taxonID	type	description	language	source
F26F31283900FF98B1B00CDEFE4E9B99.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 191) and phenology: Endemic species for the Eastern Balkan Peninsula, fragmentary distributed in Southeastern Romania (Dobrogea), Southeastern and Central Bulgaria (westwards reaching the Sofia Kettle), European Turkey and very locally in Northeasternmost Greece. Early species typical for hilly limestone terrains (from the sea level up to 700 – 800 m) in mesophyte grass associations that become xerophyte in early summer. The species may be found in very low grass associations on pastures. Nymphs — (II) III – V, imago — IV – VI. Notes to the literature distribution data: Peshev (1970 b) wrongly refers the locality “ Malko Tarnovo ” to this species. The case concerns I. pavelii. 2. Isophya rectipennis species group The group has a number of primitive characters probably derived from these of the I. straubei group. The fastigium is slightly wider, equal (in most taxa) or up to only half as wide as scape (in I. triangularis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891). The pronotal disc is not saddle shaped but sometimes the metazone is distinctly wider than the prozone. The length of male tegmona is more or less equal to that of pronotum. The length and width of CuP varies between taxa; CuP and CuA are clearly separated or moderately approximated. The stridulatory file is well developed or partly reduced (in I. rectipennis) and bears 50 – 150 teeth. The female stridulatory apparatus has two functional rows of basal spines. The ventral keels of hind femora usually do not possess spines or have single ones. The apical part of male cerci is gradually in- (and sometimes slightly up-) curved, tapered and bearing long pointed or sometimes stout, crest like tooth. The ovipositor is short to moderately elongate, usually less than 2.1 (and always less than 2.3) times longer than pronotum. The basal lateral pit of ovipositor is opened or partly closed; the lamella lacks excision in its distal part. The body colouration is greenish, sometimes with darker or lighter pattern. The lateral margins of pronotum possess reddish stripe only in metazone lying above the light stripe. Melanism is always absent. The song consists of groups or phrases of syllables that may be rapidly repeated in sequences (I. pavelii, I. nervosa Ramme, 1931), simple sequences of syllables (I. ilkazi Ramme, 1951 — after Heller 1990) or single syllables (I. thracica, I. cania). The syllables are short (<100 ms) and decrescending (with a gradual decrease in amplitude after the beginning). The X-chromosome is subacrocentric (type 1 A or 1 B according to Warchałowska- Śliwa et al. 2008). The group after Ünal (2010) includes six species and one additional subspecies. Chobanov (2009 a, b) included here also I. thracica and I. cania Karabag, 1975 as intermediate between this group and I. modesta group, though Ünal (2010) places them as relatives of I. schneideri Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 and some other taxa. Regarding the morphology, known bioacoustic data, and distribution, both I. thracica and I. cania may show similarities to the I. rectipennis (and partly to I. straubei group in the case of I. thracica as pointed by Karabag 1962) and to I. modesta group (especially in the case of I. cania) but not to I. schneideri. These characters include for example: (1) form of tegmen — elongated with an obtuse anal corner and narrower than the width of metazone (in I. schneideri the tegmen is broader than the metazone, the anal corner is almost rectangular); (2) tegminal venation in maledistinct separation of CuP and CuA veins (in schneideri — CuP and CuA are closely attached), and in femalemostly with parallel veins, especially laterally, and very weak development of reticulation (in schneideri the venation is reticulate similarly to that of the I. speciosa group — see below); (3) song (see Heller 1988 for I. thracica and Sevgili et al. 2011 for I. cania) — consists of single decrescending syllables followed by an isolated after-click similarly to that of I. modesta group but with short main syllable part as in rectipennis group and in I. bureschi; on the contrary in schneideri the song is distinctly elaborated, divided into two parts, resulting from incomplete open-and-closing movements similarly to these of the I. speciosa group (Chobanov, unpublished data); (4) lack of melanism while melanism may be partly developed in I. schneideri, which again places the latter closer to the I. speciosa group. The features of I. schneideri also doubt its close relationships with I. sikorai Ramme, 1951, proposed by Ünal (2010). Recently, there were two contradictory opinions on the grouping of I. yaraligozi. Though Chobanov (2009 b) tentatively relates it to the I. rectipennis group, Ünal (2003, 2010) places it within I. modesta group according to its similarities with I. obtusa mostly concerning the relative length of ovipositor and the cercus shape. However, the mentioned characters are highly convergent in Isophya and cannot be regarded as good markers alone. We relate I. obtusa to another group (for diagnoses of groups see Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 and the present paperbelow). And though I. yaraligozi is not closely related to I. obtusa the new data on song and morphology of the former support its belonging to the I. modesta group. Thus, we here consider the I. rectipennis group with 9 taxa distributed in the Eastern Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor to Lebanon and Syria. We regard the group with three complexes: (1) I. rectipennis complex — I. rectipennis and I. triangularis; (2) I. pavelii complex — I. ilkazi, I. nervosa, I. pavelii, I. stenocauda stenocauda Ramme, 1951, I. stenocauda obenbergeri Mařan, 1958; (3) I. thracica and I. cania (having acoustic similarities with I. modesta group).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283902FF98B1B00E18FF339D5A.taxon	diagnosis	Characteristic with more primitive morphology and song in comparison with the other representatives of the group. Slender species. Hind femora are without ventral spines. CuP is weak and short, CuP and CuA are widely separated. The venation of female tegmen is clearly parallel or to some extent reticulate (in I. triangularis). The ovipositor is short (7 – 9 mm). The song (at least in I. rectipennis) consists of short syllables arranged in phrases. The cerci are elongated, slender. The complex includes two species having widely isolated ranges of distribution — I. rectipennis (E Balkans and NW Asia Minor) and I. triangularis (Lebanon and Syria; see Sevgili and Heller 2003).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283902FF9EB1B00F7DFA499C2A.taxon	description	Morphological description: see the references above; Brunner von Wattenwyl 1882; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969; Ünal 2003; Chobanov 2009 b. Bioacoustics: Chobanov 2009 b. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008. Supplement to the description: The species is morphologically well defined in the cited sources. The body size as well as some morphological features may vary significantly, especially within the Anatolian population. The stridulatory file (Fig. 132 A) is short (1.5 – 2.2 mm), with 45 – 60 well-detached teeth. The female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 132 D. The song (Fig. 136) consists of phrases of 2 – 4.5 s (mean 2.9 ± 0.8; n = 9; Т = 26 - 28 ° С), having 22 – 38 syllables (mean 27 ± 5; n = 9). The syllables last 13 – 47 ms (mean 32 ± 8; n = 125) and have 4 – 17 impulses (mean 14 ± 2; n = 65) (counting the number of impulses was not always possible due to their density in the syllable). The syllables period varies from 66 to 312 ms (mean 100 ± 39; median 85; n = 122). On the basis of the length of the syllable period the phrase may be separated into two parts: (1) first part having larger number of syllables (15 – 25) with a period of 70 – 90 ms (sometimes up to 120 ms between the first syllables) and (2) second part with fewer syllables (5 – 10), which period increases from beginning to the end of the part from about 100 to above 300 ms. The boundary between the two parts may be placed at the transition of 90 – 100 ms syllable period. Indications on Fig. 32 show, respectively: CuA and CuP — position of CuA and CuP veins; S — lateral dark stripe of pronotum. Abbreviations of depositories: see Material and methods. Scale (if present; black line right of the specimen) = 10 mm.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283902FF9EB1B00F7DFA499C2A.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 191) and phenology: The species’ range stretches from the Pontic region of Northwestern Anatolia through European Turkey, Southeastern, Central and Northern Bulgaria (very locally in NE Greece), to Southeastern Romania (Dobrogea and Wallachia, up to the Subcarpathians at Buzäu, thus penetrating outside the borders of the Balkan Peninsula). An introduced population of this species was recently discovered in France, Departement Bouches-du-Rhône, around the city of Aix-en Provence in June 2009 (Yoan Braud, Christian Roesti et Eric Sardet, personal communication documented with photos and song recordings). I. rectipennis prefers meso- and xeromesophyte grass habitats in hilly and mountain terrains, occurring from the sea level to 1200 m in the Balkans and to 2200 m in Anatolia. Nymphs — III – V (– VI), imago — V (VI) – VII (– XI). Notes to the literature distribution data: The records for “ I. pyrenaea (camptoxypha) ” from Bulgaria by Nedelkov (1908) concern either I. rectipennis or I. speciosa (see Chobanov 2009 b and Appedix: List of localities).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283904FF9EB1B00E8DFC8F9D0A.taxon	description	Moderately stout species. Hind femora may have single spines. The ovipositor is longer than in the I. rectipennis complex — between 9 and 12 mm. The complex is characterised by more progressive features — thickened longer CuP, moderately approximated to CuA in males and transition to reticulate venation towards the medial part of tegmina in females; the song consists of groups of syllables or (possibly) isolated syllables with a tendency to grouping (in I. ilkazi). The complex includes 5 taxa (4 species) from the Central and Northwestern Anatolia and southeasternmost territory of the Balkan Peninsula (see above).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283904FF9EB1B00FCEFECE9F85.taxon	description	Morphological description: see the references above; Bey-Bienko 1954; Can 1959 a, b; Harz 1969; Peshev 1981 (as I. rammei); Ünal 2003; Chobanov 2009 b. Bioacoustics: Chobanov 2009 b. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. rammei). The species is well characterised in the above-mentioned sources.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283904FF9EB1B00FCEFECE9F85.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 191) and phenology: The main range of the species covers the middle mountain ranges of the Pontic region of Northwestern Anatolia (up to 1800 m). The species was described from the region of Istanbul and is possibly distributed along the Black-Sea coast of European Turkey and Istranca Mts, though until present it was only found in two localities in Bulgaria (Strandzha Mts) at 300 – 350 m alt., where it inhabits mesoxerophyte semi-ruderalized meadows and scrub surrounded by oak forests. Nymphs — III – V (– VI), imago — V – VII (– VIII in mountains).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391AFF80B1B00B48FAB99D21.taxon	discussion	The group exhibits intermediate characters between these of I. rectipennis group and a number of more specialised (mostly) Central European species. The body is large to very large for the genus, moderately stout to massive. Hind femur is usually longer than 20 mm. The width of fastigium verticis is 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 of the width of scapus. The disc of pronotum is not saddle-shaped but frequently is considerably extended backwards and moderately raised in metazone. The sulcus dividing the pro- and metazone passes about the middle of pronotum. Male tegmina are elongated but the stridulatory part predominates. The tegmen is equal or up to about 1 / 3 times longer than pronotum. CuP is moderately to strongly widened and has variable length within the group; CuP and CuA are moderately to strongly attached (especially in I. longicaudata and I. rhodopensis petkovi). The stridulatory file is well developed, wide and bears 55 – 180 teeth. Female tegmen has oval (as in I. rectipennis group) or slightly blunt apex and intermediate venation (parallel along its costal margin getting almost reticulate on its dorsal surface). The lower keels of hind femur have usually 1 spine each; rarely spines are not developed (in I. bureschi). Male cercus is massive, characteristically angularly incurved at its apical third (compare Figs 84 – 96). The apex of cercus has a large subapically situated tooth, which may be conical or crest-shaped. Female ovipositor is always long for the genus, more than 2.3 times longer than pronotum, except in I. yaraligozi and I. tosevski, or rarely in I. rhodopensis petkovi; the dorsal edge of the lower valve (lamella) rounds the gonangulum and forms a widely opened pit. The body colouration is greenish with or without dorsal light or pink bands. The lateral edges of pronotum have reddish to black coloured stripe situated only in the metazone over the light band. Melanism is always absent. The song consists of isolated or groups of syllables that may be compact or divided into main and additional part. The main part lasts from about 30 up to more than 1000 ms with the additional part becoming up to more than 10 s in I. modesta. The X-chromosome is subacrocentric (type 2 A or 2 B according to Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008; both types may occur within species complexes or even within a species). Herewith we consider the group with 14 taxa (10 species): I. andreevae, I. bureschi, I. yaraligozi, I. clara, I. longicaudata adamovici, I. longicaudata longicaudata, I. miksici, I. modesta modesta, I. modesta rossica, I. rhodopensis leonorae, stat. n. (= I. kisi, syn. n.), I. rhodopensis rhodopensis, I. rhodopensis petkovi, stat. n., I. plevnensis (= I. pravdini pravdini, syn. n.), I. tosevski. The taxon I. pravdini bazyluki is considered in another species group (see below). I. modesta group is distributed on the Balkan Peninsula (South to Northeastern Greece) with one species reaching Central and Eastern Europe and an isolated distribution of I. yaraligozi in Norhwestern Anatolia. With the aim of revision and to present an overview of this complicated group we consider all of its taxa below.