identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F33A87E1FFE7FFE1F79D089EFBD1FC82.text	F33A87E1FFE7FFE1F79D089EFBD1FC82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kuwania Cockerell	<div><p>Genus Kuwania Cockerell in Fernald</p><p>Sasakia Kuwana, 1902: 47 . Type species: Sasakia quercus Kuwana, by monotypy. Homonym of Sasakia in Lepidoptera; discovered by Fernald, 1903: 32.</p><p>Kuwania Cockerell in Fernald, 1903: 32. Replacement name for Sasakia Kuwana, 1902 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Adult female. Body elongate, somewhat broadened toward posterior end, about 1.4–6.0 mm long, red in life. Derm membranous; mouthparts absent. Antennae, placed together on apex of head but not contiguous; usually with 9 segments, basal 2 segments much enlarged, apical segment ovoid, with a group of setae at apex, intermediate segments broader at apex than at base. Legs of moderate size relative to body; trochanter with 4–6 campaniform sensilla on each face; tibia with a tuft of clubbed setae at apex; tarsus 1 segmented and curved; claw with one denticle and 2 acute digitules. Thoracic spiracles without disc pores in atrium; abdominal spiracles smaller, with 4–6 pairs present (0 in K. oligostigma), each usually with a single disc pore within atrium. Anal lobe indistinct or absent; anal ring simple, subapical on dorsum. Multilocular disc pores distributed on both surfaces, of one or 2 types, each pore with one central loculus and 5–10 outer loculi; discoidal pores sometimes present on abdominal venter.</p><p>First-instar nymph. Body elliptical, 0.2–0.3 mm long. Derm membranous; eyes present and mouthparts well developed. Antennae placed close together at apex of head, 6 segmented, nearly clavate in form; intermediate segments short and narrow; apical segment longest and somewhat swollen, with a small group of setae at apex. Legs short and stout; tibia and tarsus apparently fused; claw with a distinct denticle and 2 digitules, each knobbed at apex and exceeding tip of claw. Thoracic spiracles each accompanied by a single multilocular disc pore; abdominal spiracles uncertain, perhaps absent. Anal ring simple, subapical on dorsum. A marginal row of discoidal pores present on dorsum of head, prothorax and abdominal segments; apical setae well developed, about one-third length of body, also with a long seta on dorsal margin of prothorax, sometimes on margin of abdominal segment VII.</p><p>Key to species of Kuwania based on adult females ( K. minuta Borchsenius is not included*)</p><p>1. With 4 or 6 pairs of abdominal spiracles; on Fagaceae ........................................................ 2</p><p>- Without abdominal spiracles; on Burseraceae ........................................... K. oligostigma # De Lotto</p><p>2. Abdominal venter with discoidal pores..................................................................... 3</p><p>- Abdominal venter lacking discoidal pores..................................................................4</p><p>3. With 4 pairs of abdominal spiracles; tibia with about 6 clubbed setae............................ K. quercus (Kuwana)</p><p>- With 6 pairs of abdominal spiracles; tibia with about 10–30 clubbed setae..................... K. pasaniae Borchsenius</p><p>4. Multilocular disc pores of 2 sizes; tibia with 4–9 clubbed setae on apex........................................... 5</p><p>- Multilocular disc pores of one size; tibia with about 12 clubbed setae at apex........................... K. rubra Goux</p><p>5. Large type of multilocular disc pore each with 8–10 outer loculi, usually 10, small type of multilocular disc pore each with 5–7 outer loculi, usually 7........................................................ K. raygilli Wu &amp; Gullan, sp. nov.</p><p>- Large type of multilocular disc pore each with 7 or 8 outer loculi, usually 8, small type of multilocular disc pore each with 6 or 7 outer loculi, usually 6................................................................ K. bipora Borchsenius</p><p>*We have not been able to examine specimens of K. minuta . There is no type material deposited in the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and all types may be in the Zoological Institute of Armenia (I.A. Gavrilov-Zimin 2012, personal communication). Borchsenius (1955) described this species from Ukraine and Armenia on Quercus sp., but provided no illustrations. We doubt that it belongs to Kuwania because the original description of the adult female states that the multilocular pores have two or three central loculi, and these pores in other species of Kuwania have one central loculus.