identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F107878CFFC6FFDBFE4FFC43FC7989FF.text	F107878CFFC6FFDBFE4FFC43FC7989FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euclavella Kott 1990	<div><p>Genus Euclavella Kott, 1990</p><p>Type species: Colella claviformis Herdman, 1899</p><p>Zooids are embedded completely in common test and both smooth-rimmed apertures, each on a short muscular siphon open separately to the exterior. Embryos appear to be fertilised and are incubated in the distal expanded part of the oviduct at the top of the oesophageal neck. Although replication has not yet been described for this monotypic genus it may involve the long posterior abdominal stolon containing an epicardial tube as in Pycnoclavella (see Trason 1963), rather than the mesodermal tissue of terminal ampullae of the branched stolonic vessels as it does in the Clavelinidae . This monotypic genus is assigned to the Pycnoclavellidae on the basis of its (possibly vegetative) stolon, wide branchial sac with wide interstigmatal membranes and deeply invaginated tubular larval adhesive organs. The developmental sequence of embryos at the top of the oesophageal neck where the distal part of the oviduct is expanded to act as a brood pouch also occurs in some Pycnoclavellidae (e.g. the detorta group: see Kott 2005), in some Clavelinidae (see Kott 1990) and in the South Australian Sigillina fantasiana (Kott, 1957) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F107878CFFC6FFDBFE4FFC43FC7989FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2007): Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection. Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12): 633-645, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701248643
F107878CFFC6FFDCFE3FF9A8FBC389CA.text	F107878CFFC6FFDCFE3FF9A8FBC389CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euclavella claviformis (Herdman 1899)	<div><p>Euclavella claviformis (Herdman, 1899)</p><p>Figures 1A, B; 3A</p><p>Colella claviformis Herdman 1899, p. 67 . (syntypes: AM U151, U241, G12248) Euclavella claviformis: Kott 1990, p. 79 and synonymy.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1990). New South Wales (Ballina, Jervis Bay, Port Hacking, Port Jackson, Port Stephens); New Zealand (Bay of Islands, North Island).</p><p>New record. New South Wales ( Port Stephens, QM G308883). Known from 15 to 20 m.</p><p>Description</p><p>Both newly recorded colonies have a short thick stalk, about 1 cm in diameter. The outside of the stalk has an opaque, yellowish wrinkled cuticle, but internally the test is soft, gelatinous and translucent. The spherical head of one colony is 3 cm in diameter and the other has a conical head about 3 cm long. Zooids are relatively large and open all around the transparent, globular or conical head. In the newly recorded specimens zooids are contracted and the two anterior siphons with their apertures constricted into transverse openings are conspicuous and turned slightly away from one another. The top of the thorax (around the apertures) is flattened or slightly concave. About 10 fine longitudinal muscles are on each side of the thorax and extend down onto the abdomen and the posterior abdominal stolons, which are long and crowded extending parallel to one another down the length of the stalk. The branchial sac has eight long rows of about 30–40 long narrow stigmata in each half row although stigmata are shorter in the posterior rows. The interstigmatal bars are flattened into wide membranes. The gut loop is narrow, vertical and relatively short, being only about twice the length of the thorax and the anus opens about halfway up the branchial sac. Gonads were not detected in these specimens although previously they have been observed in the gut loop. A developmental sequence of up to eight embryos to tailed larvae is in the distal part of the oviduct. In contracted zooids this part of the oviduct, with the embryos it contains, forms a horizontal loop crossing the dorsal line from the left to the right and projects out like a collar around the top of the oesophageal neck. The most advanced larvae are released into the right peribranchial cavity. The larvae are spherical with four rows of small stigmata and an ocellus and otolith. Three triradially arranged deeply invaginated tubular adhesive organs are at the anterior end of the larval trunk.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kott (1990) erroneously reported the lack an otolith in larvae of this species. On reexamination of the specimens she described from Port Stephens and Port Jackson (New South Wales) and the Bay of Islands (New Zealand) a small spherical otolith can be seen, partly obscured by the ocellus. The short larval tail that Kott (1990, Fig, 27d) observed in a mature larva possibly is in the process of being withdrawn into the trunk. A short larval tail is not a characteristic of the Australian populations which usually have a long tail wound almost the whole way around the trunk as in New Zealand specimens. Differences in the specimens of this species from each side of the Tasman Sea have not been detected.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F107878CFFC6FFDCFE3FF9A8FBC389CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2007): Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection. Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12): 633-645, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701248643
