identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F308E17F4351FFEBFCCD48A1FBE41C3A.text	F308E17F4351FFEBFCCD48A1FBE41C3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus Lourenco 2015	<div><p>Genus Betaburmesebuthus Lourenço, 2015</p><p>Type species. Betaburmesebuthus kobberti Lourenço, 2015 (in Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015).</p><p>Included species. Betaburmesebuthus kobberti (Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015), B. muelleri (Lourenço, 2015a), B. bidentatus (Lourenço, 2015a), B. bellus (Lourenço, 2016), B. fleissneri (Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a), B. larafleissnerae (Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016b), B. joergi (Lourenço &amp; Rossi, 2017), B. spinipedis (Xuan, Cai &amp; Huang, 2022), B. villosus sp. nov., B. fuscus sp. nov., B. pohli (Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2017) comb. nov. and B. knodelorum (Lourenço, 2021) comb. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). Five pairs of lateral ocelli present, including three major lateral ocelli (ALMa, MLMa, PLMa) and two minor lateral ocelli (PDMi, ADMi) (Figs 2B, 6B, 10B, 17B, 20C, 25A, 28C).Anterior margin of carapace with a wide weakly to strongly marked median concavity (Figs 2A, 6A, 10A, 14A, 17A, 20A, 24A, 29A); central median, posterior median and posterior marginal furrows of carapace well-marked in adults (Figs 13A, 28A, 29A). Median ocular tubercle well-marked and located on the first anterior third to the first anterior of carapace (Figs 2A, 6A, 10A, 13A, 17A, 20A, 24A, 29A). Sternum elongated pentagonal (Figs 2D, 6E, 20F, 24C). Pectines with 13–20 teeth and fulcra present (Figs 2K, 10F, 24D, 29B). Metasomal ventral carinae parallel (Figs 5D, 13C, J, 30 E). Telson with a very long aculeus and a tiny subaculear tubercle (Figs 6I, 10H, 14B, 17G, 20I, 25J). Trichobothriotaxic pattern Type A with beta - configuration (Figs 3, 7, 11, 14C, D, 18, 21, 26). Pedipalp patellar dorsomedian carina (DMc) well-developed (Figs 3E, 7D, 11A, 15A, 18D, 21D, 23E, 29D). Pedipalp finger dentition composed of about ten discrete linear rows of granules; each slightly oblique with proximal ends directed externally, rows slightly imbricated; a smaller spinous external accessory granule and a bigger spinous internal accessory granule present along the base of each denticle row; tip hooked (Figs 2G, H, 6H, 13F, I, 21A–C). Tibial spurs present on legs III and IV (Figs 2I, J, 6J, K, 10K, L, 13G, H, 20J, K, 29F, H). Telotarsus with few ventrosubmedian setae and a ventromedian spinules row (Figs 2M, N, 6L, M, 10I, J, 17C, 20L, M) or numerous ventrosubmedian setae (Figs 14E–G, 15C–F, 23F, 24I, 25H, I, 29F–I) .</p><p>Remarks. Previous descriptions of Betaburmesebuthus indicated that most members of the genus, except for B. bidentatus, bear three lateral ocelli (Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015; Lourenço, 2015a, 2016; Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a, b; Lourenço &amp; Rossi, 2017). Nonetheless, we confirm the presence of five pairs of lateral ocelli in B. spinipedis (Xuan et al., 2022) . We do not regard this as a new feature since the fourth and fifth pairs of minor lateral ocelli are greatly reduced in size and are likely to be ignored by previous authors. Our examination of studied specimens reveals that B. bellus, B. kobberti, B. fleissneri, B. larafleissnerae, and B. muelleri share this character.</p><p>Lourenço &amp; Velten (2017) reported another fossil from Burmese amber, which is assigned to a new genus and species, i. e., Spinoburmesebuthus pohli . Recently, Lourenço (2021) recorded the second species of this genus, S. knodelorum . The most important character of Spinoburmesebuthus claimed by Lourenço (2021) is the presence of subaculear tubercle. However, in another paper Lourenço presented a line-drawing of the adult male metasoma of Palaeoburmesebuthus knodeli (Lourenço, 2018: fig. 4) which clearly shows a subaculear tubercle. In addition, a small subaculear tubercle also found in the juvenile individual of B. spinipedis (Xuan, Cai &amp; Huang, 2022) . Thus, this feature become a contradictory identification key, and we examined the additional materials of Betaburmesebuthus in this paper to contribute to the solution of this taxonomic confusion. We conclude that the subaculear tubercle is present in Betaburmesebuthus, which is difficult to discover in immature individuals but distinct in adult individuals. The two species assigned to alleged Spinoburmesebuthus show many similarities with Betaburmesebuthus and are the large specimens, as our materials, B. fuscus sp. nov. (NIGP200653) and B. sp. (NIGP201157), which all exhibit the obvious subaculear tubercle. As a result, we here merge the genus Spinoburmesebuthus into Betaburmesebuthus syn. nov. and transfer the two species of Spinoburmesebuthus to Betaburmesebuthus, i. e., B. pohli comb. nov. and B. knodelorum comb. nov.</p><p>The description of denticles of pedipalp fingers for Betaburmesebuthus remains ambiguous, which could be attributed to the fact that the original authors observed this structure only from the lateral view (Lourenço, 2021: fig. 16). We provide clear fluorescence and confocal photos from the frontal view and suggest that the absence of any conspicuous accessory granules are artifacts. Remarkably, another Burmese amber fossil, Archaeoananteroides maderai (Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016c) shows the same state in denticle rows with our studied specimens and this species is likely to be a member of Betaburmesebuthus .