua in the Lesser Antilles. Although this species would seem quite different from the larger, higher-spired “ V. ” capitellus, Vokes (1966) (who synonymized Globivasum with Vasum) recognized that “ V. ” globulus and “ V. ” capitellus both belong to a conservative lineage of vasids, which she placed in a broadly construed concept of Vasum. Although “ V. ” globulus is a somewhat atypical species given its globose form and small size, the name Globivasum is nonetheless an appropriate taxon in which to bring together the extant G. capitellus, L. globulus, and G. whicheri (the latter from Anguilla) together with their fossil relatives. The genus Globivasum differs from the tropical American genus Volutella by having long axial ribs that extend to the basal rows of spines, instead of very short ribs restricted to the adapical sector of the last whorl. The inner side of the outer lip is variably lirate in Globivasum, whereas it is smooth in most individuals of Volutella. Species of Volutella have four or five columellar folds compared with three in Globivasum. Species of Globivasum lack the adaperturally oriented scales or ribs of Altivasum, Aristovasum, Florivasum and Hystrivasum.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAAFF8FFF48FB4DFE95FE26.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Vasum horridum Heilprin, 1887; by original designation. Pleistocene, Florida.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAAFF8FFF48FB4DFE95FE26.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell large, solid, up to 135 mm in length, biconic; sculpture consisting of one or two peripheral rows of spines, a row of subsutural spines, three or four spiral rows of spines at base of last whorl, and four or five high scaly cords on central sector of shell whose scales or short spines are oriented adaperturally; umbilicus open; outer lip relatively thin, glazed at edge but not on abapertural side; outer lip smooth on inner side; columella with three or four folds, the adapical-most fold widest and highest; posterior-most row of basal spines emerge adapically to posterior-most columellar fold; siphonal canal long, straight. Included species. Hystrivasum barkleyae Petuch, 1994, Early Pliocene; H. chilesi Petuch, 1994, Early Pleistocene; H. griffini Petuch, 1994, Early Pleistocene; H. hertweckorum Petuch, 1994, Late Pliocene; H. horridum (Heilprin, 1887), Early Pleistocene; H. hyshugari Petuch, 1994, Late Pliocene; H. jacksonense (Vokes 1966), Early Pliocene; H. kissimeense Hollister 1971, Late Pliocene; H. lindae Petuch, 1994, Late Pliocene; H. locklini (Olsson & Harbison, 1953), Late Pliocene; H. olssoni (Vokes, 1966), Pliocene; H. palmerae Hollister, 1971, Late Pliocene; H. schrinerae Hollister, 1971, Early Pleistocene; H. squamosum Hollister, 1971, Early Pleistocene; H. violetae Petuch, 1994, Late Pliocene; H. vokesae Hollister, 1971, Late Pliocene; all from Florida.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAAFF8FFF48FB4DFE95FE26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Hystrivasum horridum: CAS Caloosahatchee Formation; Vermeij collection Caloosahatchee Formation, Miami Canal; H. barkieyae: Vermeij collection, Early Pliocene, Sarasota. H. locklini: CAS, Ortona Locks, Glades County; Vermeij collection, Pinecrest Member, Tamiaml Formation, Sarasota. H. olssoni: CAS, lower Pinecrest Member, Tamiami Formation, Sarasota; Vermeij collection, same locality.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFAAFF8FFF48FB4DFE95FE26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hystrivasum is a distinctive Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene genus from Florida. Its distinguishing features include prominent subsutural spines, high spiral cords bearing adaperturally directed scales on central sector of shell, three or four rows of short spines on base of last whorl, and adapical-most row of basal spines emerging posterior to posterior-most columellar fold. The umbilicus is open and the inner side of the outer lip is smooth. The genus shares with other American vasids a narrowly glazed adult outer lip and an open umbilicus. Vokes (1966) suggested that Hystrivasum is derived from a form similar to her Vasum chipolense (here assigned to Aristovasum), but that species has a flaring posterior end of the aperture that is unlike the polished adapical subsutural spine seen in Hystrivasum.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFABFF80FF48FE49FD11FA86.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Voluta rhinoceros Gmelin, 1791, Recent, East Africa (Figs 4 A, B).