</p><p># We have not seen specimens of K. oligostigma, but the adult female described and illustrated by De Lotto (1959) resembles a species of Kuwania except for the absence of abdominal spiracles. It is possible that these were difficult to see or may have been removed unintentionally during maceration and clearing of body contents.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F33A87E1FFE7FFE1F79D089EFBD1FC82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wu, San’An;Nan, Nan;Gullan, Penny;Deng, Jun	Wu, San’An, Nan, Nan, Gullan, Penny, Deng, Jun (2013): The taxonomy of the Japanese oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kuwaniidae), with a generic diagnosis, a key to species and description of a new species from California. Zootaxa 3630 (2): 291-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3630.2.5
F33A87E1FFE0FFECF79D08E1FC9BFD37.text	F33A87E1FFE0FFECF79D08E1FC9BFD37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) Kuwana	<div><p>Redescription of Kuwania quercus (Kuwana)</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. LECTOTYPE, adult female, here designated (see notes below). Japan, date not given, Coll. Kuwana, ex Quercus sp., on the same slide as an adult female paralectotype, lectotype on right, paralectotype on left, slide labelled " Kuwania / quercus (Kuw) / From Oak. / Japan / Kuwana, col. / Type material / Entomological Laboratory / Stanford University" [collection data handwritten, apparently by G.F. Ferris, but name of laboratory and university is printed] (BME); PARALECTOTYPES, 12 adult females on 6 slides, 4 first-instar nymphs on 2 slides (3 on one slide, one on another slide with one adult female) and 4 intermediate-stage females on 2 slides, same data as lectotype (BME); 3 boxes with dry type material, one labelled “ Kuwania quercus / ( Kuwania [sic]) / TYPE / material / on Oak Quercus serrata / Kiushiu, Japan / Kuwana” [in handwriting of G.F. Ferris], another labelled “ Kuwania quercus / On Quercus sp. / Tokyo, Japan Kuwana, 1900” [handwriting of G.F. Ferris] and the third box labelled “Co-type of Genus [in red ink] / Kuwania quercus . Kuwana / on Oak / Japan / Kuwana.” (BME); and 5 adult females, 8 intermediate-stage females, 1 first-instar nymph and eggs (all very poor) on 2 slides labelled "CO-TYPE / 9340 / Kuwania quercus Kuw. /on Quercus spp. (Katagi) = / Q. acuta / Kiushiu, Japan / Rec’d Dec. 26, 1900 ” (USNM).</p><p>Kuwana’s original description reports that he made the collections in the year 1900 in Tokyo and Kiushiu, although he listed the hosts as Q. myrsinaefolia and Q. acuta, and did not mention Q. serrata. By the time that Kuwana described this Japanese species he was at Stanford University in California (as evidenced by the address on his 1902 paper) and thus Kuwana’s specimens would have been available to Gordon F. Ferris, who worked on Coccoidea at Stanford University from 1917 to 1958 (Wiggins, 1958; McKenzie, 1959). The Ferris collection of Coccoidea was transferred to the BME in 1960 (Miller et al., 1969), which explains how the type specimens of S. quercus came to be deposited there.</p><p>The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) requires lectotype designated after 1999 to "contain an express statement of deliberate designation" (amended Article 74.7.3). We use the statement ‘here designated’ to satisfy this requirement. A lectotype has been designated for Sasakia quercus Kuwana to provide stability of nomenclature, and designation is done in a revisionary context in agreement with the amended Recommendation 74G of Article 74.7.3.</p><p>ADULT FEMALE (Fig. 1) (n=13)</p><p>Unmounted material. According to Kuwana (1902), adult female in life reddish, antennae and legs reddish brown, usually found in crevices in bark, in a white cottony secretion.