</p><p>Santiago-Blay et al. (2022) indicated that the tibial spurs III and IV are variable in Betaburmesebuthus (present in three species, absent or reduced in other three species). A detailed examination of our material, however, revealed the presence of tibial spurs III and IV is fixed in members of Betaburmesebuthus . We suggest that such an absent or reduced condition were probably due to the poor preservation or are artifacts of observation. Furthermore, the tibial spurs of immature individuals are usually undeveloped and not easily to identify.</p><p>Another interesting character is telotarsus armature. After the examination of all material, we observed two types: few ventrosubmedian setae and a ventromedian spinules row versus numerous ventrosubmedian setae. The feature is rarely mentioned in published papers and should be regarded as a diagnostic character, despite that the telotarsus armature was considered an important taxonomic character in extant scorpion at higher-level taxa (Soleglad &amp; Fet, 2003). Lacking more distinct diagnostic characters, we refrain from establishing a new genus to divide the two forms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F4351FFEBFCCD48A1FBE41C3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F4358FFEAFCCD4B45FA701CC2.text	F308E17F4358FFEAFCCD4B45FA701CC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus bellus Lourenco 2016	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus bellus Lourenço, 2016</p><p>(Figs 1–7)</p><p>Material. NIGP 200648, one probable juvenile male, the part of right pedipalp finger and metasoma damaged. NIGP 200649, one probable juvenile female, a complete scorpion.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). This species can be clearly distinguished from other congeners by the following set of characters: 1) anterior margin of carapace with a single moderately marked median concavity (Figs 2A, 6A); 2) spiracles small, oblique and oval to slit-like (Figs 2E, 6G; Lourenço, 2016: fig. 7); 3) pectines with 17–18 teeth (Figs 2K, 5B; Lourenço, 2016: fig. 7); 4) vesicle pear-shaped and very long, and aculeus very long and moderately curved (Figs 5E, 6I; Lourenço, 2016: fig. 4); 5) dorsal patellar spur carina well-developed with a strong tubercle and three relatively small spinous tubercles (Figs 3D, E, F, 7C, D); 6) Chela manus with two small spinous tubercles on internal surface (Figs 3G, I, J, K, 7F, G; Lourenço, 2016: figs 5, 9); 7) telotarsus with few ventrosubmedian setae and a ventromedian spinules row (Figs 2M, N, 6L, M).</p><p>Description. Carapace. Sparsely covered by fine granules without distinct carinae and furrows (Figs 2A, 6A); median eyes oval and medium sized, and separated by more than one ocular diameter (Figs 2A, 6A); PDMi posterodorsal to PLMa, and ADMi dorsal to PLMa (Figs 2B, 6B).</p><p>Coxosternal region.Surface smooth with several setae (Figs 2C, 6E); anterior margin of coxapophysis I rounded densely covered by fine setae (Figs 2C, 6E); lateral margin of sternum very long, and posterior margin of sternum slightly incurved and as long as genital operculum (Figs 2D, 6E), posterior depression region small and not obvious (Fig. 6E); genital operculum longitudinally divided and composed of two nearly rounded valves (Fig. 6F).</p><p>Chelicerae.With setae on internal and ventral surface; cheliceral dentition partly visible (Fig. 6C, D), including a long dorsal distal (dd) denticle, a small subdistal (sd) denticle, a stout median (m) denticle, a long ventral distal (vd) denticle and two small ventral accessory (va) denticle in movable finger, and distal (d) and subdistal (sd) denticles in fixed finger.</p><p>Pedipalps. Femur with five carinae (Figs 3A–C, 7A, B): internomedian carina well-developed with about five small tubercles; dorsointernal carina costate with several granules; dorsoexternal carina feebly marked with few granules; ventroexternal carina costate with few small tubercles; ventrointernal carina costate and incomplete. Patella with seven carinae (Figs 3D–F, 7C, D): Dorsal Patellar Spur carina(DPSc)andVentral Patellar Spur carina (VPSc) well-developed and each apophysis or tubercle possessing one microseta; dorsointernal, dorsomedian and dorsoexternal carinae smooth and costate; ventroexternal and ventrointernal carinae incomplete and costate. Carinae on chela not evident; Chela relatively slender (Cl/Cw = 6.19 or 6.23, Table 1); each finger denticle row consisting of about 10–11 (first row with 5) granules and a thick and short seta present beneath each accessory granule.</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Figs 3, 7). Pedipalp femur with 10 trichobothria, 5 dorsal, 3 internal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium d 2 straddling dorsointernal carina (Fig. 7A, B) and trichobothrium e 1 proximal to trichobothrium d 5 (Figs 3A, B, 7A, B). Patella with 13 trichobothria, including 5 dorsal (d 2 petite), 1 internal and 7 external trichobothria; trichobothrium d 3 internal to dorsomedian carina and trichobothrium d 4 external to dorsomedian carina (Figs 3D, E, 7C, D). Fixed finger with 1 internal, 3 external, and 2 dorsal trichobothria. Chela manus with 6 external and 2 ventral trichobothria.