identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
EC018794FF88EC05F618F9A8FD04F9BA.text	EC018794FF88EC05F618F9A8FD04F9BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Buthidae C. L. Koch 1837	<div><p>Family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837</p> <p>Subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC018794FF88EC05F618F9A8FD04F9BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Rivera, Mel J.;Sánchez, Alejandro J.	Teruel, Rolando, Rivera, Mel J., Sánchez, Alejandro J. (2017): The scorpion fauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 250: 1-15
EC018794FF83EC0EF48CFA7DFA85F9E6.text	EC018794FF83EC0EF48CFA7DFA85F9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scorpionidae Latreille 1802	<div><p>Family Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802</p> <p>Subfamily Diplocentrinae Karsch, 1880</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC018794FF83EC0EF48CFA7DFA85F9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Rivera, Mel J.;Sánchez, Alejandro J.	Teruel, Rolando, Rivera, Mel J., Sánchez, Alejandro J. (2017): The scorpion fauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 250: 1-15
EC018794FF83EC0BF4B1F9D0FCF0FAC5.text	EC018794FF83EC0BF4B1F9D0FCF0FAC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cazierius garridoi Armas 2005	<div><p>Cazierius garridoi Armas, 2005</p> <p>(Figures 5–6, 8–9)</p> <p>Cazierius garridoi Armas, 2005: 69–72; figs. 1–8. Armas, 2006: 300; fig. 1; tab. I. Armas, 2009: 298. Teruel, Rivera &amp; Santos, 2015: 13.</p> <p>Cazierius tatae Santiago-Blay, 2009: 109–111, 120– 121; figs. 13, 27 [back cover]. Synonymized by Armas, 2009: 298.</p> <p>Cazierius sp.: Armas, 2005: 72; fig. 8.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS. Adult size medium for the genus (19–34 mm). Coloration yellowish to olivaceous brown, with a moderately dense pattern of dark brown spots all over the body and appendages; metasomal segment V and telson similarly spotted; pedipalps with carinae and fingers conspicuously infuscate. Pedipalps with chela oval and without reticulations, globose and weakly carinate in male, slender and essentially acarinate in female. Carapace and tergites glossy but with coarse and shiny granules scattered. Pectinal tooth count 6–7 in male, 5–6 in female. Legs short, essentially acarinate and smooth; pedal spurs small; telotarsal spiniform setae formula 4/4: 5/5: 6/6: 6/6. Metasoma moderately hirsute, with segments I–III wider than long, IV–V longer than wide; essentially all carinae obsolete to very weak and smooth to subgranulose, except variably crenulate ventral laterals and ventral submedians on I–IV, irregularly dentate ventral laterals and ventral transverse on V, the latter perfectly arched; intercarinal spaces glossy, with few vestigial granules scattered. Telson with vesicle oval and glossy, essentially smooth; subaculear tubercle vestigially granulose.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 9c). If valid (see below), this species is confirmed to occur only in Mona Island, from which it is most likely endemic.</p> <p>PRIMARY MATERIAL EXAMINED (13 specimens: 2♀♀, 11 juveniles). Puerto Rico, Cordillera Central, border between Ponce and Jayuya Municipalities, Cerro de Punta, 1,330 m a.s.l. [likely wrong locality, see below under Heteronebo portoricensis], September /</p> <p>2 000, under rock, O. H. Garrido, A. Silva, A. Pérez- Asso, 1♀ holotype (IES: CZACC-3.3146). Mayagüez Municipality, Mona Island, September /2000, under rocks, J. L. Fontenla, A. R. Pérez-Asso, 1♀, 3 juveniles (IES: CZACC-3.3150). Bajura de los Cerezos, 20/August/1982, M. Rivera, 1 juvenile (paratype of Cazierius tatae, UPRP). Same locality, 15/July/2015, under rocks, microphylous semicaducifolious forest, M. J. Rivera, A. Megill, E. Mulero, M. Vega, 4 juveniles (RTO). Los Corrales de los Indios, 11–16/June/2016, under rocks at base of trees, microphylous semicaducifolious forest, M. J. Rivera, 3 juveniles (RTO).</p> <p>COMPARATIVE MATERIAL EXAMINED (Cazierius cicero: 24 specimens: 9♂♂, 10♀♀, 5 juveniles). Dominican Republic, San Pedro de Macorís Province,</p> <p>Guayacanes, Los Conucos, 6/April/1986, under rocks, A. Abud, E. J. Marcano, 1♂ holotype (IES: CZACC- 3.2913). Bridge over Cumayasa river, border with La Romana Province, 39 m a.s.l., 1/March/2014, under rocks, semicaducifolious forest, R. Teruel, F. Kovařík, P. Kindl, 2♂♂, 3♀♀, 1 juvenile (RTO). La Altagracia Province, 4 km north of Bayahibe, 48 m a.s.l., 1/March/2014; under rocks, dry semicaducifolious forest; R. Teruel, F. Kovařík, P. Kindl, 1♀, 1 juvenile (RTO). 1 km south of Bayahibe, 6 m a.s.l., 1/March/2014; under rock and inside rotten palmetto trunk, dry semicaducifolious forest; R. Teruel, F. Kovařík, P. Kindl, 2♀♀, 1 juvenile (RTO). Parque Nacional del Este, Guaraguao, 4/September/1987, under rocks, L. F. de Armas, A. Abud, 1♀, 1 juvenile (IES). Parque Nacional del Este, 4 km southwest of Boca de Yuma, 23 m a.s.l., 3/March/2014, night search with UV on ground and rock wall, day search under rocks, coastal semicaducifolious forest, R. Teruel, F. Kovařík, P. Kindl, 6♂♂, 3♀♀, 1 juvenile (RTO).