F107878CFFC1FFDFFE1CF993FCD98E8F.text	F107878CFFC1FFDFFE1CF993FCD98E8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypsistozoa Brewin 1953	<div><p>Genus Hypsistozoa Brewin, 1953</p><p>Type species: Distaplia fasmeriana Michaelsen, 1924</p><p>Only two species are known. Both have stalked colonies with soft transparent test, although the outer layer of the stalk is often horny. As in other genera ( Sycozoa and Distaplia) of the Holozoidae, zooids are arranged in well-organised, circular to elongate common cloacal systems, large sessile atrial openings have a pronounced anterior lip and expose a large part of the branchial sac directly to the regular circular or longitudinal cavities or canals, branchial sacs have four rows of long, narrow stigmata crossed by parastigmatic vessels, replicates are generated from the vegetative stolon at the posterior end of the zooid in a process involving the epicardial sac, fertilisation is in a brood pouch formed by a U-shaped loop of the oviduct that projects out from the postero-dorsal corner of the thorax and larval adhesive organs, each consisting of a terminal cone of adhesive cells in a shallow epidermal cup on a large bulbous stalk, are triradially arranged at the anterior end of the larval trunk. Kott’s (1990) report of muscle bands extending along the abdomen and the broad posterior abdominal vegetative stolon of the present genus is incorrect, muscles in the present genus as in all Holozoidae being confined to the thorax. However, the present genus is unique in the position of its gonads in the top of the posterior abdominal extension (rather than in the loop of the gut or in a sac attached to the zooid on the right side of the gut as in other genera of the Holozoidae). In the larvae, the S-shaped larval vegetative stolon, prolific larval budding, larval endodermal tubes and associated ectotrophic membranes are unique characteristics of Hypsistozoa (see Brewin (1956) and references therein).</p><p>Brewin (1956) first documented the development of the embryo of the New Zealand Hypsistozoa fasmeriana (Michaelsen, 1924), describing its large stolon producing an unusually large number (up to 14) of blastozooids and the pair of straight endodermal tubes from the larval oesophageal endoderm to the upper surface of the larval ectoderm just behind the cerebral vesicle on each side of the dorsal mid-line (connecting the lumen of the larval oesophagus to the interior of the oviduct where it forms the brood pouch). A very thin ectotrophic membrane, circular in outline and lobed around its outer margins, is formed as an external flap from the ectoderm on each side of the external openings of the endodermal tubes. These membranes enclose the sides of the larval trunk outside the larval tunic. The deep rounded scallops around the outside of each ectotrophic membrane interdigitate with one another around the anterior and ventral margins of the larval trunk. The endodermal tubes and the flimsy bilateral ectotrophic membranes are of doubtful homology and appear to be unique in the Ascidiacea . Brewin (1956) proposed that the endodermal tubes provide a route for nutriment for the developing yolk-free larva. The evidence for this proposal is entirely circumstantial, viz. that such a source of nutriment would be needed through the five and a half months of larval development and the fact that the tubes open into the oesophagus. The provenance of the food that would pass down the oviduct into the brood pouch, and thence into the endodermal tubes is problematical, however, incurrent water (from which food has already been filtered by the mucous net before it passes through the pharyngeal wall) is not known to enter the oviduct. Nor is there an apparent role for the ectotrophic membranes that envelop the whole larva while it remains in the brood pouch. There is no evidence supporting Brewin’s suggested placenta-type role of diffusion of nutrients across the ectotrophic membranes as an important source of nutriment during the later stages of embryonic development. The absence of test over the ectotrophic membranes is offered in support of this role for the membranes but again the evidence is circumstantial and neither homologues nor even analogues of these structures have been identified in other organisms. In the absence of yolk, some of the needed energy for the developing embryo may come from the thick layers of follicle cells around the embryo rather than from the exogenous source that Brewin implied.</p><p>On the basis of the position of their gonads, Kott (1990) assigned Australian specimens, formerly thought to be Distaplia distomoides (Herdman, 1899), to Hypsistozoa (Brewin, 1953) . The newly recorded specimens of the Australian species resemble those of the New Zealand species and the single embryos in each long-stalked brood pouch confirm Kott’s (1990) assignation of the Australian species and establish that the larvae Brewin (1956 and 1959) described are characteristic of the genus Hypsistozoa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F107878CFFC1FFDFFE1CF993FCD98E8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2007): Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection. Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12): 633-645, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701248643