</p><p>Legs. Trochanter bearing a lateral apophysis (Fig. 5B). Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs (Fig. 2L–O). Ungues moderately long, dactyl pointed (Figs 2L–O, 5H, I, 6L, M).</p><p>Pectines (Figs 2K, 5B). Basal piece inverted trapezoid with an anterior median furrow (Fig. 6F). Pectines with 3 marginal lamellae and 8–9 median lamellae; fulcra present, very small. Short and transparent sensory hairs extending from surface of lamellae. Teeth elongated and terminal one ovoid, peg sensillae very short and sensory area occupied about three quarters of teeth.</p><p>Mesosoma. Tergites finely granular, median carina evident on posterior half of tergites III–VI (Figs 2F, 5A); dorsolateral carinae observed on tergites IV–VI (Fig. 2F); tergite VII with five costate carinae (Fig. 5A): paired dorsolateral and lateral carinae, and one axial carina on anterior half. Sternites covered by some fine granules and sparse setae; posterior edge of sternites I–IV incurved (Fig. 5B).</p><p>Metasoma (Figs 1A, B, 5C–E). All segments longer than width and covered by macrosetae ventrally. Segments I–IV with week depression dorsally; segments I and II with ten well marked carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segments III and IV with eight well marked carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae) and lateral carinae reduced on segment III; segment V with five carinae (single ventromedian carina, paired ventrolateral and dorsolateral carinae); dorsal carinae on segments II–IV distinctly serrated, other carinae smooth to serrated.</p><p>Telson (Figs 5E, 6I). Vesicle with ventromedian and ventrosubmedian carinae evident and covered by several macrosetae ventrally, a small subaculear tuberance present on terminal of ventromedian carina and subaculear setal pair significantly evident; vesicle/aculeus juncture moderately wide and shorter than half of vesicle; aculeus with several microsetae proximally and progressively darker towards distal.</p><p>Remarks. We add some additional characters to diagnosis, i. e., the DPS of patella and telotarsus armature, which were not mentioned in the original descriptions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F4358FFEAFCCD4B45FA701CC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F4359FFEEFCCD481DFBD51102.text	F308E17F4359FFEEFCCD481DFBD51102.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus kobberti Lourenco & Beigel 2015	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus kobberti Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015</p><p>(Figs 8–11)</p><p>Material. NIGP 200650, one probable juvenile male, the part of pedipalp fingers damaged, amber containing many impurities.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). This species can be clearly distinguished from the congeners by the following set of characters: 1) anterior margin of carapace with a single moderately marked median concavity (Figs 9A, 10A; Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015: fig. 1); 2) spiracles small, round (Fig. 10E; Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015: figs 2, 3); 3) pectines with about 20 teeth (Fig. 10F; Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015: fig. 2); 4) vesicle pear-shaped and very long, and aculeus extremely long and moderately curved (Fig. 9E, F; Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015: fig. 4); 5) dorsal patellar spur carina with at least one strong tubercles (Fig. 11A; Lourenço &amp; Beigel, 2015: fig. 7); 6) Chela manus without obvious tubercles on internal surface (Fig. 11A, E); and 7) telotarsus with few ventrosubmedian setae and a ventromedian spinules row (Fig. 10I, J).</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Description. Carapace. Sparsely covered by fine granules without distinct carinae, and posterior median furrow observed (Figs 9A, 10A); median eyes oval and medium sized, and separated by one ocular diameter (Fig. 10A); PDMi posterodorsal to PLMa, and ADMi posterior to PLMa (Fig. 10B).</p><p>Coxosternal region. Surface smooth with several setae (Fig. 10C); anterior margin of coxapophysis I rounded (Figs 2C, 6E); genital operculum not visible.</p><p>Chelicerae.With setae on internal and ventral surfaces (Fig. 9A, B); cheliceral dentition not visible except a long dorsal distal (dd) denticle (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Pedipalps. Femur with two carinae observed (Fig. 11A, B): dorsointernal carina feebly serrated; dorsoexternal carina costate and relatively smooth. Patella with three carinae observed (Fig. 11A, B): dorsointernal, dorsomedian and dorsoexternal carinae smooth and costate; Chela relatively slender (Cl/Cw = 6.82, Table 1); finger dentition not visible.</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Fig. 11). Trichobothria not clear and partly observed. Femur with 10 trichobothria, 5 dorsal, 3 internal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium e 1 proximal to trichobothrium d 5 (Fig. 11A). Patella with 13 trichobothria, including 5 dorsal (d 2 petite), 1 internal and 7 external trichobothria (Fig. 11A); trichobothrium d 3 external or straddling to dorsomedian carina, trichobothrium d 4 external to dorsomedian carina. Fixed finger with 3 external, and 2 dorsal trichobothria observed. Chela manus with 4 external and 2 ventral trichobothria observed.