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFABFF80FF48FE49FD11FA86.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell typically large and solid, maximum length 123 mm; protoconch large, bulbous; last whorl laterally slightly concave in profile; axial sculpture consisting of very short rounded ribs bearing one or two rows of nodules or tubercles on upper part of last whorl, and two spiral rows of shorter nodes near base; spiral cords on central sector broad, with or without very faint nodes or granules; outer lip glazed at edge and on abapertural side, forming lobe or broadly glazed channel at posterior end of aperture; inner side of aperture with very short lirae; columella with three to five thin folds; inner lip often expanded as ventral callus; siphonal canal with dorsally oriented tip. Included species. Rhinovasum aquitanicum (Peyrot, 1928), Early Miocene, France (see Lozouet 2021); R. crosseanum (Souverbie, 1875), Madagascar; R. rhinoceros (Gmelin, 1791), Kenya and Tanzania; R. rhinoceros attolinoi (Cossignani, 1917), Zanzibar; R. subpugillare (d’Orbigny, 1852), Early Oligocene, France; R. triangulare (Smith, 1902), off Durban, South Africa; R. truncatum (G. B. Sowerby III, 1892) (Figs 4 C, D), off Southeastern Africa; V. tuberculatum (Gabb, 1873), Early to Late Miocene, western Atlantic.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFABFF80FF48FE49FD11FA86.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Greek rhino, nose; and Vasum.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFABFF80FF48FE49FD11FA86.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Rhinovasum crosseanum: BMNH, Madagascar. R. rhinoceros: BMNH, Zanzibar (sinistral); CAS, Zanzibar (the two latter specimens could belong to the subspecies R. r. attolinoi); Vermeij collection: Kikambala, Kenya; Nyali, Kenya. R. truncatum: USNM 1190533 and 7092303, off Natal; Vermeij collection, Transkei. R. tuberculatum: UCMP 14670, Cantaure Formation, Venezuela.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFABFF80FF48FE49FD11FA86.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new genus Rhinovasum is characterized by a laterally slightly concave last whorl, a narrowly open umbilicus, an extensively glazed outer and inner lip with the latter forming a ventral callus, a broad glazed channel at the posterior end of the aperture, and an elongate, upturned siphonal canal. In the Recent fauna, the group is confined to the western Indian Ocean, but as interpreted here it also includes fossil species from France and the western Atlantic. In the development of a ventral glazed part of the inner lip, Rhinovasum somewhat resembles species of Florivasum, but the ventral shield is more extensive in most species of Rhinovasum than in Florivasum. I include two species from the warm-temperate coasts of southeastern Africa that diverge from more typically members of Rhinovasum. These species, R. triangulare and R. truncatum (Figs 4 C, D), have reduced external sculpture, a narrowly glazed outer lip, and no ventral callus; but in other characters they align with the tropical members of the genus from the Indian Ocean. In the future it may be prudent to separate these temperate species as a distinct genus-level taxon. Martin (1921) described Vasum ceramicum var. from Nyalindung and Cilanang, West Java, Indonesia. These Middle Miocene specimens have short spines, an umbilicus, and three columellar folds. Tomoki Kase (email 21 September, 2018) noted that this taxon does not belong to V. ceramicum, and suggested instead that it might be close to the French R. aquitanicum. This undescribed species might therefore belong to Rhinovasum. If so, it would represent the easternmost occurrence of the genus.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA4FF81FF48FAE1FE7DFF5E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Vasum (Siphovasum) latiriforme Rehder & Abbott, 1951; by original designation Recent, southern Gulf of Mexico, deep water (Fig. 5).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA4FF81FF48FAE1FE7DFF5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell fusiform elongate, solid, small, length to 60 mm; spire high, sutures impressed; axial sculpture consisting of high, rounded, long ribs, not forming nodes or tubercles on upper part of last whorl; spiral sculpture consisting of high, sharp cords; two basal cords on siphonal canal enlarged and forming rows of short spines; additional cords present more distally on siphonal canal; umbilicus absent; aperture small, ovate, outer lip polished only at edge and continuous with raised inner lip at posterior end of aperture; inner side of outer lip briefly lirate; columella with three thin, distant folds, most adapical fold just posterior to adapical basal spinose cord; siphonal canal about one-third length of shell, very narrow, ventrally open adapically but entirely closed distally. Included species. Siphovasum latiriforme Rehder & Abbott, 1951.