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391AFF87B1B00FA1FC1C9969.taxon	description	(Figs 8, 9, 35, 60, 84, 109, 139, 145, 192)	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391AFF87B1B00FA1FC1C9969.taxon	description	Morphological description: Peshev 1959 b. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391AFF87B1B00FA1FC1C9969.taxon	diagnosis	Supplement to the description and a diagnosis: The species shows most primitive features within the group, similar to these of I. cania of the I. rectipennis group. Generally these are expressed in medium body size, more gracile than the other species of I. modesta group, and a very short main (first) part of the syllables of male song. The body colouration is fresh-green. The tegmina are not bulged, equal or slightly longer than the pronotum, green with brownish stridulatory area. The CuP vein is greenish, thin and short (≤ 2 / 3 of the width of metazone), clearly separated from CuA. The stridulatory file (Fig. 139 A) bears low number (68 – 75) of sparsely arranged teeth. The ventral keels of hind femora are unarmed or have a single tooth each. The cercal tooth (Fig. 139 B) is long, pointed. Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 139 C. Male calling song (Fig. 145) consists of groups of few syllables, each having short main (first) part (30 – 60 ms) with dense impulses and a second part of few wellseparated impulses (after-clicks). Both parts are separated by a silent interval (due to a pause in the stridulatory movement) and thus the syllable becomes 0.5 – 1 s.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391AFF87B1B00FA1FC1C9969.taxon	description	Bioacoustics: The two investigated populations (from North Pirin Mts — Yundola village, and Sushtinska Sredna Gora Mts — Oborishte place) showed slight variation in the song. At a temperature between 25 and 28 ° С the song consisted of groups of 2 – 4 (usually 3) or single syllables. Within the group the syllables were separated by an interval of 0.7 – 3 s, which duration varied even within the same group and was dependent on the presence or absence of additional impulses (after-clicks) in the syllables. The syllables (main part) were frequently followed by additional part of few after-clicks that was usually missing in the first syllable of the syllable group. The main syllable part lasts 28 – 48 ms (mean 38 ± 6; n = 51) (Т = 26 – 28 ° С) and consists of 12 – 25 detectable impulses (mean 19 ± 4; n = 46). In the available recordings the main part was “ continued ” by a low-amplitude echo (see Chobanov and Heller 2010). The additional syllable part (if present) follows after over 500 ms and results from by a delayed closing movement of tegmina producing 2 – 13 clearly detached impulses. Together with the after-clicks the syllable lasts between 0.5 and 1 s (mean 725 ± 70; n = 43).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391AFF87B1B00FA1FC1C9969.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: The species’ range covers the northwestern part of the Rila-Rhodope Massive and few geographically connected mountains (Vitosha, Plana, the western half of Sredna Gora Mts) in Central and Southwestern Bulgaria. Contrary to the distribution of the other species of the group I. bureschi was found only in mountain ranges above 700 m, which may explaine its relict character. It inhabits mesophyte grass and grass-bush associations in the mountain belt between 700 – 800 and 2000 m alt. Nymphs — (III –) IV – VI (– VII), imago — (V –) VI – IX (– IX). Notes to the literature distribution data: The records for I. modesta from Bulgaria by Nedelkov (1908: Rodopi, Vitosha, Sredna Gora) are referred to I. bureschi undescribed at that time.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF87B1B00EA6FB679EE4.taxon	discussion	Here we regard two species with similar morphology, bioacoustics and karyology with neighbouring ranges (for references see below) — I. andreevae and I. tosevski, that are distributed in a limited area along the middle and lower course of the Strouma and Vardar rivers and the surrounding mountain slopes (Central Balkans). Both taxa can be recognised by the shape of male cercus apex, male tegmina and partly by male song. However, the molecular data (Grzywacz-Gibała et al. 2010; own unpublished data) showed significant genetic distances between both species and between I. tosevski and the other taxa of the I. modesta group (see Grzywacz-Gibała et al. 2010: Table 3 a, 3 b, Fig. 7), which makes it a unique example of genetic differentiation within this group. Both taxa may be characterised by the following characters: Massive species. The ventral keels of hind femora have at least one spine. CuP is wide and about 2 / 3 to> 3 / 4 of the width of metazone in length. Dorsal part of tegmina (at least in lowland populations) is yellowish coloured with brown stridulatory area. The stridulatory file has 77 – 110 teeth. The cercal spine is long and pointed but much more massive than those of I. bureschi. The song consists of groups of 3 – 6 or, sometimes, of single syllables with clearly separated impulses. Sometimes the syllable is followed by an after-click or a group of after-clicks (up to eight) following at about 200 ms.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF87B1B00B6CFE959C03.taxon	description	(Figs 36, 61, 85, 110, 140, 146)	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF87B1B00B6CFE959C03.taxon	description	Morphological description: Ünal 2003. Karyotype: unknown.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF87B1B00B6CFE959C03.taxon	diagnosis	Supplement to the description and a diagnosis: Large for the genus. Male tegmina slightly longer than pronotum with approximated CuP and CuA (similarly to their position in I. rh. rhodopensis). In the studied specimen the stridulatory file was 3.4 mm long with 140 teeth (Fig. 140 A). Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 140 C. Male cercus tooth (Fig. 140 B) is large, somewhat resembling that of I. tosevski, but placed almost apically, which differs it from the other representatives of the I. modesta group. The tip of cerci is not incised. The song consists of isolated or two loosely grouped short syllables without after-clicks.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF87B1B00B6CFE959C03.taxon	biology_ecology	Bioacoustics: The song (Fig. 146) was studied in two males at 23 – 24 ° С. The syllables were produced at large intervals isolated or, when grouped by two, at intervals of 1.5 – 6 seconds. Syllables lasted 197 – 269 ms (mean 233 ± 24; n = 8) and contained 50 – 58 impulses (mean 55 ± 3; n = 8) with impulse period of 3 – 8 ms (mean 4.2). The song frequency ranges between 10 and 24 kHz with a maximum at 15 – 16 kHz.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF87B1B00B6CFE959C03.taxon	distribution	Distribution and phenology: This is the only representative of the group in Anatolia. It is known only from a restricted area in NW Anatolia at the Yaraligoz Pass in the Pontic Mountains. However, the observation of specimens between 1300 and 1450 m suggests a wider distribution of the species in the surrounding mountain slopes. We do not know much about the phenology of this species but the collected freshly moulted adults in the beginning of July allow suggesting emerging of nymphs in late April and May and occurring of imagines from late June to August.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF8AB1B00CE6FAC69981.taxon	description	Morphological description: Peshev 1981. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008. Supplement to the description and a diagnosis: Body colouration yellowish- or light-green. The tibiae, tarsi, and antennae may be yellowish. The disc of male tegmina is yellowish- or greenish-brown with lighter (usually yellowish) CuP. CuP is wide, strong. The stridulatory file (Figs 142 A, 143 A) has a length of 2.9 – 3.6 mm with 77 – 92 teeth in studied specimens. Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 142 C. The cercal tooth (Fig. 142 B, 143 B) is long, stout, the excision between the tooth and cercus apex is less expressed than in I. tosevski. Bioacoustics: The studied populations (from the Strouma Valley: Kresna Gorge, and Rila Mountains: Eleshnitsa Locality) show a similar song including groups of (2 –) 3 – 6 (rarely single) syllables comprising well separated impulses. A tendency for occurrence of after-clicks was observed. Duration of the syllables’ and impulses’ period is influenced by body temperature, which may be the main reason for temporal differences between the songs of both populations. Heller (1988) showed oscillograms of two types of songs of I. tosevski. The oscillogram on Abbildung 30 - C (p. 228) fits well the song of I. andreevae. At 20 – 24 ° С the song of the lowland population (Strouma valley) (Fig. 149) had the following characteristics: the syllables within the groups are separated by intervals of 2.5 – 3.5 s. The syllable was not split into two parts, lasted about 250 – 450 ms (mean 324 ± 67) and consisted of 26 – 38 impulses (mean 33 ± 4). First 8 – 12 impulse periods were considerably longer than the following; generally the impulse period strongly varied and had a mean value of 9.9 ms. The impulse period measured within six syllables in one individual at 20 ° С lasted 3 – 31 ms (mean 9.5 ± 5.3; median = 8; n = 168). This pattern fits well with the oscillogram shown by Heller (1988) on Abbildung 30 C (p. 228; specimen from Greece, Kilkis distr., Paikon Mt.). Though the shown syllable is shorter (about 200 ms) it is surely due to higher recording temperature (27 ° С). Therefore, there is a possibility that this recording belongs to I. andreevae. At 30 ° С the mountain population (Rila Mts) (Fig. 148) showed shortened interval between syllables within the groups (lasting 1 – 2 s) and the interval between impulses within the syllable, though the tendency for longer impulse period in the beginning of the syllables remained. Here, a trend for splitting the syllables of a main part and after-clicks appeared, yet, the presence / absence of after-clicks vary within a syllable group (usually the last syllables of a group had better expressed additional impulses). It is not clear, however, whether the appearance of after-clicks depends on the body temperature, the age of specimens or / and is a population feature. The main part of the syllables lasted 180 – 250 ms (mean 218 ± 15) and included 36 – 42 impulses (mean 40 ± 2). The impulse period lasted 3 – 13 ms (mean 5.5). When after-clicks were present (1 – 5, usually 1 – 3 in number) the syllable had a length of 300 – 500 ms (mean 395 ± 47). Thus, this population shows a song similar to the main syllable part of I. tosevski.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128391DFF8AB1B00CE6FAC69981.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: This endemic species was found along the middle course of Strouma River and the neighbouring mountain slopes between 300 and 1800 m in Rila, Maleshevska Planina, Belassitsa (SW Bulgaria), and possibly Paikon Mountains in Greece. In the lowlands it appears as early species inhabiting mesophyte grass-shrub associations becoming xerophyte in the early summer, when the species disappear, while in the mountains it occurs in mesophyte meadows and forest clearings. Nymphs — III – V (– VI), imago — V – VII (– VIII). Notes to the literature distribution data: According to the oscillogram presented the record by Heller (1988) for I. tosevski from Paikon Mt. in Greece may be tentatively refered to I. andreevae (see above). However, the recorded specimen was studied (thanks are due to K. - G. Heller) and morphologically it cannot be distinguished from I. tosevski. Yet, as already stated, both species resemble each other very much and in this case we cannot judge whether the populations of these taxa occur sympatrically or even hybridise. Further, the case may concern either I. andreevae, or a hybrid, or the song of both taxa may show variations and thus cannot be distinguished.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283910FF8BB1B00C7AFB39994A.taxon	discussion	Under this grouping we place most of the species of I. modesta group. Their distribution covers the Northern Balkan Peninsula (Northern Montenegro, Eastern Bosnia and Hercegovina, Northern Kosovo, Serbia, North Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, reaching the region of Kursk in the southern European part of Russia. The complex is characterised by a large to very large body for the genus, with a massive habit. CuP vein is wide, frequently very bulged and long, except in I. miksici and I. clara, where it may be similar to that in I. bureschi; in the other taxa it is> 3 / 4 to almost equal to the width of metazone. Following west-east direction the disc of tegmina in the different taxa undergoes modification from greenish and slightly bulged to yellowish-brown and distinctly bulged (especially in I. longicaudata). The stridulatory file bears between 55 and 160 teeth. The cercal tooth is pointed but short and wide contrary to the above described taxa. The song in taxa occurring in the western part of the range consists of groups of short syllables (similar to that of I. andreevae) getting to the east consisted of single, long, almost compact (in I. longicaudata) or split into two parts (in I. modesta) syllables. After the revision made the complex includes 7 taxa of 5 species: I. clara, I. miksici, I. plevnensis sensu novo, I. longicaudata adamovici, I. longicaudata longicaudata, I. modesta modesta and I. modesta rossica.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283910FF8AB1B00844FBFA9E3C.taxon	description	Morphological description: Paviċeviċ 1983 b. Bioacoustics: Heller 1988. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283910FF8AB1B00844FBFA9E3C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Colouration and other characters resembling I. andreevae. The recognition of this species from I. andreevae may be difficult and is based mainly on the shape of cerci, the stouter cercus tooth, the bigger excision between the tooth and the cercus apex, the larger number of stridulatory teeth — 88 (in a specimen from Dojran Lake, Macedonia) – 110 (95 – 110 after Heller 1988), and the song having a clearly differentiated group of afterclicks. The song after Heller (1988) consists of single syllables. Heller (1988) showed oscillograms of two types of songs of I. tosevski. We believe the oscillogram on Abbildung 30 - C (p. 228) may represent the song of I. andreevae (see above) or at least a pattern unusual for I. tosevski. Supplement to the song description: The song of a typical male specimen from Macedonia (FYROM) (Kozhuf Mts, Moklishte Village) at 23.5 ° С consisted of syllables constantly repeating at an interval of 1 – 5 s (1323 – 4820 ms; mean 2016 ± 651 ms; n = 30) that may be regarded either as groups or single syllables. The syllables included main part of dense impulses and commonly an additional part of sparse after-clicks. Rarely (in the beginning of the song) the after-clicks were missing. The main syllable part lasted 169 – 216 ms (mean 191 ± 10 ms; n = 30) and included 25 - 36 impulses (mean 28 ± 2; n = 30) with impulse period of 3 – 15 (rarely up to 20 ms or more at the end of the part) (average of about 7 ms). The main part was usually followed at 80 – 150 ms by additional part of sparse impulses (after-clicks) lasting 55 – 230 ms with an impulse period of 110 – 60 ms. The total duration of the syllables (main part + after-clicks) was 380 – 530 ms (mean 466 ± 36 ms; n = 30).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283910FF8AB1B00844FBFA9E3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: Southeastern Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Central Northern Greece (the districts of Thessaloniki and Khalkidiki). Typical early species in the Mediterranean scrub habitats and the slopes of mountains up to about 1000 m. Its phenology is not well known but is similar to that of the lowland populations of I. andreevae. Notes to the literature distribution data: The record for I. modesta from the region of Veles (R Macedonia) by Ramme (1951), cited by Us and Matvejev (1967), no doubt concerns this species.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283911FF8BB1B00B90FE9D9C97.taxon	description	Morphological description and bioacoustics: Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 2010, 2012.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283911FF8BB1B00B90FE9D9C97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ (2010) diagnoze I. clara comparing it with I. modesta (and I. modestior — for differences see the latter paper), from which it clearly differs in song, consisting of groups of much shorter and uninterrupted syllables, pronotum and tegmen shape, number of stridulatory teeth, cercus tooth and ovipositor shape. However, in size, morphology (compare Figs 39, 64, 88, 113, 144 with 40, 65, 89, 114, 150, 151) and song (compare Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 2010: Fig. 5 A, B with present paper, Fig. 156), this species much resembles I. miksici, from which it seems to be isolated by the river Morava in Serbia. At similar air temperature, the song of I. clara cannot be differentiated by that of I. miksici, either using syllable duration, number of impulses or impulse interval. Unfortunately, the description lacks exact data on the number of syllables in the groups and the syllables’ interval. I. clara may be differentiated by I. miksici on account of the pronotum shape (usually with more sinuately expanded metazone in I. miksici), the relative size of the cercal tooth (larger and longer in “ typical ” I. clara). The shape of tegmina in I. clara vary (see Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 2010), which does not allow us to make comparison with other taxa and leaves the possibility of including more than one taxon within this species. This is especially true for the specimens from the region of Belgrade showing even bigger similarity with I. miksici.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283911FF8BB1B00B90FE9D9C97.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: This species is herewith for the first time recorded from Bosnia and Herzegovina (see Appendix and under I. obtusa), and already known from Montenegro, Northern Kosovo, and Western Serbia north to Belgrade. Its phenology is not known but possibly resembles that of I. miksici (see below). The imagines are collected from May to August (see Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 2010), thus nymphs emerge probably in March – April.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283911FF88B1B00F35FC629B99.taxon	description	Morphological description: Peshev 1985. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. miksici and I. plevnensis). Supplement to the description and a diagnosis: Body colouration fresh- or dark-green but not bluish. The disc of tegmina is yellowish-brown with dark stridulatory area. CuP is yellowish (similarly to I. andreevae, I. tosevski and I. clara and instead of greenish as in I. bureschi), about 2 / 3 of the length of metazone. A tendence to bulging (uplifting) the disc of tegmina and its veins may be noted but the surface of disc is flat. The colouration of the lateral parts of tergites has a tendency for whitish opalescence. The stridulatory file (Fig. 150 A, 151 A) is short (2.5 – 2.9 mm) with low number of teeth (65 – 88 in the Bulgarian population). Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 151 C. Male cercus has a wide, short subapical tooth (Fig. 150 B). The song (Fig. 156) resembles that of I. andreevae but has shorter syllables with fewer impulses, and is almost identical to that of I. clara. Bioacoustics: Male calling song consists of groups of 3 – 6 syllables, the latter separated by an interval of 1 – 2 s (rarely up to 4 s) (Т = 30 ° С). The syllables may have 1 – 3 after-clicks, usually apearing in the middle and final syllables of a group. The impulse period in the syllable is apparently longer among the first 5 – 8 impulses, gradually decreasing towards the end of the syllable. Sometimes the last 2 – 3 impulses again have distinctly longer periods. The song was investigated in two populations — from Vrachanska Planina Mt. (Stara Planina Mts) at 1000 – 1200 m (type locality) and the Iskar Valley near Iskar Town at ~ 50 m alt. At similar temperature (28 – 30 ° С) the song showed similar characteristics in the two populations. The syllables had 23 – 32 impulses (mean 27 ± 3; n = 40): in the mountain population the values are 23 – 31 (mean 27 ± 2; n = 20), in the lowland one — 23 – 32 (mean 28 ± 3; n = 20). The length of the syllable (without after-clicks) was 112 – 213 ms (mean 166 ± 25; n = 40): in the mountain population — 114 – 213 (mean 171 ± 26; n = 20), in the lowland one — 112 – 197 (mean 162 ± 24; n = 20). Within the mountain population the after-clicks were more frequently observed (in 70 % of the syllables) and the duration of the syllable + after-clicks became 285 – 516 ms, while the lowland population showed after-clicks in 20 % of the cases and then the syllable became 247 – 319 ms. The impulse period frequently vary between individuals of the same population and may be from 5 – 6 ms (at the end) to 12 – 14 ms (at the beginning of the syllable). Rarely, the impulse period in the first 1 – 3 impulses reach 15 (in the mountain population) – 20 ms (in the lowland population) and at the end the period decreases to 3 ms. The mean impulse period is 6.1 ms. Both populations showed some difference in the heterochromatin-content and B-chromosomes (supernumerary to the standard chromosome complement) were found in the mountain population (Warchałowska- Śliwa et al. 2008). Note: At this stage of knowledge the taxon is not well separated morphologically and bioacoustically from some populations of I. clara and I. plevnensis (see below) and some possibility for intraspecific relationships exists.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283911FF88B1B00F35FC629B99.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: The species occurs in Northwestern Bulgaria and (most probably) Western Serbia, generally within the territory bordered by the rivers Iskar, Danube and Morava and the mountain of Western Stara Planina to the south. The species inhabits mesophyte grass-shrub associations between 50 and 1600 m alt. Nymphs — (III –) IV – VI, imago — (V) VI – VIII. Notes to the literature distribution data: The data by Nedelkov (1908) for I. modestior from the region of Vratsa refer partly to I. miksici based on the checked material. The record by Paviċeviċ (1983 a) for I. rhodopensis from Beljanica Mt. in East Serbia most probably concerns this species.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283912FF8FB1B00E3CFB3D994A.taxon	description	Isophya pravdini pravdini Peshev, syn. n.: Peshev 1985 (sp. & ssp. n.). Morphological description: Peshev 1985 (both as I. plevnensis and I. pravdini pravdini). Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. pravdini pravdini). Synonymy: Peshev (1985) described I. plevnensis and I. pravdini pravdini in the same publication comparing them only with I. modesta and not to each other. The small differences noted and the new data gathered from morphology and song were not sufficient to recognise these two taxa. Therefore we regard them as subjective synonyms and accept the name Isophya plevnensis as valid due to its first mentioning in the latter publication. Furthermore, I. pravdini was described as a polytypic species with three subspecies, each belonging to a different species (Chobanov 2009 a; see below) and thus placing I. pravdini in synonymy maintains the stability and universality of nomenclature as per the requirements of the ICZN (1999). Supplement to the description and a diagnosis: Body colouration dark green or blueish-green. Colouration of the lateral parts of tergites has a tendency to opalescence. The disc of tegmina in both sexes is dark, brownishgreen. Male tegmina have brown stridulatory area. CuP is light, yellowish, longer and thicker than that in I. miksici and I. clara, about 2 / 3 – 3 / 4 of the width of metazone. Male tegmina are slightly uplifted due to the vertical costal area but their discs are not distinctly bulged. The stridulatory file (Figs 152 A) has a length of 3.2 – 3.7 mm — longer than that of I. miksici and about equal to that of I. andreevae, but has a larger number of teeth (100 – 130). The female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 152 C. The apex of male cerci bears a wide pointed tooth (Fig. 152 B), which is longer than that of I. miksici (and the Belgrade populations of I. clara) and wider than that of I. andreevae and the typical I. clara. The song (Fig. 157) is hardly recognisable from that of I. andreevae though the syllables’ shape (amplitude modulation) slightly differs (cf. Figs 148, 149 with 157). From the song of I. miksici (and partly I. clara) it differs in longer syllables, longer syllable interval, smaller groups of syllables, bigger number of impulses within the syllable, and very rare occurrence of after-clicks. Bioacoustics: The song was investigated in specimens from two localities near Apriltsi (Stara Planina Mountain foothills) at 25 – 27 ° С and consists of single or groups of two syllables (rarely up to 4). The interval between the syllables was usually 2 – 4 s up to more than 7 s. The syllables had 26 – 44 impulses (mean 39 ± 3; n = 43) and lasted 222 – 390 ms (mean 283 ± 48; median 260; n = 43). Of the available records only two syllables had a single after-click and thus the syllables had a total length of 530 – 540 ms. The intervals between impulses, similarly to these in I. andreevae and I. miksici, are longer at the beginning of the syllable and shorter at its end (sometimes increasing between the last 2 – 3 impulses) having length of (3) 5 – 15 ms (mean 7.4 ms), up to 20 and even 32 ms between first impulses. The number of impulses and the syllables length varied between individuals and, contrary to the expectations, at 27 ° С the values were higher than at 25 ° С, which obviously reflects individual peculiarities. This supports our decision not to regard the difference of 1 ° С between the air temperatures during the recordings of I. miksici and I. plevnensis (27 and 28 ° С) as resulting in bigger differences between the songs of these taxa. Though the great similarities, the significant differences between song parameters and number of stridulatory teeth (as well as some morphologic differences) support the distinction between the latter taxa.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283912FF8FB1B00E3CFB3D994A.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: Known from the middle part of Northern Bulgaria between Iskar River in West, Yantra River in East and the ridge of Stara Planina in South. Yet, the exact border between its populations and these of I. miksici is not clear, and the question whether both occur sympatrically and / or produce hybrids stays. The existence of intermediate forms possibly due to gene exchange by hybridisation between some taxa (e. g. in the I. rhodopensis complex and between I. longicaudata and I. modesta) may also be expected here, especially regarding the neighbouring occurrence of I. plevnensis and I. miksici in the region of Iskar Gorge (W Stara Planina Mts). I. plevnensis inhabits mesophyte grass associations, mostly forest clearings or even rural areas in the lowland. It was found between 100 and 1200 m alt. Above this altitude in the Middle Stara Planina Mountains it is replaced by I. obtusa (both species have not been found together). Nymphs — (III –) IV – VI, imago — VI – VIII.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283915FF8FB1B00B97FE229C9A.taxon	description	Isophya pravdini adamovici Peshev: Peshev 1985 (ssp. n.). Isophya longicaudata longicaudata Ramme: Chobanov 2009 a. Isophya longicaudata adamovici Peshev: Chobanov 2009 a (comb. n.). Morphological description: see the references above; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969 (as I. modesta longicaudata); Peshev 1985 (as I. modesta longicaudata). Bioacoustics: Chobanov 2009 a. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. modesta longicaudata and I. pravdini adamovici).