</p><p>Legs. Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs. Ungues moderately long, dactyl pointed (Fig. 10J).</p><p>Pectines (Fig 10F). Basal piece not visible. Pectines folded, only 17 teeth observed, lamellae boundary not clear. Teeth elongated and terminal one ovoid, peg sensillae very short and sensory area occupied about three quarters of teeth.</p><p>Mesosoma. Tergites finely granular, median carina evident on posterior half of tergites II–VI (Fig. 10D); dorsolateral carinae evident on tergites III and VI (Fig. 10D); tergite VII with five costate carinae (Fig. 10G): paired dorsolateral and lateral carinae, and one axial carina on anterior half. Sternites covered by few setae (Fig. 10E).</p><p>Metasoma (Figs 9C–F, 10G). All segments longer than width and covered by macrosetae ventrally. Dorsal depression on segments I–II observed; segments I and II with ten carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segments III and IV with eight carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segment V with five carinae (single ventromedian carina, paired ventrolateral and dorsolateral carinae).</p><p>Telson (Figs 9E, F, 10H). Vesicle with a lateral longitudinal furrow, ventromedian carina welldeveloped, ventrosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae costate, covered by several macrosetae ventrally, one or two small subaculear tuberance present on terminal of ventromedian carina; vesicle/aculeus juncture moderately wide and shorter than half of vesicle; aculeus with several microsetae proximally.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F4359FFEEFCCD481DFBD51102	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F435FFFF0FF6F486DFD5C1E56.text	F308E17F435FFFF0FF6F486DFD5C1E56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus fleissneri Lourenco & Velten 2016	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus fleissneri Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016</p><p>(Figs 12–14)</p><p>Material. NIGP 200653, an adult male, part of right pedipalp missing.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). This species can be clearly distinguished from other Betaburmesebuthus species by the following set of characters: 1) anterior margin of carapace with a single moderately marked median concavity (Figs 13A, 14A; Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a: fig. 5); 2) spiracles oval to round (Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a: fig. 6); 3) pectines with 19–21 teeth (Fig. 13B; Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a); 4) vesicle pear-shaped and very long, and aculeus very long and strongly curved (Figs 13B, 14B); 5) dorsal patellar spur carina with four strong tubercles and femur with three to four internal strong tubercles (Fig. 14C, D; Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a: fig. 2); 6) Chela manus with two small tubercles on internal surface (Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a: fig. 10); 7) telotarsus covered by numerous ventrosubmedian setae (Fig. 14E– G, Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016a: fig. 8).</p><p>Description. Carapace. Covered by coarse granules; a pair of superciliary carinae well developed; median, posterior median and posterior furrows evident (Figs 13A, 14A); median eyes oval, large sized and separated by one ocular diameter (Fig. 14A); PDMi posterodorsal to PLMa, ADMi mixed with coarse granules, not clear (Fig. 14A).</p><p>Coxosternal region. Surface covered by impurity, not clear but obscure outline visible; genital operculum longitudinally divided, two valves rounded and full (Fig. 13B).</p><p>Chelicerae. With numerous setae on internal surface (Fig. 14A); cheliceral dentition not visible (Fig. 14A).</p><p>Pedipalps. Femur with five carinae (Figs 13E, 14D): internomedian carina well-marked with several strong tubercles; dorsointernal carina crenulate; dorsoexternal, ventroexternal and ventrointernal carinae costate. Patella with seven carinae (Figs 13E, 14C): Dorsal Patellar Spur carina (DPSc) and Ventral Patellar Spur carina (VPSc) well-developed; dorsointernal, dorsomedian and ventrointernal carinae costate with several granules; ventroexternal and dorsoexternal carinae smooth and costate. Chela very slender (Cl/Cw = 7.67, Table 1).</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Figs 13E, 14C, D). Femur with 7 trichobothria observed, 4 dorsal, 1 internal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium e 1 proximal to trichobothrium d 5. Patella with 8 trichobothria observed, including 1 dorsal, 1internal and 6 external trichobothria. Chela fixed finger with 2 dorsal trichobothria observed.</p><p>Legs. Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs (Fig. 14E–G). Ungues long and moderately curved, dactyl pointed (Fig. 14E–G).</p><p>Pectines (Fig. 13B). Lamellae not clear, peg sensillae very short and sensory area fully occupied distal end of teeth.