</p><p>Mounted material. Body elongate, somewhat broadened toward posterior apex, 1.16–1.87 (lectotype 1.62) mm long and 0.62–0.98 (lectotype 0.73) mm wide. Derm membranous with segments distinct. Eyes indistinct, mouthparts wanting. Antennae placed close to each other on apex of head but without contiguous bases, usually 9 segmented; basal segment much enlarged, cone-like, with many short fine hair-like setae and a sclerotized bar on dorsal surface; segment II trapezoidal or cylindrical, with a whorl of short fine hair-like setae and 1 or 2 campaniform sensilla apically; segments III–VIII bowl-like, constricted at base of each segment, with a whorl of long fine hair-like setae apically, segment V–VIII each also with 2 thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae); apical segment ovoid, with 5 or 6 thick thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae), 2 or 3 long hair-like setae and one pair of coeloconic sensilla at apex; basal segment longest, nearly 1/4 of total length of antennae, segment lengths (μm): I 75 –83, II 38 –45, III 33 –38, IV 28–33, V 30–38, VI 33 –38, VII 30–35, VIII 28–35, IX 43 –50. In 2 of 13 adult females, antennae 10-segmented, segments V–IX each with 2 thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae) at apex. Legs moderately developed; coxa stout, with a group (10–15) of small setae on each surface; trochanter with 4 campaniform sensilla and one short hair-like seta on each surface; femur thickest segment; tibia with a tuft of about 6 clubbed setae at ventral distal end; tarsus one-segmented, curved; claw with a denticle and 2 acute digitules, about 1/ 2 in length of claw. Lengths (μm): fore legs: coxa 37.5–72.5, trochanter 40.0–55.0, femur 75.0–117.5, tibia 100.0–152.5, tarsus 47.5–80.0, claw 20.0–22.5; middle legs: coxa 40.0–72.5, trochanter 37.5–55.0, femur 80.0–125.0, tibia 110.0–167.5, tarsus 55.0–87.5, claw 20.0–25.0; hind legs: coxa 45.0–75.0, trochanter 37.5–60.0, femur 87.5–125.0, tibia 110.0–165.0, tarsus 57.5–87.5, claw 20.0–25.0; ratio of length of trochanter +femur to length of tibia + tarsus of hind leg 1:1.34–1.52; ratio of length of tibia to tarsus of hind leg 1.82–1.91:1. Thoracic spiracles with sclerotized bar and spiracular atrium 12.5–19.0 μm in diameter, without disc pores within, but with one or 2 multilocular pores near opening, each pore 5.0 μm in diameter, with 7 or 8 outer loculi; abdominal spiracles in 4 pairs on margin of abdominal sterna I–IV, smaller than thoracic spiracles, each with atrium 9.5–12.5 μm in diameter, with one disc pore within atrium, this pore same size and structure as that at opening of thoracic spiracles. Anal ring circular, subapical, near anterior edge of last abdominal tergum. Vulva on ventromedial abdomen between segments VII and VIII.</p><p>Dorsum. Disc pores of one type only, each 3.5–4.0 μm in diameter, with a rather deeply invaginated centre and 5 or 7 outer loculi; numerous, forming transverse band on each segment, more numerous toward posterior apex. Setae tiny and slender, about 3.2–6.3 μm long, scattered over dorsal surfaces.</p><p>Venter. Disc pores of three types: (1) large multilocular disc pores, each ca. 5.0 µm in diameter, with a rather deeply invaginated centre and 7 or 8 outer loculi, mostly distributed in a large group on abdominal sterna V–VIII; (2) small multilocular disc pores, of same size and structure as those on dorsum, distributed on most of ventral surface except last abdominal segments; and (3) discoidal disc pore, each ca. 5.0 μm in diameter, about 12–18 in number, located on segments VI and VIII around vulva. Setae of 2 sizes, larger each 43.0–63.5 μm long, a few on head and near coxae; small setae similar to those on dorsum, scattered over all ventral surfaces.</p><p>FIRST-INSTAR NYMPH (Fig. 2) (n=4)</p><p>Unmounted material. According to Kuwana (1902), crawler in life red, with antennae and legs pale.