</p> <p>ECOLOGICAL NOTES. According to our personal observations, plus the data extracted from the literature available (Armas, 2005, 2006, 2009; Santiago-Blay, 2 009), this species is widespread but rare all over Isla de Mona, and inhabits exclusively under rocks in the ground of shady places with leaf litter.</p> <p>REMARKS. Immediately after its original description, Cazierius tatae was synonymized under Cazierius garridoi by Armas (2009), based upon his study of four additional specimens of the former and the holotype of the latter. For the present revision, we examined a few paratypes of Cazierius tatae from the UPRP collection and all specimens from IES collection identified as Cazierius garridoi by Armas (2005, 2006, 2009), including the holotype. Moreover, on both field trips to Mona Island, members of our team collected a representative series in different places, including the type-locality of Cazierius tatae. The direct comparison of all these samples confirmed that the synonymy proposed by Armas (2009) is correct.</p> <p>As partially stated in its original description (Armas, 2005), Cazierius garridoi is most closely related on morphological grounds to Cazierius cicero (Armas et Marcano Fondeur, 1987), which is endemic from southeastern Hispaniola (including the coast facing Mona Island). Nevertheless, their mutual taxonomic distinction is far from being as clear as stated in that paper: our present revision revealed that both taxa are actually identical in all characters traditionally used as species-diagnostic for Diplocentrinae, including those originally used by Armas (2005: 71): size, coloration, pectinal tooth counts, telotarsal spiniform setal formula, and carination, granulation and setation of the body and appendages. The single exception is the development of the dorsal lateral carinae of metasoma, which are essentially smooth in Cazierius garridoi but variably granulose in Cazierius cicero.</p> <p>This character alone is not enough for a reliable species distinction, especially because it has already been found to vary in other species of this genus (Teruel &amp; Cala, 2006: 308; R. Teruel, unpublished data). For this reason, we suspect that populations from Mona Island and Hispaniola are actually conspecific, as already confirmed herein for Centruroides bani and Heteroctenus abudi (both of which coincidently occur in the same geographical area). Nevertheless, we remain cautious and prefer not to introduce the formal synonymy until more representative material from Mona Island becomes available, especially adult males.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC018794FF83EC0BF4B1F9D0FCF0FAC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Rivera, Mel J.;Sánchez, Alejandro J.	Teruel, Rolando, Rivera, Mel J., Sánchez, Alejandro J. (2017): The scorpion fauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 250: 1-15
EC018794FF86EC09F603FABDFEA2FA6F.text	EC018794FF86EC09F603FABDFEA2FA6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteronebo portoricensis Francke 1978	<div><p>Heteronebo portoricensis Francke, 1978</p> <p>(Figure 7)</p> <p>Heteronebo sp.: Armas, 2005: 73; fig. 8. Teruel et al., 2015: 13.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. This species is confirmed to occur only in Puerto Rico and immediately offshore satellite islets such as Magueyes and Caja de Muertos. The single known specimen allegedly from Mona Island was most likely collected in mainland Puerto Rico and inadvertently mislabeled (see below in Remarks section).</p> <p>PRIMARY MATERIAL EXAMINED (1 specimen). Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Municipality, Mona Island [likely wrong locality, see below in Remarks section], September/2000, under rock, J. L. Fontenla, 1 juvenile ♂ (IES).</p> <p>COMPARATIVE MATERIAL EXAMINED (37 specimens: 5♂♂, 24♀♀, 7 juveniles, 1 first-instar). Puerto Rico, Sabana Grande Municipality, Susúa, 200 m a.s.l., 3/October/2000, O. H. Garrido, J. A. Genaro, A. Pérez- Asso, 2♀♀, 1 juvenile (IES). 10/July/2005, under rocks, humid montane forest, A. Sánchez, 2♀♀ (RTO: Sco- 0377). Yauco Municipality, Guayanilla, Punta Verraco, 10 m a.s.l., December /1999, J. A. Genaro, 1♀, 1 juvenile (IES). 16/July/2010, under rocks, dry subcoastal forest, L. F. de Armas, A. Pérez-Asso, 1♂, 1♀ (RTO: Sco-0479). Guánica Municipality, Guánica, 75 m a.s.l., 22/August/1995, G. Alayón, 1♂, 1♀, 1 juvenile (IES). 26/February/2001, under rocks, dry coastal forest, A. Sánchez, 2♀♀ (RTO: Sco-0020). November /2002, under rock, dry coastal forest, A. Sánchez, 1♂ (RTO: Sco-0216). 13/October/2003, under rock, dry coastal forest, A. Sánchez, 1♀ (RTO: Sco- 0239). 