</p><p>Mesosoma. Tergites covered by coarse granules (Figs 12A, 13A, D), median carina evident on posterior half of all tergites (Fig. 12A); dorsolateral carinae present on tergites IV–VI (Fig. 13D); tergite VII with five costate carinae (Fig. 13D): paired dorsolateral and lateral carinae, and one axial carina on anterior half. Sternites covered by impurity, not clear.</p><p>Metasoma (Fig. 13C, J). All segments longer than width and covered by macrosetae ventrally.Segments I–III with distinct depression dorsally; segments I and II with ten well marked carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segments III and IV with eight well marked carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae) and lateral carina reduced on segment III; segment V with five well marked carinae (single ventromedian carina, paired ventrolateral and dorsolateral carinae); dorsal carinae on segments I–IV obviously serrated.</p><p>Telson (Figs13C, 14B).Vesicle with a well-developed ventromedian carina, ventral surface covered by several macrosetae and subaculear setal pair significantly evident; one or two small subaculear tuberance present on terminal of ventromedian carina; base of aculeus moderately wide and shorter than half of vesicle; aculeus with several microsetae proximally and progressively darker towards distal.</p><p>Remarks. Lourenço &amp; Velten (2016) regarded the serrated dorsal carinae of metasoma I–IV as a diagnostic character of Betaburmesebuthus fleissneri . However, we noticed that this character is shared by all members of Betaburmesebuthus and especially evident in mature individuals (Figs 13C, J, 24H, 29C). Our adult specimen provides more reliable features than the immature holotype.</p><p>We remeasured the ratio of chela length and width from figure 2 in Lourenço &amp; Velten (2016) and found it is about 7.50 in holotype rather than 6.82 in the original paper, close to the value in our specimen (7.67) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F435FFFF0FF6F486DFD5C1E56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F4343FFFBFCCD4D69FE8B1802.text	F308E17F4343FFFBFCCD4D69FE8B1802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus larafleissnerae Lourenco & Velten 2016	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus larafleissnerae Lourenço &amp; Velten, 2016</p><p>(Figs 16–18)</p><p>Material. NIGP 201155, one probable juvenile male, part of pedipalp missing.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). This species can be clearly distinguished from other congeners by the following set of characters: 1) anterior margin of carapace with a feebly marked median concavity (Fig. 17A; Lourenço, 2016b: fig. 2); spiracles slit, not oblique (Fig. 17I); 3) pectines with 17–18 teeth (Fig. 17H; Lourenço, 2016b: fig. 3); 4) vesicle pear-shaped and slightly dilated, and aculeus very long and moderately curved, base of aculeus wide (Fig. 17G; Lourenço, 2016b: fig. 5); 5) dorsal patellar spur carina well-developed with three strong tubercles and a very small tubercle (Fig. 18C, D); 6) Chela manus with one small spinous tubercles on internal surface (Fig. 18F); 7) telotarsus with few ventrosubmedian setae and a ventromedian spinules row (Fig. 17C).</p><p>Description. Carapace. Sparsely covered by fine granules (Fig. 17A); median eyes oval and medium sized, and separated by more than one ocular diameter (Fig. 17A); PDMi anterodorsal to PLMa, and ADMi dorsal to PLMa (Fig. 17B).</p><p>Chelicerae (Fig. 17A). With setae on internal and ventral surfaces; cheliceral dentition partly visible, including a long dorsal distal (dd) denticle, a small subdistal (sd) denticle, a stout median (m) denticle, other denticles not visible.</p><p>Pedipalps. Femur with four carinae observed (Fig. 18A,B, E):internomedian and ventroexternal carinae welldeveloped with several small tubercles; dorsointernal and dorsoexternal carinae smooth. Patella with four carinae observed (Fig. 18C, D): Dorsal Patellar Spur carina well marked, dorsointernal, dorsomedian and dorsoexternal carinae costate with several granules.</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Fig. 18). Femur with 10 trichobothria, 5 dorsal, 3 internal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium d 2 straddling dorsointernal carina (Fig. 18A, B, E) and trichobothrium e 1 aligned or slightly proximal to trichobothrium d 5 (Fig.18A,E).Patella with 12 trichobothria observed (Fig. 18C, D), including 5 dorsal (d</p><p>2 petite), 1 internal and 6 external trichobothria; trichobothrium d 3 straddling to dorsomedian carina and trichobothrium d 4 external to dorsomedian carina. Chela manus with 3 externals observed.</p><p>Legs. Trochanter bearing a lateral apophysis (Fig. 16B). Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs.</p><p>Mesosoma. Tergites slightly putrefactive, carinae not evident (Fig. 17D).</p><p>Metasoma (Fig. 17E–G). All segments longer than width and covered by macrosetae ventrally. Segments I–III with week depression dorsally; segments I and II with ten carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segments III and IV with eight carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segment V with five carinae (single ventromedian carina, paired ventrolateral and dorsolateral carinae); dorsal and ventral carinae on segments I–IV slightly serrated, other carinae costate.