F107878CFFC2FFD2FE29FD7EFDC28E1B.text	F107878CFFC2FFD2FE29FD7EFDC28E1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypsistozoa distomoides (Herdman 1899)	<div><p>Hypsistozoa distomoides (Herdman, 1899)</p><p>Figures 1C–H, 2, 3B</p><p>Amaroucium distomoides Herdman 1899, p. 72 (holotype: AM G2106).</p><p>Aplidium distomoides: Kott 1963, p. 92 (reference only).</p><p>Distaplia distomoides: Kott 1972a, p. 170; 1972b, p. 243</p><p>Hypsistozoa distomoides: Kott 1990, p. 134 .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1990). South Australia (Great Australian Bight, Spencer Gulf, Yorke Peninsula); New South Wales (Jervis Bay, Port Kembla, Port Jackson) .</p><p>New record. New South Wales (Port Stephens, QM G308880 G328032 G328076 G328092).</p><p>Description</p><p>The newly reported colonies are narrow (up to 1 cm diameter and 7 cm long) with a short thick stalk at the base. Zooids are crowded in circular, oval or elongate double-row systems. Crustacean commensals are present in cup-shaped depressions on the surface of the colony.</p><p>Zooids have the usual large sessile atrial apertures exposing the four rows of stigmata directly to the common cloacal cavity. The tip of the large anterior atrial lip is pointed or straight, sometimes with a fringe of up to five pointed lobes. The branchial sac has four rows of 12 stigmata in each half row. Each row is crossed by a parastigmatic vessel. The gut loop is characteristic of the family, with a narrow oesophagus and a rounded distal loop. The stomach is short, horizontal, with eight shallow rounded folds that flatten distally where the stomach narrows. The duodenal area is a narrow, cylindrical tube with a distinct rectal valve separating it from the long rectum that occupies the pole of the loop and the whole of the ascending limb. A large, conspicuous reservoir of the gastrointestinal gland is in the centre of the gut loop.</p><p>A transparent thick posterior abdominal vegetative stolon containing an epicardial sac extends behind the abdomen. It is not in vegetative phase in the newly recorded specimens.</p><p>Gonads often are not present. Male follicles but neither ova nor embryos are in one colony (QM G328032) collected in June. Immature larvae are present in re-examined colonies collected from Port Kembla in September and October (see Kott 1990) and in newly recorded colonies collected in July (QM G328092), August (QM G 328076) and September (QM G308880). The larvae have an almost spherical trunk up to 0.09 mm diameter with a tail, three triradially arranged adhesive organs (each a cone of adhesive cells in a shallow ectodermal cup at the end of a large oval melon-like protuberance), otolith and ocellus, endodermal tubes, ectotrophic membranes, stomach and rectum and a thick cylindrical vegetative stolon of about 0.25 mm diameter that projects forwards to the base of the adhesive organs on the left side of the larval trunk. However, in the best developed Australian larvae (QM G308880) the pharynx is not differentiated and stigmata were not detected, precocious buds are not present and the stolon has not developed to the U-shape reported in the more advanced larvae in the New Zealand species (Brewin 1956). The larval test, generated by the ectoderm beneath the ectotrophic membranes, can be seen forming the vanes of the tail but was not detected elsewhere. The larval tail is wound nearly all of the way around the trunk, terminating just in front of the sense organs.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>As well as documenting the histology of development of embryos and larvae, Brewin (1956) has given a timetable of the annual cycle of reproduction and growth of the New Zealand Hypsistozoa fasmeriana . Having produced eggs in June and sperm from May to July, colonies are incubating embryos and larvae in their brood pouches from June to October. Zooid replication and colony growth occurs from November to April/May (summer/ autumn) and gonads are not present during those months. Brewin (1956) found that the egg, fertilised in the brood pouch, had developed to maturity and was freed from the parent zooid after five and a half months.