taxonID	type	description	language	source
295A5DDC3B1F580089C7CD9C1E974D42.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This wing pattern of the adult A. luminaria can be distinguished most easily from both A. bigeloviae and A. trixa by the elongate hyaline spot in cell br, consistent dark brown region surrounding crossvein r-m, and lack of dark stripe in anal cell; it further from A. bigeloviae by lack of dark stripe in the postero-distal region of cell m and lack of medial dark stripe in cell cua 1 (frequently present in A. trixa also). It differs from the similar-looking A. maculata (Cole, 1919) and A. lutea (Coquillett, 1899) by the hyaline cell bc and hyaline basal region of cell br. The extent of bright orange on the abdomen of many A. luminaria specimens also distinguishes it from A. maculata which has a more red abdomen, and from A. bigeloviae and A. trixa which frequently have a dark orange, brown, or black abdomen. Genitalia structures are highly similar to that of A. bigeloviae, except perhaps for the rounded tips of the prensisetae which differ from illustrations in Steyskal (1984). However, Steyskal describes A. bigeloviae (at the time synonymized with A. trixa and A. semilucida) as being highly variable in male terminalia characters, so this may or may not be reliably diagnostic. The gall can be distinguished from A. bigeloviae and A. maculata by the pointed, teardrop shape, and from all remaining galls in the genus by the thick layer of dense tomentum covering the surface (Fig. 2).	en	Baine, Quinlyn, White, Branden, Martinson, Vincent G., Martinson, Ellen O. (2024): Discovery of a new gall-inducing species, Aciurina luminaria (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae) via multi-trait integrative taxonomy. ZooKeys 1214: 217-236, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.130171
295A5DDC3B1F580089C7CD9C1E974D42.taxon	description	Description. Female body length (minus terminalia) 6 mm. Head (Fig. 4 E) uniformly pale yellow except for occiput and narrow interocular margin grey and moderately pilose. Compound eye bright green, drying to dull red. Three pairs of frontal setae, two pairs of orbital setae, and one pair of ocellar setae present. All setae pale yellow in color matching frons in color. Antenna yellow with black arista. Thorax. Scutum and dorsal portions of pleura dark gray in background color with pale gray pollinosity and dense pale yellow setulae making the scutum appear pale yellow-gray in color at a distance. Scutellum pale orange-brown at apex, narrowly gray at base. Subscutellum with anterior half pale yellow, posterior half and all of mediotergite black with pale gray pollinosity. Ventral part of pleura yellow-orange. The following setae are present, and pale yellow: basal scutellar, postalar, intra-alar, acrostichal, postsutural dorsocentral, presutral supra-alar, postsutural supra-alar, two notopleural, postpronotal, anepisternal, and katepisternal. Anepimeral seta indistinguishable from surrounding setulae. Legs wholly orange in color except for black tarsal claw and apical tarsal setae. Forefemur with elongate comb-like setae. Wing 4.2 mm in length. Costa pale orange. Setae narrowly present dorsally at junction of R 2 + 3 and vein R 4 + 5. Wing coloring is dark brown to black with the following hyaline regions: cell bc, base of cell br, two vertical bands in cell c, the proximal one extending posteriorly halfway into cell bm, two marginal spots in r 1 with apical spot extending into r 2 + 3, large (2 × wide as high) subapical spot in cell br, medial spot in cell bm, large basal and small apical spot in cell cua 1, subapical spot (1.5 × high as wide) in cell dm, entire cell cup except for narrowly at apex, alula, anal lobe, large basal marginal spot in cell m, and subapical band extending from posterior margin in cell m into cell r 4 + 5 reaching vein R 4 + 5. Halteres bright yellow. Abdomen bright red-orange and shiny. Oviscape wholly black and shining. Eversible membrane brown, with shallowly semicircular cuticle denticles. Aculeus short (0.8 mm), notched at basal edge. Apical one third of aculeus with minute denticles covering medial edge (Fig. 5 A). Male body length (minus terminalia) 4 mm. Matching female in all respects except for terminalia. Epandrium black and shining, and proctiger pale yellow-orange. Surstylus pale brown, and prensisetae paired, bluntly rounded at the tips, and black. Phallus (1.25 mm long) and glans dark brown (Fig. 5 B). Variation. Ventral thoracic pleura (including episternum, meron, anatergite and katatergite) in darker morphs are black with gray pollinosity, as on the scutum. Abdomen color ranges from wholly orange, orange with black tergite 6 (5 in male), orange with lateral black spots on tergites 5 and 6 (4 and 5 in male), to mostly black with orange background in dark morphs of both sexes (Fig. 4 F – H). Immature. Second instar larva: Body white, elliptical-oblong and rounded on both anterior and posterior ends. Body segmented by rows of acanthae. Gnathocephalon conical and generally smooth. Mouth hook black and bidentate. Posterior spiracular plate with three pale brown rimae. Puparium: length 4.00 mm, width 1.62 mm. Dark brown, shining, elliptical-oblong, and rounded on both anterior and posterior ends. Anterior end with invagination scar and anterior thoracic spiracle. Posterior spiracular plate with spiracle darkened and flat. Gall relatively large at maturity (7.24 mm mean latitudinal diameter), has a mostly rounded oblong to tapered teardrop shape and is covered uniformly in dense off-white cottony tomentum (Fig. 2 C).	en	Baine, Quinlyn, White, Branden, Martinson, Vincent G., Martinson, Ellen O. (2024): Discovery of a new gall-inducing species, Aciurina luminaria (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae) via multi-trait integrative taxonomy. ZooKeys 1214: 217-236, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.130171
295A5DDC3B1F580089C7CD9C1E974D42.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet is a noun derived from the Spanish word for “ light ” which is specifically used in the southwest United States for small decorative lanterns traditionally displayed during the winter leading up to Christmas. We chose this epithet because the shape of this species’ gall is similar to that of a small flame on a candle, like those inside luminarias. Furthermore, this species’ galls are easiest to find when they are mature, and after the host leaves have dropped, so they are also associated with display in wintertime in the Southwest. The tradition of luminarias is common and adored in New Mexico, the type locality of this species. We elected to use the more widespread term luminaria over northern New Mexico regionally specific “ farolito ” because the species’ range extends into other regions in the West.	en	Baine, Quinlyn, White, Branden, Martinson, Vincent G., Martinson, Ellen O. (2024): Discovery of a new gall-inducing species, Aciurina luminaria (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae) via multi-trait integrative taxonomy. ZooKeys 1214: 217-236, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1214.130171