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283915FF8FB1B00B97FE229C9A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The largest species within this complex (hind femur> 20 – 28 mm) with the longest ovipositor in the genus (> 17 – 25 mm). The body colouration is similar to that in I. plevnensis — bluish- or greyish-green with whitish opalescence. Male tegmina are equal or (usually) longer than pronotum; their disc (the Medio-Anal area) is yellowish-brown, more bulged and membranous than in the other taxa. CuP vein is yellowish, very long (> 3 / 4 –> 4 / 5 of the width of metazone) and thick, situated closer to CuA in comparison with the other species in the complex. The stridulatory file is longest within the complex (> 3.5 mm), with 145 – 160 teeth. The song consists of single syllables, repeated at intervals of few seconds to more than a minute. The syllables are compact (instead of these in I. modesta) and last 0.5 – 1 s (at Т °> 25 ° C) to> 1.5 s (at Т ° <20 ° C). Each syllable has 45 – 80 impulses arranged in two attached parts — first one of compact decrescending impulses, and second one of loose impulses with a fusiform amplitude modulation. This species shows features in the male song pattern and morphology of the tegmen, which clearly distinguish it from I. modesta. Therefore its species status was restored by Chobanov (2009 a). The species has two subspecies, distributed along the Western Black Sea coast between the Danube in North and Strandzha Mountains in South (for phenology see the subspecies).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283915FF8FB1B00F47FD409FC1.taxon	description	Isophya longicaudata adamovici Peshev: Chobanov 2009 a (comb. n.). Morphological description: see the references above. Bioacoustics: Chobanov 2009 a. Karyotype: Warchałowska- Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. modesta longicaudata).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283915FF8FB1B00F47FD409FC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: see Chobanov 2009 a. This subspecies shows more primitive features than the nominate one that are transitional to those of I. plevnensis. The differences from I. l. longicaudata are as follows: CuP is shorter and less thick; lateral margins of metazone stronger S-shaped, ovipositor shorter (about 18 mm after Peshev 1985; in I. longicaudata usually> 20 mm); male song consists of shorter syllables (400 – 850 ms at 27 – 28 ° C) with 58 – 75 impulses and less clearly differentiated parts. The first syllable part (when distinct) was 285 – 326 ms long with 43 – 64 impulses and impulse period of 5 – 20 ms, the second part — 250 – 494 ms with 9 – 19 impulses and impulse period of 11 – 108 ms (Chobanov 2009 a).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283915FF8FB1B00F47FD409FC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: Until now the subspecies is known only from the high parts of Eastern Stara Planina Mountains in Bulgaria between 800 and 1200 m altitude where it was found in lush mesophyte grass habitats. Nymphs — IV – VI, imago — VI – VIII.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283916FF8DB1B00C2CFB829F72.taxon	description	Isophya modesta longicaudata Ramme: Kis 1960 (stat. n.). Isophya longicaudata longicaudata Ramme: Chobanov 2009 a. Morphological description: see the references above; Bey-Bienko 1954 (as I. longicaudata); Harz 1969 (as I. modesta longicaudata); Peshev 1985 (as I. modesta longicaudata). Bioacoustics: Chobanov 2009 a. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. modesta longicaudata).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283916FF8DB1B00C2CFB829F72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: see references above. The nominate subspecies is characterised by longer and thicker CuP vein and longer ovipositior (compare Peshev 1985) and characteristic song. Bioacoustics: We studied specimens from two remote regions. In the specimens from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (Bolata Bay) at 28 - 30 ° C the syllables lasted 850 – 1100 ms and had 61 – 76 impulses, arranged in two parts (Fig. 160): first (main) part of dense impulses, produced by fast closing of tegmina — 130 – 170 ms with 32 – 46 impulses and impulse period of 2 – 10 ms; second (additional) part of loose impulses, produced by slower closing of tegmina — 500 – 1000 ms with 16 – 43 impulses and impulse period of 7 – 217 ms (see Chobanov 2009 a). The specimens from the inland Dobrogea (Balik-Pchelnik Villages, Suha Reka Valley, NE Bulgaria) at 24 – 27 ° C showed similar to the described song structure, while specimens from the neighbouring territory of Romania (Bäneasa, Suha Reka Valley, SE Romania) showed slight transition to the song of I. modesta: first part — 136 – 146 ms with 21 – 24 impulses and impulse period of 5 – 10 ms; second part — 1060 – 1330 ms with 23 – 26 impulses and impulse period of 9 – 178 ms; both parts were clearly separated by intervals of 44 – 239 ms and thus the total length of the syllable was 1300 – 1450 ms. A very interesting song is produced by individuals in Central Dobrogea (Cheile Dobrogei, Romania), with clear transition to the acoustic signals of I. modesta: opening hemisyllable — 72 – 81 ms with 20 – 27 impulses, impulse period 2 – 7 ms and a longer closing hemisyllable — 270 – 305 ms with 27 – 33 impulses, impulse period 4 – 38 ms. The two hemisyllables are divided by a 75 – 109 ms time interval.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283916FF8DB1B00C2CFB829F72.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: This subspecies inhabits the Bulgarian Black Sea coast as south as the Veleka River Valley in Bulgaria and as north as Dobrogea in Romania, penetrating in the eastern part of the South Danubian Plain. Inhabits high mesophyte and xeromesophyte grass associations nearby forests and scrub in the lowlands. Nymphs — (III –) IV – V, imago — V – VII (– VIII). Isophya modesta (Frivaldszky, 1867)	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283916FF8DB1B00C2CFB829F72.taxon	description	Odontura modesta Frivaldszky: Frivaldszky 1867 (sp. n.). Isophya rossica Bey-Bienko: Bey-Bienko 1954 (sp. n.). Isophya modesta (Frivaldszky): Kis 1960 (stat. rev.; partim). Isophya modesta modesta (Frivaldszky): Kis 1960. Isophya modesta intermedia Kis: Kis 1960. Isophya modesta rossica Bey-Bienko: Orci and Heller 2004 (stat. n.). Morphological description: see the references above; Harz 1969 (partim); Heller et al. 2004. Bioacoustics: Orci and Heller 2004; Heller et al. 2004.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283916FF8DB1B00C2CFB829F72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The body shape and colouration is similar to that of I. longicaudata — the general colour may be dark green or greyish-green with whitish lateral opalescence. Male tegmina are equal or longer than pronotum, the disc is dark green or yellowish with brown stridulatory area. The disc of tegmina is less bulged than that of I. plevnensis and I. longicaudata. CuP has the colour of the disc of tegmina or is lighter; it is shorter and thinner than that of I. longicaudata, about 2 / 3 – 3 / 4 of the width of metazone. The stridulatory file is 3.1 – 3.65 mm long with 95 – 143 teeth, similar to that of I. plevnensis, shorter and with fewer teeth than that of I. longicaudata. The song has single syllables that, due to an interruption in the stridulatory movement, are divided into two parts separated by an interval of 4 – 9 seconds, thus the syllable is the longest known within genus Isophya. Considering each of the parts separately, they are in amplitude and time pattern similar to those in the song of I. l. longicaudata (compare Figs 160 and 161). The first part lasts 120 – 240 ms (Т = 19 – 27 ° C) and has 16 – 46 impulses, the second — 200 – 2500 ms with 8 – 44 impulses. As a result of the “ splitting ” of the syllable (observed for I. m. modesta by Orci and Heller 2004) the females can produce two responses to one syllable of the male — after the first syllable part (main impulse series) and after the second one (terminal impulse series). The species is known with two subspecies distributed in the southeastern part of Central Europe, the Carpathian basin and Southern Ukraine to the southeastern parts of European Russia.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283917FFB2B1B00D5FFF0B9B00.taxon	description	Isophya modesta modesta (Frivaldszky): Kis 1960. Isophya modesta intermedia Kis, syn. n.: Kis 1960 (ssp. n.). Morphological description: see the references above; Harz 1969; Heller et al. 2004. Bioacoustics: Orci and Heller 2004; Heller et al. 2004. Synonymy: Kis (1960) described I. modesta intermedia on the basis of slight morphological differences and different colouration of male tegmina recognising it from I. modesta modesta. At the time of this publication I. modesta was known from few localities in Central and Southwestern Romania and little was known on its morphological variation. Investigation of the song of typical I. m. intermedia showed it coincides with that of typical I. m. modesta. The measurements at 23 ° C were as follows: main part of syllables — 56 – 170 ms with 15 – 26 impulses and impulse interval of 3 – 8 ms; second part — 640 – 1340 ms with 25 – 42 impulses and impulse interval of 4 (at the end) – 127 ms. Both parts were separated by an interval of about 4 – 6 seconds and thus the total syllable duration was 5300 – 7460 ms. These characteristics fit well the measurements at higher temperatures given by Orci and Heller (2004) except the shorter main syllable part. However, regarding the great variability of the temporal song characteristics of I. m. modesta (compare Orci and Heller 2004) we consider I. m. intermedia a junior subjective synonym of I. m. modesta.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283917FFB2B1B00D5FFF0B9B00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: see the data for I. modesta. Recognition from I. modesta rossica — see below.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283917FFB2B1B00D5FFF0B9B00.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 192) and phenology: Known from Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Western and Central Ukraine, and possibly occurs also in Moldova. The subspecies prefers lowland and hilly terrains, rarely it was found in the middle mountain belt in mesophyte grass-bush associations. Nymphs — (III –) IV – V, imago — V – VII (– VIII).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283928FFB2B1B009CAFB769FD9.taxon	description	Isophya modesta rossica Bey-Bienko: Orci and Heller 2004 (stat. n.). Morphological description: see the references above; Harz 1969; Heller et al. 2004. Bioacoustics: Orci and Heller 2004.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283928FFB2B1B009CAFB769FD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This subspecies was described by Bey-Bienko (1954) on the basis of subtle morphological differences (Orci and Heller 2004), including stronger CuP vein. It is hardly recognisable from the nominate subspecies both using morphology and male calling song. The only stable difference seems to be the timing of the female response to the male calling song (Orci and Heller 2004), yet, the song of I. m. modesta was compared only with older literature data (Zhantiev and Korsunovskaya 1986) for I. m. rossica and thus the differences observed may be due to incomplete data for the female answer gathered by Zhantiev and Korsunovskaya (1986). Therefore, the case may concern synonymy of I. m. rossica with the nominate subspecies.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283928FFB2B1B009CAFB769FD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and phenology: Known from Northeastern Ukraine and the neighbouring territory of Russia (the region of Kursk). Inhabits steppe associations and forest meadows in the lowland and hilly terrains. Nymphs — IV – VI, imago — VI – VIII. 3.5. Complex Isophya rhodopensis Four similar taxa were described from the Rila-Rhodope Mountain group in Bulgaria and Greece, which distinction is problematic (Chobanov 2009 a) and which distributional ranges are unclear (e. g. Willemse and Willemse 2008: note on p. 18). These are I. rhodopensis, I. leonorae, I. kisi and I. petkovi. The transitions and great similarities between them in morphology, bioacoustics (see below), karyology (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008), as well as the intraspecific genetic variation (Grzywacz and Warchałowska-Śliwa 2008; Grzywacz-Gibała et al. 2010) does not allow their definitive distinction as species. Furthermore, a clinal transition in morphology and song characters was observed during the present study between different populations (mostly in West-East direction) resembling a case of ring species. However, the close approximation of the populations and the low differentiation, allows us to regard all the studied populations as belonging to one variable species with three subspecies.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283929FFB3B1B00A94FA5F9CD8.taxon	description	Isophya petkovi Peshev, syn. n. as ssp.: Peshev 1959 a (sp. n.). Isophya leonorae Kaltenbach, syn. n. as ssp.: Kaltenbach 1965 (sp. n.). Isophya kisi Peshev, syn. n.: Peshev 1981 (sp. n.). Morphological description: see the references above; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969 (as I. rhodopensis, I. petkovi and I. leonorae); Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 1985 (as I. leonorae). Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. rhodopensis, I. petkovi, I. kisi). Synonymy: see below. Supplement to the description and a diagnosis: The body is large, stout, ventral keels of hind femora bear 1 – 2 small spines (rarely spines lack). The body colouration is fresh green, sometimes with two dorsal bands of white, pink or yellowish colour. Male tegmina are wide, longer or equal to the pronotum length, not distinctly bulged; their disc may be greenish (in the western and mountain populations) or yellowish-brown (in the eastern and lowland populations) with dark stridulatory area. CuP is thick, long (> 3 / 4 of the width of metazone), greenish or yellowish coloured. In I. petkovi CuP may be distinctly approached to CuA. The stridulatory file has large number (130 – 180) of densely packed teeth. The cercus tooth is very typical — long, very wide, frequently crest shaped; the apex of cerci has dense strong hairs. The song consists of groups of two to many (> 20) syllables (rarely single syllables occur) with a long syllable interval. The syllable (main part) has dense decrescending impulses and lasts 50 – 300 ms. Sometimes or, in some populations / taxa always, the syllables are followed by one or few after-clicks. The heterochromatin content of the chromosomes, especially X, is highly variable (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008). The species is distributed in the central part of Southern Bulgaria and the neighbouring territory of Greece on the territory of the Rila-Rhodope Mountain group (see below). Notes to the literature distribution data: The data by Nedelkov (1908) for I. modesta from “ Rodopi ” is tentatively referred to I. rhodopensis. And though the case may concern I. bureschi, usually Nedelkov has determined his material of I. bureschi as I. modestior, also mentioned from “ Rodopi ”. Thus, we believe Nedelkov had been working with material of both species occurring sympatrically in the Northwestern Rhodope Mts. The record by Paviċeviċ (1983 a) for I. rhodopensis from Beljanica Mt. was referred to I. miksici (see above).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283929FFB1B1B00F02FC019A62.taxon	description	Morphological description: see the references above; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969 (as I. leonorae); Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 1985 (as I. leonorae). Bioacoustics: Heller and Helversen 1986, Heller 1988 (as I. leonorae). Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. kisi). Synonymy: Peshev (1981) described I. kisi diagnosing it in comparison only with I. modesta. After comparing the morphology and calling song of diverse material from Bulgaria, including from the type locality of I. kisi, with these of I. leonorae, described from the neighbouring territory of Greece, it appeared obvious that both taxa are identical (first mentioned by Klaus-Gerhard Heller, personal communication). Thus, the preference was given for the senior synonym. Further, the morphology of I. leonorae from different localities shows great similarity to that of I. rhodopensis. The song of some populations from the western part of Western Rhodope Mts, located between the ranges of typical I. leonorae and I. rhodopensis (see below), has a structure closer to that of I. leonorae, though their morphology and karyotype characteristics may be intermediate between these of I. leonorae and I. rhodopensis or strongly remaining one of the latter taxa. These cases, we believe, concern hybrid populations, and therefore I. leonorae is here regarded as a subspecies of I. rhodopensis. Supplement to the description and diagnosis: I. rhodopensis leonorae has a large, stout body. The tegmen is very wide with long CuP and stridulatory file (3.8 – 4.2 mm) bearing many teeth (149 – 170) (Figs 45, 162 A, 163 A). Main colouration of male tegmen is green. The lateral stripes of metazone (above the light bands) are wide, reddish (compare with the other subspecies). Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Figs 162 C, 163 C. Typical characteristic of this subspecies is the very wide, showel-shaped apical tooth of male cerci (Figs 162 B, 163 B), usually narrower or pointed in the other subspecies. The song (Fig. 168) consists of loose groups of decrescending syllables lasting 100 – 200 ms and sometimes followed by 1 – 2 after-clicks. Bioacoustics: The song in the typical population from Alibotoush (Slavyanka) Mountain at 25 – 26 ° С included groups of few (usually 4 – 10, rarely 2 – 3) or many (over 15) syllables, which were divided by an interval of 1.3 – 2 s. The syllables were short — 116 – 176 ms (mean 151 ± 17; n = 20), consisted of 60 – 66 impulses (mean 65 ± 3; n = 20), and sometimes followed by 1 (rarely 2) after-click (thus the whole length of the syllable became 246 – 376 ms; mean 300 ± 53; n = 13). The impulses within the main part of the syllable were dense and the impulse period lasted from 2 to 6 (at the syllable’s end) ms (mean 2.3).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283929FFB1B1B00F02FC019A62.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 193) and phenology: The typical form of this subspecies was found in the mountain belt of Southern Rila, Pirin, Alibotoush (Slavyanka), Stargach Mountains in Bulgaria and the neighbouring mountains in Greece (Vrontous, Pangaion) between the valleys of Strouma (Strimon) and Mesta (Nestos) Rivers bordering its range from West and East. The subspecies inhabits mostly the mountain belt between 800 and 1800 m, where it keeps to lush grass associations. Nymphs — IV – VI (– VII), imago — VI – IX.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392BFFB1B1B0086FFA489C93.taxon	description	Description: The populations from the southwestern part of the Western Rhodope Mountains (Trigrad Village in Bulgaria and neighbouring Zagradenia forest in Greece) show morphology of I. rhodopensis leonorae with some transitions to the nominate subspecies, mostly in the narrower male tegmen and less widened cercal tooth. Other populations from the central part of Western Rhodope, though morphologically belonging to the typical I. rhodopensis, showed a song (Fig. 169) of very short syllables without after-clicks, thus similar to these of I. rh. leonorae (compare with Fig. 168 C). In few individuals from Shiroka Polyana Lake and Stoykite Village the syllables (in groups of 4 – 5; Т = 27 ° С) were strongly shortened (even shorter than in I. rh. leonorae), lasted 50 – 107 ms (mean 71 ± 17, n = 15), and consisted of 25 – 48 dense impulses (mean 36 ± 8; n = 15; their separation is frequently very difficult) with an impulse period of 2 – 4 (to 5) ms (mean 1.9).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392BFFB1B1B0086FFA489C93.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 193) and phenology: Distributed in the central and southwestern part of Western Rhodope (Rodopi) in Bulgaria and Greece (Willemse and Willemse 2008 as I. leonorae) as east as the valley of Vacha River and the neighbouring mountain slopes reaching Pamporovo resort where it merges with the nominate subspecies. Northwards, the intermediate populations border the Northwestern form of I. rh. rhodopensis before Batak Lake. Found in lush (frequently ruderal) mountain meadows at 1300 – 1800 m alt. Nymphs — IV – VII, imago — (VI –) VII – IX.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392BFFB7B1B00F39FBE199D9.taxon	description	Morphological description: Ramme 1951; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. rhodopensis and I. petkovi — partim: cf. localities). Supplement to the description and diagnosis: The body size varies. It is usually slightly smaller than in I. rh. leonorae, male tegmina are narrower and the stridulatory file is usually shorter — 2.9 – 3.7 mm with 134 – 155 teeth (Figs 164 – 166 A), but in the lowland population from the region of Assenovgrad, intermediate to I. rh. petkovi, the file is up to 4.1 mm with 180 teeth. Main colouration of the disc of tegmina is green, rarely (in lowland populations) mixed with yellow. The lateral stripes of metazone are narrower than in leonorae and darker — reddish to blackish-brown. Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Figs 164 – 166 C. Male cercal tooth (Figs 164 – 166 B) is long and wide, usually more or less pointed but sometimes as in leonorae. According to its shape we could discern two forms — typical form with a wide cercus tooth similar to that of leonorae and Northwestern form with pointed tooth and song temporarily similar to that of I. rh. petkovi. The song (Figs 170 – 172) consists of groups of 3 – 5 or more syllables. The syllables last 100 – 200 ms with 40 – 70 impulses and an impulse period of 2 – 7 ms. In all cases the syllable (main part) was followed by 1 – 5 after-clicks, thus the whole length (syllable + after-clicks) becomes 275 – 386 ms (27 ° С) to 800 ms (23 ° С). Bioacoustics: Typical form. The structure of syllables vary to some extent between different populations. Specimens from Smolyan (close to the type locality of I. rhodopensis in the Central Rhodope Mts) and the neighbouring Turun Village showed the following characteristics at 27 ° С. Smolyan (Fig. 171): syllables — main part 142 – 160 ms (mean 152 ± 6; n = 10) with 43 – 55 impulses (mean 49 ± 4; n = 10) and impulse period of 2 – 6 ms (mean 3.2); Turun (Fig. 172): syllables — main part 105 – 116 ms (mean 110 ± 3; n = 10) wtih 50 – 55 impulses (mean 52 ± 2; n = 10) and impulse period of 2 – 5 ms (mean 2.1). The animals from the northern slopes of Western Rhodope are morphologically and bioacoustically transitional to I. rh. petkovi in larger body, higher number of stridulatory teeth and development of black lateral stripes in metazone (compare below). The song of specimens from Assenovgrad and Bachkovo Village area at 23 ° С had longer interval between the main syllable part and the after-clicks, which is at least partly due to lower body temperature (but the main syllable part was even shorter). It had the following characteristics: syllables — main part 133 – 153 ms (mean 143 ± 6; n = 10) with 60 – 67 impulses (mean 63 ± 2; n = 10) and impulse period of 2 – 4 ms (mean 2.3) and a total duration with the after-clicks 714 – 762 ms (mean 739 ± 16; n = 8). Interestingly, here after-clicks were observed in all cases. Northwestern form. Specimens from the region of Batak Lake (NW Rhodope), Krichim, Pazardzhik (W Thrace Lowland) and Sushtinska Sredna Gora Mountain showed stable difference in the shape of the cercal tooth (Fig. 165 B) being narrower and pointed, similar to that of I. andreevae. The song (Fig. 170) does not differ significantly from that of the typical form but the syllables are longer with more impulses: syllables — main part 164 – 194 ms (mean 185 ± 8; n = 10) with 63 – 68 impulses (mean 66 ± 2; n = 10) and impulse period of 2 – 4 ms (to 7 ms at the end of the main part) (mean 2.8) (T = 28 ° С). The populations from different regions show significant variation in the distribution of heterochromatine (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008) and are genetically variable (Grzywacz and Warchałowska-Śliwa 2008; Grzywacz-Gibała et al. 2010).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392BFFB7B1B00F39FBE199D9.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 193) and phenology: Specimens were found in the eastern and northwestern part of the Western Rhodope Mountains, the neighbouring parts of the Upper Thrace Lowland and Sushtinska Sredna Gora Mountain in Bulgaria. The subspecies possibly occurs also in the mountains above Xanthi (Rodopi district) in Greece. This taxon inhabits various terrains and habitats — from lowland scrub along rivers to subalpine meadows between 200 and 2190 m alt. Nymphs — (III –) IV – VI (– VII), imago — VI – VII (– IX).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392DFFB4B1B00BFCFA4F9981.taxon	description	Morphological description: Peshev 1959 a. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 (as I. petkovi — partim: cf. localities). Supplement to the description and diagnosis: The subspecies is characterised by a massive body and very large size for the genus (similar to I. taurica and I. longicaudata). Male tegmina are visibly shortened (shorter than in I. rh. rhodopensis and I. rh. leonorae) with stronger approximation of CuP and CuA. The stridulatory file is 3.5 – 3.7 mm long with 140 – 160 teeth (Fig. 167 A). The disc of tegmina (before and after the dark stridulatory area) is yellowish-brown. The lateral stripes of metazone are blackish. Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 167 C. Male cercus tooth (Fig. 167 B) is similar to that of I. rh. rhodopensis. The song (Fig. 173) consists of groups of few (2 – 6) syllables with few after-clicks (2 – 8, rarely one), whose number is higher when the temperature is lower. The impulses of the main syllable part are clearly separated and the impulse period at 20 – 22 ° С reaches 14 – 18 ms at the beginning and again 10 – 12 ms at the end of the main part. The impulse period within the additional part (after-clicks) is 50 – 200 ms. Bioacoustics: The temporal characteristics of the male calling song vary at different temperatures. At 20 ° С: syllables — main part 261 – 292 ms (mean 277 ± 11; n = 10) with 54 – 68 impulses (mean 61 ± 5; n = 10) and impulse period of 3 – 18 ms (mean 4.5); total duration of the syllable with 5 – 8 after clicks — 1447 – 2039 ms (mean 1784 ± 173; n = 10). At 27.5 ° С: syllables — main part 166 – 192 ms (mean 179 ± 8; n = 10) with 64 – 72 impulses (mean 69 ± 2; n = 10) and mean impulse period of 2.6 ms; total syllable duration with 1 – 2 after-clicks — 560 – 708 ms (mean 630 ± 51; n = 10).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392DFFB4B1B00BFCFA4F9981.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 193) and phenology: Distributed in the Eastern Rhodope Mountains (Bulgaria and Greece — Kallithea by Willemse and Willemse 2008 as I. rhodopensis; new for Greece), Sakar (Bulgaria) and the neighbouring lowlands between 50 and 1200 m. No doubt this taxon has a restricted occurrence also in the northeasternmost corner of European Turkey. Nymphs — (? II –) III – V (– VI), imago — V – VI (– VII). 