identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F723B76CFFFBFFD0FD9B143BF9708944.text	F723B76CFFFBFFD0FD9B143BF9708944.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphidae Gray 1821	<div><p>Family DIDELPHIDAE</p><p>(OPOSSUMS)</p><p>® Smallto medium-sized marsupals with mostly-naked tails, pointed snouts, prehensile hands and feet with five fingers on both and claws on hands, and opposable thumbs on hindfeet; some species with a pouch.</p><p>* 10-95 cm.</p><p>* Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.</p><p>* Wide-ranging, virtually present in all vegetation formations and biomes of the Americas from 50° N to 48° S.</p><p>* 18 genera, 103 species, at least 143 taxa.</p><p>* 2 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable;1 species Extinct since 1600.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFFBFFD0FD9B143BF9708944	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF9FFD2FFCC17E0F7858866.text	F723B76CFFF9FFD2FFCC17E0F7858866.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glironia venusta Thomas 1912	<div><p>1.</p><p>Bushy-tailed Opossum</p><p>Glironia venusta</p><p>French: Opossum a queue touffue / German: Buschschwanzbeutenratte / Spanish: Raposa de cola peluda</p><p>Other common names: Furry-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Glironia venusta Thomas, 1912,</p><p>“ Pozuzo,” Pazco, Peru.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Colombia (Putumayo), E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, and Brazil (S Amazonas, Para, Acre, Rondonia, and Mato Grosso).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 17-21 cm, tail 19.5-22.5 cm; weight 130 g. The Bushy-tailed Opossum has a unique fur pattern and can be easily distinguished from all other species of opossums. Its dorsal fur is fawn or cinnamon-brown, sometimes with a darker stripe in the center. Head fur is unlike any other opossum’s: there is a broad, dark brown or blackish mask extending from nose across eyes and base of ears and back onto nape, and mid-rostral fur is pale gray or creamy, markedly paler than the body fur, running from nose to nape with similarly colored cheeks. The most striking feature of the Bushy-tailed Opossum is the one that gives it its common name. Tail length is ¢.110% of head-body length, and tail is completely furred from base nearly to tip—a condition found in no other opossum. Ventral surface of tail, however, is naked, possibly to maintain its prehensile ability. Ventral fur can be gray, pale brown, or buffy white. Furis long, dense, and woolly, measuring 7-8 mm long. Feet are whitish, ears are dark, naked, and oval, and eyes are black. Females lack a pouch and have four mammae, two on each side. Unlike most other species of opossums, they do not have a medial mamma. The Bushy-tailed Opossum is one of the very few opossums with this number of mammae, the lowest in the family. It has a 2n = 18, FN = 22 karyotype, with three pairs of biarmed and 14 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The X-chromosome is probably a minute acrocentric, but the Y-chromosome is unknown because the only karyotype analyzed was that of a female.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical humid forests of the Amazon Basin, although some marginal localities include other vegetation types. Bushy-tailed Opossums were captured in semi-deciduous forests in Mato Grosso, Brazil, and additional individuals were sighted in tall deciduous forests (with cacti), dry woodlands, and dwarf evergreen forests in Bolivia. They can occur near humans; one individual was found under the roof of a house, and another sighting was made in the Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve (Amazonas, Brazil), a terra firma rainforest reserve located on the outskirts of the city of Manaus. Furthermore, they may tolerate disturbed habitats or human land use; a female and her offspring were seen foraging at the edge of a forest adjacent to a pasture.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bushy-tailed Opossum was known only from a few specimens until recently, and there are no studies of its diet, only anecdotal reports based on sightings of feeding individuals. One individual was seen licking the surface of a branch, which could suggest feeding on gum, and a female and her three offspring were seen licking exudates from a Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae) tree. They are believed to feed on insects.</p><p>Breeding. Because the Bushy-tailed Opossum is known from few specimens,very little is known ofits breeding habits, although recent reports have provided some details on its reproductive biology. A female with three fully furred young was captured in December in south-western Para, Brazil. Young were at the stage where they clung to their mother’s back; their measurements were head-body6.7-7.2 cm, tail 7.8-8.5 cm, and weight 10-12 g. Another female, also with three young estimated to be a few months old, was captured in July in north-western Mato Grosso, Brazil. Young were big enough to forage on their own, although they remained together in the presence of the mother. Another female, captured in December in Peru, had been recently lactating. These captures suggest that at least two breeding periods occur in populations of Bushy-tailed Opossums.</p><p>Activity patterns. All Bushy-tailed Opossums that were seen alive were active at night, with several records of activity during the first hours of the night or around twilight. One female with three clinging young was captured during daytime, but this happened when the tree they were in was cut down,so it is not known whether the opossums were active or sleeping.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bushy-tailed Opossums are usually considered to be highly arboreal. There are several observations of their climbing ability in branches, and they are frequently spotted while moving in the canopy. One individual was seen moving quickly and with agility around vines of the canopy at 15 m and was also seen jumping from one vine to the next. Another was seen emerging from a tree hole 8 m above the ground. Other Bushy-tailed Opossums were spotted at heights of 3 m or 4 m. An individual observed at 15 m was very active and was seen climbing down headfirst without using its tail. A female was observed foraging with her three offspring at 2-6 m, and another, in west Amazon, was seen jumping between two trees from a height of ¢.6 m down to ¢.3 m. This individual then jumped down to the ground and climbed a nearby tree. Although the Bushy-tailed Opossum is usually believed to be exclusively arboreal and restricted to the canopy, some individuals have been captured in pitfall traps and others have been captured in live-traps set in the understory, suggesting that occasionally they may use the lowerstrata, as do most other highly arboreal species of opossums. Postcranial skeletal morphology of the Bushytailed Opossum is consistent with arboreal habits.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bushytailed Opossum is poorly known from only c.25 specimens, but because of its wide distribution and occurrence in protected areas,it is not under enough threat to qualify for a higher category. Its IUCN assessment mentions that parts of its Brazilian distribution are likely threatened by deforestation, although the connectivity of these areas makes the extent of this threat difficult to assess.</p><p>Bibliography. Ardente et al. (2013), Barkley (2007), Bernarde &amp; Machado (2008), Bernarde &amp; Rocha (2003), Calzada et al. (2008), Diaz (2014), Diaz &amp; Willig (2004), Emmons (1998), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fantin &amp; da Silva (2011), Flores &amp; Diaz (2009), Gardner (2005), Marshall (1978c), Nogueira, da Silva &amp; Camara (1999), Rossi, Miranda et al. (2010), Santos-Filho, da Silva, D.J. &amp; Sanaiotti (2008), Santos-Filho, da Silva, M.N.F. et al. (2007), da Silva &amp; Langguth (1989), da Silveira et al. (2014), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF9FFD2FFCC17E0F7858866	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF9FFD3FACB137AFC468B23.text	F723B76CFFF9FFD3FACB137AFC468B23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caluromys derbianus (Waterhouse 1841)	<div><p>2.</p><p>Derby's Woolly Opossum</p><p>Caluromys derbianus</p><p>French: Opossum de Derby / German: Derby-Wollbeutelratte / Spanish: Raposa lanuda de Derby</p><p>Other common names: Central American Woolly Opossum, Derby's Pale-eared Woolly Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys derbiana Waterhouse, 1841,</p><p>type locality unknown. Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to “ Valle del Cauca, Colombia.”</p><p>Revision using modern techniques may change taxonomic status of subspecies of C. derbianus . Six subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.d.derbianusWaterhouse,1841—mostofPanama,WColombia,andWEcuador,inthelowlandsandPacificsideoftheAndes.</p><p>C.d.aztecusThomas,1913—SMexico(Veracruz,Tabasco,Oaxaca,NWChiapas).</p><p>C.d.centralisHollister,1914—SECostaRica,WPanama(Ncoast).</p><p>C.d.fervidusThomas,1913—SMexico(ETabasco,NEChiapas,Campeche),Belize,andGuatemalatoHondurasandN&amp;ENicaragua.</p><p>C.d.nauticusThomas,1913—PacificcoastofPanama(BahiadeMuertos,Chiriqui,andCoibaI).</p><p>C. d. pallidus Thomas, 1899 — C &amp; W coast of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and extreme W Panama (Pacific coast).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 22.5-30 cm, tail 38.4-44.5 cm; weight 245-370 g. Dorsal fur of Derby’s Woolly Opossum is rich reddish-brown on shoulders, rump, and outer surfaces of legs and pale gray on lower legs. Sometimes a pale gray mid-dorsal stripe is present between shoulders. Head is pale gray, with a dark brown mid-rostralstripe, brown eye-rings, and gray cheeks. Tail length is ¢.160% of head-body length,tail has fur on 30-50% ofits length dorsally and ¢.25% ofits length ventrally, and difference between extent of dorsal and ventral fur is 6-5 cm or less. Naked part oftail is pale and mottled with brown spots, particularly in middle portion. Ventral fur is buffy white to golden tawny and long, dense, and woolly. Forefeet are creamy white, hindfeet are brown, and ears are naked and whitish or pink. Eyes in species ofthis genus are unique within the family Didelphidae in that they are not black but dark brown, with a black pupil. Designation of subspecies of Derby’s Woolly Opossumsis based on considerable geographical and non-geographical variation in fur color, with some specimens mainly or entirely pale gray, with less distinct facial markings. Sometimes younger specimens can be grayer than adults. Females have a complete pouch that opens forward. Actual number of mammae has not been reported, butlitters of four young have been observed. Derby’s Woolly Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes and small acrocentric Xand Y-chromosomes. Y-chromosome has sometimes been described as a very small telocentric, and FN karyotypes varying from 20 to 24 have been reported. Skull size and shape of Derby’s Woolly Opossum are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and disturbed tropical humid forests from sea level to elevations of ¢.2500 m, as well as dry forests, gardens, and plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There are no studies focused directly on assessing diet of Derby’s Woolly Opossum. It is usually assumed that it feeds on insects and fruits, and it probably has a diet similar to that of the two other species in the genus: the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum ( Caluromys lanatus) and the Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum ( Caluromys philander). Occasionally, Derby’s Woolly Opossum has been seen visiting flowers of Mabea occidentalis ( Euphorbiaceae), Ochroma pyramidale (Bombacaceae), Trichanthera gigantea (Acanthaceae), Kigelia pinnata (Bignoniaceae), and Marcgravia nepenthoides (Macgraviaceae) in Central America to feed on nectar, and it seemingly acts as a pollinator for some of these species. Captive individuals refused to attack adult live mice, but they readily accepted freshly killed ones. Young mice were eaten dead or alive, indicating that Derby’s Woolly Opossums may occasionally prey on small vertebrates in the wild. They manipulate food with their hands to bring it to their mouths, chewing one bite at a time. Feeding experiments in Panama showed that Derby’s Woolly Opossum prefers soft fruits such as Ficus insipida (Moraceae), Eugenia nesiotica (Myrtaceae), and Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) to hard-skinned fruits such as FE yoponensis or Lacmellea panamensis (Apocynaceae) . Derby’s Woolly Opossums also feeds on insects such as grasshoppers and cicadas, when offered.</p><p>Breeding. Female Derby’s Woolly Opossums make nests with dead leaves in tree hollows. Sexual maturity is reached at 7-9 months. Estrous females have been recorded all year long, with an estrous cycle of 16-39 days, usually ¢.27-29 days. Reported litter sizes in Nicaragua were 2—4 young, with an average of 3-3 young. Breeding of Derby's Woolly Opossums has been observed in January-September, and it is possible that they breed all year long.</p><p>Activity patterns. Derby’s Woolly Opossums are strictly nocturnal in captivity. Captive individuals were most active in the middle of the night, although some individuals were active just before sunrise and after sundown.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Derby’s Woolly Opossums are arboreal, and they use theirtails for balance and grasping during arboreal locomotion, moving with a symmetrical gait, usually a trot sequence. They are probably essentially solitary, although there is no documentation of that. Known defensive behavior includes raising one forefoot while making a typical hissing sound and baring teeth. Agonistic vocalizations are squeals lasting 0-5 seconds, 3-6 kHz.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Derby’s Woolly Opossum may be affected locally by deforestation, because some populations are rapidly decreasing in Mexico and Ecuador due to forest loss, it is widely distributed, with presumably large populations, and it also occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution. Apart from habitat loss, there are no major conservation threats to Derby’s Woolly Opossum. It was formerly hunted for its fur but apparently no longer.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Astua (2010), Astua &amp; Leiner (2008), Biggers (1967), Biggers et al. (1965), Bucher &amp; Hoffmann (1980), Cabrera (1958), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005, 2007a, 2007e), Gribel (1988), Hall &amp; Dalquest (1963), McNab (1982, 2005), Medellin (1991), Phillips &amp; Jones (1968), Reig et al. (1977), de Souza et al. (2013), Steiner (1981), Tschapka &amp; von Helversen (1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF9FFD3FACB137AFC468B23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF8FFD3FF061194F6ED84AB.text	F723B76CFFF8FFD3FF061194F6ED84AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caluromys lanatus (Olfers 1818)	<div><p>3.</p><p>Brown-eared Woolly Opossum</p><p>Caluromys lanatus</p><p>French: Opossum laineux / German: BraunohrWollbeutelratte / Spanish: Raposa lanuda occidental</p><p>Other common names: Western Woolly Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys lanata Olfers, 1818,</p><p>“ Paraguay.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1916 to “ Caazapa.”</p><p>Revision using modern techniques may change taxonomic status of subspecies of C. lanatus . Six subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.l.lanatusOlfers,1818—Paraguay,NArgentina(Misiones),andSBrazil(Parana,SantaCatarina,RioGrandedoSul).</p><p>C.l.cicurBangs,1898—NColombiaandNWVenezuela(MaracaiboLake,Andes).</p><p>C.l.nattereriMatschie,1917—SWBrazil(MatoGrosso,MatoGrossodoSul)andadjacentBolivia.</p><p>C.l.ochropusWagner,1842—SVenezuela(SOrinocoRiver),WBrazil,andSEColombia;itcouldoccurinEPeru(LoretoandalongtheBrazilianborder)andinAmazonianBolivia,butseparationoftherangesinthisareaisnotclear.</p><p>C.l.ornatusTschudi,1845—SColombia,andEAndeanvalleysandadjacentlowlandsofEcuador,Peru,andBolivia.</p><p>C. l. vitalinus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1936 — SE Brazil (Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, and Sao Paulo).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 20.1-31.9 cm, tail 33-44.6 cm; weight 300-520 g. Dorsal and lateral fur of the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum is reddish to pale or yellowishbrown, but it is brighter on shoulders, rump, and outer surfaces of legs and pale gray on lower legs. There is sometimes a pale gray mid-dorsal stripe between shoulders. Head is gray or grayish, with a dark brown mid-rostral stripe, reddish-brown to orange eye-rings, and gray cheeks. Tail length is ¢.150% of head—body length, and tail has fur on 40-70% ofits length dorsally and 20-35% ofits length ventrally. Naked rest of tail is usually whitish with mottled brown spots near base of naked area. Ventral fur is orange to yellowish-white laterally and grayish at the midline. Overall, fur of the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum is long, dense, and woolly. Feet are reddish brown or dark gray, and ears are dark brown. As with the two other species in the genus, its eyes are not black but dark brown, with a black pupil. A very young molting Brown-eared Woolly Opossum was collected in February in Peru. Females of the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum have a complete pouch that opens forward, and four mammae are present, two on each side. It is one of the very few species of opossums known to have this number of mammae, the lowest in the family, and it lacks a medial mamma. The Brown-eared Woolly Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome and a very small biarmed or dotlike Y-chromosome. An FN = 20 and an FN = 22, with the presence of acrocentric autosomes, have also been reported for northern and central Brazil and Bolivia. Skull size and shape of the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland humid forests, usually at elevations below 500 m, almost always associated with humid places. Forest types used by Brown-eared Woolly Opossums include primary and secondary forests, plantation, gallery, mangroves, semi-deciduous, transitional, and xerophytic forests. They also occur in dense savannas and seasonal forests at the southern limits of their distribution in Amazonian, Cerrado, and Pantanal biomes.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum includes mainly fruits and invertebrates. It is highly opportunistic in fruit consumption, consuming a wide variety of species with no limit on fruit size, on its position in the tree, or on nutritional value. The only feature in common across all fruit species consumed is the fact that they have fleshy pulps, high water content, and particular protection against consumption. In southern Brazil, the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum consumed Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, along with fruits of Cecropia pachystachya (Urticaceae), Piper (Piperaceae), Ficus (Moraceae), and Solanaceae . Remains of mammals and birds were also found in its digestive tract. Brown-eared Woolly Opossums were seen visiting flowers of Pseudobombax tomentosum (Bombacaceae) in the cerrado and using nectar of Quararibea cordata and Q. stenopetala ( Bombacaceae) in the Amazonia, for which they probably act as pollinators.</p><p>Breeding. Nests of Brown-eared Woolly Opossums have been reported at heights of 12 m in southern Brazil. Litters have 1-2 young in the Amazon Basin, but up to 3-4 young were observed in southern Brazil. Females with pouch young have been recorded in March, June, July, August, November, and December, and lactating females without pouch young in January, February, March, July, and October, suggesting that they remain reproductively active throughout the year.</p><p>Activity patterns. Brown-eared Woolly Opossums are nocturnal, although details on activity patterns are unknown. An individual was seen in an Amazon grape tree (Pour ouma cecropufolia, Urticaceae) at 20:30 h.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Brown-eared Woolly Opossums are highly arboreal, living and foraging mainly in the canopy at heights of 5-15 m. They are solitary but can occasionally be seen foraging in pairs, usually at night. Density is estimated at 13-3 ind/km? in the Amazon Basin.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum may be affected locally by deforestation, being a highly arboreal species, it is widely distributed, populations are presumably large, and it occurs in many protected areas throughout its distribution. Apart from habitat loss, there are no major threats to the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum. It was formerly hunted for its fur.</p><p>Bibliography. Astta (2010), Astia &amp; Leiner (2008), Atramentowicz (1988), Cabrera (1916), Caceres (2005), Céceres &amp; Carmignotto (2006), Casella &amp; Caceres (2006), Diaz (2014), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Gardner (2005, 2007a, 2007e), Gribel (1988), Handley (1976), Hunsaker (1977), Janson et al. (1981), Lambert et al. (2005), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Nogueira, Martinelli et al. (1999), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2008), Reig et al. (1977), Santori et al. (2012), Smith (2008b), de Souza et al. (2013), Svartman (2009), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Yunis et al. (1972).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF8FFD3FF061194F6ED84AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF8FFD4FA031F0CF8A98542.text	F723B76CFFF8FFD4FA031F0CF8A98542.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caluromys philander (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>4.</p><p>Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum</p><p>Caluromys philander</p><p>French: Opossum jaune / German: Gelbe Wollbeutelratte / Spanish: Raposa lanuda oriental</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis philander Linnaeus, 1758,</p><p>“America.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to “ Surinam.”