</p><p>Mounted material. Body oval, 0.24–0.27 mm long and 0.13–0.15 mm wide. Eyes present, round and prominent, 3–4 µm in diameter. Mouthparts well developed, with long stylets, labium 2-segmented. Antennae close together at base, 6-segmented, 75 μm long, apex club-shaped; basal segment large and cone-like, segment III cylindrical, segment II narrow and ring-like, with 1 campaniform sensillum; segments IV and IV also narrow and ring-like; apical segment broadest and longest, elongate ovoid, with 3 thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae), 2 or 3 long hair-like setae and one pair of coeloconic sensilla at apex. Length of antennal segments (μm): I 19, II 7, III 9, IV 5, V 6, VI 29. Legs developed, thick and short; trochanter with 2 campaniform sensilla on each surface; femur enlarged; tibia and tarsus fused; claw thick and curved, with a subapical denticle; a pair of knobbed claw digitules longer than claw. Lengths (μm): fore legs: coxa 11, trochanter+ femur 25–30, tibia + tarsus 19–22, claw 9–10; middle legs: coxa 10–12, trochanter+ femur 25–31, tibia + tarsus 19–21, claw 9–10; hind legs: coxa 10, trochanter+ femur 27–31, tibia + tarsus 20–22, claw 10–11; length of trochanter + femur nearly equal to that of tibia + tarsus. Thoracic spiracle without sclerotized bar and with no disc pores within atrium; abdominal spiracles apparently absent. Anus circular, subapical, located dorsally on anterior part of last abdominal segment. Posterior end of body with a pair of long hair-like apical setae, each 98–112 μm long, about half length of body.</p><p>Dorsum. Prothorax with one pair of long hair-like setae on margin, each 34–41 μm long. Short setae, each 4.0–5.0μm long, forming submedian longtidudinal rows on dorsal surface and submarginal longtidudinal rows only on abdomen. Disc pores of one type: discoidal pores each about 5μm in diameter, 20 in number, on margin of dorsum, distributed as follows: head with one pair near base of antennae; prothorax with 2 pairs, abdominal segments I–VII each with one pair.</p><p>Venter. With 3 pairs of long hair-like setae: one pair in front of mouthparts, each 10–14μm long; one pair submedially on venter behind coxa of fore leg, each 46 μm long, and a pair of short hair-like setae, 14–20 μm long on submedian ventral surface of last segment. Short setae, each 4.0–6.0μm long, forming submarginal and submedian longtidudinal rows on abdomen. Disc pores of 2 types: (1) multilocular disc pores, each with 6 outer loculi and 3.5–4.0 μm in diameter, 4 in number, with one near each thoracic spiracle; (2) discoidal pores, each about 1.5μm in diameter, only 2 in number, present in front of long hair-like setae on submedian ventral surface of last segment [This kind of simple disc pore was illustrated as a hair-like seta in figure 18A of Ferris (1919) and we also initially considered it to be a broken seta (based on only one individual), but we changed our opinion after examining and finding no setae in this position on 11 individuals of Kuwania raygilli sp. nov.].</p><p>INTERMEDIATE-STAGE FEMALE, PROBABLY THIRD-INSTAR (Fig. 3) (n=4)</p><p>Unmounted material. According to Kuwana (1902), body in life red.</p><p>Mounted material. Body broadly oval, almost circular, ca. 0.39–0.86 mm long, 0.30–0.75 mm wide, derm more or less sclerotized, with indistinct segmentation. Eyes absent. Mouthparts developed, labium 2-segmented. Antennae reduced to small plate-like structures, each with 3 short thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae). Legs wholly absent. Thoracic spiracles each with atrium 6.3–7.9 μm across and each with 9–12 multilocular pores in atrium; each atrial pore 3.5–4.0 μm in diameter and with 9, 10 or 12 (mainly 10) outer loculi. Abdominal spiracles in 4 pairs, one on each of anterior 4 abdominal segments, smaller than thoracic spiracles, each with atrium 4.0–5.6 μm across and with 5–7 multilocular disc pores (like those of thoracic spiracles) in atrium. Anal ring circular, located subapically on dorsum.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae absent. Multilocular disc pores of one type, 5.0–6.0 μm in diameter, with 7 to 10 (mainly 8 or 9) outer loculi, numerous, mainly forming a broad longitudinal band along margin, and a longitudinal band medially on dorsum, each of these 3 bands narrower and with fewer pores towards posterior end of body, but number and distribution of this type of disc pore quite variable, even different between 2 halves of one specimen.</p><p>Venter. Derm with almost no setae, only a small group (3–5) of small conical setae with round tip, located just behind opening of each thoracic spiracle. Multilocular disc pores similar to those as on dorsum, forming a longitudinal marginal band, the number also quite variable, even different between 2 halves of one specimen.