4. Isophya costata species group The group shows more specialised characters than I. modesta group and may have evolved from it or both groups have common origin. The body is moderately large to large. Hind femur is 16 – 23 mm long (usually 17 – 20). The width of fastigium verticis is 1 / 2 to equal to that of scapus. The disc of male pronotum is elongated, slightly to strongly widened in metazone, flat or moderately raised in metazone. Male tegmina are equal to or shorter than pronotum, frequently bulged, with shortened Costo-Medial part and compact, widened stridulatory area. CuP is moderately (in I. stysi Cejchan, 1958) to (usually) very long (> 3 / 4 - 4 / 5 times of the hind margin of metazone) and wide (wider than 3 rd or even 2 nd antennal limb); CuP is moderately bulged, much wider than CuA; both are situated at about the same level over the pronotal surface (or CuA is slightly higher) and are closely approximated to each other. The stridulatory file has 50 – 275 teeth. Female tegmen has blunt to truncated (rarely slightly concave) hind margin and reticulate venation. Hind femur may lack or have from 1 – 2 to over 10 ventral spines. The pit between gonangulum and lamella is partly closed, the lamella is thin, without an excision. The ovipositor is moderately to very long for the genus (2 to over 3 times longer than pronotum). The main colouration is green (sometimes with light bands or variegated in I. dobrogensis). Tegmina are usually greenish, sometimes with darkened stridulatory area. The lateral margins of pronotum in metazone have reddish stripe above the light band. Melanism is absent. The song (when known) consists of single or groups of syllables lasting 140 – 1100 ms. The X-chromosome of I. modestior may be acrocentric or subacrocentric (type 1 A or 2 A according to Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 and unpublished data) in different populations (see below). Morphological traits of most taxa such as short and wide male tegmina and position of CuA and CuP, blunt female tegmina, high number of stridulatory teeth and shape of cerci indicate close relationships with the I. kraussii group. Presently we consider the group with six species — I. boldyrevi Miram, 1938, I. costata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, I. dobrogensis, I. modestior, I. stepposa Bey-Bienko, 1954, I. stysi Cejchan, 1958, distributed in the Northern Balkan Peninsula, Central Europe (Austria, Hungary, NE Italy), the Carpathian Basin and Eastern Europe through the steppe belt eastwards to Volga Upland (Privolzhskaya vozvyshennost) in the region of Saratov.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392FFFB5B1B00A94FB1C9EA1.taxon	description	Morphological description: Brunner von Wattenwyl 1882; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969; Heller et al. 2004; Orci et al. 2005. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008. Bioacoustics: Heller 1988; Fontana et al. 2002; Nagy et al. 2003; Heller et al. 2004; Orci et al. 2005; Ingrisch and Paviċeviċ 2010, 2012. Variation: Few geographically delimited populations exhibit differences in morphology (number of stridulatory teeth, Heller et al. 2004), song (see below), the type of X-chromosome (acro- or subacrocentric) (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008), and sequences of some genes (own unpublished information). Bioacoustics: Three populations have been studied bioacoustically. The Bulgarian population from Vitosha Mt. is characterised by a song (Fig. 182) of groups of two syllables separated by intervals of 2.5 – 10 s (mean 4.8 ± 2.3; n = 12). The first syllable in a group is usually shorter than the second one due to shorter average impulse period (about 0.4 ms) (the number of impulses is the same). At 26 – 27 ° С the syllables lasted 255 – 320 ms (mean 287 ± 17; n = 26) and included 88 – 97 impulses (mean 92 ± 3; n = 26). The impulse period lasted 2 – 7 ms (average 3 ms), being shortest around the middle of the first half of the syllable and longest at its end. The population from Western Stara Planina Mts showed a song (at 27.5 ° С) of many loosely following each other syllables separated by intervals of 10 – 20 s or more. The syllables showed similar characteristics as that described above. The Serbian population from the region of Novi Sad (Fruska Gora, 280 m, 45.1870 º N, 19.8130 º E; outside the borders of the Balkan Peninsula but shown here for comparison) showed a song (Fig. 183) of groups of few syllables (usually 3 – 5) separated by intervals of 2 – 5 s. The syllable consisted of main part of 150 – 250 ms and afterclicks; its total duration is 280 – 350 ms. The impulses in the main part are denser than in the Bulgarian population. Karyology (Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008 and unpublished data): the Bulgarian population (specimens studied from the surroundings of Tran) showed 2 A type of X-chromosome with telomeric C-bands (heterochromatin) on both arms; the Serbian population differed in possessing 1 A type of X-chromosome. Morphology: All studied populations did not exhibit morphological differences. The stridulatory file had respectively 182 (W Stara Planina Mts), 200 (Vitosha Mt.), and 211 (Novi Sad) stridulatory teeth, which coincides with the data known for the southern range of this species (see e. g. Heller et al. 2004).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392FFFB5B1B00A94FB1C9EA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 194) and phenology: The species is known from the Northwestern Balkan Peninsula and the neighbouring parts of Central Europe (SW Romania, NW Bulgaria, N Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina (new for this country), Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, NE Italy, Austria, Hungary and possibly Slovakia after Heller et al. 2004; Szövényi and Puskás 2012). The species inhabits mesophyte scrub and grass vegetation to open meadows (at the upper limit of distribution) between 100 (in the northern part of its range) or 500 (in Bulgaria) to 1800 – 1900 m alt. (Ossogovska Planina Mt. in Bulgaria). Nymphs — IV – VI (– VII), imago — VI – VIII. Notes to the literature distribution data: Buresch and Peshev (1958) reported I. modestior from Assenovgrad and Chepelare. It is still not clear which species may be concerned in this case but most probably this is I. rhodopensis. The localities in Rila (Parangalitsa Reserve, 18.06.1984, 1 Ƥ, HMB) and Pirin (Pirin Peak, 20.08.1986, 1 Ƥ, HMB) as labelled by Andreeva are doubtful and may concern mistake. Thus, they are not mapped or included in the list of material. The data by Peshev (1974 b) for Vratsa (23.06.1964) and Stakevtsi Village (12.08.1966) are referred to I. miksici on the basis of the revised material (see Appendix). Köhler (1988) recorded I. modestior from Northwestern Pirin Mts but this record may concern one of the species that occur in this region and may be misidentified with I. modestior: I. andreevae, I. rhodopensis leonorae or I. bureschi.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392FFFBAB1B00D24FED19F52.taxon	description	Morphological description: Kis 1994. Biacoustics: Iorgu 2012. The species is well characterised in the cited references. Supplement to the description and diagnosis: Fastigium verticis is about 1 / 2 of the width of scapus. Male tegmina are slightly shorter than pronotum, with right anal tegminal angle. Their Costo-Medial parts are short (Fig. 49). Male stridulatory file (Fig. 174 A) is 4 – 4.6 mm long and bears 261 – 275 teeth. Male cercus (Fig. 98) is strongly incurved in the apical 1 / 3, with a distinct terminal tooth. Female tegmen is about 1 / 3 of the pronotum length (Fig. 73). Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 174 C. Ovipositor is long — 11 – 13 mm (Fig. 97). Colouration in both sexes is variegated — green, with yellow, orange, reddish or violet lateral body stripes, antennae and tibiae. The disc of tegmen, CuA and CuP veins are brownish, reddish or green. Lateral parts of tegmina are banded with white. The species’ calling song (Fig. 184) consists of groups of long elaborate syllables, similar in structure to these of I. costata. Bioacoustics: The song was recorded at 26 ° С. The grouped syllables were separated by intervals of 2 – 5 s. First (main) part of the syllable consists of a compact impulse series of 300 – 420 ms with 60 – 100 impulses and more or less constant impulse interval of average 4 – 6 ms. The second part of the syllable follows at an interval of 90 – 230 ms and has quite a peculiar structure, consisting of 3 – 6 small groups of impulses, separated by intervals of 50 – 90 ms; each group includes 2 – 6 impulses with impulse period of 7 – 9 ms. The total duration of the syllables was 730 – 1100 ms. Very interesting in this species is the male-female duet before mating, with one of the longest and more elaborate known female answers to male song in this genus. Female song occurs after the second part of male syllable and consists of variable series of 9 – 27 impulses, recorded for a period of 4 – 8 s. It begins with a group of 8 – 13 impulses, lasting 301 – 596 ms and is followed by several widely spaced impulses.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128392FFFBAB1B00D24FED19F52.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 194) and phenology: Isophya dobrogensis is a local endemite known only from Popina Island in Razelm Lake (SE Romania), at 1 – 30 m alt. Nymphs — IV – V, imago — V – VI. 5. Isophya kraussii species group This group shows similar characters to the I. costata group but we regard it separately on account of some differences in the song structure, smaller body size, short ovipositor, and different morphology of the sex chromosome. However, it is possible in future, when new acoustic, molecular, and karyological data is accumulated, to reconsider this group as well as the I. costata and I. pyrenaea groups. Species of moderate size. Hind femur is shorter than 18 mm. Fastigium verticis is narrower than scapus (less than 1 / 2 of its width). The pronotal disc is long; the side keels of metazone are sinuately diverging. Male tegmina are distinctly shortened, usually shorter than pronotum. CuP is very long (about 4 / 5 times of the hind margin of metazone or longer), moderately widened, slightly bulged over the pronotal surface; CuP and CuA veins are very closely approximated as a result of bending the area between them and uplifting of CuA over the tegminal surface. In comparison to I. costata group CuA is situated higher than CuP. The stridulatory file has a very high number (180 – 305) of fine dense teeth. Female tegmina have truncate or concave apical margins and reticulate venation. The lower keels of the hind femur lack spines. Male cerci are moderately stout to moderately slender; their apical part is gradually incurved, rounded or more or less pointed. The cercal tooth is apically positioned, small, slender, pointed. The female ovipositor is short (usually 7 – 12 mm to 14 mm in I. zubowskii). The body colouration is green; melanism is always absent. The disc of tegmina is green or brownish with dark stridulatory area. The lateral margins of pronotum in metazone have reddish stripe situated above the light band. The song consists of groups or long sequences of syllables lasting 120 – 400 ms. The X-chromosome is submetacentric (type 3 according to Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008), similar to that observed within the I. pyrenaea group. We regard the group with four species (seven taxa) — I. brevicauda, I. kraussii kraussii Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, I. kraussii moldavica Iorgu & Heller, 2013, I. pienensis pienensis Mařan, 1954, I. pienensis austromoravica Chládek, 2010, I. pienensis sudetica Chládek, 2011, and I. zubowskii, though further reconsideration of the group’s constitution is possible. The range of the group covers the northeasternmost part of the Balkan Peninsula, Central Europe and the Carpathian basin (incl. Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, S Germany, S Poland, Romania, W Ukraine).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283920FFB8B1B00D72FA929B2A.taxon	description	Morphological description: Bey-Bienko 1954. Bioacoustics: Iorgu and Iorgu 2012. The species was characterised well in the above mentioned sources. Supplement to the description and diagnosis: Fastigium verticis is narrower than 1 / 2 of the scapus width. Male tegmina are about the same length as pronotum, reaching the posterior end of first abdominal tergite. CuA is slightly shorter than the posterior margin of pronotum; anal tegminal angle is obtuse. The Costo-Medial area is distinctly reduced, short (Fig. 50). Stridulatory file (Fig. 175 A) is 3.2 – 3.4 mm long and bears 181 – 227 teeth. Male cercus (Fig. 99) is gradually incurved in the last 1 / 4, with a distinct terminal tooth. Female tegmen is about 1 / 3 of the pronotum length (Fig. 74). Female stridulatory apparatus is shown in Fig. 175 C. Ovipositor (Fig. 124) is long and slender (12 – 14 mm). Body colouration in both sexes is green, sometimes with reddish antennae and tibiae. Tegminal disc is brownish or reddish, rarely green, with darker CuA and CuP. The lateral parts of tegmina are yellow banded and the apical area is green. Male calling song (Fig. 185) consists of series of syllables (sequences). Bioacoustics: Male calling song consists of a temporally variable series of syllables, lasting from a few seconds to more than 4 minutes, the syllables repeated at a rate of about 60 – 80 per minute. The structural and temporal parameters of the syllables vary in different populations: the individuals from Dobrogea produced syllables of 70 – 100 impulses lasting 180 – 250 ms (at 24 ºC). The interval between the successive syllables also largely varied between 400 and 1200 ms. The after-click was often noticed, following the main impulse series at 110 – 180 ms. The song frequencies in four studied populations varied without significance, the main impulse series ranging between 10 – 40 kHz, with highest peak at about 22 kHz.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283920FFB8B1B00D72FA929B2A.