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA4FF81FF48FAE1FE7DFF5E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ANSP 196488.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA4FF81FF48FAE1FE7DFF5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Siphovasum is so distinctive that I have chosen to retain it as a separate genus despite the likelihood that, as Vokes (1966) has already inferred, it is a deep-water derivative of Globivasum. The continuous peristome, raised inner lip, ovate aperture, high spire, absence of spines, absence of an umbilicus, and ventrally closed distal part of the siphonal canal serve to distinguish Siphovasum from all other vasid genera. There is a very superficial resemblance with Tudivasum, which like Siphovasum has a very long (but much narrower and completely ventrally open) siphonal canal, but Siphovasum has a higher spire, very high axial ribs without spines, and an outer lip that is glazed only at the edge.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA5FF82FF48FB46FF0BFF72.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Tudicla armigera A. Adams, 1856; by original designation, Recent, Australia.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA5FF82FF48FB46FF0BFF72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell slender, pear-shaped to fusiform, light-weight; shell small to large, up to 103 mm in length; protoconch large; axial ribs present or absent; spiral sculpture consisting of fine cords which may bear very long spines On upper part of whorl and on siphonal canal; umbilicus absent; outer lip convex, glazed at edge and on abapertural side; inner lip shield-like with free edge; inner side of outer lip with or without brief lirae; siphonal canal very long, very narrow, ventrally open along entire length. Included species (see Morrison et al. 2021). Tudivasum armigerum (A. Adams, 1856), Queensland; T. ashmorense Morrison in Morrison, Kirkendale & Wilson, 2021 (northwest Australia); T. chaneyi Morrison in Morrison, Kirkendale & Wilson, 2021, (northwest Australia; T. inerme (Angas 1878), western Australia; T. kurzi (Macpherson, 1964), Western Australia to Arafura Sea; T. rasilistoma (Abbott, 1959), warm-temperate eastern Australia; T. spinosum (H. & A. Adams, 1864), southwestern Australia to Queensland and southeastern Indonesia; T. westrale Morrison in Morrison, Kirkendale & Wilson, 2021, temperate Western Australia.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA5FF82FF48FB46FF0BFF72.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Tudivasum armigerum: CAS Keppel Bay, Queensland; Townsville, Queensland; USNM Townsville, Queensland; Vermeij collection off Townsville. T. inerme: Vermeij collection, Thevenard Island, Western Australia. T. kurzi: CAS Scott Reef, northwest Australia. T. rasilistoma: CAS Keppel Bay, Queensland. T. spinosum: CAS Hummock Hill Island, Queensland; USNM Queensland. T. zanzibaricum: USNM 719128, Zanzibar.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA5FF82FF48FB46FF0BFF72.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This highly unusual genus of Vasidae has been thoroughly reviewed by Morrison et al. (2021). No other vasid has such a long, narrow, slender siphonal canal, and no vasid has spines as long as 30 mm (in T. kurzi). T. zanzibaricum is the only species of the genus outside Australia. Like Abbott (1959), I have some doubt about whether this species belongs in Tudivasum, but I follow him and Morrison et al. (2021) in retaining its placement there.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA6FF83FF48FEF5FD0FF9AF.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Murex ceramicus Linnaeus, 1758; subsequent designation by Wenz 1943 (see also Vokes 1966), Recent, Indo-West Pacific (Fig. 6).