</p><p>There is strong morphologic and morphometric evidence that the form dichurus may represent a separate taxon; it shows clear morphometric differences with little or no overlap with all others. Morphometric analyses of Venezuelan specimens also suggest that the form trinitatis should be treated as a separate species. Four species recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.p.philanderLinnaeus,1758—theGuianas,SVenezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiver),andNBrazil(EoftheRioNegro).</p><p>C.p.affinisWagner,1842—CandWBrazil(MatoGrosso),andadjacentBolivia.</p><p>C.p.dichurusWagner,1842—E&amp;SEBrazil.</p><p>C. p. trinitatis Thomas, 1894 — Venezuela (N of the Orinoco River) and Trinidad I.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 16-279 cm, tail 25-40.5 cm; weight 140-390 g. Dorsal fur of the Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum is uniformly pale brown to buffy or warm reddish-brown, sometimes mixed with gray. This color extends onto sides of body and limbs. Head is gray or grayish, with a dark brown mid-rostral stripe and brown eyerings. Tail length is ¢.150% of head-body length, and tail has fur only on its proximal 10-20% ofits length. Naked rest oftail is usually brown, sometimes mottled with paler markings. Ventral fur is orange or pale orange, and fur is dense and soft, varying across populations found at different elevations;it tends to be shorter at lower elevations and longer at higher ones. Feet are pale gray or whitish, and ears are pale brown, with yellow fur at their bases. As in the two other species of the genus, and unlike any other species of opossums, eyes are rich brown, with black, round pupils. Females lack a complete pouch; they have an “intermediate” pouch consisting of deep lateral abdominal skin folds that are more developed when pouch young are present. Females have seven mammae, one median mamma and three on each side. The Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes and with a small acrocentric X-chromosome and a small biarmed Y-chromosome. An FN = 20, with two acrocentric autosomal pairs, from specimens from north-eastern and south-eastern Brazil has also been reported. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical lowland forests to at least 1600 m in elevation. Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums are found in primary and secondary lowland or lower montane forests, but they are apparently more abundant in secondary forests, usually occupying higher strata of forest and canopy, at heights above 10 m. Although there are some records of Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums occurring in dry forests in Bolivia and in the caatinga, they are almost always associated with humid habitats. They apparently thrive in disturbed vegetation and may occupy buildings that are near or in forests, nesting under roofs; they have been captured in yards, pastures, and cultivated areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Along with Derby’s Woolly Opossum ( Caluromys derbianus) and the Brown-eared Woolly Opossum ( Caluromys lanatus), the Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum is commonly considered to be among the most frugivorous opossum. In fact, it is one of the few well-studied opossum species when it comes to diet. Its diet includes a high proportion of fruits (as determined by presence of seeds in feces): seeds can account for 90% of the volume in fecal samples in Atlantic Forest and cerrado sites. This proportion can vary (although remaining high) in othersites, such as French Guiana forests where it is ¢.75%. Number of plant species identified in its diet varies considerably, 8-28 species in differentsites, and includes genera Astrocaryum (Arecaceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Inga (Fabaceae), and Passiflora (Passifloraceae) . Plants eaten always include species rich in carbohydrates, fat, and water. Baretailed Woolly Opossums, like all opossums, also consume high levels of invertebrates, although this may vary geographically and depend on availability of preferred food items. In Atlantic Forest sites, consumed invertebrates include Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Arachnida, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera . Invertebrates are present in 26% of the same feces as fruit seeds and represent most of the remaining 10% in volume in Atlantic Forest sites. In contrast, cerrado populations seem to have a more variable diet, directly influenced by clear variation in resource availability, with higher consumption of arthropods during the dry season and higher fruit consumption in the rainy season when species of Clidemia and Miconia (both Melastomataceae), Mpyrcia ( Myrtaceae), and Vismia (Hypericaeae) are consumed. The Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum can be considered an important disperser of seeds of several riparian forest species in the Brazilian cerrado. Its diet can also include other plant items, such as nectar from flowers of Couepia (Chrysobalaneceae), Hymenaea, Inga (both Fabaceae), and Ravenala (Strelitziaceae), and it may therefore act as a pollinator for these species (although sometimesit eats whole flowers). It sometimes also eats tree gum from Fagara ( Rutaceae) trees. Eating habits of Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums vary with reproductive state; females increase their food intake during late lactation to cope with high nutritional requirements of feeding growing young. As a consequence, increase in food intakeis directly related to total litter size at weaning; females with largerlitters increase their intake more than females with smaller litters. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 0-64 g of proteins, 8-2 g of carbohydrates, 0-1 g oflipids, and 2-7% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Nests of Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums are made with dead leavesin tree cavities, palms, or tangled lianas. As with most species of opossums, leaves are carried to the nest in a tight pack with the tail. They also readily use artificial nest boxes as dens (by males and females) and nests; five of 16 females found using nest boxes during a five-year population study in an Atlantic Forest reserve in south-eastern Brazil had pouch young. Sexual maturity of the Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum is reached at c.10 months, and gestation is long compared with other opossum species,lasting at least 21 days, with records of 20-28 days in captive individuals. After they are born, neonates remain attached to the teats for 75-80 days,after which they are left in the nest for the first time. They then spend 30-45 days in the nest, until they are totally weaned. They disperse c.130 days of age. In French Guiana, mean litter size is 4-1 young, varying from two to seven young. Litters of six young on average were reported from Venezuela, and litters varied from two to four young in south-eastern Brazil; females from central Brazil were collected with litters of three young. Variations in litter size within a site at different times or across localities are related to availability of food,type of forest (secondary or primary forest), and age or body mass of the female. Up to three litters per year can be produced if resources are abundant, and a single litter can occur in periods of resource scarcity. Due to the high nutritional requirements oflactation and the finite amount of energy the nursing mother can transfer, young born in smaller litters (1-3 young) are usually larger when weaned than those born in large litters (6-7 young). Breeding season in south-eastern Brazil has been estimated to be October-December, but breeding occurs all year long in French Guiana.</p><p>Activity patterns. Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums are strictly nocturnal. In French Guiana, they begin their activities right after sunset. Duration of foraging is directly linked to sex, reproductive state, and resource availability. When resources are abundant, females with small pouch young are mostly active during the first one-half of the night, but if resources are scarcer, they may forage almost all night. Females with larger young are active almost all night. Males are more active than females, remaining active during most of the night, and their nighttime activities apparently are not only related to food searches but also locating females. Differences in duration of foraging activities seem to vary across populations because shorter or longer activity periods related to reproductive status or resource availability were not observed at othersites in the same country. Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums do not decrease their activity when it is raining, but they are much less active during the brightest phases of the moon than during the darker nights of the month. Because females are usually less active than males, moonlight has more influence on the activity patterns of males than on those of females.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums are apparently solitary. Although several individuals can be seen foraging in the same tree, they avoid close contact. When several males are kept together in captivity, however, they establish dominance—submissive relationships, even if there are no females housed with them. After established, these relationships are maintained for as long as the individuals are housed together, but competition increases in the presence of females. Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums are highly arboreal, foraging mainly in the canopy, and are usually captured at heights of 5-12 m in Atlantic Forest and Brazilian and French Guiana Amazonian sites. They are trapped almost exclusively in understory or canopy traps and seldom on the ground. They are able to move across gaps by bridging and jumping and can walk on fine branches. Home range estimates vary considerably, depending on whether they are established during studies that use trapping grids or radio-telemetry. Estimated home ranges for Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums in southeastern Brazil were 2-5-7 ha; estimates varied from 0-75 ha (0-3-1-7 ha) to 2:4—4-3 ha and reached up to 8:9 ha in different areas in French Guiana (all based on radiotelemetry data). Home ranges of males overlapped with those of females and those of other males. Home ranges are more evenly distributed during the dry season when resources are scarcer. An individual Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum uses on average 1-1 ha of its home range each night, traveling 500-1000 m. Densities of Bare-tailed Woolly Opossums in French Guiana were 50-143 ind/km?, with higher estimates reaching 200 ind/km?. In Venezuela, densities reach a maximum of 80 ind/km?.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum may be affected locally by deforestation because it is highly arboreal,it is widely distributed, populations are presumably large, it occurs in many protected areas throughout its distribution, and it survives well in disturbed vegetation. As an arboreal species, it would be expected that it would be directly affected by fragmentation, but populations living in Atlantic Forest fragments in south-eastern Brazil use both edge and interiors of fragments, and they also likely use surrounding non-forested matrix for foraging.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler et al. (2012), Aragona &amp; Marinho-Filho (2009), Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Astua (2010), Astua &amp; Leiner (2008), Astua, Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2001), Astta, Santori et al. (2003), Atramentowicz (1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1995), Bandeira (2010), Caramaschi (2005), Carvalho, Fernandez &amp; Nessimian (2005), Carvalho, Pinheiro et al. (1999), Charles-Dominique (1983), Charles-Dominique et al. (1981), Dalloz et al. (2012), Davis (1947), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons (1998), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Flores et al. (2010), Gardner (2005, 2007a, 2007e), Grand (1983), Grelle (2003), Gribel (1988), Guillemin et al. (2000), Handley (1976), Hannibal &amp; Caceres (2010), Harder (1992), Janson et al. (1981), Julien-Laferriere (1990, 1991, 1995, 1997 1999b), Julien-Laferriere &amp; Atramentowicz (1990), Lambert et al. (2005), Leite, Costa &amp; Stallings (1996), Leite, Stallings &amp; Costa (1994), Lemelin (1999), Lemelin et al. (2003), Lessa &amp; Costa (2010), Lessa et al. (2013), Lira et al. (2007), Lépez-Fuster et al. (2008), Loretto &amp; Vieira (2011), Macedo et al. (2007), Malcolm (1991), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), de Muizon &amp; Argot (2003), Nascimento et al. (2013), Nogueira, Martinelli et al. (1999), O'Connell (1989), Passamani (2000), Passamani &amp; Fernandez (2011a), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2008), Perret &amp; Ben M'Barek (1991), Reig et al. (1977), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), Santori, Astua &amp; Cerqueira (2004), Santori, Lessa &amp; Astua (2012), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Schmitt &amp; Lemelin (2002), de Souza et al. (2013), Svartman (2009), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1998, 1999), Thomas (1911), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss et al. (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF8FFD4FA031F0CF8A98542	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFFFFFD5FAF71C2DFC9289F6.text	F723B76CFFFFFFD5FAF71C2DFC9289F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caluromysiops irrupta Sanborn 1951	<div><p>5.</p><p>Black-shouldered Opossum</p><p>Caluromysiops irrupta</p><p>French: Opossum a épaules noires / German: Schwarzschulterbeutelratte / Spanish: Raposa lanuda de hombros negros</p><p>Taxonomy. Caluromysiops irrupta Sanborn, 1951,</p><p>“ Quincemil, Province of Quispicanchis,” Cuzco, Peru.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Colombia, E Peru, W Brazil, and likely in N Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 25-33 cm, tail 31-34 cm; weight ¢.300-500 g. The Black-shouldered Opossum has a unique fur pattern, making it easily recognizable. Its overall body fur is frosted grayishbrown, fading to buffy or whitish on sides and entire head. It lacks any sort of eyerings, which are common in the majority of opossums, or any mid-rostral stripe. Most conspicuous fur features are large black patches that cover forearms from shoulders down to inner forearms and wrists. These patches join along the mid-dorsum and run parallel to each other along back, eventually fading to the overall fur color on rump. Tail length is ¢.120% of head-body length, and tail is almost completely furred, with fur present from tail base to up to 2 cm from tip on dorsal side and proximal one-third ventrally. Ventral fur is buffy and soft, long, and woolly; ears are yellowish. Female Black-shouldered Opossums are reported to have a complete pouch, but number of mammae is currently unknown. Its karyotype is unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Only a few localities in Amazonian lowland mature tropical humid forests below elevations of 700 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Black-shouldered Opossum is known from only a few specimens, and most information on any aspect ofits natural history is merely anecdotal. Feeding information is restricted to a few observations of individuals feeding on nectar from flowers of Quararibea cordata (Malvaceae) in Amazonia. Black-shouldered Opossums kept in zoos are reported to eat animals as food.</p><p>Breeding. Female Black-shouldered Opossums with young were received from animal dealers in July-August. No more than two young have been noted per female, and a captive female was photographed with two young clinging on her back.</p><p>Activity patterns. Black-shouldered Opossums have only been seen in the wild at night, but their specific activity patterns are virtually unknown.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Black-shouldered Opossums move slowly in the canopy and have been seen hanging by their tails to feed on nectar.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Black-shouldered Opossums apparently are locally rare, they have a relatively widespread distribution and have been seen in continuous protected forested areas within in Peru. Some populations of Black-shouldered Opossums are inferred to be declining due to loss of forest habitats, although no real population data exist because it is known from fewer than 30 specimens. There seem to be no major conservation threats as a whole. Distribution of the Black-shouldered Opossum in Peruis considered relatively secure because it occurs within several large protected areas, but its distribution in Brazil is subject to intense habitat loss. Nevertheless, recent sightings of Black-shouldered Opossums suggest some degree of tolerance to habitat degradation.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Emmons (2007), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), zor &amp; Pine (1987), Janson et al. (1981), da Silveira et al. (2014), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFFFFFD5FAF71C2DFC9289F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFFEFFD5FF0310ECF6878B82.text	F723B76CFFFEFFD5FF0310ECF6878B82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyladelphys kalinowsku (Hershkovitz 1992)	<div><p>6.</p><p>Kalinowski’s Opossum</p><p>Hyladelphys kalinowsku</p><p>French: Opossum de Kalinowski / German: Kalinowskis Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Kalinowski</p><p>Other common names: Kalinowski's Mouse Opossum, Peru Gracile Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Gracilinanus kalinowski Hershkovitz, 1992,</p><p>“ Hacienda Cadena, Marcapata, 13° 20° S, 70° 46° W, Cuzco, Peru, 890 m. ”</p><p>High levels of molecular divergence were found between samples from Peru and French Guiana, which could indicate that as many as three species may be represented in what is currently understood as H. kalinowskii . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. The Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, and E Peru; possibly also in SE Colombia (Leticia) and N Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.5-9.5 cm, tail 10.2-11.7 cm; weight 10-20 g. Kalinowski’s Opossum is a tiny opossum. Dorsal fur is reddish-brown with gray-based hairs and no pattern. Dorsal color extends onto crown of head and contrasts markedly with midrostral fur, which is very pale and lacks any mid-rostral stripe. Cheeks are white, and broad dark eye-rings extend from nose to base of ears. Tail length is c¢.130% of headbody length, and tail is naked and uniformly colored brownish dorsally and ventrally. Ventral fur of Kalinowski’s Opossum is white or cream from chin to groin. Fur is smooth but not woolly. Feet are orange, and ears are large, naked, and colored a bright yellowishorange. Eyes are black as in the vast majority of Kalinowski’s Opossums. Females lack a pouch, and only four mammae are present, two on each side; usual medial mamma is lacking. Its karyotype is presently unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size.</p><p>Habitat. Rainforest lowlands of eastern Peru, central Amazonian Brazil, southern Guyana, and French Guiana (total of nine localities). Specimens of Kalinowski’s Opossum were caught in primary forest in French Guiana.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. Like most species of opossums, Kalinowski’s Opossum is probably nocturnal or crepuscular. The only information on its activity is that one specimen was shot in a palm tree at 18:35 h.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on the available information, Kalinowski’s Opossum can be considered scansorial, using understory and the ground. One of the specimens from French Guiana was shot while on a palm tree, I m above the ground; however, two others were captured in a pitfall trap, and another from a different location in French Guiana was caught by hand while crossing a road. A specimen from Peru was also captured on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Kalinowski’s Opossum is known mainly from isolated records from a large area,it has a wide distribution, with suitable habitatstill present throughout most of the Amazon rainforest. Its apparent rarity may be only due to a difficulty of capturing or seeing it. It seems to have some tolerance of a broad range of habitats, and its population is presumably large. Kalinowski’s Opossum does not appear to face any major conservation threats, especially because deforestation rates are not extremely high throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2006, 2010), Gardner (2005, 2007d), Hice (2001), Jansa &amp; Voss (2005), da Silva et al. (2013), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Lunde &amp; Jansa (2005), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFFEFFD5FF0310ECF6878B82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF3FFD8FFC91453FBA084E1.text	F723B76CFFF3FFD8FFC91453FBA084E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa rubra Tate 1931	<div><p>7. Red Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa rubra</p><p>French: Opossum roux / German: Rote Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa rojiza</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa rubra Tate, 1931,</p><p>“mouth of Rio Curaray,” Loreto, Peru.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Lowlands of E Ecuador, and Peru; possibly also in S Colombia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12.8-20 cm (males) and 13-15.6 cm (females), tail 18.3-21.4 cm (males) and 19.1-21.7 cm (females); weight 59-81 g. The Red Mouse Opossum has reddish-brown dorsal fur, which is slightly paler on body sides, although dark grayish-brown washed with dark orange or red can also occur. Mid-rostral fur on head is pale and sharply contrasts with darker fur on crown of head, and there are dark prominent eye-rings and a distinct mid-rostral stripe. Eye-rings do not extend to base of ears and are more pronounced between nose and eyes. Cheeks are yellowish or orangish. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 10% ofits length. Its otherwise naked part is bicolored, dark brown dorsally and paler ventrally. Ventral fur has a median strip of rich yellowish-buff or orangish-buff and is flanked with orangish gray-based fur that covers sides of neck, chest, and abdominal region, and sometimes covers inside of limbs. Fur is velvety, forefeet are pale brown with a dark brown spot, and hindfeet are reddish-brown. Lateral carpal tubercles are found in old males. Females lack a pouch and have seven or nine mammae, with three or four on each side, along with a medial mamma. Its karyotype is presently unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland or pre-montane rainforest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is a lack of recent or detailed information on extent of occurrence, status, and ecological requirements of the Red Mouse Opossum. It may be threatened because much of its suspected distribution is being converted to agriculture and human settlement. Further research is needed to determine extent and effects of conservation threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Astta (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2007e), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF3FFD8FFC91453FBA084E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF3FFD8FFCA1ED7F67F8F83.text	F723B76CFFF3FFD8FFCA1ED7F67F8F83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa simonsi Thomas 1899	<div><p>8.</p><p>Simons’s Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa simonsi</p><p>French: Opossum de Simons / German: Simons Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Simons</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa simons: Thomas, 1899,</p><p>“ Puna,” Puna Island, Guayas, Ecuador.</p><p>Formerly considered a subspecies of M. robinsoni . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Ecuador (including Puna I) and NW Peru.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10-7-15:6 cm (males) and 9.8-14.5 cm (females), tail 14-18.9 cm (males) and 12:1-17 cm (females); weight 24-49 g.</p><p>Simons’s Mouse Opossum has grayish dorsal fur that extends onto head, except for mid-rostral fur, which is paler and contrasts sharply with fur on top of head. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Black eyes are surrounded by dark brown or blackish eye-rings that often reach base of ears, where they fade; cheeks are gray. Tail length is ¢.121% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 10% ofits length. Naked part oftail is mostly brownish dorsally and slightly paler ventrally, contrasting with whitish one-third or one-half of tail’s length. Ventral fur is yellowish, with gray-based hairs along chest and abdominal region and on inner parts of forelimbs and hindlimbs, and with yellowish-buff fur on chin or as a narrow stripe from chin to upper chest. Throat gland is present. Feet are whitish or yellowish-buff, and carpal tubercles are present on males. Female Simons’s Mouse Opossums lack a pouch; number of mammae is unknown. Its karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Mangroves or dry (deciduous) forests between sea level and elevations of 1600 m. A wide range of terrestrial habitats, including lowland and montane moist forests, dry forests, and mangroves, occur throughout the distribution of Simons’s Mouse Opossum, but most specimens have been collected from mangroves or dry (deciduous) forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Simons’s Mouse Opossum has not yet been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last [IUCN assessment, Simons’s Mouse Opossum was included as a form of Robinson’s Mouse Opossum ( Marmosa robinsoni) but was not named or formally assessed as a subspecies. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF3FFD8FFCA1ED7F67F8F83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF3FFD9FAF71234FD5A8DBC.text	F723B76CFFF3FFD9FAF71234FD5A8DBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa isthmica Goldman 1912	<div><p>9.</p><p>Panama Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa isthmica</p><p>French: Opossum isthmique / German: Panama-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Panama</p><p>Other common names: Isthmian Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa isthmica Goldman, 1912,</p><p>“ Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.”</p><p>Formerly considered a subspecies of M. robinsoni . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Panama, W Colombia, and W Ecuador, also in Caribbean lowlands of NW Colombia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 11.5-20 cm (males) and 10.5-18.2 cm (females), tail 1625-3 cm (males) and 15-22.9 cm (females); weight 52-143 g (males) and 40-93 g (females). Dorsal fur of the Panama Mouse Opossum is pale to dark orangish, slightly paler on sides of body. Orangish fur continues onto head, where mid-rostral fur is paler and sharply contrasts with that of crown. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Dark brown eye-rings surround black eyes but do not reach base of ears. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, tail has fur on proximal 10% of its length, and naked part of tail is brown, paler on ventral side. Ventral fur is yellowish to orangish, in a streak from chin to anus, with yellowish to orangish gray-based hairs on sides of abdomen. Throat gland is present. Feet are yellowish to orangish-brown, and male Panama Mouse Opossums have a distinct carpal tubercle. Females lack a pouch and have 13 mammae, six on each side, and an additional medial mamma. Its karyotype is unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Moist lowland and pre-montane forests below elevations of 1700 m. Nevertheless, some specimens of the Panama Mouse Opossum have been collected in dry forests, mangroves, and xeric scrub.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents of Panama Mouse Opossums collected in the Canal Zone contained ants and other insect remains, fig seeds, and unidentified fruits, with insect remains being the most frequently found items. One trapped individual was observed capturing and eating a butterfly that had entered the trap to feed on the banana bait.</p><p>Breeding. In Panama, 1-2 litters were recorded per breeding season, and the Panama Mouse Opossum is believed to be polyestrous. Mean litter size was ten young, ranging from six to 13 young. Although the breeding season is not clearly defined, females that were lactating, pregnant, or had pouch young were found in April-October and December. An adult female kept in the same cage with two young individuals that had been captured far from where she was captured ended up, after some time, “adopting” them. They slept together, and occasionally the young held onto the female’s fur when she moved, as they would with their mother.</p><p>Activity patterns. Panama Mouse Opossums are nocturnal and seem to be active right after sunset, although they may start foraging before dark. Some specimens were captured when they were already foraging at dusk, suggesting they left their dens earlier. Others were captured between 16:00 h and 21:00 h.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the Panama Canal Zone, individual Panama Mouse Opossums traveled on average 47-59 m, with maximum distances within a trapping grid reaching 103 m. Marked individuals were later recaptured more than 300 m away. Estimated densities in the same area were 31-220 ind/km?.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Panama Mouse Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The [UCN Red List. At the time of the last IUCN assessment, the Panama Mouse Opossum was included as a form of Robinson’s Mouse Opossum ( Marmosa robimsoni) but was not named or formally assessed as a subspecies. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Astta (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Enders (1930), Fleming (1972, 1973), Gardner (2007e), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF3FFD9FAF71234FD5A8DBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF2FFD9FF1A1F7DF7DA8AAD.text	F723B76CFFF2FFD9FF1A1F7DF7DA8AAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa mexicana (Merriam 1897)	<div><p>11.</p><p>Mexican Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa mexicana</p><p>French: Opossum du Mexigue / German: Mexiko-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de México</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa murina mexicana Merriam, 1897,</p><p>“Juquila, Oaxaca,” Mexico.</p><p>Four subspecies were traditionally recognized, but one of these, M. zeledoni, has been elevated to species status. Genetic analyses indicate the presence of two distinct taxa in what is currently known as M. mexicana, but the status of the remaining three, traditionally recognized subspecies (nominate, mayensis, and savannarum) needs to be properly addressed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S &amp; SE Mexico (Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and the Yucatan Peninsula) and through Central America to E Panama, including two Caribbean Is (Isla de Roatan, Honduras, and Isla del Maiz Grande, Nicaragua).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11-16.8 cm (males) and 9.4-13.3 cm (females), tail 15.2-22.8 cm (males) and 13-22.3 cm (females); weight 24-99 g (males) and 35-4— 56-7 g (females). Dorsal fur of the Mexican Mouse Opossum is rich reddish-brown and becomes a grayish-brown frosted with reddish-brown in older individuals. There is paler mid-rostral fur on head but no mid-rostral stripe. Black eyes are surrounded by dark brown or blackish-brown eye-rings that extend back to base ofears. Tail length is ¢.137% of head-body length, tail has fur on its proximal 10%, and its naked part is dark brown. Ventral fur has a stripe of yellowish or orangish fur, running from chin to anus and varying in width, bordered by yellowish or orangish gray-based fur on sides of chest, abdominal, and upper inguinal regions, sometimes also extending to sides of neck and inner parts of arms and legs. Feet are orangish to brown or whitish, and carpal tubercles are present in old males. Furis short overall, and there is a throat gland. Female Mexican Mouse Opossums lack a pouch and have 11-15 mammae, with 5-7 on each side, as well as an additional medial mamma. The Mexican Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14 karyotype, with biarmed autosomes, a small acrocentric X-chromosome and a very small unidentified Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical and subtropical forests and shrubby habitats below elevations of 1600 m and dry and humid forests, pine-oak forests, mangroves, and scrublands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Mexican Mouse Opossum is composed mainly of insects and fruits, but occasionally it consumes small rodents, lizards, birds, and eggs. Fecal samples from a Panamanian cloud forest contained spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Individuals were also seen feeding on the inflorescence of Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana, a small palm, which may represent an important energy resource. In return, the opossum may act as a pollinator for the palm.</p><p>Breeding. Female Mexican Mouse Opossums make nests in trees, abandoned birds’ nests, underground burrows (with nest chambers located c¢.40 cm from the entrance), and sandbanks. These nests are c.4 cm in diameter, usually made of dried leaves. Females were found with attached young in March, May, and June, although a female caught in Veracruz was not sexually active in April. Reported litter sizes vary from two to 13 young;litters most frequently are of 11-13 young. Young that get detached from their mother emit a distress call, prompting the mother to pick them up with her forefeet and push them under her belly, so that they cling on her fur and reattach themselves.</p><p>Activity patterns. Mexican Mouse Opossums are active at night. They have been recorded visiting night-flowering palms, with peaks right after sunset and from 23:00 h to 01:00 h, but there are no additional data on activity patterns.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mexican Mouse Opossum uses understory and the ground, spending more time in trees and using the ground occasionally. They are found in small trees and bushes up to 1-5 m high but also under logs and tree roots and among grasses. They seem to be more arboreal than ground dwelling because they are more frequently trapped off the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mexican Mouse Opossum has wide distribution, presumably a large population size, and a certain degree of tolerance for habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Alonso-Mejia &amp; Medellin (1992), Astua (2010), Biggers et al. (1965), Goodwin (1946), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hatt (1938), Hershkovitz (1992a), Mangan &amp; Adler (2000), Reig et al. (1977), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Sperr et al. (2009), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF2FFD9FF1A1F7DF7DA8AAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF2FFD9FF181439FD098578.text	F723B76CFFF2FFD9FF181439FD098578.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa zeledoni Goldman 1911	<div><p>10.</p><p>Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa zeledoni</p><p>French: Opossum de Zeledon / German: Zeledons Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Zeledon</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa zeledoni Goldman, 1911,</p><p>“ Navarro [near Orosi], Costa Rica.”</p><p>Formerly considered to be a subspecies of M. mexicana . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and W Colombia (Narino and Valle del Cauca).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-16.2 cm (males) and 11.9-14.5 cm (females), tail 14.5-21 cm (males) and 14.9-19.7 cm (females); weight 28-100 g. Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum has dorsal fur that is dark, reddish-brown,slightly paler on body sides; it turns into a grayish-brown frosted with reddish-brown in older individuals. Mid-rostral fur on head is paler but does not contrast sharply with crown fur. There is no midrostral stripe. Black eyes are surrounded by dark brown or blackish-brown eye-rings that do not extend to base of ears. Tail length is ¢.128% of head-body length,tail has fur on proximal 10%, and naked rest of tail is dark brown, sometimes paler ventrally. Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum’s venter has a median strip of yellowish or orangish fur that runs from chin to anus, of variable width, bordered by gray-based reddish or brownish fur on sides of chest, abdomen, and upper inguinal region, which sometimes extends to sides of neck and rarely to inner parts of arms and legs. Throat gland is present. Forefeet are reddish-brown, hindfeet are pale brown to reddish-brown, and carpal tubercles are present in males. Females lack a pouch and have nine or eleven mammae, with either four or five on each side, and an additional medial mamma. Karyotype of Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. [Lowland or montane rainforests at elevations of 100-2200 m. Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum is apparently more abundant at higher elevations within this distribution in montane or submontane habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Some captive Zeledon’s Mouse Opossums survived well on a diet of insects (moths), earthworms, viscera of birds and mice, and fruits.</p><p>Breeding. There is no specific information for this species, but one specimen of Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum was captured in a bird’s nest, apparently nesting herself.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last[IUCN assessment, Zeledon’s Mouse Opossum was included as a form of the Mexican Mouse Opossum ( Marmosa mexicana) but not named or formally assessed as a subspecies. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Goodwin (1946), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hudson (1932), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF2FFD9FF181439FD098578	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF2FFDAFA06110AFC048A6A.text	F723B76CFFF2FFDAFA06110AFC048A6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa xerophila Handley & Gordon 1979	<div><p>12.</p><p>Dryland Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa xerophila</p><p>French: Opossum xérophile / German: Trockenland-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de La Guajira</p><p>Other common names: Guajira Mouse Opossum, Orange Mouse Opossum, Pale Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa xerophila Handley &amp; Gordon, 1979,</p><p>“ La Isla, 15 m, near Cojoro, 37 km NNE Paraguaipoa, Depto. Guajira, Colombia.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Colombia (Departamento La Guajira) and NW Venezuela (States of Falcon and Zulia), restricted to the coastal deserts surrounding the Gulf of Venezuela (including Paraguana Peninsula).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.5-15.9 cm (males) and 10.1-13.3 cm (females), tail 14.4-18.1 cm (males) and 13-16.7 cm (females); weight 40-87 g (males) and 29-57 g (females). Dorsal fur of the Dryland Mouse Opossum is faded yellowish or sandy brown or pale grayish-brown and paler on body sides. Head has pale mid-rostral fur that contrasts sharply with darker fur on crown of head. There is no mid-rostral stripe, and narrow dark brown eye-rings surrounding its black eyes do not extend to base of ears. Tail length is ¢.120% of head—body length,tail has fur on its proximal 10% and is grayish-brown, and naked part is paler ventrally. Ventral fur has a whitish or yellowish median strip that extends from chin to anus, flanked by whitish or yellowish gray-based fur on abdominal region, and there is a throat gland. Feet are whitish, and mature males have carpal tubercles. Female Dryland Mouse Opossums lack a pouch and have eleven mammae, five on each side, and an additional medial mamma. Karyotype is unknown. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Semi-arid coastal ecosystem surrounding the Gulf of Venezuela. The vast majority of the known specimens of the Dryland Mouse Opossum were captured in xeric thorn forest, and most were captured in trees and bushes. All localities are at elevations less than 100 m, with mean annual temperatures higher than 24°C and mean annual rainfall of 250-500 mm.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Dryland Mouse Opossum is composed mainly of insects and vegetal food items, mainly from Cactaceae . Among animal food items, the most important groups were Coleoptera (62:3%), Hymenoptera (177%), Arachnida (7%), and Orthoptera (2:2%), as well as unidentified larvae (2:2%) and 2-3% ofseveralless intensively used items, such as Thysanura, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Crustacea, and Chilopoda. Plant items consumed include Stenocereus griseus and Subpilocereus aff. repandus ( Cactaceae).</p><p>Breeding. A synchronized peak of female Dryland Mouse Opossums with attached young occurred in June-July during the dry season and a couple of months prior to the beginning of the rainy season. Proportion of nursing females decreased until December, and post-lactating females were found in July-February. More than 50% of the males are reproductively active in April-September, and breeding seems to be seasonal and related to availability of resources in the wet season. No reproductive activity was recorded in March—May. Presence of lactating females is positively correlated with biomass peaks of Coleoptera, larvae, and ripe fruits of species of Cactacea. Female Dryland Mouse Opossums become sexually mature at ¢.9 months, gestation lasts c.14 days, and young are born measuring 6-7 mm. Their fur is complete at ¢.36 days; they remain attached to the teats for ¢.23 days and are left in the nest for the first time at 30-32 days. Eyes and ears open at ¢.40 days of age when they start to leave the nest alone or with the mother. They are weaned and disperse at c.60 days. Majority of female Dryland Mouse Opossums produce a single litter, but a few had two litters and very rarely there were three litters. Mean number of litters per reproductive female was 1-3/year, and reported mean litter sizes were 7-9 young or 10-4 young (range 3-12 young).</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Dryland Mouse Opossum is likely nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Dryland Mouse Opossum uses ground and arboreal layers; captures in arboreal traps varied from 41% to 85% of the total of specimens captured. Densities varied from 620 ind/km?® at the end of the dry season in September to 2000 ind/km? in the middle of the wet season in January, with an average yearly density of 1290 ind/km®. Estimated home range size was 0-06-0-13 ha.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Distribution of the Dryland Mouse Opossum is very limited (less than 20,000 km*), and much of it has been converted to agricultural lands. Dry thorn shrub habitat is undergoing severe loss or fragmentation in Venezuela, due to a high pressure of human settlements, especially on Paraguana Peninsula, which could lead to population decline. In Venezuela, the Dryland Mouse Opossum has not been recorded from Cerro Santa Ana National Monument, but it may occur in Macuira National Natural Park in Colombia.</p><p>Bibliography. Astta (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Gutiérrez, Boria &amp; Anderson (2014), Gutiérrez, Jansa &amp; Voss (2010), Handley &amp; Gordon (1979), Lopez-Fuster et al. (2002), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Thielen, Arends et al. (1997a, 1997b), Thielen, Cabello et al. (2009), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF2FFDAFA06110AFC048A6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF1FFDAFFF6104BF9508B82.text	F723B76CFFF1FFDAFFF6104BF9508B82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa robinsont Bangs 1898	<div><p>13.</p><p>Robinson’s Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa robinsont</p><p>French: Opossum de Robinson / German: Robinsons Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Robinson</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa robinson: Bangs, 1898,</p><p>“ Margarita Island,” Nueva Esparta, Venezuela.</p><p>Up to nine subspecies have been recognized, but recent revisionary work raised M. simonsi and M. isthmica to full species. In that revision, there was no indication of subspecies of M. robinsoni . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Panama (W to Chiriqui, and including Isla del Rey and Isla Saboga in the Gulf of Panama), N &amp; W Colombia, N Venezuela (N of the Orinoco River), and on several islands on the continental shelf of South America and the Caribbean (Margarita, Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11.1-21.8 cm (males) and 8.3-15.5 cm (females), tail 14.5-21.5 cm (males) and 10.1-19.5 cm (females); weight 39-110 g (males) and 16-72 (females). Robinson’s Mouse Opossum has pale to dark yellowish-brown dorsalfur, which can also be grayish-brown abundantly frosted with yellowish-brown, and slightly paler on sides of body. Head fur in mid-rostral region lacks a marked mid-rostral stripe and is paler than on crown of head. There are dark brown or blackish-brown eyerings that rarely reach base of ears. Eyes are black. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 10-20 mm. Naked part of tail is yellowish to dark brown, slightly paler on ventral side. Ventral fur has a pale or dark yellowish-creamy median stripe that may vary in width but is narrower on abdominal area, flanked with yellowish-brown or creamy-yellowish gray-based fur that is mostly restricted to abdominal region but sometimes extends to sides of chest. Throat gland is present. Forefeet vary from orangish to brown, hindfeet from whitish to creamy or orangish, and older males have carpal tubercles. Females lack a pouch and have 13 mammae, six on each side, and a medial mamma. Karyotype of Robinson’s Mouse Opossum is 2n = 14, FN = 24, with all biarmed autosomes, and a small biarmed X-chromosome and a very small acrocentric Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic, and males are usually larger than females. In Venezuela, it seems that specimens from agricultural lands and disturbed forests are larger than those from more mature forests.</p><p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats from sea level to 2600 m in elevation, including lowland and montane moist forests, lowland dry forests, mangroves, savannas, and xeric shrublands. Robinson’s Mouse Opossum seems to prefer secondary forest and disturbed areas to undisturbed ones.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Robinson’s Mouse Opossum is usually reported as mainly insectivorous, but it also consumes fruit and other items, similar to most other species in the genus. Nevertheless, detailed diet studies are unavailable.</p><p>Breeding. Female Robinson’s Mouse Opossums make nests in abandoned birds’ nests and tree hollows. Sexual maturity (first estrus) is reached at 265-275 days. They are probably polyestrous, with an estimated mean estrous cycle of 23 days (range 18-31 days), and estrus lasting 2-3 days. Males are fully reproductively active after one year of age. Copulation in Robinson’s Mouse Opossum has been studied in detail in captivity. Unreceptive (usually anestrous) females will react aggressively with vocalizations and biting to any approach by males, but receptive females will remain passive or even initiate a response by sniffing indifferent males. Males always chase females for several minutes prior to mating. After this pre-copulatory behavior, a male grabs the female by her shoulders with his forefeet, bites her neck, and then grasps the cage wall or any nearby object with his tail and copulation ensues. It is likely that this tail gasping is necessary for copulation because individuals housed in cages with smooth walls initiated copulation but without insertion. Copulatory position may last up to 40 minutes, but overall mounting times with active and quiet phases have lasted up to 6-5 hours. Gestation lasts c.14 days after which young measuring 8-12 mm are born, and reported litter sizes are 2-19 young. Their fur appears at ¢.29 days and is complete at ¢.47 days. Young remain attached to the teats for c¢.30 days after which they are left in the nest for the first time. Female Robinson’s Mouse Opossums make no attemptto retrieve newborns that fail to attach to a nipple, but after a few days, they will retrieve any lost or detached young, responding to a high-frequency clicking distress call by the separated young. Eyes and ears of young open ¢.39-40 days of age when they start to leave the nest alone or along with the mother. They start eating solid food at 50-58 days and are weaned at ¢.65 days. Onset of reproduction is influenced by the rainy season in most regions. In the Llanos of Venezuela, females were lactating in May—-November, and females with attached young were observed in May, June, and August. No females were found with two consecutive litters, although length of the breeding season would allow two consecutive litters.</p><p>Activity patterns. Robinson’s Mouse Opossum is nocturnal. Its activity starts at sunset and continues all night, with intervals of inactivity.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Robinson’s Mouse Opossums use the ground and lower arboreal strata. They are equally captured in ground and tree traps, but they usually flee by climbing the nearest tree or bush. Mean distances between successive captures in Venezuela were 42-8 m for males and 29-8 m for females, with maxima of 170-9 m and 164-9 m, respectively. Estimated densities of Robinson’s Mouse Opossum in Venezuela are 25-425 ind/km*, and home ranges vary from 0-36 ha in the dry season to 0-17 ha in the wet season, because flooding reduces available suitable habitat. Social hierarchies have been recorded in captive individuals.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Robinson’s Mouse Opossum has a wide distribution, presumably has a large population, occurs in many protected areas throughoutits distribution, and is tolerant, to some degree, of habitat modification. This assessment was made prior to the revision that elevated some of its former forms to full species status. Conservation status of all opossums is being reassessed by the [UCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group, but it is unlikely that the status will change for Robinson’s Mouse Opossum.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Astua (2010), August (1984), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Desvars et al. (2011), Eisenberg (1989), Geiser (1994), Gutiérrez, Boria &amp; Anderson (2014), Gutiérrez, Jansa &amp; Voss (2010), Hamrick (2001), Hershkovitz (1992a), Lemelin (1999), Lopez-Fuster et al. (2000), Lunde &amp; Schutt (1999), McNab (1982, 2005), Medellin (1991), O'Connell (1979, 1983, 1989), Reig et al. (1977), Rossi (2005), Rossi, Voss &amp; Lunde (2010), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF1FFDAFFF6104BF9508B82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF1FFDBFAF11E34FD258DDE.text	F723B76CFFF1FFDBFAF11E34FD258DDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa tyleriana Tate 1931	<div><p>14.</p><p>Tyleria Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa tyleriana</p><p>French: Opossum des tépuis / German: Tepui-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Tyler</p><p>Other common names: Tyler's Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa tyleriana Tate, 1931,</p><p>“ Central Camp, Mt. Duida Plateau, Upper Rio Orinoco,” Amazonas, Venezuela.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Venezuela (Bolivar, Amazonas), in the Guyanan Highland tepuis of Duida-Marahuaca Massif, Jaua-Sarisarinama National Park, and Auyan-tepui.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11.2-12.8 cm, tail 14.5-17.7 cm; weight 30-56 g. Dorsal fur of the Tyleria Mouse Opossum is dark brown, slightly paler on sides of body. Mid-rostral fur is slightly paler than on crown of head; there is no mid-rostral stripe. Black eyes are surrounded by blackish-brown eye-rings that do not extend to base of ears. Tail length is ¢.135% of head-body length, and tail has fur on its proximal 10%. Naked part oftail is dark brown, paler ventrally, and unpigmented on distal one-half. Ventralfur is entirely graybased with buffy tips, and fur is lax and long. Forefeet are dark brown, and hindfeet are pale brown. Female Tyleria Mouse Opossums lack a pouch. The only information on number of teats comes from the description of the type specimen, which states that four mammae are present. Karyotype is unknown, and there is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Humid forests at elevations of 1300-2200 m on isolated tepuis in Venezuela.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding or nursing female Tyleria Mouse Opossums were collected in February, and juveniles have been collected in January. Other than that, nothing is known about its reproductive biology.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is a lack of recent information on extent of occurrence, status, and ecological requirements of the Tyleria Mouse Opossum. It is known only from three isolated locations, and these sites are in protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Astta (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Gardner (2005), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Linares (1998), Rossi (2005), Tate (1933), Voss etal. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF1FFDBFAF11E34FD258DDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF0FFDBFF1A11A6F6FF8E9A.text	F723B76CFFF0FFDBFF1A11A6F6FF8E9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa macrotarsus (Wagner 1842)	<div><p>16.</p><p>Western Amazonian Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa macrotarsus</p><p>French: Opossum macrotarse / German: Grof 3ful3-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa amazonica</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys macrotarsus Wagner, 1842,</p><p>type locality not given. Restricted by J. A. Wagner in 1847 to Rio Madeira, Brazil.</p><p>Formerly considered a subspecies of M. munrina. As treated here, this species now includes M. quichua as a synonym. Bolivian specimens (La Paz, Santa Cruz, Beni) formerly attributed to M. murina not examined, but are provisionally assigned to this species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W of Amazonian Brazil (S of Amazon River and W of Tapajés River) to Amazonian Peru (S of Amazon and Maranon rivers), and probably Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 10.4-13.6 cm,tail 14.8-20.6 cm; weight 23-51 g. Dorsal fur of the Western Amazonian Mouse Opossum is grayish-brown, variably washed with orangish-brown and slightly paler on body sides. Head fur is paler than on dorsum and lacks any mid-rostral stripe; there are dark brown eye-rings surrounding black eyes, and rings do not reach base of ears. Tail length is c.145% of head-body length, and tail is furred on proximal 10% and is brown on naked part. Tail is usually paler on ventral side and sometimes unpigmented on distal one-third. Ventral fur has a median streak of yellowish or creamy-white hair, usually narrower on chest and abdominal and inguinal regions, which are flanked by bands of gray-based yellowish or bufty or orangish fur, usually on sides of chest, abdomen, and inguinal region, but also occurring on sides of throat and ventral portion of limbs. Throat gland is absent. Feet are whitish to orangish brown. Females lack a pouch and have eleven mammae, five on each side and an additional medial mamma. The Western Amazonian Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosomes.</p><p>Habitat. [Lowland or montane wet tropical forests at elevations of 25-1900 m. In western Brazilian Amazon, the Western Amazonian Mouse Opossum has been trapped in terra firma forest and between terra firma and igap6 (seasonally inundated black-water) forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Females caught in October and May in the western Brazilian Amazon were not lactating and did not have any attached young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the western Brazilian Amazon, Western Amazonian Mouse Opossums were trapped only on the ground, but in the Peruvian Amazon, they seemed to spend equal amounts of time on and above the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Western Amazonian Mouse Opossum has not yet been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last assessment, it was considered a subspecies of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum ( Marmosa murina). Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Faria, de Oliveira &amp; Bonvicino (2013), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Patton et al. (2000), Reig et al. (1977), Rossi (2005), Voss et al. (2014), Wagner (1847), Woodman etal. (1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF0FFDBFF1A11A6F6FF8E9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF0FFDBFF191418FAA88B10.text	F723B76CFFF0FFDBFF191418FAA88B10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa waterhousii (Tomes 1860)	<div><p>15.</p><p>Waterhouse’s Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa waterhousii</p><p>French: Opossum de Waterhouse / German: \Waterhouse-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Waterhouse</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys waterhousii Tomes, 1860,</p><p>“ Gualaquiza,” Ecuador.</p><p>Formerly considered a subspecies of M. murima. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Venezuela (Andes), C (Rio Magdalena Valley), S &amp; SE Colombia, W Brazil (W of Rio Negro and N of Amazon River), E Ecuador, and N Peru.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12.2-14.9 cm, tail 17.2-22.3 cm; weight 49-66 g. Waterhouse’s Mouse Opossum has dark grayish-brown dorsal fur thatis variably washed with dark orangish-brown and is slightly paler on sides of body. Mid-rostral fur is paler than on head and lacks a midrostral stripe. Blackish-brown eye-rings that surround black eyes do not reach base of ears. Tail length is ¢.140% of head-body length, and tail has fur on its proximal 10%. Naked part of tail is brown or dark brown and is slightly paler ventrally. Ventral fur has a median strip of pale or dark yellowish-creamy hairs on chin, extending to chest, and gray-based hairs on sides of neck, chest, inguinal, and abdominal regions, and on ventral portion of limbs. Forefeet are brown to orangish-brown, and hindfeet are whitish or orangish-brown. Females lack a pouch, and number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Waterhouse’s Mouse Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Mostly in lowland or montane wet tropical forests at elevations of 50-1100 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Waterhouse’s Mouse Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last assessment, it was considered a subspecies of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum ( Marmosa murina). Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Gutiérrez, Jansa &amp; Voss (2010), Gutiérrez, Soriano et al. (2011), Rossi (2005), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF0FFDBFF191418FAA88B10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF0FFDCFA04155BFBA68E8E.text	F723B76CFFF0FFDCFA04155BFBA68E8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa murina (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>17.</p><p>Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa murina</p><p>French: Opossum murin / German: Maus-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Linneo</p><p>Other common names: Murine Mouse Opossum, Murine Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis murina Linnaeus, 1758,</p><p>“Asia, America.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to “ Surinam.”</p><p>As treated here, this species includes M. tobagi as a synonym, but several taxa formerly included in M. murina have now been recognized as full species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad and Tobago Is, and C &amp; E Brazil (including E Amazonia).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.1-24 cm, tail 13.9-28 cm; weight 19-100 g. Dorsal fur of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum varies from pale to dark grayish-brown, variably washed with pale or dark orangish-brown, and is slightly paler on body sides. Head has stripe of mid-rostral fur paler than crown of head and lacks mid-rostral stripe. It has black eyes and dark brown or blackish-brown prominent eye-rings that do not reach base ofears. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 10%. Naked part of tail is yellowish to dark brown, slightly paler on ventral side. Ventral fur has a wide stripe offur, varying in color from creamy to pale or dark yellowish to pinkish. Stripe is narrower in abdominal region and is bordered by creamy to orangish-gray-based fur from sides of chest to abdominal and inguinal regions and rarely on sides of neck and ventralsides of limbs. Furis short and velvety, and throat gland is present. Forefeet are orangish-brown or brown, and hindfeet are pale brown or whitish. Females lack a pouch and have eleven mammae, five on each side, and a medial mamma. Karyotype of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum is 2n = 14, FN = 24, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a metacentric or an acrocentric X-chromosome reported and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. An FN = 20 or FN = 22 have also been reported for specimens from north-eastern and central Brazil. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Variety of habitats from sea level to 1350 m in elevation, including several biomes such as dry and wet tropical forests, mangroves, tropical savannas and forests, and xerophytic forests. In Brazil, presence of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossums in open habitats is restricted to gallery forests or forested enclaves. They seem to be tolerant of human presence and habitat perturbation. In French Guiana, they are found living inside traditional houses of indigenous Wayampi, and in north-eastern Brazil, they frequently are found in or near houses located near forest fragments.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum in French Guiana is mostly insectivorous, including Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (mostly ants), Myriapoda, and Annelida. It also eats fruits and has been seen consuming pulp of Bellucia (Melastomataceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Henriettea (Melastomataceae), and sometimes fallen fruits. It also includes flowers and nectar, and occasionally frogs, in its diet. It is possible that it discards larger seeds when consuming pulp, so estimates of fruit consumption based on presence or absence of seeds in feces may be underestimated. When on the ground, Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossums forage under dried leaves for arthropods. In south-eastern Brazil, arthropods were found in 100% offecal samples analyzed and seeds were found in 50% of them.</p><p>Breeding. Average littersize of Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum in Guiana is 8-4 young, but litters of up to eleven young have been recorded. Young are born measuring c.10 mm. In central Brazil, reproductively active females were collected during the dry season. One female was captured with six pouch young in September, and two other females with signs of recent lactation were captured in August and September.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum is nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum uses understory, the ground, and very rarely canopy. In French Guiana,it almost exclusively used stratum below 5 m, very rarely going above that height, regardless of the diameter of the tree or branch used. In Venezuela, 48% of 71 individuals were caught on the ground and 52% on logs, trees, or houses, and in south-eastern Brazil, they were captured more frequently in understory than on the ground. Densities in French Guiana are 55 ind/km?, with a range of 20-100 ind/km?.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large population;it is tolerant of habitat modification and human presence and occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution. This most recent IUCN assessment was made prior to taxonomic revision that elevated some ofits former subspecies to full species status. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group, butit is unlikely that the status will be altered for Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler et al. (2012), Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Astua (2010), Atramentowicz (1986, 1988), Carvalho et al. (2002), Catzeflis (2012), Charles-Dominique (1983), Charles-Dominigue et al. (1981), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Dadalto &amp; Caldara (2013), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Faria, de Oliveira &amp; Bonvicino (2013), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Grand (1983), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hannibal &amp; Caceres (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Julien-Laferriere (1991), Lambert et al. (2005), Lima (2004), Martinelli &amp; Nogueira (1997), de Muizon &amp; Argot (2003), Palma, A.R.T. (1996), Palma, R.E. &amp; Yates (1996), Paresque et al. (2004), Patton et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2008), Reig et al. (1977), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), Rossi (2005), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Santos et al. (2004), de Souza et al. (1990), Steiner &amp; Catzeflis (2003, 2004), Svartman (2009), Thomas (1911), Voss etal. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF0FFDCFA04155BFBA68E8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF7FFDCFFF31527FC8E87EF.text	F723B76CFFF7FFDCFFF31527FC8E87EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa andersoni (Pine 1972)	<div><p>18.</p><p>Anderson’s Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa andersoni</p><p>French: Opossum dAnderson / German: Andersons Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa de Anderson</p><p>Other common names: Heavy-browed Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa (Stegomarmosa) andersoni Pine, 1972,</p><p>“Hda. [= Hacienda] Villa Carmen, Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Peru (Cusco).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-4— 12:5 cm, tail 17.5-19.3 cm; weight 28-38 g. Dorsal fur of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum is warm reddish-brown; hairs are brownish at their tips. Black eyes are surrounded by prominent black eye-rings that are widest anterior to eyes but do not extend to tip of muzzle. Mid-rostral fur is pale yellowishbrown; there is no mid-rostral stripe. Cheeks and throat are cream-colored. Tail length is ¢.150% of head-body length, and tail has fur on only first 20 mm of its length. Naked rest oftail is bicolored, darker dorsally than ventrally. Ventral fur is yellowishbrown to creamy, entirely with gray-based hair. Fur of mammary region is short, white, and woolly. Otherwise, fur of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum is relatively long and lax. Ears are translucent and gray-brown, appearing naked but sprinkled externally with small shiny brown hairs visible under magnification. Sexual dimorphism is evident; the male holotype possesses a lateral carpal tubercle, lacking in females. Throat gland is apparent in adults of both sexes. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side and an additional medial mamma. Karyotype of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. [Lowland tropical rainforest (all three known locations). Six new specimens of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum collected recently were obtained in undisturbed, primary terra firma forest habitat, characterized by a relatively low abundance of large trees but with canopy higher than 30 m. Fourof these specimens were collected from a bamboo thicket, one was caught inside a bamboo ( Guadua) cane, and one was caught in a trap set on a tree near the forest edge.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. One of the seven known specimens of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum was a female carrying five attached young (measuring 11 mm from crown to rump), collected in August. Juveniles belonging to age class two were collected in November.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. All fourjuveniles collected recently were found climbing around in a single bamboo thicket, probably close to their nest. None of the recently collected specimens was observed or caught more than 3 m above the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Very little is known about extent of occurrence, ecological habits and requirements, or population sizes and trends of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum, because only seven specimens from very close locations are known. There are no apparent major threats. In the one western locality in the Camisea region, natural gasis being extracted, butit is localized. Within the projected distribution of Anderson’s Mouse Opossum, there is not a high rate of deforestation. In the vicinity of the eastern locality, there are threats, including expanding coca cultivation. Anderson’s Mouse Opossum has not been recorded from a protected area, but Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve is located between known capture records.</p><p>Bibliography. Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Lunde &amp; Schutt (1999), Pine (1972), Solari &amp; Pine (2008), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF7FFDCFFF31527FC8E87EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF7FFDDFAF813E4FDA98D07.text	F723B76CFFF7FFDDFAF813E4FDA98D07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa constantiae Thomas 1904	<div><p>20.</p><p>White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa constantiae</p><p>French: Opossum de Constance / German: \WeiRbauch-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa lanuda de vientre claro</p><p>Other common names: Bay-colored Mouse Opossum, Pale-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa constantiae Thomas, 1904,</p><p>“ Chapada,” Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p><p>This species has had subspecies proposed, but they are not included here. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; E Bolivia, SW Brazil (Rondonia, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), and Paraguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 13-4— 18 cm, tail 18:6-22 cm; weight 63-90 g.</p><p>Dorsal fur of the White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum is gray with a slight cast of brownish, yellowish, or medium brown that is brighter on sides of body and extends up to forehead. Yellow fur occurs between broad dark brown or black eye-rings that surround black eyes; rings do not extend to ears. Tail length is c¢.130% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 2 cm. Naked part oftail is brown at base and white on distal one-half to one-third, with a clear division. Ventral furis pinkish to yellow or creamy white, extending from cheeks and chin to anus. Fur is long and woolly, except for rump, whereit is shorter. Ears are dark brown. Females lack a pouch and have 15 mammae, seven on each side, and a medial mamma. The White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with acrocentric X-chromosome and Ychromosome. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Generally humid forests, but in drier biomes within its distribution, preferring subhumid or semi-humid forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. One specimen of the White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum from Jujuy, Argentina had remains of Hemiptera insects and vegetable matter in its stomach. Otherwise, its feeding habits are unknown.</p><p>Breeding. In Bolivia, a female with five young was captured in August, a lactating female was caught in May, and non-reproductive females were collected in July-August. In Argentina, a lactating female was captured in June, and a juvenile was caught in August.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum is arboreal. In south-western Brazil, it was captured only in understory traps but not on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Whitebellied Woolly Mouse Opossums occurin several protected areas, and there is no reason to think that populations have decline rapidly enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. It is still reasonably widely distributed, but it is dependent upon a highly fragile habitat in the fog belt in arid regions. Climatic and land-use changes could quickly result the White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum becoming seriously threatened.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Anderson (1997), Astua (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Flores et al. (2000), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007b), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hannibal &amp; Caceres (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), de la Sancha etal. (2012), Smith (2011), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF7FFDDFAF813E4FDA98D07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF7FFDCFFF41DC8F85A89D3.text	F723B76CFFF7FFDCFFF41DC8F85A89D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa lepida (Thomas 1888)	<div><p>19.</p><p>Rufous Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa lepida</p><p>French: Opossum de Bartlett / German: Fuchsrote Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa rufa</p><p>Other common names: Little Rufous Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys (Micoureus) lepida Thomas, 1888,</p><p>“Peruvian Amazons.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1888 to “Santa Cruz, Huallaga R.,” Loreto, Peru.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E lowlands of Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, W Brazil, E Ecuador, E Peru, and NW Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.7-12 cm, tail 14-15.9 cm; weight 10-18 g. The Rufous Mouse Opossum has bright orange-reddish or chestnut-brown dorsal fur, which is darker on head and slightly paler on body sides. Its black eyes are surrounded by prominent blackish-brown eye-rings that do not reach base of ears, and it lacks any mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is ¢.135% of head-body length, and tail is furred on its proximal 10% and is pale brown with white hairs beneath in its naked part. Ventral fur is creamy white or has a pinkish tint, with variable amounts of gray-based hair, sometimes restricted to sides of chest, abdominal, and inguinal regions, and sometimes present in entire ventral region except for chin, throat, and sometimes chest. It lacks throat gland. Its fur is long and dense, feet are creamy, and ears are short and red-brown. Female Rufous Mouse Opossums lack a pouch and have seven mammae, three on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype is unknown, and there is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland or montane wet tropical forests, and usually from localities with dense forests, at elevations of 45-700 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Rufous Mouse Opossum has a widespread distribution and presumably a large global population, with a lack of major conservation threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Rossi (2005), da Silva et al. (2013), Tate (1933), Thomas (1888a, 1888b), Voss, Gutiérrez et al. (2014), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF7FFDCFFF41DC8F85A89D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF6FFDDFF181C54F76887BF.text	F723B76CFFF6FFDDFF181C54F76887BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa demerarae Thomas 1905	<div><p>22.</p><p>North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa demerarae</p><p>French: Opossum du Demerara / German: Nordostliche Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa lanuda septentrional</p><p>Other common names: Long-furred Woolly Mouse Opossum, Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa demerarae Thomas, 1905,</p><p>“ Comaccka, 80 miles up Demerara River,” Upper Demerara-Berbice, Guyana.</p><p>A revision of M. demerarae using modern techniques may change the status of subspecies. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>M.d.demeraraeThomas,1905—GuianaShieldlowlands.</p><p>M.d.areniticolaTate,1931—SEVenezuela(MtRoraima,Bolivar).</p><p>M.d.dominaThomas,1920—AmazonBasinofBrazil(ParaStoBahiaandWtoMatoGrosso,Rondonia,Acre,andAmazonas),EPeru,andNBolivia.</p><p>M.d.esmeraldaeTate,1931—Venezuela(Amazonas).</p><p>M. d. meridae Tate, 1931 — inter-Andean valleys and adjacent lowlands of Colombia and Venezuela.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 15.2-21 cm, tail 19.5-27 cm; weight 62-130 g. Backs and body sides of the North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum are smoky gray-brown with pale yellowish or buff wash. Black eyes are surrounded by dark eye-rings that extend slightly toward nose, and cheeks are pale orange. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail is thickly furred on proximal 3-5 cm. Naked part oftail is gray-brown with a whitish tip. Fur is long, soft, and woolly. Ventral fur is yellowish, orange, or gray with an orange wash on throat and inguinal regions, flanked by broad stripes of gray-based hairs from upper chest to abdominal region. Gray-based stripes usually meet along mid-ventral region. In Pantanal populations of North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums, a color change has been reported, with ventral fur changing from salmon pink or orange to creamy in May-June; it is thought that this may reflect changes in diet when species of Miconia (Melastomataceae) and Eugenia (Myrtaceae), flowering plants, are more abundant. Feet are yellowish, and ears are brown and naked. Females lack a pouch and have eleven mammae, five on each side and a medial mamma. The North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes and with a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. Karyotype with 2n = 14 and FN = 20 is also reported, with acrocentric Xand Y-chromosomes. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical humid forests at elevations below 1200 m. North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums is often present and relatively abundant in second growth and disturbed habitats and plantations, yards, and orchards, but it also occurs in primary forests, swampy forests, and mangroves.</p><p>Food and Feeding. In French Guiana, the North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum feeds on fruit pulp, nectar, and animal food items. Fruits consumed include Ficus (Moraceae), Inga (Fabaceae), Simarouba (Simaroubaceae), Henriettea (Melastomataceae), and Virola (Myristicaceae) . In mangroves in northern Brazil, it consumed Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera, along with fruits ( Arecaceae and Passifloraceae).</p><p>Breeding. Captive female North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums make unstructured nests with paperstrips, using their tails or mouths to carry strips. In captivity, a mother will gather young that have detached from her; she pushes young under her belly with her snout and forepaws, and young then roll on their backs, grasp her fur, and start searching for available mammae. A litter of seven young was found in the western Amazon Basin, and another with nine young was reported from Suriname. In French Guiana, mean litter size is 6-2 young, with litters of up to eleven young. In the Pantanal, litter sizes varied from nine to eleven young, and in central Brazil, they ranged from six to eleven young. Reproductively active females (with attached young or lactating) were captured in February—April (rainy season) and September—November (dry season) in western Brazilian Amazon and June—-November in central Brazil. In the Brazilian Pantanal, breeding females were found in September—-May, and the breeding season seemed to start with the wet season.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is usually considered highly arboreal, foraging most of the time in upper layers of forested habitats, but it may forage equally on the ground in some sites. In a study in Paracou, French Guiana, it was captured equally often on the ground and above ground level, but other surveys at the same location reported most captures were at 1-17 m above the ground on lianas or in trees. In anothersite in French Guiana, it used all strata from the ground to 25 m but occurred most frequently at 5-10 m. It showed no preference for support diameter, climbing fast andjumping from branch to branch. Specimens of the North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum from different localities in Venezuela were captured in equal proportions in trees and vines and on the ground; in central Brazil, it was captured more frequently on the ground. Densities in French Guiana and Venezuela were 25-100 ind/km?®. North-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums are solitary and do not tolerate conspecifics. In the Brazilian Pantanal, a recently released, fleeing individual tried to hide in an already occupied den; typical agonistic behavior ensued, the newcomer went away, and the den remained with the previous occupant.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northeastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is widely distributed, its populations are presumably large, it shows some tolerance for habitat modification, and it occurs in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler et al. (2012), Andrade et al. (2007), Aragona &amp; Marinho-Filho (2009), Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Astua (2010), Atramentowicz (1986), Beach (1939), Bonvicino et al. (2005), Charles-Dominique et al. (1981), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Dias et al. (2010), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fernandes et al. (2006), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007b), Grand (1983), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Handley (1976), Herrera (2010), de Muizon &amp; Argot (2003), O'Connell (1979), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Reig et al. (1977), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), de la Sancha et al. (2012), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), da Silva &amp; Patton (1998), de Souza et al. (1990), Steiner &amp; Catzeflis (2004), Voss, Gutiérrez et al. (2014), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF6FFDDFF181C54F76887BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF6FFDDFF1817B5FBEF8665.text	F723B76CFFF6FFDDFF1817B5FBEF8665.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa regina Thomas 1898	<div><p>21.</p><p>Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa regina</p><p>French: Opossum royal / German: Nacktschwanz-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa lanuda de cola desnuda</p><p>Other common names: Short-furred Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa regina Thomas 1898,</p><p>“ W. Cundinamarca (Bogota Region),” Colombia.</p><p>A revision of M. regina using modern techniques may change the status of subspecies. Three subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>M.r.reginaThomas,1898—EColombia,ontheAndeanslopesandadjacentlowlands.</p><p>M.r.germanaThomas,1904—EEcuador,fromtheRioNapodrainageSalonglowerAndeanfoothillsandadjacentlowlandstoEPeru,Bolivia,andtheWAmazonBasinofBrazil.</p><p>M. r. rapposa Thomas, 1899 — Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia, from mid-elevation (1000- 2500 m) forests of the E Andes to adjacent lowlands.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 14-:2-19.8 cm, tail 23.8-29.4 cm; weight 76-164 g. The Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum has brown dorsal and lateral fur, tinged with orange, yellow, or pink, and black eyes are surrounded by narrow and indistinct eyerings. Cheeks and chin are orange, pinkish, or buff. Tail length is ¢.140% of headbody length, and tail has fur on proximal 3 cm or less. Naked part of tail is brown, sometimes mottled with white near tip. Ventral fur is bright orange to buff from chin and cheeks to groin, flanked by gray-based hairs only in lower chest and abdominal regions. Fur is woolly and long, measuring ¢.10 mm on dorsum. Ears are brown. Females lack a pouch. The Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of large biarmed and two pairs of medium acrocentric autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome and a very small biarmed Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Humid tropical forests and second-growth and disturbed forests along Andean slopes and adjacent lowlands. In the western Brazilian Amazon, the Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum has been collected in white-water inundated forest or varzea (true varzea and quasi-varzea) and terra firma habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information for this species, but it probably feeds on insects and fruits.</p><p>Breeding. In the western Brazilian Amazon, reproductive female Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossums were captured in February, September, October, and November during dry and wet seasons, thus suggesting that they can breed all year long. Number of young perlitter varied from six to eight. Females with attached young have been captured in July-August in Amazonas, Peru.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossums are highly arboreal. Specimens are usually captured in canopy traps at heights of 5-10 m or are shot while in trees at heights of 2 m or more.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Baretailed Woolly Mouse Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large population. It occurs in a number of protected areas, and it is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Diaz (2014), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007b), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), de la Sancha et al. (2012), da Silva &amp; Patton (1998), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF6FFDDFF1817B5FBEF8665	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF6FFDEFA051A38FE458981.text	F723B76CFFF6FFDEFA051A38FE458981.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa alstoni (J. A. Allen 1900)	<div><p>23.</p><p>Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa alstoni</p><p>French: Opossum dAlston / German: Alstons Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa lanuda de Alston</p><p>Other common names: Alston's Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Caluromys alstoniJ. A. Allen, 1900,</p><p>“ Tres Rios,” Cartago, Costa Rica .</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Lowlands from Belize to NW Colombia (Choco).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 15.5-18 cm, tail 25-28.1 cm; 60-150 g. Dorsal fur of Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum is medium brown, and prominent eye-rings are present. Tail length is ¢.155% of headbody length, and tail has fur on proximal 3-5 cm. Naked part of tail is brown on proximal one-half and white or mottled on the distal one-half. Ventral fur is gray-based buffy to orange. Fur is long and woolly. Feet are pale grayish. Females lack a pouch; they have nine or eleven mammae, four or five on each side, and a medial mamma. Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. There is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. [Lowland tropical forested habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum consists of fruit, flower parts, bird eggs, small vertebrates, and insects.</p><p>Breeding. Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum builds unstructured nests in palms and vine tangles, mostly composed of green leaves. A litter of eleven young has been recorded. Its breeding season is unknown, but juveniles were collected in June, August, and October.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Alston’s Woolly Mouse Opossum occurs in large protected areas and appears to tolerate disturbed habitat.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Diaz &amp; Gémez-Laverde (2007), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007b), Lambert, T.D. et al. (2011), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Reid (2009), Reig et al. (1977), de la Sancha et al. (2012), Svartman (2009), Tate (1933), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF6FFDEFA051A38FE458981	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF5FFDFFFCF1039FED08EA8.text	F723B76CFFF5FFDFFFCF1039FED08EA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa paraguayana (Tate 1931)	<div><p>24.</p><p>South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa paraguayana</p><p>French: Opossum du Paraguay / German: Stdostliche Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa lanuda meridional</p><p>Other common names: Long-furred Woolly Mouse Opossum, Tate's Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa cinerea paraguayana Tate, 1931,</p><p>“ Villa Rica,” Guaira, Paraguay.