</p><p>Telson (Figs 16A, 17G). Vesicle covered by several macrosetae ventrally and carinae not evident, a small subaculear tuberance observed and subaculear setal pair significantly evident.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F4343FFFBFCCD4D69FE8B1802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F4348FFF8FF6F4F59FDCA1F76.text	F308E17F4348FFF8FF6F4F59FDCA1F76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus muelleri Lourenco 2015	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus muelleri Lourenço, 2015</p><p>(Figs 19–21)</p><p>Material. NIGP 201156, one probable juvenile female.We assume this specimen is a female based on its relatively wide carapace, short pectinal teeth and relatively robust metasoma.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). This species can be clearly distinguished from other congeners by the following set of characters: 1) anterior margin of carapace with a moderately marked median concavity (Fig. 20A, B; Lourenço, 2015a); spiracles round to oval (Fig. 20E; Lourenço, 2015a: fig. 5); 3) pectines with 14–15 teeth (Fig. 20E, G; Lourenço, 2015a: fig. 3); 4) vesicle pearshaped and slightly dilated, and aculeus very long and strongly curved, base of aculeus wide (Fig. 20I; Lourenço, 2015a: fig. 6); 5) dorsal patellar spur carina with 3–4 small tubercles and without strong tubercles (Fig. 21A, B, D; Lourenço, 2015a: figs 3, 4); 6) Chela manus without spinous tubercles on internal surface (Fig. 21A, B; Lourenço, 2015a: fig. 3); 7) telotarsus with few ventrosubmedian setae and a ventromedian spinules row (Fig. 20L, M).</p><p>Description. Carapace. Sparsely covered by fine granules and posterior furrow evident (Fig. 20A); median eyes oval and medium sized, and separated by more than one ocular diameter (Fig. 20A); lateral eyes unclear except ADMi (Fig. 20C).</p><p>Coxosternal region (Fig. 20E). Surface smooth with several setae; anterior margin of coxapophysis I rounded; lateral margin of sternum relatively short as long as posterior margin; genital operculum composed of two completely separately oval valves, elongated in horizontal direction.</p><p>Chelicerae. With setae on internal surface; cheliceral dentition partly visible (Fig. 20B), including a long dorsal distal (dd) denticle, a small subdistal (sd) denticle and a stout median (m) denticle.</p><p>Pedipalps. Femur with five carinae (Fig. 21A, B, D): internomedian carina well-developed with about six small tubercles; other dorsointernal carinae relatively smooth. Patella with seven carinae observed (Fig. 21A, B, D): Dorsal Patellar Spur carina (DPSc), dorsointernal, dorsomedian and dorsoexternal carinae. Chela relatively slender (Cl/Cw = 6.41, Table 1); each finger denticle row consisting of about 10–14 (first row with 5) granules and a thick and short seta present beneath each accessory granule.</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Fig. 21). Femur with 10 trichobothria, 5 dorsal, 3 internal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium d 2 straddling dorsointernal carina and trichobothrium e 1 proximal to trichobothrium d 5. Patella with 10 trichobothria observed, including 5 dorsal (d 2 petite), 1 internal and 4 external trichobothria; trichobothrium d 3 internal to dorsomedian carina and trichobothrium d 4 external to dorsomedian carina. Fixed finger with 1 internal, 3 external, and 2 dorsal trichobothria observed. Chela manus trichobothria not visible.</p><p>Legs. Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs. Ungues moderately long, dactyl pointed (Fig. 20L, M).</p><p>Pectines (Figs 2K, 5B). Basal piece with a small anterior median notch (Fig. 20F). Pectines with about 3 marginal lamellae and at least 7 median lamellae; fulcra not evident. Few sensory hairs extending from surface of lamellae. Teeth moderately long and terminal one ovoid, peg sensillae not very clear.</p><p>Mesosoma. Tergites unclear. Sternites covered by sparse setae (Fig. 20E).</p><p>Metasoma (Figs. 1A, B, 5C, D, E). Relatively robust, metasoma I length approximately equal to its width, other segments longer than width, metasoma V relatively short (length ratio (met V/met IV) = 1.19), all segments covered by macrosetae ventrally. Segments I–III with week depression dorsally; dorsal carinae on segments I–IV slightly serrated, other carinae smooth to serrated.</p><p>Telson (Figs 5E, 6I). Surface rugged, a small subaculear tuberance observed. Vesicle/aculeus juncture very wide and equal to half of vesicle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F4348FFF8FF6F4F59FDCA1F76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F434BFFC3FF6F4881FE181E1F.text	F308E17F434BFFC3FF6F4881FE181E1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus villosus XUAN & CAI & HUANG 2023	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus villosus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 22–26)</p><p>Zoobank LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AE9FBE59- A278-465A-9CC7-94BF85ECAB13</p><p>Material. Holotype, NIGP200652, one probable subadult male.</p><p>Etymology. The species name derives from the Latin ‘ vill -’, meaning villous, and ‘- osus ’, meaning fully, indicating the fully hairy telson. The name is masculine in gender.