</p><p>Remarks. K. quercus has been found only in China and Japan, and it appears to be an east-Asian species. There are two other Kuwania species recorded from Asia, i.e., K. bipora and K. pasaniae . K. quercus differs from K. bipora by the adult female having 4 pairs of abdominal spiracles and discoidal pores on the abdominal venter, and by the first-instar nymph having a discoidal pore on margin of abdominal segments II–IV and a pair of long hair-like setae behind the coxa of each fore leg, and by the intermediate-stage female lacking trilocular pores near the opening of the abdominal spiracles. K. quercus differs from K. pasaniae by adult female having 4 pairs of abdominal spiracles and each tibia having about 6 clubbed setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F33A87E1FFE0FFECF79D08E1FC9BFD37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wu, San’An;Nan, Nan;Gullan, Penny;Deng, Jun	Wu, San’An, Nan, Nan, Gullan, Penny, Deng, Jun (2013): The taxonomy of the Japanese oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kuwaniidae), with a generic diagnosis, a key to species and description of a new species from California. Zootaxa 3630 (2): 291-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3630.2.5
F33A87E1FFEDFFE8F79D084BFBE6FCEF.text	F33A87E1FFEDFFE8F79D084BFBE6FCEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kuwania raygilli	<div><p>Kuwania raygilli Wu &amp; Gullan, sp. nov.</p><p>Kuwania quercus (Kuwana); Gill, 1986: 228; 1990: 62; 1991: 12; 1993: 38–39. [misidentification]</p><p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE: adult female, USA: California, Yolo County, Davis, University of California campus, near Academic Surge Building on the bark of Quercus lobata, 2 May 2012, Coll. R.J. Gill (BME). PARATYPES: 5 adult females (on 2 slides) and 9 intermediate-stage females (on 3 slides), same data as holotype (2 adult females on 1 slide and 5 intermediate-stage females on 2 slides in BFUC, 3 adult females on slide with holotype and 4 intermediate-stage females in BME); 1 adult female (DNA voucher Kuw1 of L.G. Cook), USA: California, roadside near Lake Berryessa, under bark of Quercus sp., 6 November 1998, P.J. Gullan (ANIC); 1 adult female (DNA voucher LGC00351), USA: California, Yolo County, Davis, UCD campus, W of Academic Surge Building, ex trunk of Quercus lobata, June 2005, T. Kondo (ANIC); 7 adult females (on 3 slides), 3 intermediate-stage females (on 2 slides) and many first-instar nymphs (on 4 slides), USA: California, Yolo County, Davis, UCD campus, W of Academic Surge Building, on the bark of Quercus lobata, 9 July 2001, Coll. P.J. Gullan (3 in ANIC, 1 in BJUC, 4 in BME and 1 in USNM).</p><p>Etymology. This new species is named in honour of Raymond J. Gill, who first described and illustrated this species and provided specimens for our project.</p><p>ADULT FEMALE (Fig. 4) (n=9)</p><p>Unmounted material. Bright red, with a dorsal mass of white waxen threads (Gill, 1993).</p><p>Mounted material. Body elongate-oval, somewhat broadened toward posterior apex, 1.58–2.78 (holotype 2.78) mm long and 1.05–1.78 (holotype 1.78) mm wide. Derm membranous with segments distinct. Eyes present, mouthparts wanting. Antennae placed close together on apex of head but without contiguous bases, 9 segmented; basal segment much enlarged, cone-like, with many short fine hair-like setae in middle part and a sclerotized bar on dorsal surface; segment II trapezoidal or cylindrical, with a 3- or 4-seta wide band of short fine hair-like setae and 3 or 4 campaniform sensilla apically; segments III–VIII bowl-like, constricted at base of each segment, with a whorl of long fine hair-like setae apically, segment V–VIII also each with 2 thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae); apical segment ovoid, with 5 or 6 thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae), about 6 long hair-like setae and one pair of coeloconic sensilla at apex; basal segment longest, nearly 1/4 total length of antennae; segment lengths (μm): I 95 –133, II 38 –65, III 28–45, IV 28–43, V 30–45, VI 30–40, VII 30–40, VIII 28–40, IX 50 –75. Legs moderately developed; coxa stout, with a group of 20–25 small setae on each surface; trochanter with 4–8 campaniform sensilla, arranged in group or in line (of 100 trochanters examined, 62 with sensilla in group and 38 in a line) and 7–10 short hair-like seta on each surface; femur thickest