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Brazil, from S Bahia S to Rio Grande do Sul, to N Argentina (Misiones), and E Paraguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-20 cm, tail 15-26 cm; weight 56-230 g. Dorsal fur of the South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is uniformly grayish, with no or very little brownish tinge. Fur on head transitions to buffy to orange between eyes and up to nose. Eye-rings around black eyes are not very marked, do not reach base of ears, and barely reach nose. Tail length is c.125% of head—body length, and tail has fur on proximal 30 mm or more. Naked part of tail is brown, with white on distal one-third or mottled white on distal end. Ventral fur is buffy to orange, in a narrow median stripe from cheeks and chin to inguinal region, flanked by gray-based hairs. Furis long, soft, and woolly. Feet are pale brown to pinkish, and ears are round and brownish-pink. Females lack a pouch and have eleven mammae, five on each side and a medial mamma. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape. The South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes and acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome; a FN = 20 has also been reported.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, both in continuous areas and fragmented landscape. The South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is able to move between fragments across the surrounding matrix, although this rarely happens. It also occurs in exotic Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) plantations when a native understory is preserved. In southern Brazil, highest capture rates of South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums were in the most deforested areas and areas without a developed understory.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is well studied compared with that of most other species of opossums. In the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil, arthropods were present in more than 80% of the fecal samples analyzed, followed by fruits in 40% of feces. Arthropods constituted 80% of total volume, and fruits the remaining 20%. In subsequent studies in forest fragments in south-eastern Brazil, arthropods were recorded in 100% of fecal samples analyzed, and seeds were present in 58% of them. Arthropods most frequently consumed included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (ants), Lepidoptera larvae, Orthoptera, Arachnida, Hemiptera, Blattodea, and Isopoda, along with seeds of Piper (Piperaceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), and Passiflora (Passifloraceae) . In another Atlantic Forest site, five species of Araceae were consumed and most probably dispersed ( Philodendron corcovadense, P. appendiculatum, P. exymium, P. crassinervium, and Anthurium harrisii). In the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, its diet also included birds and Opiliones, in addition to the most frequently consumed Blattodea, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera; seeds of Cecropia and Piper were also frequently recovered. In the cerrado, 90% of feces contained arthropods, including Coleoptera, Arachnida, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera, and 45% contained fruit seeds of Tapirira (Anacardiaceae), Clidemia and Miconia (both Melastomataceae), Myrcia (Myrtaceae), and Amaioua and Psychotria (both Rubiaceae). Feathers and flowers were also retrieved in fecal samples. Even didelphid remains were found in feces of young South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums. In a cerrado area in south-eastern Brazil, the South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum showed seasonal shifts in dietary composition; there was a wider trophic niche for the whole population in the dry season than in the wet season as individual food preferences shifted. South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums are also important dispersers of several seeds of riparian forest species in the Brazilian cerrado. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items, resulted in 2-3 g of proteins, 8-1 g of carbohydrates, 0-63 g oflipids, and 2-8% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. In south-eastern Brazil, South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums make nests preferentially in spiny palms ( Astrocaryum aculeatissimum, Arecaceae), where the petiole is attached to the trunk, probably because dead leaves naturally collect there. These dens were located at heights of c.4-5 m. Additional dens were also found at c.10 m tree cavities and hollows, palms, and tangled lianas. Other nests were found in bromeliads, termite nests, and tree hollows. The South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum also used artificial nest boxes in an Atlantic Forest reserve. Males and females used nest boxes (which are thus used as dens and nests), but only a single female out of ten found in these nest boxes had lactating young; this female had ten young. In south-eastern Brazil, females reach sexual maturity at ¢.6 months of age, and breeding is highly seasonal. Reproductive females have been found only in the wet season in October—May, and their presence was directly related to rainfall in that month. One or two litters, depending on the year, were recorded. Litter sizes varied from six to eleven (the number of mammae) young. Their mating system is probably promiscuous, as inferred by structure of their territorial behavior. As in some other species in the genus, female South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums retrieve detached young when they call out with a distinct chirp.</p><p>Activity patterns. South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums are nocturnal, with an activity peak right after sunset and a gradual decrease in activity into the night.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum is highly arboreal, as revealed by its morphology, locomotion, and capture data in several communities. They move relatively faster than larger species of opossums on horizontal supports and jump easily across gaps, leaping long distances. Nevertheless, they may use both canopy and understory, depending on the site and its vegetation structures, and they may occasionally forage on the ground. In almost all studies of small mammal communities where the South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum occurs, it was captured exclusively or almost exclusively in arboreal traps, and more frequently in traps 3-12 m above ground level. Individuals tracked with spooland-line revealed that ground activity was infrequent and that all nests and dens were located above the ground. In some sites, canopy was preferred, and in others, the lower stratum was more used. Differences in use of the vertical component of the habitat were also seen; females explored the vertical axis of the forest more than males did. Use of the ground was apparently influenced by habitat characteristics, including arboreal cover and ground vegetation. Not only can South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums occasionally forage on the ground, but they can even use the ground level, if necessary, to move between forested fragments separated by low vegetation. Although such events were rare, individual Southern Woolly Mouse Opossums were recorded covering distances of ¢.300 m and even consuming fruits present exclusively in the matrix. In fact, their perceptual range, or the maximum distance at which a landscape element can be detected, is 100 m, based on abilities of individuals released in a grass matrix to detect and head for forest fragments from which they had been removed. Estimates of distances traveled by South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums using trapping grids were 300-350 m but varied more widely, 34-1140 m, when estimates were based on radio-telemetry data. Likewise, home ranges estimates were, depending on the study, 0-1-2-5 ha, 0-2-1-8 ha, and 0-8-1-7 ha—all from the same area in south-eastern Brazil using trapping grids. Much larger home ranges were, however, estimated using radio-telemetry in the same or nearby area: 5-4-24-2 ha for males and 0-3-10-7 ha for females. As in several opossum species, male South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossums have much larger home ranges than females, and home ranges of males frequently overlap those of several females and even those of other males. Density in southern Brazil is 110 ind/km?, In south-eastern Brazil, densities were 75-275 ind/km? in one study and 60-371 ind/km?, with an average of 175 ind/km?, in another study.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The South-eastern Woolly Mouse Opossum has a wide distribution, occurs in several protected areas, and is tolerant of habitat modification. Nevertheless, there is habitat loss due to agriculture and urbanization in much of its distribution. This is probably one of the few species of opossums with enough demographic data, obtained from a series of long-term population studies in south-eastern Brazil, to allow population viability analyses. These analyses indicate that several of these populations will not be viable over the next 100 years with the present movement of migrants across fragments and that levels of connectivity and number of migrants per generation necessary to maintain that metapopulation for 100 years are much higher than those actually observed.</p><p>Bibliography. Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2003), Barros et al. (2008), Brito (2009, 2012), Brito &amp; Fernandez (2000, 2002), Brito &amp; da Fonseca (2006, 2007), Brito &amp; Grelle (2004), Caceres et al. (2002), Cantor et al. (2013), Carvalho, Fernandez &amp; Nessimian (2005), Carvalho, Pinheiro et al. (1999), Casella (2011), Casella &amp; Caceres (2006), Cooper et al. (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007b), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b), Dias etal. (2010), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), da Fonseca &amp; Kierulff (1989), Forero-Medina &amp; Vieira (2009), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007b), Goulart et al. (2006), Graipel et al. (2006), Grelle (2003), Gutiérrez et al. (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Leite, Costa &amp; Stallings (1996), Leite, Stallings &amp; Costa (1994), Lessa &amp; Costa (2010), Lessa et al. (2013), Lira et al. (2007), Loretto &amp; Vieira (2011), Martinelli &amp; Nogueira (1997), Miles et al. (1981), Moraes &amp; Chiarello (2005a, 2005b), Oliveira-Santos et al. (2008), Paresque et al. (2004), Passamani (1995, 2000), Passamani &amp; Fernandez (2011b), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pereira et al. (2008), Pinheiro et al. (2002), Pires &amp; Fernandez (1999), Pires, Fernandez &amp; de Freitas (1999), Pires, Lira et al. (2002), Pires, Martins, Araujo et al. (2013), Pires, Martins, Cruz et al. (2010), Prevedello, Forero-Medina &amp; Vieira (2010), Prevedello, Rodrigues &amp; Monteiro-Filho (2009), Quental et al. (2001), Quintal et al. (2011), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), de la Sancha (2014), de la Sancha et al. (2012), Smith (2009b), Stallings (1988), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1999), Talamoni &amp; Dias (1999), Tate (1933), Vieira &amp; Izar (1999), Vieira &amp; Monteiro-Filho (2003), Voss et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF5FFDFFFCF1039FED08EA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFF4FFDFFF071511F9118978.text	F723B76CFFF4FFDFFF071511F9118978.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosa phaea Thomas 1899	<div><p>25.</p><p>Little Woolly Mouse Opossum</p><p>Marmosa phaea</p><p>French: Opossum de Hopke / German: Kleine Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa lanuda pequena</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa phaea Thomas, 1899,</p><p>“ San Pablo,” Narino, Colombia .</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Colombia to SW Ecuador, on the W slopes of the Andes; also possibly in NW Peru (Tumbes) where not fully confirmed.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 121-17 cm, tail 15.3-23.6 cm; weight 63 g. The Little Woolly Mouse Opossum has warm brown dorsal and lateral fur, narrow and indistinct eye-rings surrounding its black eyes, and buff chin and cheeks. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 2 cm or less. Naked part oftail is brown, occasionally mottled with white on tip. Ventral fur is buff or pale orange, graybased; overall, fur is short. Ears are brown. Female Little Woolly Mouse Opossums lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side, and a central mamma. Karyotype is unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Humid evergreen lowland and montane forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information for this species, but based on diets of other species in the genus, the Little Woolly Mouse Opossum probably feeds on insects and fruits.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information forthis species, but the Little Woolly Mouse Opossum is likely nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. One specimen was taken from a hole in a tree limb about 3 m above and over water.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. This classification is warranted because the current known distribution of the Little Woolly Mouse Opossum is severely fragmented, and a continuing decline in the area of occupancy is inferred from rates of habitat conversion to agriculture and human settlement. As a consequence, a population decline estimated to be more than 30% could occur over the next ten years. The southern part of its distribution has little protection, outside of Tumbes National Reserve in Peru. The northern part ofits distribution is severely fragmented by agriculture and human settlements.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007b), Hershkovitz (1992a), Voss etal. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFF4FFDFFF071511F9118978	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE9FFC2FFF217A4F7B9883A.text	F723B76CFFE9FFC2FFF217A4F7B9883A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tlacuatzin canescens (J. A. Allen 1893)	<div><p>26.</p><p>Tlacuatzin</p><p>Tlacuatzin canescens</p><p>French: Opossum cendré / German: Graue Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Ticuachin</p><p>Other common names: Gray Mouse Opossum, Grayish Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis (Micoureus) canescens J. A. Allen, 1893,</p><p>“ Santo Domingo de Guzman, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, [Oaxaca], Mexico ”</p><p>Recent opossum classifications consider this species to be monotypic, with the subspecies representing synonyms. Two of the subspecies fall within the range of the nominal subspecies, but their validity needs to be properly assessed. Four species recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>T:c.canescens].A.Allen,1893—WMexico,fromSSonoratoOaxaca,andintheYucatanPeninsula;possiblyalsoinNWGuatemala.</p><p>T.c.insularisMerriam,1898—IslasMarias,Nayarit,Mexico.</p><p>T.c.oaxacaeMerriam,1897—knownonlyfromthetypelocality,“CityofOaxaca,”vicinityofOaxacadeJuarez,probablynearslopesoftheCerroSanFelipe,Oaxaca,Mexico.</p><p>T: c. sinaloaeJ. A. Allen, 1898 — known only from the type locality, Tatamales, Sinaloa, Mexico.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11-16 cm, tail 10.5-16.7 cm; weight 30-70 g. The Tlacuatzin has pale gray or grayish-brown dorsal fur, which continues on head and mid-rostral region where it becomes progressively paler. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Dark eye-rings around black eyes do not reach ears or nose. Tail length is about the same as head-body length, and tail has fur on its proximal one-tenth (10-15 mm) or less. Naked part oftail is grayish, sometimesslightly paler ventrally or with a whitish tip. Ventral fur is whitish, creamy or buffy, extending to legs, and throat gland is absent. Fur varies from soft, short, dense, and crisp to quite long and slightly woolly. Feet are gray or yellow-white, and carpal tubercles are present in adult males. Ears are broad, relatively rounded, naked, and blackish. Postpartum molt has been recorded. Female Tlacuatzins lack a pouch and have nine or eleven mammae, with four or five on each side, and a medial mamma. The Tlacuatzin is unique in being the only small opossum with a 2n = 22 karyotype. Itis unique also because all autosomes are acrocentric, the Xchromosome is a small acrocentric and the Y-chromosome is a very small and biarmed. There is no sexual dimorphism in its skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical and semi-deciduous dry forests along the Pacific coast of Mexico from sea level to elevations of 2100 m (most of the region is below 1000 m). The Tlacuatzin occurs in evergreen and deciduous forests, scrublands, savanna-like grasslands, secondary forests, and cultivated areas such as croplands and orchards, generally characterized by dry-wet seasonality with rainfall concentrated in July-October.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Tlacuatzin is mainly invertebrates, particularly arthropods such as Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. It also eats vertebrates such as geckos and bird eggs (one specimen was spotted foraging inside birds’ nests). It also feeds on blooming flowers of Stenocereus queretaroensis, an endemic cactus, and fruits of wild fig trees.</p><p>Breeding. Tlacuatzins make nests in a great variety of locations. Apart from the usual locations such as tree hollows, under rocks, fallen logs, trees, and shrubs, they also build nests in cacti and abandoned hanging birds’ nests, such as those built by banded wrens (Thryothorus pleurostictus), white-bellied wrens (Uropsila leucogastra), and orioles (Icterus sp.). Nests are always located above the ground at heights varying from 70 cm to 5 m. Nests are very similar to those of other species of opossums; they are spherical, built with leaves and stems, and lined with grasses and “hairy” plant fibers of Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae) and similar species. Breeding of Tlacuatzins occurs all year long. Females with young or lactating have been captured in July-December and juveniles in February-September. Reported litter sizes are 8-14 young, with an average of eleven young. Mating behavior of the Tlacuatzin has been observed in the wild. The male approached the female and engaged in nose-to-nose contact at entrance to her nest, which contained her offspring. Both adults hissed loudly for c.3 minutes, and then they left the nest entrance for a nearby branch c.1-8 m above the ground. Both grabbed the branch with their tails and hung suspended from it while the male grabbed the female around her shoulders with his forelimbs, bit her on her neck, and grabbed her hindlegs with his hindlimbs. Three intromissions occurred, lasting c.2 minutes each. Shortly after the last penetration, the female bit the male, both hissed, and they fell onto the ground. They separated and climbed back up the tree. The female returned to her nest and her offspring, and the male groomed his genital area.</p><p>Activity patterns. Tlacuatzins are reported to be nocturnal, but no precise information on activity patterns is available. Some individuals were caught by hand while foraging at night in Maria Madre Island, but observations of a pair mating in the wild were made at 18:30 h before sunset.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Tlacuatzins are probably scansorial or arboreal because they mate and nest in trees. Nests are always located above the ground, and Tlacuatzins are more frequently captured in traps set above the ground (76-6-85-7% of the time in two different studies). Densities were 40-450 ind/km? in Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve in Jalisco and 67-800 ind/km?® in different location in Colima. Average distances traveled in two different sites were 33-2 m and 35-2 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Tlacuatzin has a wide distribution, presumably a large population, and occurs in a number of protected areas. Nevertheless, its primary habitat of deciduous forest is being deforested. Although as a whole the Tlacuatzin does not seem at risk,it has been suggested that island populations, particularly of the subspecies insularis, might be at greater risk because they are now rare and might have been affected by introduction of the Roof Rat (Rattus rattus).</p><p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Jones (1971), Astua (2010), Ceballos (1990), Engstrom &amp; Gardner (1988), Her shkovitz (1992a), Ibarra-Cerdena et al. (2007), Kennedy et al. (2013), Svartman (2009), Valtierra-Azotla &amp; Garcia (1998), Voss &amp; Jansa (2003, 2009), Wilson (1991), Zarza et al. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE9FFC2FFF217A4F7B9883A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE9FFC3FAFC1376FEE58DF9.text	F723B76CFFE9FFC3FAFC1376FEE58DF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis adusta (Thomas 1897)	<div><p>27.</p><p>Sepia Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis adusta</p><p>French: Opossum bistre / German: Braune Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto andino</p><p>Other common names: Andean Short-tailed Opossum, Cloudy Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Peramys adustus Thomas, 1897,</p><p>“ W. Cundinamarca, in the low-lying regions,” Colombia .</p><p>Previously considered to include M. peruviana but it 1s now considered a distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Panama (E Darién), Colombia, SW Venezuela (Andes in Mérida and Tachira), E Ecuador, and N Peru.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 8.4-11.4 cm, tail 5.6-7 cm; weight 15-35 g.</p><p>Dorsal fur of the Sepia Short-tailed Opossum is brownish to dark brown, with a darker area on rump and posterior dorsum that is not clearly separated from remaining fur. Head is similarly colored, without a mid-rostral stripe or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.60% of head-body length, and tail is naked and uniformly colored dark brown to blackish. Ventral and throat fur is conspicuously paler than that of dorsum, dark gray or orange gray, sometimes with a mid-ventral cream or white stripe, which may or may not be conspicuous. Fur is short (3 mm) and velvety. Feet are fuscous, blackish or dark brown, and ears are naked and colored dark brown-gray. Female Sepia Short-tailed Opossums lack a pouch, but number of mammae and karyotype are unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Mostly montane, most frequently found in mid-elevations forests (1400-2200 m) but also as low as 200 m in rainforest, floodplain forest, or wet grassland habitats. Sepia Short-tailed Opossums have been trapped in transition areas between humid cloud and rainforests, and more specifically under rocks or logs, near riverbanks, and in association with cultivated land (banana, yucca, and maize), pastures, and even inside houses.