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA6FF83FF48FEF5FD0FF9AF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell solid, thick-walled, with low to high spire; maximum length 149 mm (V. ceramicum); axial sculpture consisting of short ribs on upper part of last whorl, each bearing two spiral rows of tubercles or spines; two spiral rows of shorter tubercles or spines at base of last whorl; central sector of shell with two primary cords bearing short nodes; umbilicus absent; aperture narrow, not forming channel or lobe posteriorly; outer lip polished at edge and on abapertural side; inner side of outer lip with or without brief or long paired lirae; columella with three or four folds; adapical-most fold just posterior to most adapical spine row at base; siphonal canal short, its tip dorsally recurved. Included species. Vasum armatum (Broderip, 1833), southeast Polynesia; V. ceramicum (Linnaeus, 1758), Indian and western Pacific Oceans; V. turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758), Indian Ocean and Red Sea to western Polynesia.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA6FF83FF48FEF5FD0FF9AF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Vasum armatum: CAS Fanning Island; Rangiroa Atoll. V. ceramicum: CAS Ras Kandaya, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Militi, Kenya; Vermeij collection: Puntan Laguna, Pagan, Northern Marianas; Agat, Guam; Brumner Island, southeastern Papua New Guinea; Obi, Maluku, Indonesia. V. turbinellus: 74 lots from throughout the species range.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA6FF83FF48FEF5FD0FF9AF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus Vasum as restricted here is an Indo-West Pacific group of common reef-associated species. It differs from most other vasids by lacking an umbilicus, having the outer lip glazed on its edge and abapertural side, a very narrow aperture without posterior channel, and spines or nodes on all primary spiral cords. The only other similar vasid genus without an umbilicus is Aristovasum, which differs from Vasum by having a posteriorly lobate extension of the aperture and a row of subsutural spines. Vasum lacks the adaperturally directed scales on the spiral cords of Altivasum, Aristovasum, Florivasum and Hystrivasum. The outer-lip glaze extending to the abapertural side is a feature shared with the other Indo-West Pacific genera: Florivasum, Rhinovasum, and Tudivasum, as well as with the Australian Altivasum. As understood here, Vasum comprises two groups of species: the first including V. armatum and V. turbinellus, the second being V. ceramicum. V. turbinellus as reviewed by Abbott (1959) extends from the Red Sea and East Africa to Queensland, Western Australia, the Ryukyu Islands east to the southern Marianas, Marshall Islands, Johnston Atoll, Fiji, Samoa and Raroia. V. turbinellus is replaced in southeast Polynesia by the smaller, spinier V. armatum. Morphologically, V. turbinellus exhibits substantial geographic variation, pointing to the possibility that this species is in fact a species complex. The typical form corresponding to the type from eastern Indonesia have seven or eight very high spines on the shoulder angulation, followed below on the last whorl by a spiral row of much shorter spines. I have seen this form (Fig. 6) from localities throughout the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, where it is in fact the only form of the species. It also occurs as the single morph of the species in the Philippines, Palau, Vanuatu, Western Australia, and the Marshall Islands. A second morph is characterized by eight or nine short tubercles at the shoulder angulation followed below by a row of spines of somewhat shorter tubercles, giving a bituberculate effect. This is the only morph I have found at Guam and Saipan in the Southern Marianas, as well as at Johnston Atoll (USNM 699671), the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands, New Caledonia, and islands east of Fiji. The Polynesian V. armatum closely resembles this second morph except that the spines in V. armatum are sharper and even shorter. Whether the geographic variation represents species-level differentiation or environmental effects is presently unknown. It is possible that the second morph of V. turbinellus, with a generally oceanic distribution, lives in more oligotrophic habitats than the form with longer shoulder spines, and that it therefore grows more slowly both in the spiral direction and at resting stages when the spines form and grow. There is a striking parallel with the situation in the rapanine muricid genus Sistrum; the oceanic S. albolabris (Blainville) has shorter spines than S. ricinus (Linnaeus) from more continental coasts and the shores of large high islands (Vermeij 2023). As in V. turbinellus, the long-spined forms of Sistrum are the only ones present