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 194) and phenology: Isophya zubowskii occurs in Romania, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. It prefers sunny mesophytic grasslands, forest ecotone and clearings between 50 m and 300 – 400 m alt. Nymphs — IV – V, imago — V – VI. 6. Isophya pyrenaea species group Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. (2008) outlined the I. pyrenaea group for the taxa I. altaica, I. camptoxypha, I. obtusa and I. gulae. However, here a high number of similar taxa occurring north of the Central Balkans may be concerned. Though these taxa are similar in morphology, there are some karyological and bioacoustic differences relating some species close to I. modesta group or to I. kraussii group, yet, placing the border is difficult until more data are accumulated and thus we consider them in one group. The main characteristics of the group are as follows. The disc of male pronotum is considerably widened and uplifted in metazone and may be saddle shaped (constricted in the middle and widened and raised in pro- and metazone). Male tegmina have a tendency of bulging, while at the same time CuA and CuP remain distinctly separated (but not as strong as in I. rectipennis group). Both veins are slightly bulged above the surface of pronotum (not as strong as in I. kraussii and I. costata groups). The pit between gonangulum and lamella is widely opened; the lamella lacks excision. Female tegmen has moderately to strongly truncate apical part and reticulate venation. Body colouration may be uniformly green (except tegmina) to dark, violet green with dark greenish pattern, or light bands. In some species a tendency of variation and developing of melanism (especially in males) appear. The lateral margins of pronotum in metazone have reddish stripe above the light band (in I. taurica this may be masked by black pattern). Male tegmina (or at least their disc) are darker than body, usually being brownish, brownish-violet or variable (green with brown, yellow, violet and red) without additional darkening of the stridulatory area. The group is considered having 16 species (see below). Two complexes may be distinguished within the group (yet not clear whether they are phylogenetically natural). The Isophya taurica complex is characterised by large to very large, massive body. Hind femur is 16 – 23 mm long (usually 18 – 21). The width of fastigium verticis is 1 / 2 to almost equal to that of scapus. Male tegmina are equal or longer than pronotum, strongly bulged to very wide, uplifted, in I. obtusa remaining these of the I. speciosa group (see below). CuP is slightly to strongly widened and moderately long — about 2 / 3 to 3 / 4 of the width of metazone. CuP and CuA are distinctly approximated but not almost touching as in I. costata and I. kraussii groups (only in I. taurica similar position is observed); both veins are almost equally moderately bulged above the surface of disc of tegmen. The stridulatory file has 100 – 180 wide, dense teeth. The lower keels (at least the internal ones) of the hind femur have one to few spines (the outer ones may lack spines). The song consists of single or groups of slowly decrescending syllables with or without additional part of after-clicks and lasting 100 – 500 ms up to 2.5 s with the after-clicks. The X-chromosome is subacrocentric (type 2 A according to Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008). The complex includes 3 species — I. gulae, I. obtusa and I. taurica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, each having peculiar isolated distribution in the East Balkans (Bulgaria, E Serbia) and the Crimean Peninsula (Ukraine).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283920FFB8B1B00D72FA929B2A.taxon	description	The Isophya pyrenaea complex is characterised by moderately large, slender or compact body. Hind femur is 14 – 21 mm long (usually 15 – 18). The width of fastigium verticis is 1 / 2 or less of the width of scapus. Male tegmina are usually equal or shorter (in I. altaica, I. beybienkoi and I. pyrenaea slightly longer) than pronotum, distinctly bulged, but narrower than the hind edge of metazone. CuP is narrow (about as wide as or narrower than the 3 rd antennal limb), short or moderately long — about 1 / 2 – 2 / 3 of the width of metazone. The stridulatory file has 40 – 130 sparse teeth (usually 50 – 80; higher number in I. altaica). The lower keels of the hind femur usually lack spines and rarely the internal ones have a single spine (e. g. in I. harzi and I. brunneri). The ovipositor is short — 6.5 – 10 mm, up to 13.5 mm in I. beybienkoi and I. brunneri. The song consists of long homogenous or complex sequence of syllables; the syllables are short — 0.5 – 120 ms, frequently followed by an after-click (in the case of I. brunneri the after-clicks are divided by long interval and thus the whole syllable lasts almost 1 s). The X-chromosome is submetacentric (type 3 according to Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008). The complex as here regarded includes 13 species — I. altaica Bey-Bienko, 1926, I. beybienkoi Mařan, 1958, I. brunneri Retowski, 1888, I. camptoxypha (Fieber, 1853), I. ciucasi Iorgu et Iorgu, 2010, I. dochia Iorgu, 2012, I. doneciana Bey-Bienko, 1954, I. fatrensis Chládek, 2007, I. harzi Kis, 1960, I. nagyi Szövényi, Puskás et Orci, 2012, I. posthumoidalis Bazyluk, 1971, I. pyrenaea (Serville, 1838), I. sicula Orci, Szövényi et Nagy, 2010, distributed from the Pyrenees to Crimea and the Donetsk region, and isolated in Altai, with a centre of distribution and (possibly) origin the Carpathian Basin. Yet, further subdivision of the complex is possible, for example the so-called I. camptoxypha group (I. camptoxypha, I. ciucasi, I. dochia, I. nagyi, I. posthumoidalis, I. sicula) consisting of morphologically very similar species.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283922FFB8B1B009B1FD349E0A.taxon	description	Isophya camptoxypha (Fieber): Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878. Isophya camptoxipha (Fieber): Brunner von Wattenwyl 1882. Isophya pyrenaea (Serville): Kirby 1906. Isophya brevipennis Brunner von Wattenwyl: Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878 (syn. after Heller et al. 2004). Morphological description: see the references above; Ramme 1951 (as I. brevipennis); Bey-Bienko 1954 (as I. brevipennis and partly as I. pyrenaea); Kis 1960 (as I. brevipennis — partly?); Harz 1969 (as I. brevipennis). Bioacoustics: Nagy et al. 2003; Heller et al. 2004. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa and Maryanska-Nadachowska 1992 (as I. brevipennis); Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008. This species is well characterised in the above mentioned literature sources. It was known to occur in the Carpathian Basin westwards reaching Western Hungary and Austria in the region of Vienna. However, a single specimen labelled “ Coll. Br. v. W. | Montenegro | Erber ” (Figs 51, 100) found in the NMW collection fits well with I. camptoxypha (possessing 71 stridulatory teeth). Yet, it is not known whether this locality is correct or, if so, the case concerns an undescribed taxon. The female specimens from Macedonia (F. Y. R. O. M.), recorded by Chobanov and Mihajlova (2010) as I. aff. brevicauda, are now considered closely related to I. camptoxypha and thus referred here. Yet, the species status of the specimens resembling I. camptoxypha from the Balkan Peninsula remains unclear until data on their acoustics will be gathered.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283922FFB9B1B00CD1FE059E20.taxon	description	Morphological description: Peshev 1981. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008. Supplement to the description and diagnosis: Male pronotum is clearly widened and elevated in metazone with slightly sinuated lateral hind margins but never saddle-shaped as in I. obtusa. Male tegmina (Fig. 52) are moderalety uplifted, less shortened than in I. obtusa and not wider than the width of metazone; their venation is sharp. CuP is slightly widened and moderately approximated to CuA. The stridulatory file (Fig. 177 A) is about 3.2 – 3.4 mm long and has 108 – 128 teeth (2 33). Female tegmina (Fig. 76) are slightly blunt apically and have reticulate venation. Ventral keels of hind femora lack spines or have a single spine. Male cerci (Figs 101, 177 B) are moderately tapering apically and have stong pointed tooth subapically. The body colouration is green, sometimes darkened but not violet as in I. obtusa. Male tegmina have brownish disc getting dark green or brownish-green towards the apical area, contrasting with the body colour. The song (Fig. 187) consists of isolated syllables or, sometimes, two sillables arranged at an interval of 3 – 6 seconds (usually syllables of an individual follow at intervals of 20 – 60 s). The syllables may have two parts: main part of dense impulses lasting 100 – 200 ms and additional part of 4 – 20 sparse impulses (after-clicks). Sometimes, especially in recently moulted males, the syllables (or the first of two grouped syllables) contain only the first part. Both parts are separated by a long silent interval and thus the total duration of the syllable is 1400 – 2500 ms (or less at T> 25 ºC). Bioacoustics: The syllable consists of a decrescending main (first) and an additional (second) part. Studied specimens started sing about a week after moulting. Male song at 20 – 21 ºC had a total length of 1687 – 1991 ms (mean 1854 ± 85; n = 15). First part of the syllable lasted 106 – 159 ms (mean 142 ± 10; n = 24) and had 38 – 46 impulses (mean 42 ± 3; n = 24) with impulse period of 2 – 10 (usually 3 – 7) ms (mean 3.5 ± 0.3; n = 1005). Second part lasted 56 – 171 ms (mean 106 ± 28; n = 15) and included 4 – 10 impulses (mean 6 ± 2; n = 15) with highly wariable impulse period raging from 2 to 50 ms. The interval between 1 st and 2 nd part lasted 1425 – 1728 ms (mean 1605 ± 85; n = 15). Temperature and age influenced the song. Higher temperatures influenced mostly the main syllable part and the interval between two parts by reducing their duration, while older individuals showed longer second part with higher number of impulses (up to 20) and a longer period between them (up to 80 ms) and thus the song at 21 ºC became longer than 2 s. Females responded either to a neighbouring acoustically active male or to a played recording of a conspecific male. Female song (see marker on Fig. 187) included short “ click ” that usually contained a high-amplitude impulse followed by few low-amplitude ones that altogether lasted 60 – 80 ms (20 – 23 ºC). The song was produced after the end of male syllable and thus the possible trigger for the female answer appears to be the second part of the male syllable. Thus, the matured males may be preferred against the recently moulted ones, the latter still having weakly developed second syllable part or even lacking it in some syllables. Yet, it is difficult to judge whether the female synchronizes her call with the beginning or the end of the male after-clicks. In any case, measuring the distance from the end of male call may be problematic due to its fading towards the null position of the tegmina. The measured intervals between the first after-click of the second part of male syllable and female answer at 21 ºC lasted 322 – 545 ms (mean 432 ± 56; n = 36), and between the last detectable after-click and female answer — 100 – 321 ms (mean 165 ± 50; n = 36). At 23 ºC these values were 388 – 459 and 144 – 287 ms, respectively.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283922FFB9B1B00CD1FE059E20.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 194) and phenology: Local endemic species, presently known only from two forest patches (the nature reserves Dolna and Gorna Topchiya) near the town of Elhovo (SE Bulgaria), remnants of a widely distributed in former times seasonally flooded forests in the Thrace lowland. The species’ area of distribution is evaluated to be about 6 – 7 km 2 and thus the species may be considered critically endangered in short term. The individuals inhabit the undergrowth of a seasonally flooded deciduous forest, where they are mostly concentrated within clearings overgrown with Urtica dioica and bushes. The dominant forest species are represented by Quercus pedunculiflora, Q. robus, Acer campestre, Ulmus minor with diverse bush and poor grass undergrouth. Nymphs — III (IV) – VI, imago — V – VII.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283923FFBCB1B00CAAFEA29D02.taxon	description	Morphological description: see the references above; Bey-Bienko 1954; Harz 1969. Karyotype: Warchałowska- Śliwa et al. 2008. Synonymy: Peshev (1985) described I. pravdini bazyluki, comparing it with the other subspecies of I. pravdini and thus placing it within the presently regarded I. modesta group. After the revision has been done the other two subspecies of I. pravdini became synonyms of related taxa (I. plevnensis and I. longicaudata; see above). Yet, the type series of I. p. bazyluki has not been found. We visited its type locality where, in an isolated spot, an abundant population fitting the description of I. p. bazyluki was discovered. The animals had the same measurements and tegminal structure as given by Peshev (1985) (though the figures in this paper are quite schematic). After comparison of the morphology and song it appeared obvious that we had collected animals of I. obtusa and thus I. pravdini bazyluki is here considered as its junior synonym. Supplement to the description and diagnosis: The body is moderately stout. Male pronotum (Figs 28, 29, 53) is saddle-shaped, uplifted in prozone and metazone and constricted in its middle; the lateral keels in metazone are sinuate. Male tegmina (Fig. 53) are equal or slightly longer than pronotum and usually wider than the metazone. The anal edge of left tegmen (at the apical end of CuP) is almost right, frequently protruding over the lateral side of pronotum. CuP is moderately widened and bulged, considerably approximated to CuA, the latter being situated higher than CuP. The stridulatory file (Figs 178 A, 179 A) has dense teeth and a length from 3.1 mm with 120 – 125 teeth (specimen from Central Stara Planina Mts) to 3.8 mm with 161 teeth (specimen from Lyulin Mt.); the holotype (“ Ilatibor ”, ex. coll. Br. v. W., NMW), investigated by Sigfrid Ingrisch, has 137 teeth (according to a label attached to the specimen). Female tegmina (Figs 77, 179 C) have reticulate venation and are moderately truncate in their apical part. Hind femora have at least one spine on their internal ventral keel. Male cerci (Fig. 102) are thick, slightly angularly incurved in their apical third (similarly to these of the I. modesta group and I. modestior) and apically widely obtuse; the apical tooth (Fig. 178 B) is wide, short and surrounded by dense hairs. The main colouration is dark green to violet-green with brownish-violet tibiae, tegmina and cerci. The disc of tegmina is brownish to brownish-violet with darker CuP and only the apical part of tegmina may be green. The song (Figs 188, 189) consists of groups of 2 – 4 to many (rarely single) gradually decrescending syllables consisting of dense impulses and lasting 100 – 500 ms. Within the groups the syllables are separated by intervals of 1.5 – 4.5 s. Bioacoustics: The specimens from two separated populations showed some intrapopulation variation and slight interpopulation differentiation of their calling song. The syllables in the song of specimens from Middle Stara Planina Mountains (Fig. 188) were frequently separated into a main and an additional part, the latter present or absent within the same recording of an individual. At 25 – 27 ° С the main part consisted of 40 – 70 dense impulses and lasted 100 – 250 ms (3 33). The impulse period lasted 2.1 – 3.2 ms at 25 ° С to 3.5 ms at 27 ° С. The additional part (when present) followed the main part at 50 – 170 ms and had 2 – 6 impulses (after-clicks) and thus the total syllable length became 250 – 400 ms (3 33). At 28 ° С the temporal song characteristics of the population from the type locality of I. pravdini bazyluki fit within the above described. The specimens from Vitosha Mountain showed a song (Fig. 189) consisting of compact syllables without clearly detached after-clicks, though in some specimens there was a tendence for separating the last few impulses by intervals of 10 – 80 ms. The syllables lasted 140 – 420 ms (few 33 at 22 and 25 – 26 ° С), whereas the dependence of the length of the syllable of temperature was masked by the high individual variability in the number of impulses (from 30 to 72 counted). The influence of temperature was more clearly recognised in the impulse period, which in the main part at 22 ° С had an average length of 5.9 ms and at 25 – 26 ° С — 3.7 ms.