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The little information available on stomach contents of a few Sepia Short-tailed Opossums indicates a diet of insects, specifically adults and larvae of beetles, but a small frog and vegetation have also been found in stomachs.</p><p>Breeding. Sepia Short-tailed Opossums have been reported to den in tree holes. A female trapped in August had four suckling young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but Sepia Shorttailed Opossums are likely nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sepia Short-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large population; it occurs in several protected areas and has some degree of tolerance for habitat modification. Overall population of the Sepia Short-tailed Opossum is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for IUCN classification in a threatened category.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Diaz (2014), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Hice (2001), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Solari (2004, 2007), Vargas et al. (2003), Ventura et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE9FFC3FAFC1376FEE58DF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE8FFC3FF1A17FFFEC884CC.text	F723B76CFFE8FFC3FF1A17FFFEC884CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis Burnett 1830	<div><p>28.</p><p>Reig’s Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis reig</p><p>French: Opossum de Reig / German: Reigs Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Reig</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis reigi Lew &amp; Pérez- Hernandez, 2004,</p><p>“ carretera El Dorado- Santa Elena, km 134, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela, 1300m.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Venezuela (Sierra de Lema, Bolivar) and W Guyana (Mt Ayanganna, Potaro-Siparuni Region). Descriptive notes Head—body 12-1 cm, tail 7-4 cm. Measurements from the holotype, the only known adult, but weight was not reported. Specimens of Reig’s Opossum from Guyana weighed 19 g, but they were subadults. Dorsal fur is uniformly dark brown, darker on rump and slightly darker or more reddish on head and neck. There are no mid-rostral stripe or eye-rings. Tail length is c.60% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 5 mm, and naked rest of tail is blackish-brown. Ventral fur is predominately gray, very similar to dorsal fur, and thus does not contrast with it. Fur is short (4-5 mm). Feet are blackish or dark brown, and ears are short and black and appear naked. Female Reig’s Opossums probably lack a pouch, but number of mammae has not been reported. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Highland regions of the Guiana Shield, particularly in wet montane habitats of the Guiana Highlands, associated with tepui mountains. The holotype of Reig’s Opossum was collected in an area dominated by montane evergreen forest, with a relatively open understory and a high abundance of epiphytes. Specimens were collected at 1440 m (holotype) and at 1100 m and 2050 m. Guyana specimens were collected in a semi-inundated forest, on sandy soil on the first plateau of Mt. Ayanganna, and in a tepui bog and scrub vegetation on the summit of Mt. Ayanganna.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. One of the Guyana specimens of Reig’s Opossum was collected in a pitfall trap, suggesting a ground-based habit.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Reig’s Opossum is known only from two localities. One of these is found in Canaima National Park, Venezuela (type locality), but itis argued that Reig’s Opossum is under some risk due to human activities in and around the park, such as fires and selective logging. Within its Venezuelan distribution, a major international road, high-voltage power lines, and tourist activity represent potential disturbances in Canaima National Park, all the way to the border with Brazil. Gold and diamond mining also occur in the area, although only at lower elevations near the park’s boundary.</p><p>Bibliography. Lew &amp; Pérez-Hernandez (2004), Lim et al. (2010), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Solari (2007), Ventura et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE8FFC3FF1A17FFFEC884CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE8FFC3FF1A1EEDF9268E9B.text	F723B76CFFE8FFC3FF1A1EEDF9268E9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis handleyi Solari 2007	<div><p>29.</p><p>Handley’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis handleyi</p><p>French: Opossum du Loreto / German: Handleys Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Handley</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis handleyi Solari, 2007,</p><p>“ Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera, 2-8 km E ofJenaro Herrera,” Requena, Loreto, Peru.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Peru (between the Ucayali and Javary rivers in Requena, Loreto).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-4 cm, tail 6-8 cm (holotype); or head-body 12-3 cm, tail 6-9 cm (mean of five additional paratypes); weight 45-5-65 g. Dorsal fur of Handley’s Short-tailed Opossum is brownish, composed of gray-based buffy or brown hairs, and lacks any marked dorsal stripe or reddish or yellowish color on sides of body, although a faint darker midline is visible on only the holotype. Brownish fur extends onto head, which has no mid-rostralstripe or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.55% of head-body length, and tail has fur on less than 5 mm dorsally and 8-10 mm ventrally. Naked part oftail is uncolored dark fuscous. Ventral fur is dull cream from chin to anus, with a conspicuous paler mid-ventral stripe that is wider on abdominal region. Fur is less than 5 mm. Feet are brownish. Female Handley’s Short-tailed Opossums probably lack a pouch, but no females have been collected, so number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Swampy and well-drained forests bordering primary and secondary forests, usually with some degree of disturbance (selective logging and exploitation), in areas with canopies of 25-30 m and dense understories with abundant palms.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on collecting information available from existing specimens, Handley’s Short-tailed Opossum is ground dwelling, having been trapped in snap traps set on the ground or in pitfall traps.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Handley’s Short-tailed Opossum occurs in less than 20,000 km? and possible decline in its habitat appears to be sufficient to qualify it for a Vulnerable classification in the future. Because Handley’s Short-tailed Opossum is known from only a few specimens, further research is needed adequately qualify and quantify its population status and possible impacts of habitat degradation. Selective logging and exploitation in its extremely reduced distribution probably threaten Handley’s Short-tailed Opossum; as it only has been recorded in the Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera protected area.</p><p>Bibliography. Solari (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE8FFC3FF1A1EEDF9268E9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE8FFC3FA06155DF86D846E.text	F723B76CFFE8FFC3FA06155DF86D846E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis osgoodi (Doutt 1938)	<div><p>30.</p><p>Osgood’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis osgoodi</p><p>French: Opossum d'Osgood / German: Osgoods Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Osgood</p><p>Other common names: Highland Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis peruvianus osgoodi Doutt, 1938,</p><p>“ Incachaca, Department of Cochabamba, Bolivia; altitude 2600 meters.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Andean slopes of SE Peru and W Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 6.6-2 cm, tail 9.4-9.6 cm; weight 18-29 g. Dorsal fur of Osgood’s Short-tailed Opossum is cinnamon brown or gray-brown, and ventral fur is mostly gray with pale brown hues, contrasting with body sides. Females probably lack a pouch, and number of mammae is unknown. Karyotypeis also unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Only montane forests at elevations of 1900-3200 m. There are no records of Osgood’s Short-tailed Opossum from secondary forests or outside of forest habitat.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Osgood’s Short-tailed Opossum is seldom recorded and little is known of biology and behavior,its distribution is considered to be relatively wide, and it is thought to be tolerant of human disturbance. Forest in much ofits distribution is under protection in Peru and Bolivia, although there is localized forest loss.</p><p>Bibliography. Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Lew &amp; Pérez-Hernandez (2004), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Solari (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE8FFC3FA06155DF86D846E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE8FFC3FA061E48F72980B2.text	F723B76CFFE8FFC3FA061E48F72980B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis peruviana (Osgood 1913)	<div><p>31.</p><p>Peruvian Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis peruviana</p><p>French: Opossum du Pérou / German: Peru-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Peru</p><p>Taxonomy. Peramys peruvianus Osgood, 1913,</p><p>“ Moyobamba,” San Martin, Peru.</p><p>This species was formerly considered a subspecies of M. adusta, but it is now considered a separate species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Andes in C &amp; S Peru and W Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9:6 cm (males and females), tail 5-6 cm (males) and 5-8 cm (females); weight 24-30 g. Dorsal fur of the Peruvian Short-tailed Opossum is uniformly chocolate brown, with no darkening on rump. Ventral fur is pale buff from throat to abdominal region, and chin is brownish-drab. Tail lacks fur. Its body fur is 4-5 mm and dense. Feet, arms, and legs are slightly darker than body. Females probably lack a pouch, but number of mammae has not been reported. Karyotype of the Peruvian Short-tailed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Peruvian Short-tailed Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Osgood (1913), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Solari (2004, 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE8FFC3FA061E48F72980B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE8FFC4FA061B02FD288A3D.text	F723B76CFFE8FFC4FA061B02FD288A3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis ronaldi Solari 2004	<div><p>32.</p><p>Pine’s Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis ronaldi</p><p>French: Opossum de Pine / German: Pines Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Ronald</p><p>Other common names: Ronald's Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis ronaldi Solari, 2004,</p><p>“ Pakitza, Manu Reserved Zone, Department of Madre de Dios, South-easterPeru,”</p><p>This species is known from a single specimen. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Peru (Madre de Dios), on the left bank of the Madre de Dios River Basin.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 14-1 cm, tail 7-2 cm; weight 70 g. Dorsal and head fur of Pine’s Opossum is uniformly brownish to pale sepia, with no dorsal stripes, no reddish or yellowish color on body sides, and no mid-rostral stripe or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.51% of head-body length, and tail has fur on its proximal 5 mm at most. Naked rest oftail is pale fuscous dorsally, with fine whitish hairs on ventral surface. Ventral fur is creamy buff, with no mid-ventral cream or whitish stripe, and there is a small patch of gray-based hairs on abdominal region. Fur is 3-4 mm and velvety. Feet are pale buffy and silver. Female Pine’s Opossums probably lack a pouch, as do all other short-tailed opossums, but the only known specimen is a male, and therefore there is no information on number of mammae. Karyotype of Pine’s Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland (356 m) humid mixed forest with cane thickets (based on only one specimen).</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. This assessment is based on the fact that although Pine’s Opossum is known only from the holotype, it is likely to be found in a wider area. Known locality is within a protected area (Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve), and other potential distributional areas are not under high conservation threat.</p><p>Bibliography. Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Solari (2004, 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE8FFC4FA061B02FD288A3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEFFFC4FAF3144AFA268543.text	F723B76CFFEFFFC4FAF3144AFA268543.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis brevicaudata (Erxleben 1777)	<div><p>34.</p><p>Guyanan Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis brevicaudata</p><p>French: Opossum a pattes rouges / German: Guiana-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Guyana</p><p>Other common names: Northern Red-sided Opossum, Red-legged Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis brevicaudata Erxleben, 1777,</p><p>“in Americae australis silvis.”</p><p>Restricted by P. Matschie in 1916 to “Suriname” and by R. S. Voss, D. P. Lunde, and N. B. Simmons in 2001 to “Kartabo, Cuyuni-Mazaruni District, Guyana.” This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Venezuela (S of the Orinoco River), N Guyana, and NW Brazil (N of the Rio Negro and W of the Rio Branco).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 14:3-17 cm (males) and 12:8-16.1 cm (females), tail 6.4-9.7 cm (males) and 7.1-8.7 cm (females); weight 70-127 g (males) and 50-81 g (females). Mid-dorsal fur of the Guyanan Short-tailed Opossum is usually brownish or grayish, sometimes appearing slightly grizzled. There is some variation in pelage color throughout its distribution. Some individuals have reddish-brown dorsal fur, similar to color of sides of body. Sides of head are reddish, and there is often a narrow, pale gray, yellowish, or orangish mid-rostral stripe. There are no eye-rings. Tail length is c.50% of head-body length, and tail has fur on 25% ofits length dorsally and only at the very proximal part ventrally. Naked part oftail is pale brown to dark brownishgray. Ventral fur is creamy gray, with gray-based hairs, contrasting with reddish sides, chin, and throat. Fur is longer and denser dorsally (c.8 mm) than ventrally (c.4 mm). Feet are pale brown to dark brown or gray, and ears are small, uniformly colored pale brown to dark brownish-gray, and appear naked. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side, and a medial mamma. Karyotype of the Guyanan Shorttailed Opossum is unknown. Males are larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Mostly in lowland forests at elevations of 95-400, with occasional records at higher elevations (620-1080 m) in upland forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Guyanan Short-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution, is presence in several protected areas, and appears to be tolerant of some degree of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Handley (1976), Matschie (1916a), Pavan et al. (2012), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Steiner &amp; Catzeflis (2004), Ventura, Lew et al. (2005), Ventura, Pérez-Hernandez &amp; Lépez-Fuster (1998), Voss et al. (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEFFFC4FAF3144AFA268543	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEFFFC4FFF710B9F5F78E6D.text	F723B76CFFEFFFC4FFF710B9F5F78E6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis kunsi Pine 1975	<div><p>33.</p><p>Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis kunsi</p><p>French: Opossum de Kuns / German: Zwerg-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto pigmeo</p><p>Other common names: Least Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis kunsi Pine, 1975,</p><p>“La Granja, W bank of Rio Itonamas, 4 k N Magdalena, Provincia Itenez, Depart mento Beni, Bolivia.”</p><p>There is considerable genetic divergence among specimens of M. kuns: throughout its wide distribution, and it may constitute a species complex. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Bolivia (E of Andes), N Paraguay, N Argentina (Salta), and SC Brazil.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 6.2-10.2 cm, tail 3.6-4.5 cm; weight 7-5-30 g. Dorsal and head fur of the Pygmy Shorttailed Opossum is uniformly warm reddish-brown, with no dorsal stripes, mid-rostral stripe, or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.50% of head-body length, and tail is naked, bicolored, and dark dorsally and buff ventrally. Ventral fur is buff with whitish areas, including throat, chin, and cheeks, and sometimes a white stripe is present. Throat and chest are orange-tinged. Throat gland is present. Furis very short at 3 mm dorsally and 2 mm ventrally. Ears are very short and rounded. Females lack a pouch, and number of mammae is unknown. The Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 30 karyotype, with eight pairs of biarmed and one pair of acrocentric autosomes, with biarmed Xchromosome and Y-chromosome, which is also described as acrocentric.</p><p>Habitat. Open areas and a variety of forested habitats, including Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests, cerrado and Beni savannas, Andean Yungas dry forests, and Dry Chaco woodlands, at elevations below 200 m to 1700 m. Pygmy Short-tailed Opossums have been captured in pristine and disturbed/modified habitats, including cultivated fields.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. The only data available on activity pattern of the Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum is the record of a Bolivian specimen captured between 08:30 h and 16:30 h, suggesting diurnal habits.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum is probably predominantly ground dwelling because it is frequently captured in trapsset on the ground or in pitfall traps.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution, is presence in several protected areas, and appears to be tolerant, to some degree, of habitat modification. Nevertheless,it is only known from a few specimens. It has been suggested that the Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum is a widespread species with locally low densities, but it is unclear ifits rarity is due to use of standard trapping methods, because with use of pitfall traps more specimens have been recorded. Numbers of records are still insufficient to estimate population trends.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1982), Camara &amp; Oliveira (2012), Carvalho, Oliveira, Langguth et al. (2011), Carvalho, Oliveira, Nunes &amp; Mattevi (2002), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gettinger et al. (2011), Hannibal et al. (2012), Jayat &amp; Miotti (2005), Mares, Braun &amp; Gettinger (1989), Mares, Ernest &amp; Gettinger (1986), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pine (1975), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Rodrigues et al. (2002), Salazar et al. (1994), de la Sancha et al. (2007), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Smith (2008d), Solari (2010), Svartman (2009), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1999), Vargas et al. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEFFFC4FFF710B9F5F78E6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEFFFC5FAF31F74FAA28940.text	F723B76CFFEFFFC5FAF31F74FAA28940.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis touan (Shaw 1800)	<div><p>35.</p><p>Touan Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis touan</p><p>French: Opossum touan / German: Touan-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Touan</p><p>Taxonomy. Viverra touan Shaw, 1800,</p><p>“ Cayenne, French Guiana.”</p><p>This species was formerly considered a synonym of M. brevicauda. Specimens from localities south of the Amazon River are morphologically distinct from those north of the Amazon, although some specimens from the northern part of the distribution are more closely related to those from south of the Amazon than to others from the same region. Specimens from Suriname (Saramacca, Marowijne) were not examined but are probably this species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. French Guiana and N Brazil (Amapa and S of the Amazon and E of the Xingu River in Para, including Marajo I), probably also in Suriname.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 13.8-17 cm (males) and 11:9-15.5 cm (females), tail 7:9.9-5 cm (males) and 6-5-8:5 cm (females); weight 64-100 g (males) and 40-66 g (females). Mid-dorsal fur of the Touan Short-tailed Opossum is grizzled gray, contrasting with dark reddish body sides but no dorsal stripes. Head is reddish on sides, with a narrow, sometimes ill-defined, mid-rostral band of gray fur. There is a band of red hairs above each eye, but there are no eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.55% of head-body length, tail has fur on 20-50% of its length dorsally and only at proximal part ventrally, and naked part oftail is dark brown or gray. Ventral fur is grayish-cream, with gray-based hairs, sharply contrasting with dark reddish body sides, and it is distinctly reddish on chin and throat. Fur is longer and denser dorsally (c.8 mm) and shorter ventrally (c.4 mm). Feet are dark brown or gray, and ears are small, uniformly colored dark brown or gray, and naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is not known. The Touan Short-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 30 karyotype, with an acrocentric X-chromosome and a dot-like Y-chromosome. There is morphological variation in pelage color: specimens from south of the Amazon have a broader middorsalstripe on head, and fur extends only ¢.20% of length oftail (it extends 30-50% in individuals from north of the Amazon), and naked part oftail is darker.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary wet forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Touan Short-tailed Opossum feeds mostly on small vertebrates, butits diet may include fruit. A female in French Guiana equipped with a radio transmitter was followed and spent her time searching for insects on the ground under fallen branches and lianas.