segment; tibia with a tuft of about 7–11 clubbed setae at ventral distal end; tarsus one-segmented, curved; claw with a denticle and 2 acute digitules, each about 1/2 length of claw. Lengths (μm): fore legs: coxa 58–90, trochanter 40–73, femur 98–148, tibia 115–168, tarsus 70–103, claw 25–35; middle legs: coxa 63–100, trochanter 50–73, femur 100–153, tibia 128 –195, tarsus 75–115, claw 28–38; hind legs: coxa 68–105, trochanter 45–70, femur 108–155, tibia 138–218, tarsus 80–120, claw 28–38; ratio of length of trochanter + femur to length of tibia + tarsus of hind leg 1:1.43–1.55; ratio of length of tibia to tarsus of hind leg 1.71–1.89:1. Thoracic spiracles with sclerotized bar and with spiracular atrium 13–18 μm in diameter; atrium without disc pores; abdominal spiracles in 6 pairs on margin of abdominal sterna I–VI, smaller than thoracic spiracles, each with atrium 9–10 μm in diameter, with or without disc pore within atrium (of 104 abdominal spiracles examined, 61 without disc pore, 42 with one disc pore and only one with two disc pores). Anal ring circular, subapical, near anterior edge of last abdominal tergum. Vulva on ventromedial abdomen between segments VII and VIII.</p><p>Dorsum. Disc pores of one type only, each about 5 μm in diameter, with a rather deeply invaginated centre and 5–8 outer loculi (usually 7 or 8); numerous, forming a transverse row or band on each segment; more numerous toward margin and posterior apex. Setae tiny and slender, each about 5–9 μm long, mainly present in multilocular pore bands.</p><p>Venter. Disc pores of two types: (1) large multilocular disc pores, each 6–7 µm in diameter, with a rather deeply invaginated centre and 8–10 outer loculi (usually 10), mostly distributed in a large group on abdominal sterna VII and VIII; (2) small multilocular disc pores, of similar size and structure as on dorsum, distributed over most of ventral surface except last abdominal segments. Setae of 2 sizes, larger each 22–53 μm long, a few near coxae; smaller setae same as on dorsum, scattered on all ventral surfaces.</p><p>Remarks. The adult female of this new species is very similar to that of K. bipora, but can be distinguished by having each large type of multilocular disc pore with 8–10 outer loculi (usually 10) and each small type of multilocular disc pore with 5–7 outer loculi (usually 7), whereas in K. bipora, each large type of multilocular disc pore has 7 or 8 outer loculi (usually 8) and each small type of multilocular disc pore has 6 or 7 outer loculi (usually 6). Despite these apparently small morphological differences, K. raygilli and K. bipora differ genetically from each other by as much as either differs from K. quercus (Table 2). Furthermore, K. bipora is known only from China and K. raygilli only from California.</p><p>FIRST-INSTAR NYMPH (Fig. 5) (n=11)</p><p>Unmounted material. None available.</p><p>Mounted material. Body oval, 0.32–0.39 mm long and 0.12–0.15 mm wide. Eyes present, round and prominent, each 8–10 µm in diameter. Mouthparts well developed, with long stylets, labium 2 segmented. Antennae close together at base, 6 segmented, 93–103 μm long, apex club-shaped; basal segment large and conelike, segment III cylindrical, segment II narrow ring-like with 1 campaniform sensillum; segments IV and IV also narrow ring-like; apical segment broadest and longest, elongate ovoid, with 3 thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae), 4 long hair-like setae and one pair of coeloconic sensilla at apex. Length of antennal segments (μm): I 20–23, II 8– 10, III 10–14, IV 7–9, V 9–10, VI 34 –38. Legs developed, thick and short; trochanter with 2 campaniform sensilla on each surface; femur enlarged; tibia and tarsus fused; claw thick and curved, with a subapical denticle; with a pair of knobbed claw digitules, longer than claw. Lengths (μm): fore legs: coxa 12–14, trochanter+ femur 33–37, tibia + tarsus 25–29, claw 10–11; middle legs: coxa 12–14, trochanter+ femur 33–36, tibia + tarsus 25–28, claw 11–12; hind legs: coxa 14–15, trochanter+ femur 34–38, tibia + tarsus 30–31, claw 11–12; length of trochanter + femur is 1.2 times that of tibia + tarsus. Thoracic spiracle without sclerotized bar and with no disc pores within atrium; abdominal spiracles apparently absent. Anus circular, subapical, located dorsally on anterior part of last abdominal segment. Posterior end of body with a pair of long hair-like apical setae, each 98–125 μm long, about one-third length of body.