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283923FFBCB1B00CAAFEA29D02.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 194) and phenology: The species is fragmentary distributed in the high parts of Middle and Western Stara Planina Mountains and the low- and middle mointain belt of Lyulin, Vitosha and Plana Mountains between 750 and 2150 m alt. (Central and Western Bulgaria and extreme Eastern Serbia). In the lower part of its range it inhabits lush humid plant associations in forests (e. g. observed on Petasites) while at the upper limit of its distribution may be common in pseudosubalpine mesophyte meadows. Nymphs — IV – VI, imago — VI – XI. Notes to the literature distribution data: Early records for this species refer to a highly diverse material due to incorrect identification. Data for Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Burr (1898) (cited by Us and Matvejev 1967) concern I. clara. The records for Romania (Frey-Gessner 1897; Burr 1899) are also very probably wrong though it is unclear which species is / are concerned in these cases. Data by Ramme (1951) citing Retowskii (1889) for Anatolia (Sinope; Samsun) have been referred to I. amplipennis by Bey-Bienko (1954). The record “ Zlatibor ” (Brunner von Wattenwyl 1882; Adamoviċ 1975) referred to Zlatibor Mt. in Western Serbia concerns wrong reading the label by Pančiċ where the actual typing is “ Ilatibor ”. The latter should be referred to a place in Western Stara Planina Mts.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283923FFBCB1B00CAAFEA29D02.taxon	description	III. Isophya speciosa species group (s. l.) Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. (2008) outlined the I. schneideri group for a few morphologically similar taxa though they do not give the exact content of the group. Ünal (2010) split this grouping into I. schneideri group (with I. cania, I. hakkarica Karabag, 1962, I. karabaghi Uvarov, 1940, I. schneideri, I. sikorai Ramme, 1951, I. thracica) and I. amplipennis group (with I. amplipennis, I. artvin Ünal, 2010, I. gracilis Miram, 1938, I. hitit Ünal, 2010, I. redtenbacheri Adelung, 1907, I. rodsjankoi Bolívar, 1899, I. savignyi, I. speciosa, I. splendida Naskrecki et Ünal, 1995, I. sureyai Ramme, 1951). However, we reconsidered the relationships of few taxa (see above) and related the species I. cania and I. thracica to the I. rectipennis group. I. sikorai should also be excluded from I. schneideri group on account of its morphological position between I. straubei and I. major groups (especially considering the wide fastigium verticis, long tegmina, widely separated CuA and CuP, parallel venation of female tegmina, shape of male subgenital plate and short hind femora with high number of ventral spines); a study of the song is necessary for more precise evaluation of its relationships. Finally, the position of I. karabaghi is also under question since according to the male and female tegminal morphology and male cerci the latter is related to I. bicarinata Karabag, 1957, a species placed by Ünal in another group (I. zernovi group). In I. amplipennis group Ünal (2010) included only the taxa occurring in Turkey while significant number of related species remains unconsidered. Thus, including all morphologically similar species we propose to use the name I. speciosa, the latter being published first. Isophya speciosa group includes high number of taxa expressing the most specialised characters within this genus. The species have small to moderate body size for the genus and slender appearance. Hind femora are usually shorter than 18 mm. The fastigium is very narrow, less than 1 / 2 to 1 / 4 of the width of scapus. Male pronotum is constricted in the middle, widened and raised in pro- and metazone, sometimes clearly saddle-shaped. Male tegmina show smooth transition from a primitive state for the group (mostly in the primitive forms, e. g. I. savignyi, I. rodsjankoi and I. sureyai) — equal or slightly longer and hardly wider than pronotum, slightly bulged, with flat disc and well separated CuA and CuP (or even almost invisible smooth CuA), to a progressive state (in some northeastern and the northwestern forms, e. g. I. speciosa, I. amplipennis) — strongly bulged tegmina, wider and clearly longer than pronotum (up to 2 times longer in I. kalishevskii), with sharp venation and approximated CuP and CuA (due to a fold in the area between these veins and uplifting the CuA vein). CuP is thin (about as wide as the third antennal limb) and long (usually over 3 / 4 of the hind margin of metazone). The stridulatory file has 75 – 180 teeth (usually about 100); the teeth gradually increase in size towards the apex of file being fine at its base and middle. Female (as well as male) tegmina have clearly developed coarse reticulate venation; their apical part is widely rounded or, rarely, slightly blunt. The lower keels of hind femora do not possess spines. The width and curvature of male cerci vary in different species; the apical spine may be apically or subapically situated, thin or thick, pointed. The ovipositor is very short, shorter than 10 mm (usually less than 9 mm). The pit between the lamella and gonangulum is usually moderately closed by the lamella; the latter may have or have not an excision apically. The body colouration may be green or variable; very typical for the group is developing of melanistic forms with different share of black. The green forms have reddish stripes at the lateral margins of metazone situated above the light band, while in the melanistic forms this stripe is masked by black and red spots. The colouration of male tegmina usually differs from the main body colour and may be variable with yellow, white, red, etc. The calling song consists of highly elaborated single syllables. The song producing movement is generally separated to two consecutive incomplete open-and-closing movements (cf. Heller 1988, 1990) resulting in a syllable consisting of two or more parts. The syllables of the eastern representatives (I. savignyi, I. gracilis), corresponding to a more primitive habitus, have short first part and crescending / crescending-decrescending second part, altogether lasting about 500 ms (27.5 ° С in I. savignyi; possibly up to one second at lower temperatures) (Heller 1990). In the northwestern taxa (I. speciosa, I. amplipennis), showing more progressive morphology, the syllables have three (or even four in I. speciosa) recognisable parts, produced by distinct slowing down and pausing of each of the two closing movements of the syllable (compare Heller 1988: Abb. 33); altogether the syllable may last three to over five seconds. The X-chromosome is acro- or subacrocentric (type 1 B or 2 A according to Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008). At least two complexes may be separated within the group, though their exact composition is still ambiguous and needs further investigation (especially of the song structures). The group is most closely related to the I. schneideri group. I. speciosa group as here considered in a broad sense envelops the highest number of taxa within the genus, distributed from the Caucasus throughout Anatolia to the Balkan Peninsula. About 20 taxa and several groups (e. g. Ünal 2010: partim) are presently considered within the group, most of them occurring in Anatolia, with two species reaching the Balkan Peninsula: I. acuminata, I. amplipennis, I. artvin, I. caspica caspica, I. caspica stshelkanovtzevi, I. gracilis, I. hitit, I. kalishevskii, I. nigrosignata, I. pylnovi, I. redtenbacheri, I. reticulata, I. rizeensis, I. rodsjankoi, I. savignyi, I. speciosa, I. splendida, I. sureyai amazonae, I. sureyai sureyai, I. uludaghensis. Refining the relatioships within the group is at the moment difficult and requires broader phylogenetic study.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283926FFBDB1B00FCFFB3E9DDF.taxon	description	Morphological description: Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878; Brunner von Wattenwyl 1882; Ramme 1951; Bey-Bienko 1954; Can 1959 a, b; Karaman 1961; Harz 1969; Heller 1988; Ünal 2003; Ünal 2010. Bioacoustics: Heller 1988. The species is well characterised morphologically and acoustically in the cited references. Its karyology is not known.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283926FFBDB1B00FCFFB3E9DDF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: It well differs from I. speciosa and all other representatives of the group by the widened apex of male cerci (compare Figs 103, 180 B with 104, 181 B) and the structure of male stridulatory row (compare Fig. 180 A with 181 A). Male stridulatory file bears 72 – 112 teeth (Can 1959 a); in a specimen collected near Sögüt in Western Anatolia the file had 95 teeth and a length of about 2.7 mm (Fig. 180 A). Male song (Heller 1988) consists of single elaborated syllables of three parts lasting about 3.4 s at> 17 ° С (compare Heller 1988: p. 231, Abb. 33) and thus about 2 – 3 s at higher temperature.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283926FFBDB1B00FCFFB3E9DDF.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 195) and phenology: Known from the southeasternmost Balkan Peninsula (S European Turkey) and NW Anatolia. Depending on the altitude nymphs may emerge quite early (possibly in February – March to April) and imagines occur between April – May and June (lowlands) – August (mountains).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283927FFA2B1B00FFDFD969F70.taxon	description	Morphological description: see the references above; Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878; Brunner von Wattenwyl 1882; Eliescu 1936; Ramme 1951 (both as I. speciosa and I. tenuicerca); Bey-Bienko 1954; Can 1959 a, b (as I. tenuicerca); Harz 1969; Heller 1988. Bioacoustics: Heller 1988. Karyotype: Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2008. The species is well characterised in the cited references. Slight variation is observed in the shape of the apex of male cerci which generally coincides with the differences between I. speciosa and I. tenuicerca.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283927FFA2B1B00FFDFD969F70.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: I. speciosa differs from I. amplipennis by the slender male cerci with narrow apex and pointed apical / subapical tooth (Figs 104, 181 B); female lamella (Fig. 129) is less laterally protruded; male stridulatory file (Fig. 181 A) bears the largest number of teeth among the known representatives of the group — from 154 – 160 (in two males from NE Bulgaria, Byala, and SE Bulgaria, Kovach, respectively) to over 170 (Heller 1988) and has a length of 2.6 – 2.8 mm (present paper: two males from NE and SE Bulgaria, respectively) or possibly more. Male song (Fig. 190) has four recognisable parts. The syllables are longer than these of the other studied species of the group (about 3.6 s at> 27 ° С after Heller 1988 and 5.2 s at 24 ° С in a male studied here); possibly there are differences in the impulse interval and length of different parts of the song between I. speciosa and I. amplipennis but it is difficult to judge for this character due to the significant differences in the recording temperature of available recordings (compare Heller 1988: Abb. 33 for both species as well as this paper: Fig. 190).	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F31283927FFA2B1B00FFDFD969F70.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 195) and phenology: Subendemic for the Balkan Peninsula, known from S Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, NE Greece (Thraki), Eropean Turkey and NW Anatolia. This is the widestly distributed Isophya on the Balkans, inhabiting mesophyte plant associations from the sea coast up to 2500 m altitude in Pirin Mts (Bulgaria). Due to its wide altitudinal range the phenology of some populations may be largely shifted, i. e. in the highest places nymphs emerge when imagines disappear in lowlands. Nymphs — ІІ (VI) – V (VІІ), imago — IV (VІІI) – VІІ (ІХ). Notes to the literature data: We partially refer the data by Nedelkov (1908) for I. pyrenaea to I. speciosa basing on one male from Dragalevtsi, identified by Nedelkov as I. camptoxypha (Fieb.). However, the locality “ Vitosha ” has also been tentatively referred to I. rectipennis following Chobanov (2009 b). Köhler (1988) recorded I. brevipennis Br. W. (synonym of I. camptoxypha (Fieber )) from Pirin based on a single female. The specimen by Köhler (1988) most probably belongs to I. speciosa, occurring at that height on Pirin Mts together with I. bureschi. However, I. bureschi is more similar to I. modestior, the latter also wrongly recorded by Köhler (1988) from Pirin.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
F26F3128393DFFA5B1B00A94FA489AAF.taxon	discussion	Note: I. brevicauda was recorded in Croatia not far from the geographic border of the Balkan Peninsula. Therefore, its occurrence on the Balkans is not excluded and we include it in the following key.	en	Dragan P. Chobanov, Beata Grzywacz, Ionuţ Ş. Iorgu, Battal Cιplak, Maya B. Ilieva, Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa (2013): Review of the Balkan Isophya (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) with particular emphasis on the Isophya modesta group and remarks on the systematics of the genus based on morphological and acoustic data. Zootaxa 3658 (1): 1-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3658.1.1