</p><p>Newly recorded specimens of H. distomoides have immature larvae in the brood pouches from July to August and previously they have been reported from September and October (Kott 1990). Testis follicles are present in southern Australian populations in March, April and May (Kott 1990) and in newly recorded material in June. Populations disappeared during the summer months from estuarine rocky reef locations with strong tidal currents at Halifax (Port Stephens). The Australian species appears to have a reproductive timetable similar to the New Zealand one and the larval organs that are present are very much like those in the New Zealand species at comparable stages of development. In particular, the stout, conspicuous, 0.25 mm diameter vegetative stolon resembles the 0.235 mm diameter stolon of H. fasmeriana (Brewin 1959) . The size of ova of H. distomoides is not known, possibly because few specimens have been collected in midwinter. Similarly there are no records of the species in late spring when it could be expected that the pharynx of maturing larvae would be perforated and a long vegetative stolon would be actively replicating as described for the New Zealand species. Although the blastozooids that Brewin (1959) reported in the more advanced larvae have not been reported in the Australian species, it is probable that the long larval development from late winter through spring (over five months) that Brewin found in the New Zealand material could occur also in the Australian populations. This could explain the fact that other unique aspects of the larvae (including the ectotrophic membranes and endodermal tubes) now known to occur in the Australian species were not detected previously. It appears from the newly recorded specimen that the unique larval development that Brewin (1956, 1959) described is characteristic of the genus rather than being exclusive to the New Zealand species.</p><p>Although the similarity detected in the early larvae probably persists through to maturity, differences in the number of stomach folds (Kott 1990) and the size of the larval trunks are significant and justify the separation of the Australian and the New Zealand species. The stomach has 14–18 folds in H. fasmeriana and only eight broad folds in the present species. The larval trunk of H. fasmeriana is apparently twice the length of the Australian species at the same stage of development. Larval trunks of the former species 1.8 mm long (Brewin 1956 Figure 8E) are at the same stage of development as those of the newly recorded Australian specimens with the trunk 0.9 mm long. In the New Zealand species the average length of the larval trunk is, in well developed larvae, 2.9 mm (see Brewin 1956, p. 448).</p><p>The further study of the Australian species H. distomoides and its natural history (including its larval development) is well justified in view of its unique larvae otherwise known only in the New Zealand species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F107878CFFC2FFD2FE29FD7EFDC28E1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2007): Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection. Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12): 633-645, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701248643
F107878CFFCFFFD3FE62FD2CFCFD8DFA.text	F107878CFFCFFFD3FE62FD2CFCFD8DFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigillina Savigny 1816	<div><p>Genus Sigillina Savigny, 1816</p><p>Type species: Sigillina australis Savigny, 1816</p><p>Caullery (1909) treated the genus Sigillina as a genus of the Distomidae halfway between the Polyclinidae and other Distomidae, having heart and gonads in the abdomen ( Distomidae) rather than in the posterior abdomen ( Polyclinidae), but with a vascular stolon (a possible homologue of the polyclinid posterior abdomen) as the site of replication. Kott (1990), accepting Caullery’s arguments supporting the affinity of the genus with distomid genera (which then were thought to include Sycozoa and Distaplia), assigned Sigillina to the Holozoidae on the basis of its mode of replication by horizontal division of a vegetative stolon involving an epicardial (endodermal) sac (as in other holozoids), a short gut loop and fertilisation and incubation of embryos in a brood pouch formed from a loop of the oviduct separated from the zooid at the top of the oesophagus by a short, narrow constriction. However, there is no evidence that fertilisation is in the brood pouch in Sigillina and in the oviduct in Pseudodistoma . Similar developmental sequences at the top of the oviduct (see Kott 1990, 1992) occur in Sigillina fantasiana (Kott, 1957) and Pseudodistoma aureum (Brewin, 1957) . Also although the adhesive organs of Sigillina with platforms of branched clumps of columnar cells surrounded by a shallow epidermal cup differed from the large, balloon-like adhesive organs of some Pseudodistoma spp. This was not necessarily evidence of a holozoid relationship for Sigillina .