</p><p>Dorsum. Prothorax with one pair of long hair-like setae on margin, each 42–48 μm long. Short setae, each 4.0–5.0μm long, forming marginal and submedian longitudinal rows on dorsal surface. Disc pores of one type: discoidal pore each about 5μm in diameter, 14–16 in number, on margin of dorsum, distributed as follows: head with one pair near base of antennae; prothorax with 1 or 2 pairs; abdominal segments I, IV, VI, VII and VIII each with one pair; occasionally pore missing on one side of abdominal segment IV.</p><p>Venter. With 5 pairs of long hair-like setae: 3 pairs on submedian area of thorax, lateral to each leg coxa and each 10–12 μm long; one pair submedially on venter behind coxa of fore leg, each 48–56 μm long, and one pair on submedian ventral surface of last abdominal segment, each 14–18 μm long. Short setae, each 5.0–6.0 μm long, forming marginal and abdominal submedian longtidudinal rows. Disc pores of 2 types: (1) multilocular disc pores each 4.0–5.0 μm in diameter with 6 loculi, 4 in number, with one near each thoracic spiracle; (2) discoidal pores, each about 1.5 μm in diameter, only 2 in number, present in front of long hair-like setae on submedian ventral surface of last segment.</p><p>Remarks. The first-instar nymph of this new species is very similar to that of K. bipora, but can be distinguished by having one pair of discoidal pores on the margin of abdominal segment IV and one pair of long hair-like setae submedially on the ventral prothorax (none on K. bipora).</p><p>INTERMEDIATE-STAGE FEMALE (Fig. 6) (n=9)</p><p>Unmounted material. Bright red, covered with a hard greyish or white waxen cell that blends well with colour of surrounding bark; usually hidden under rough, loosened bark (Gill, 1993).</p><p>Mounted material. Body on slide broadly oval, almost circular, 1.25–1.88 mm long, 1.05–1.55 mm wide; derm more or less sclerotised, with indistinct segmentation. Eyes absent. Mouthparts reduced, labium 2-segmented. Antennae reduced to small plate-like structures, each with 2 or 3 short thin-walled pegs (fleshy setae). Legs wholly absent. Thoracic spiracles, each with atrium 13–19 μm across; atrium with 4–7 multilocular pores, each pore 5–6 μm in diameter with 10 or 12 outer loculi. Abdominal spiracles in 6 pairs, one on each of anterior 6 abdominal segments, smaller than thoracic spiracles, each atrium 10–16 μm across with about 4–7 multilocular disc pores (same as those of thoracic spiracles). Anal ring circular, located subapically on dorsum.</p><p>Dorsum. Setae absent. Disc pore of 2 types: (1) multilocular disc pores, each 6–10 μm in diameter with 6–12 (mainly 10) outer loculi, numerous, mainly forming a broad longitudinal band along margin, each band becoming narrower and with fewer pores towards posterior end of body; also with few pores on median area of dorsum of abdomen; and (2) simple disc pores, each 4–5 μm in diameter, scarce, only on dorsal median area of body. Microducts [Gill (1993) illustrated this gland as a discoidal pore in fig. 20A] each about 6 μm long, 1.5μm wide, numerous, distributed over all dorsal surfaces</p><p>Venter. Derm with almost no setae, restricted to a small group of 5–7 small conical setae behind opening of each thoracic spiracle. Multilocular disc pore similar to those as on dorsum, forming a broad longitudinal band along margin. Microducts same as on dorsum, mainly present on middle area of venter.</p><p>Remarks. The intermediate-stage nymph is also close to that of K. bipora, but can be distinguished easily from the latter by the presence of numerous microducts on both surfaces of the body.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F33A87E1FFEDFFE8F79D084BFBE6FCEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Wu, San’An;Nan, Nan;Gullan, Penny;Deng, Jun	Wu, San’An, Nan, Nan, Gullan, Penny, Deng, Jun (2013): The taxonomy of the Japanese oak red scale insect, Kuwania quercus (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kuwaniidae), with a generic diagnosis, a key to species and description of a new species from California. Zootaxa 3630 (2): 291-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3630.2.5