25/March/2004, under rock, dry subcoastal forest, A. Sánchez, 1♀ (RTO: Sco-0238). 31/July/2004, under rocks, dry subcoastal forest, A. Sánchez, 1♂, 2♀♀, 2 juveniles, 1 first-instar (RTO: Sco-0261). 18/February/2012, under rocks, dry subcoastal forest, A. Sánchez, 6♀♀ (RTO: Sco-0540). Ponce Municipality, Real Arriba, 22/August/1995, under rocks, A. Ruiz- Baliú, 1♀, 1 juvenile (RTO: Sco-0021). Caja de Muertos Island, 24/July/2010, under rocks and fallen log, xerophytic scrub, L. F. de Armas, A. Pérez-Asso, 2♀♀, 1 juvenile (IES). 10/February/2012, A. Sánchez, under rocks, xerophytic scrub, 1♂, 2♀♀ (RTO: Sco- 0 541).</p> <p>REMARKS. Armas (2005: 73) regarded the single specimen from Mona Island as an immature male of an undetermined species similar to Heteronebo portoricensis, and cited the lack of punctations from sternites and telson as a diagnostic character. Ten years later, Teruel et al. (2015: 13) examined the same specimen and concurred with Armas (2005). Nevertheless, the detailed study of additional specimens of Heteronebo portoricensis revealed that this difference is due to immaturity: two same-sized juvenile males (apparently subadults) from Guánica and Ponce also lack punctations in the same cuticular surfaces.</p> <p>On the other hand, we strongly suspect that this specimen of Heteronebo portoricensis and the holotype of Cazierius garridoi were accidentally swapped during the sorting or mailing process and thus, that the correct origins are Cerro de Punta for the former and Mona Island for the latter. According to their original label data (see above) and supplementary information provided by Luis F. de Armas (personal communication to RT), both specimens were collected during a field trip conducted by the same team to both islands, and later given to him in separate batches. Additional evidences give overwhelming support to the mislabeling hypothesis:</p> <p>First, Cazierius garridoi is the only diplocentrine confirmed to occur in Mona Island and has been repeatedly found by multiple, independent collectors including our team. As opposite, no other specimens of the genus Cazierius have been found in mainland Puerto Rico, despite long-term and intensive searches for many years (including continued searches by our team at Cerro de Punta and nearby areas).</p> <p>Conversely, no other specimens of the genus Heteronebo have been found in Mona Island, despite recurrent and intensive searches by our team and other collectors. But Heteronebo portoricensis is widespread across mainland Puerto Rico (where it has been repeatedly found by multiple, independent collectors including our team), and was already recorded from Adjuntas (Francke, 1978: 45), a mountainous locality near to Cerro de Punta.</p> <p>Last, the present study revealed that the scorpion fauna of Mona Island is a detached, impoverished fragment of that of easternmost Hispaniola, i.e., essentially all species are shared between both territories (Centruroides bani, Heteroctenus abudi and possibly also Cazierius cicero). And again, the genus Heteronebo is conspicuously absent from eastern half of Hispaniola (Armas, 1988, 1999, 2001; Teruel, 2005; Teruel, Armas &amp; Kovařík, 2015b).</p> <p>General Remarks</p> <p>The present revision sets the scorpion species confirmed to occur at Mona Island to three: two buthids of the closely-related genera Centruroides and Heteroctenus and one diplocentrine scorpionid of the genus Cazierius. This is the standard composition for coastal localities of the Greater Antilles (R. Teruel, unpublished), but rather poor due to the apparent absence of other buthid genera such as Microtityus and Tityus, both of which occur in similar landscapes of both coasts directly facing Mona Island (easternmost Hispaniola and westernmost Puerto Rico). In comparison with these adjacent areas, also at least a second species of Centruroides and maybe a troglobite could still be discovered in this island because it cannot be regarded yet as satisfactorily sampled, especially its extensive cave systems.</p> <p>This contribution does not alter the number of species compiled in the most recent catalogue of the Puerto Rican scorpion fauna (Teruel, Rivera &amp; Santos, 2015), but clarifies the identity of those occurring in Mona Island. Nevertheless, an important update has been made: the endemism (excluding the Virgin Islands) has now decreased from 82% to less than 74% and is expected to drop even more, if the suspected synonymies of Cazierius garridoi and two other species of Centruroides are confirmed (Teruel, Rivera &amp; Santos (2015: 12)).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC018794FF86EC09F603FABDFEA2FA6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Teruel, Rolando;Rivera, Mel J.;Sánchez, Alejandro J.	Teruel, Rolando, Rivera, Mel J., Sánchez, Alejandro J. (2017): The scorpion fauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 250: 1-15