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended). This new species can be clearly distinguished from other congeners by the following set of characters: 1) anterior margin of carapace with a strongly marked median concavity (Fig. 24A); 2) posterior margin of carapace broadly and gently incurved (Fig. 24A); 3) spiracles slit and not oblique (Figs 24E, 25C); 4) pectines with 15 teeth (Figs 23D, 24B); 5) surface of telson fully covered by fine and hair-like setae, vesicle very elongated, aculeus very long and strongly curved, base of aculeus very wide (Figs 23H, 25J, K); 6) dorsal patellar spur carina with four small tubercles and several spinous granules (Figs 23E, 24G); and 7) Chela manus with three spinous tubercles on internal surface (Fig. 25 F, G); 8) telotarsus with numerous ventrosubmedian setae (Figs 23F, 24I, 25H, I).</p><p>Locality and horizon. Noije Bum near Tanai, Hukawng Valley, Kachin State of northern Myanmar; upper Albian to lower Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous).</p><p>Description. Carapace (Fig. 24A). Densely covered by relatively coarse granules, median furrow evident; median eyes partly damaged and probably separated by more than one ocular diameter; some coarse granules surrounding lateral ocelli, PDMi posterodorsal to PLMa, ADMi mixed with coarse granules, not clear (Fig. 25A).</p><p>Coxosternal region (Figs 23B, 24C). Lateral margin of sternum very long, and posterior margin of sternum slightly incurved, posterior depression region evident; genital operculum longitudinally divided, surface covered by short setae, wider than posterior margin of sternum, two valves nearly rounded.</p><p>Chelicerae. Not visible except distal denticles of movable finger.</p><p>Pedipalps. Femur very slender with five carinae (Figs 23D, 24F, 25B): internomedian carina with several strong tubercles; dorsointernal carina well-developed and serratocrenulate; dorsoexternal carina feebly marked with few granules; ventroexternal carina well marked with several small tubercles; ventrointernal carina costate with few granules and incomplete, remarkably, a macroseta evident and situated on distal of ventroexternal carina (Fig. 24F). Patella with seven carinae (Figs 23E, 24G): Dorsal Patellar Spur carina (DPSc) and Ventral Patellar Spur carina (VPSc) well-developed and with several small tubercles; dorsointernal, dorsomedian, ventroexternal and ventrointernal carinae well-developed and costate with some granules; dorsoexternal carina feebly marked with few granules. Carinae on chela not evident; Chela relatively slender (Cl/Cw = 6.98, Table 1); finger dentition exhibiting granule rows and large spiniform accessory granules from lateral view.</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Fig. 26). Pedipalp femur with 10 trichobothria, 5 dorsal, 3 internal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium d 2 straddling dorsointernal carina and trichobothrium e 1 proximal to trichobothrium d 5. Patella with 13 trichobothria, including 5 dorsal (d 2 petite), 1 internal and 7 external trichobothria; trichobothrium d 3 external or straddling to dorsomedian carina and trichobothrium d 4 external to dorsomedian carina. Fixed finger with 1 internal, 2 external, and 2 dorsal trichobothria observed (trichobothrium et not visible). Chela manus with 4 external and 2 ventral trichobothria observed (trichobothria Et and Esb not visible).</p><p>Legs. Trochanter bearing a lateral apophysis (Fig. 23B). Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs. Tibial spurs well marked (Fig. 25D, E). Ungues moderately long, dactyl pointed (Fig. 25H, I). Tibia and patella with serrated internal carina (Fig. 22).</p><p>Pectines (Figs 23B, 24D). Basal piece with an anterior median furrow (Fig. 24D). Pectines partly visible, boundary between marginal lamellae and median lamellae evident, three median lamellae observed, fulcra present; short sensory hairs extending from surface of lamellae. Teeth elongated and terminal one ovoid.</p><p>Mesosoma (Figs 23A, 24B). Tergites finely granular, median carina evident on posterior half of all tergites; dorsolateral carinae feebly marked on tergites V and VI; tergite VII with five carinae (Fig. 5A): paired dorsolateral and lateral carinae evident and costate, axial carina reduced to few middle granules. Sternites covered by few fine granules and sparse setae.</p><p>Metasoma (Figs 23G, 24H).All segments longer than width and covered by macrosetae ventrally. Segments I– III with week depression dorsally; segments I and II with ten carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segments III and IV with eight carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segment V with five carinae (single ventromedian carina, paired ventrolateral and dorsolateral carinae); all carinae on segments I–IV distinctly serrated, carinae on segment V costate.</p><p>Telson (Figs 23H, 25J, K). Vesicle with relatively smooth ventromedian and ventrosubmedian carinae, a blunt subaculear tuberance observed and subaculear setal pair not evident; vesicle/aculeus juncture very wide and greater than half of vesicle.</p><p>Remarks. The most distinguishing characters differentiating the new species from others are the morphology and ornament of telson, the anterior and posterior margins of carapace and the shape of spiracles. However, the strongly marked median concavity on anterior margin of carapace shared by B. bidentatus (Lourenço, 2015a) and the slit spiracles share by B. larafleissnerae (NIGP201155).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F434BFFC3FF6F4881FE181E1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