</p><p>Despite these arguments, Kott (1998, 2005) subsequently observed that Sigillina and Pseudodistoma have more characters in common than Sigillina has with holozoid genera. Both Sigillina and Pseudodistoma have separately opening apertures and lack the cloacal systems (usually found in the Holozoidae); three rows of stigmata (fewer than in any genus of the Holozoidae) and a vertical gut-loop of moderate length. They both have large bands of longitudinal muscle on each side of the vascular stolon (like those on the posteriorabdomen of Polyclinidae and related families, while the vegetative stolons of holozoid genera do not have muscles in the body wall). In Sigillina, a conspicuous vascular stolon posterior to the abdomen with strong bands of longitudinal muscles on each side contains an extension of the epicardium. It differs from the posterior abdomen of Pseudodistoma only in lacking the gonads and heart (present in the abdomen in Sigillina rather than in the posterior abdomen as they are in Pseudodistoma). The limited number of transverse muscles in the thoracic body wall of both these genera supports their relationship with one another rather than with any genus of the Polyclinidae . Further, larvae of Sigillina and Pseudodistoma both have large antero-median larval adhesive organs surrounded at their base by ampullae or stalked vesicles, while larvae of holozoid genera are distinct in having triradially arranged adhesive organs with cones of adhesive cells.</p><p>It is possible that the presence of gonads in the posterior abdomen in Pseudodistomidae is not such a compelling difference from Sigillina as was implied by their assignation to different families. As argued in the present work, they appear to have a close phylogenetic relationship justifying the inclusion of Sigillina with Pseudodistoma in the Pseudodistomidae . The presence of gonads in the posterior abdomen of Pseudodistoma, suggesting an affinity with the Euherdmaniinae in the family Polyclinidae, undoubtedly obscured the possible relationship of this genus with Sigillina (see Kott 1992, 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F107878CFFCFFFD3FE62FD2CFCFD8DFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2007): Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection. Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12): 633-645, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701248643
F107878CFFCEFFD4FE69FDADFBDE8D85.text	F107878CFFCEFFD4FE69FDADFBDE8D85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sigillina cyanea (Herdman 1899)	<div><p>Sigillina cyanea (Herdman, 1899)</p><p>Figure 3C</p><p>Colella cyanea Herdman 1899, p. 70 (syntypes AM U153, U346).</p><p>Sigillina cyanea: Kott 1990, p. 89 and synonymy.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Previously recorded (see Kott 1990). Western Australia (the Dampier Archipelago and the Montebello Is and south to North West Cape and Exmouth Gulf, Shark Bay, Houtman’s Abrolhos, Dongara, Cockburn Sound, Cape Naturaliste, King George’s Sound) ; New South Wales (Port Hacking, Port Jackson, Arrawarra, Nambucca Heads); Aru Is .</p><p>New record. New South Wales (Port Stephens, QM G 308882; Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour, fide N.Coleman).</p><p>Description</p><p>Colonies are dark blue to purple and are relatively hard in preservative. The thick stalk is about 1.5 cm in diameter, and the head slightly wider, to 2 cm. The branchial sac has an extensive pre- and post-stigmatal area of unperforated pharyngeal wall. About 20 long, narrow stigmata are in each of the three rows. About 10 fine longitudinal muscles extending from the short siphons (close to one another at the anterior end of the zooid), along each side of the thoraces, the relatively short abdomina and the long vascular stolons extend down into the base of the stalk parallel to one another. Transverse muscles were not detected. Both colony and zooids of this species are as previously described (see Kott 1990)</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The genus Sigillina contains species with cushion-like encrusting, or massively lobed, or small flat-topped colonies and only three are reported to be stalked like the present species. One stalked species, S. mjöbergi Hartmeyer, 1919 is distinguished by a number of characters including its remarkable larvae with tubular adhesive organs (see Kott 1990). The other stalked species known, the type of the genus Sigillina australis Savigny, 1816, resembles the present one in most respects, although the colour of S. cyanea readily distinguishes it. Kott (1990) thought the number of stigmata was a distinguishing character, but these seem to vary between 20 and 30 in each of the species. Further, transverse thoracic muscles have not been detected in either, although there are a few in other species of the genus. Larvae of both these stalked species are large and have only two large adhesive organs in the antero-median line, although the present species has a larger (up to 3.3 mm long) trunk, sessile adhesive organs and lateral ampullae have not been detected (see Kott 1990) while the larvae of S. australis have a trunk to 2 mm long, thickstalked adhesive organs with long, narrow, adhesive areas and lateral ampullae around their base.</p><p>The nudibranch, Nembrotha sp. is reported in a commensal or predatory relationship exclusively on specimens from Port Stephens, Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F107878CFFCEFFD4FE69FDADFBDE8D85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kott, Patricia	Kott, Patricia (2007): Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection. Journal of Natural History 41 (9 - 12): 633-645, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701248643, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701248643