in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea (Vermeij 2023). Vasum ceramicum, type species of Cynodonta Schumacher 1817, differs from V. turbinellus and V. armatum by having a consistently lirate inner side of the outer lip, a much higher spire, and four strongly protruding crenulations on the outer lip immediately adapical to the row of basal spines. At a maximum length of 149 mm (a specimen from Agat Bay, Guam, in the Vermeij collection), V. ceramicum is the largest species in the genus. At least for now, I agree with Abbott (1959) and Vokes (1966) that the differences between the V. turbinellus group and V. ceramicum are insufficient to recognize Cynodonta as a genus.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA7FF84FF48F9CAFE6DF844.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Volutella divergens Perry, 1810, = Voluta muricata Born, 1778 (see Mathews & Iredale 1912; Abbott 1950; Vokes 1966), Recent, Caribbean Sea (Fig. 7).	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA7FF84FF48F9CAFE6DF844.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell small to large, 26 to 149 mm in length, thick-walled and solid; spire low; sutures indistinct; last whorl conical, not basally constricted; axial sculpture consisting of short rounded ribs, which on the upper part of the last whorl bear two spiral rows of low to high rounded tubercles; base of last whorl with two spiral rows of short tubercles; umbilical fissure present; aperture narrow, outer lip with polished edge but not glazed on abapertural side; inner side of outer lip usually smooth; columella with three to five folds; posterior end of aperture not flaring or forming lobe; siphonal canal moderately long, its tip dorsally recurved. Included species. Volutella caestus (Broderip, 1833), eastern Pacific; V. floridana (McGinty, 1940), Pleistocene, Florida; V. muricata (Born, 1778), tropical Caribbean; V. pufferi (Emerson, 1964), Late Miocene, California; V. haitensis (G. B. Wowerby 11, 1850), Miocene, Caribbean; V. tribulosa (Vokes, 1970), Early Miocene, Florida; V. sp. of Vokes 1970, 1998, earliest Miocene, Florida.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA7FF84FF48F9CAFE6DF844.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Volutella caestus, CAS Panama Bay, Panama; Ecuador; Braxilito, Costa Rica; Vermeij collection Playa Brava, Santiago, Panama. V. floridana: Vermeij collection, GK. K Pit, Palm Beach County, Florida. V. haitensis: UCMP 122795, Cantaure Formation, Venezuela. V. muricata: Vermeij collection: Cahuita, Costa Rica; Discovery Bay, Jamaica; Pear Tree Bottom, Runaway Bay, Jamaica; Rio Bueno, Jamaica. V. pufferi: CAS paratype, Imperial Formation, California.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
EE383C17FFA7FF84FF48F9CAFE6DF844.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Abbott (1950) fixed the type species of Volutella as Volutella divergens, a species that he (Abbott 1959) and others determined to be a junior subjective synonym of Voluta muricata Born 1778 (see also Mathews & Ireda 1 e 1912; Vokes 1966). All these authors considered Volutella a synonym of Vasum, but with the type designation of Voluta muricata it is possible to distinguish Volutella as a distinct genus from tropical America that is morphologically separable from the Indo-West Pacific Vasum. The genus Volutella differs from Vasum as restricted in this paper by the presence of an umbilical fissure, which is absent in Vasum; the outer lip’s edge but not its abapertural side glazed; and the smooth inner side of the outer lip, whereas in Vasum it is lirate to at least some extent in most specimens. The spiral cords on the shell’s central sector in Volutella are not nodose as they are in Vasum. As noted in the discussion of Globivasum, Abbott (1950) recognized that his Vasum muricatum (here Volutella) differs from his Vasum (Altivasum) capitellus (here Globivasum). Compared with Volutella, species of Globivasum as interpreted here differ by having a higher spire, a lirate outer lip, three columellar folds, and often a widely open umbilicus. G. globulus, the type species of Globivasum, has very short, denticle-like lirae on the inner side of the outer lip and a nearly closed umbilicus, but its close relative G. whicheri connects this form with more typical members of Globivasum.	en	Vermeij, Geerat J. (2024): Shell-based genus-level reclassification of the Family Vasidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Zootaxa 5405 (4): 526-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.3