F308E17F4370FFC7FF6F4959FF1B1F97.text	F308E17F4370FFC7FF6F4959FF1B1F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betaburmesebuthus fuscus XUAN & CAI & HUANG 2023	<div><p>Betaburmesebuthus fuscus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 27–30)</p><p>Zoobank LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4788832D- 992B-4A9A-BD43-E94C48BFC7DA</p><p>Material. NIGP201154, one probable adult male, metasoma IV and V, telson and part of right pedipalp missing.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the color of scorpion body; the Latin ‘ fuscus ’, meaning dark brown. The name masculine in gender.</p><p>Diagnosis(emended). Thisnewspeciescanbeclearly distinguished from other Betaburmesebuthus species by the following set of characters:1) general integument color dark brown 2) anterior margin of carapace with a single moderate marked median concavity (Figs 28A, 29A); 3) spiracles small, oblique and slit (Fig. 29J); 4) pectines with 20 teeth (Fig. 29B); 5) dorsal patellar spur carina with four strong tubercles (Fig. 29D); 6) Chela manus with one small tubercle on internal surface (Fig. 30); and 7) telotarsus covered by numerous ventrosubmedian setae (Fig. 29F–I).</p><p>Locality and horizon. Noije Bum near Tanai, Hukawng Valley, Kachin State of northern Myanmar; upper Albian to lower Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous).</p><p>Description. Carapace. Covered by coarse granules without distinct carinae, posterior and posterior median furrows evident (Figs 28A, 29A); median eyes oval, large sized and separated by one ocular diameter (Fig. 29A); PDMi posterodorsal to PLMa, and ADMi posterior to PLMa (Fig. 28C).</p><p>Coxosternal region. A deep groove observed between coxapophysis I and coxa I (Fig. 28B); genital operculum longitudinally divided and composed of two oval valves (Fig. 28B).</p><p>Chelicerae. With setae on internal surface (Fig. 29A); cheliceral dentition not visible except a long dorsal distal (dd) denticle (Fig. 29A).</p><p>Pedipalps.Femur with five carinae(Figs29E, 30A, B): internomedian carina well-marked and serratocrenulate; dorsointernal carina costate; dorsoexternal, ventroexternal and ventrointernal carinae crenulate. Patella with seven carinae (Figs 29D, 30A, B): Dorsal Patellar Spur carina (DPSc) and Ventral Patellar Spur carina (VPSc) welldeveloped; dorsointernal, dorsomedian and ventrointernal carinae costate with several granules; ventroexternal and dorsoexternal carinae smooth and costate; two evident macrosetae present on distal. Chela relatively slender (Cl/ Cw = 6.74, Table 1); finger denticle rows not visible.</p><p>Trichobothrial pattern (Fig. 29D, E). Trichobothria not clear. Femur with 7 trichobothria observed, 5 dorsal and 2 external trichobothria, trichobothrium e 1 proximal to trichobothrium d 5. Patella with 4 trichobothria observed, including 1 dorsal and 3 external trichobothria.</p><p>Legs. Trochanter bearing a lateral apophysis (Fig. 28B); femur with serrated internal and external carinae evident (Fig. 27B); patella incrassate with serrated internal carina (Fig. 27B). Prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs present on all legs (Fig. 29F–I). Ungues very long, dactyl pointed (Fig. 29F–I).</p><p>Pectines (Fig. 29B). Basal piece with an anterior median furrow evident (Fig. 28B). Pectines with 3 marginal lamellae and 10 median lamellae; fulcra present, small. Numerous sensory hairs extending from surface of lamellae. Peg sensillae very short and sensory area fully occupied distal end of teeth.</p><p>Mesosoma. Tergites covered by coarse granules (Fig. 27A), median carina evident on posterior half of all tergites (Fig. 28A); dorsolateral carinae evident on tergites III and VI (Fig. 28A); tergite VII with five costate carinae (Fig. 28A): paired dorsolateral and lateral carinae, and one axial carina on anterior half. Sternites covered by coarse granules; Sternite VII with five carinae (Fig. 29C).</p><p>Metasoma (Figs 29C, 30C–E). All segments longer than width and covered by macrosetae ventrally. Segments I–III with distinct depression dorsally; segments I–II with ten carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae); segments III with eight well marked carinae (paired ventromedian, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal carinae) and two feebly marked lateral carinae; all ventral and dorsal carinae obviously serrated.</p><p>Remarks. The most distinguishing character differentiating B. fuscus from others is the general body coloration and other species all exhibit yellowish integument. In addition, the slit-like spiracle is shared by B. larafleissnerae and B. villosus sp. nov. but not oblique in them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F308E17F4370FFC7FF6F4959FF1B1F97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	XUAN, QIANG;CAI, CHEN-YANG;HUANG, DI-YING	XUAN, QIANG, CAI, CHEN-YANG, HUANG, DI-YING (2023): Revision of palaeoburmesebuthid scorpions in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthoidea). Palaeoentomology 6 (1): 64-101, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.10