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. A female Touan Short-tailed Opossum equipped with a radio transmitter was strictly diurnal in French Guiana.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but the Touan Short-tailed Opossum is exclusively ground dwelling.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Touan Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List. At the time of the last assessment, it was considered to be conspecific with the Guyana Short-tailed Opossum ( Monodelphis brevicauda). Conservation status of all opossums is being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Carvalho, Oliveira, Langguth et al. (2011), Carvalho, Oliveira, Nunes &amp; Mattevi (2002), Charles-Dominique et al. (1981), Grand (1983), Julien-Laferriere (1991), de Muizon &amp; Argot (2003), Pavan et al. (2012), da Silva et al. (2013), Steiner &amp; Catzeflis (2004), Svartman (2009), Voss et al. (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEFFFC5FAF31F74FAA28940	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEEFFC5FF05137AFDE58787.text	F723B76CFFEEFFC5FF05137AFDE58787.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis arlindor Pavan, Rossi & Schneider 2012	<div><p>36.</p><p>Arlindo’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis arlindoi</p><p>French: Opossum dArlindo / German: Arlindos Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Arlindo</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis arlindor Pavan, Rossi &amp; Schneider, 2012,</p><p>“ Plato Greig, 43 km south-west of Porto Trombetas, 1° 49’ 43” S, 56° 25° 02” W,” Oriximina, Para, Brazil .</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; S Guyana and Brazil N of the Amazon River (SE Roraima, E Amazonas, and N Para); probably also in Suriname.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 12-18.2 cm (males) and 9-5—-15 cm (females), tail 7.9-8 cm (males) and 6.5-9 cm (females); weight 38-105 g (males) and 33-96 g (females). Mid-dorsal fur of Arlindo’s Shorttailed Opossum is grizzled gray from ears to base oftail and red-washed on rump. Sides of body are reddish. Head has narrow mid-dorsal and mid-rostral bands of pale gray to whitish buff fur and an ill-defined band of red hairs above each eye. There are no eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.60% of head-body length, and tail has reddish fur on 30% of its length dorsally and only at very proximal part ventrally. Naked part of tail is weakly bicolored, brownish dorsally and paler brown ventrally. Ventral fur is grayish-cream to yellowish, with gray-based hairs, sharply contrasting with reddish body sides, and is distinctly reddish on throat and chin. Fur is longer and denser dorsally (¢.8 mm) and shorter ventrally (c.4 mm). Feet are brown or gray, and ears are small, uniformly brownish, and appear naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae has not been reported. Arlindo’s Short-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 30 karyotype, with an acrocentric X-chromosome and a minute Y-chromosome. There is some geographical variation in the extent of fur on tail and fur tonality. Males are larger than females.</p><p>Habitat. [Lowland Amazon rainforest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Arlindo’s Short-tailed Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List because at the time of the last assessment, it was considered to be a conspecific with the Guyanan Short-tailed Opossum ( Monodelphis brevicaudata). Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Carvalho, Oliveira, Langguth et al. (2011), Carvalho, Oliveira, Nunes &amp; Mattevi (2002), Pavan et al. (2012), Pine &amp; Handley (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEEFFC5FF05137AFDE58787	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEEFFC5FF1B1A2CF7E0846C.text	F723B76CFFEEFFC5FF1B1A2CF7E0846C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis glirina (Wagner 1842)	<div><p>37.</p><p>Amazonian Red-sided Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis glirina</p><p>French: Opossum a flancs roux / German: Amazonas-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de flancos rojos</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys glirina Wagner, 1842,</p><p>“Mamoré,” Rondonia, Brazil.” Restricted by J. A. Wagner in 1847 to “Cachoeira do Pau grande am Mamoré.”</p><p>High levels of intraspecific genetic divergence and morphological variability suggest that M. glirina may correspond to a species complex. As understood here, it includes M. maraxina, because it is recovered within specimens otherwise identified as M. glirina in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Peru, N Bolivia (LLa Paz, Pando), and Brazil S of the Amazon River (Acre, Rondonia, S Amazonas, N Mato Grosso, and Para, up to the E margin of the Rio Xingu, and on the Marajo I).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-18 cm (males) and 11-16.5 cm (females), tail 6-5—10-6 cm (males) and 6.5-9 cm (females); weight 44-150 g (males) and 40-85 g (females). The Amazonian Redsided Opossum has light grizzled gray mid-dorsal fur, contrasting with its light orange to orange body sides. Head has broad light grayish band of mid-rostral fur occupying entire crown between eyes, and orange sides, with no eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.55% of head-body length, tail has fur on about one-sixth of its dorsal and ventral length, and naked part oftail is gray. Ventral fur is grayish cream to grayish light-orange, with gray-based hairs and no contrast with orange body sides, and it is slightly more washed with orange on throat than rest of venter. Furis longer and denser dorsally (c.8 mm) and shorter ventrally (c.4 mm). Feet are gray, and ears are small, uniformly colored gray, and apparently naked. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side, and a medial mamma. The Amazonian Red-sided Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 22 karyotype, with six biarmed and ten acrocentric autosomes, and a small acrocentric X-chromosome and a minute acrocentric Y-chromosome. Males are larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic. There is strong geographical variation in pelage color throughout its distribution.</p><p>Habitat. Terra firma forests and can tolerate highly fragmented areas. In northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, the Amazonian Red-sided Opossum was collected in forest fragments, with medium and large trees, separated by cattle pasture and also affected by timber extraction and fire.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Analyses of stomach contents of Amazonian Red-sided Opossums revealed diets that include Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, seeds (only in females), and Diplopoda. Coleoptera was considered the only prominent category, with all the remaining considered rare.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified listed as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Amazonian Red-sided Opossum is widely distributed, and it probably occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution. Nevertheless, because current genetic and morphological data suggest that it may constitute a species complex, it may need to be reassessed in the future.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Castilheiro &amp; Santos-Filho (2013), Gardner (2005), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Pavan, Jansa &amp; Voss (2014), Pavan, Rossi &amp; Schneider (2012), Pine (1979), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Svartman (2009), Thomas (1923a), Wagner (1847).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEEFFC5FF1B1A2CF7E0846C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEEFFC6FA001E49FF13886D.text	F723B76CFFEEFFC6FA001E49FF13886D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis palliolata (Osgood 1914)	<div><p>38.</p><p>Hooded Red-sided Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis palliolata</p><p>French: Opossum a capuchon / German: Kronen-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto encapuchado</p><p>Taxonomy. Peramys palliolatus Osgood, 1914,</p><p>“ San Juan de Colon, State of Tachira, Venezuela.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Colombia (Norte de Santander, Vichada) and N &amp; NW Venezuela.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12.3-18.3 cm (males) and 10.2-14.1 cm (females), tail 7-10.5 cm (males) and 5-5— 8-8 cm (females); weight 49-106 g (males) and 32-63 g (females). The Hooded Redsided Opossum has grizzled gray mid-dorsal fur, contrasting with orange fur on sides of body. Head has broadband of grayish fur on crown between eyes. Sides of face are orange, and there are no eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.55% of head-body length, tail has fur on one-fourth to one-sixth ofits dorsal and ventral length; and naked part oftail is gray. Ventral fur is grayish-orange, with gray-based hairs; it does not contrast with orange body sides. Throatis slightly less washed with orange than rest of venter. Furis longer and denser dorsally (c.8 mm) than ventrally (c.4 mm). Feet are gray, and ears are small and uniformly colored gray and appear naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae has not been reported. The Hooded Red-sided Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 20 karyotype, with an acrocentric X-chromosome and a dot-like Y-chromosome; FN = 30 has also been reported. There is sexual dimorphism in skull size.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical dry forests, pre-montane humid and very humid forests, and tropical humid forests from sea level up to elevations of 2250 m. There are also records of Hooded Red-sided Opossums in plantations, such as coffee plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. The Hooded Red-sided Opossum reaches sexual maturity at ¢.6 months. In northern Venezuela, 7-8 young/litter were reported (mean litter size 7-5 young), with 1-5 litters/year on average. Breeding is reported to be seasonal in northern Venezuela, with reproductively active females present in May—August and November. The Hooded Red-sided Opossum breeds during the early wet season, in synchrony with other marsupials in the Llanos and forested habitats in northern Venezuela, and weaning of the first young occurs simultaneously with rains.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the Hooded Red-sided Opossum is reported to be crepuscular.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hooded Red-sided Opossums are ground dwelling; virtually all captures in northern Venezuela occurred in traps set on the ground. Males move longer distances than females. Average distance moved between successive captures was 60-9 m (maximum distance of 89-4 m) for males and 32:2 m (maximum distance of 56-6 m) for females. Densities in northern Venezuela are 25-100 ind/km?®.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hooded Red-sided Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large population; it occurs in several protected areas and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification. Nevertheless, there is considerable deforestation in its distribution, especially outside of protected areas and at lower elevations that might affect its populations in the future.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005), Handley (1976), O'Connell (1979, 1989), Pavan et al. (2012), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Reig et al. (1977), Svartman (2009), Ventura, Lew et al. (2005), Ventura, Pérez-Hernandez &amp; Lopez-Fuster (1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEEFFC6FA001E49FF13886D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFEDFFC7FFF1124BFD8B8B49.text	F723B76CFFEDFFC7FFF1124BFD8B8B49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis domestica (Wagner 1842)	<div><p>39.</p><p>Gray Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis domestica</p><p>French: Opossum a queue courte / German: Graue Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto gris</p><p>Other common names: Brazilian Bare-tailed Opossum, Brazilian Gray Short-tailed Opossum, Gray Opossum, Gray-faced Opossum, Laboratory Opossum, Plain Bare Tail, Short Bare-tailed Opossum, Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Dudelphys domestica Wagner, 1842,</p><p>“ Cuyaba,” Mato Grosso, Brazil.</p><p>The species has been treated as monotypic, but recent phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA sequences show that itis in fact composed of two clades representing two evolutionary units, one from the cerrado and the Pantanal and one from the caatinga. Formal definition and description of these two taxa are pending. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Bolivia, N Argentina (Formosa), N &amp; C Paraguay, and C &amp; NE Brazil.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12:3-17.9 cm, tail 4:6.9-6 cm; weight 58-110 g. The Gray Short-tailed Opossum is now widely used as a laboratory animal. More than 80,000 individuals have been produced from a single colony of 2000 individuals and used either directly or as founders of additional colonies. As a consequence, there are measurements and weights in the literature that differ from those of wild individuals; some captive males have been reported to have a head-body length of up to 20 cm and weigh up to 150 g. The Gray Short-tailed Opossum is clearly distinct from almost all other species in the genus because its dorsal fur is uniformly grayish to gray-brown, and paler with yellowish tinges on cheeks and body sides. Head is the same color as dorsum and does not have a mid-rostral stripe or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.50-55% of head-body length, tail has fur on proximal 10 mm or more, and naked rest oftail is dark brown dorsally and paler ventrally and at tip. Ventralfur is pale, gray-based, gray to buff with an orange tinge up to chin and no contrast with sides of body or dorsum. Fur is short, dense, and smooth. Feet are pinkish or whitish, and ears are small, uniformly colored grayish, and appear naked. Females lack a pouch, and 13 mammae are present, six on each side and a medial mamma. Throat gland is present in males and has a well-documented role in reproductive behavior. The Gray Short-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 18 karyotype, with a variable FN, with a small acrocentric X-chromosome and a minute acrocentric Y-chromosome (sometimes described as submetacentric, metacentric, or dotlike). Variation in FN ranges from FN = 20 in specimens from Goias, Brazil, FN = 22 in Pernambuco and Bahia, FN = 24 in Bolivia, FN = 28 in Goias, and FN = 30 in Espirito Santo, Brazil, and unspecified Brazilian localities. Males are larger than females; females stop growing when they reach sexual maturity, whereas males continue to grow. Skull size is sexually dimorphic. The Gray Short-tailed Opossum is the only opossum that has had its whole genome sequenced and published.</p><p>Habitat. Usually a wide variety of xeric habitats. Distribution of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum coincides with the South American diagonal of open and drier habitats that occurs from the Brazilian caatinga, through the cerrado, and into the Chaco of northern Argentina (including eastern Bolivia and northern Paraguay), but also in Pantanal, Campos, and Amazonian localities. Gray Short-tailed Opossums are therefore usually associated with more open vegetation. In the caatinga, they are found in most habitats, including low thorn scrub, high thorn scrub, cultivated and abandoned fields, and granitic outcrops. In the cerrado, they have been found in gallery forests, semi-deciduous forests, cerrado sensu stricto, wet grasslands, and rocky cerrado. In the Paraguayan Chaco, Gray Short-tailed Opossums occur in cerrado woodland, subhumid forest, cerrado scrub, and Chaco woodland. Nevertheless, they seem to avoid open pastures and even grasslands, preferring some level of vegetative cover.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Gray Short-tailed Opossums feed mainly on invertebrates, mostly insects, but their diet may also include small vertebrates and fruits. Seeds of Cipocereus minensis ( Cactaceae) and carrion were found in its feces in an area of montane savanna in Brazil. Captive individuals were offered and readily attacked, killed, and ate a variety of small vertebrates, including snakes and lizards that were up to 75% of their own weight. Consumption of a rodent of the genus Calomys weighing about one-third of the opossum’s weight has been observed directly in the field. Gray Short-tailed Opossums catch small ants and flying insects with their forepaws. They even prey on scorpions, first pinning the scorpion to the ground, biting off the last tail segments before eating it. Nutritional contents of their preferred diets were determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs. They consumed 4-4 g of proteins, 2 g of carbohydrates, 0-88 g of lipids, and 1% offibers per 100 g of dry matter. Colonies of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum bred as laboratory individuals have been maintained successfully for generations with commercial fox food pellets, sometimes supplemented with mealworms and fruit.</p><p>Breeding. Female Gray Short-tailed Opossums make a variety of nests. In the wild, nests have been found in crevices of rocks, made of varied material such as leaves, bark, grasses, snakeskin, paper, cloth, and plastic remains. Captive individuals build nests from paper strips that vary from simple circular unwoven nests to fully woven and globular nests with walls, roof, and entrance tunnel, as reported for several other species of opossums. Nesting behavior usually increases the day before parturition, and even in captive individuals, construction of woven nests is more frequent on sunny days compared with cloudy days, which may be a temperature-related strategy to increase isolation of the nest. Although species of this genus are said to have semi-prehensile tails, they use their tails to drag material for nest construction, just like many other opossum genera. Materials for the nest are gathered with forepaws and then pushed under the belly to be carried with the tail. Both sexes build nests, but those of females are more woven and complex. Estimated sexual maturity in the caatinga was 5-7 months; observed littersizes in a single population were 6-11 young, with an average of 8-4 young/litter. Data from a longer and geographically broader study shows a greater range, 2-16 embryos (not pouch young), yet with a similar average, 7-9 embryos, and a median of eight embryos. Three females were collected in March in the caatinga; one had a litter of eleven young and each of the other two had nine young. In the Pantanal, litter sizes were 7-11 young. There is contrasting information on the breeding season in the wild. A one-year study with a caatinga population of Gray Shorttailed Opossums concluded that it breeds throughout the year because reproductively active females were recorded in eight out of ten months. During this time, some females produced two litters at most, with 7-8 weeks being the shortest time recorded between pregnancies in the same area. A study of more than 1000 museum specimens collected overfive years from seven different localities in the caatinga determined that the breeding season as a whole started in summer (December, sometimes November) and ended in winter (July), with the breeding season coinciding with the wet season. This is similar to breeding in several other species of opossum and more expected in species living in highly seasonal habitats. In fact, a population of Gray Short-tailed Opossums in the Brazilian Pantanal also showed a seasonal breeding pattern, with a breeding season in September—-May, and specimens recently collected in March in another caatinga locality included three females with pouch young. In the caatinga, presence of reproductively active females did not correlate with actual monthly rainfall but with the normal mean of rainfall, thus indicating that the breeding season is triggered by changes in photoperiod and not by immediate environmental conditions (actual rainfall), which is usually highly variable and unpredictable. As in the caatinga, breeding in a cerrado patch in Paraguay was also seasonal, occurring during the wet season. Unlike some other small species of opossums, despite the sexual dimorphism found, the Gray Short-tailed Opossum is iteroparous and breeds several times during its lifetime. In addition to breeding data from field studies, however, the Gray Shorttailed Opossum is unique among opossums in that its breeding biology has been well studied in captivity because it is now a widely used laboratory animal. Females bred and raised in the laboratory confirmed expected sexual maturity calculated from field data; maturity was usually attained at 5-6 months. Contrary to what is reported for most species of opossums, the Gray Short-tailed Opossum does not have a regular estrous cycle. Initially, an ovarian cycle of 32 days was noted, but further research showed that in fact there is no periodicity in ovulation or a spontaneous estrus. It is presence of new, unfamiliar males that triggers estrus, which is induced through pheromones from these new males. Puberty is only reached with stimulus of male pheromones, but solitary post-lactating females can have a spontaneous estrus even in the absence of male pheromones. Estrus-inducing pheromones seem to be more present in urine than feces or suprasternal gland secretions, and males use a variety of scent marking behaviors. Females actively investigate scent marks. Anestrous females typically display aggressive behavior toward new males, including hissing, open-mouth displays, and attacks that may occasionally result in death of the male. After 3-5 days, females start being receptive, and males and females engage in courtship, including sniffing cloacal opening, chases, and rump dragging, which is then followed by full estrus and mating. Courtship involves a series of clicking vocalizations by males when meeting females, which constitute a submissive communication. The male then follows the female, with genital sniffing, sometimes grabbing her at her hindquarters for further genital investigation. If she is receptive, reciprocal sniffing and reciprocal biting ensue. Finally, the male grabs the female’s ankles with his hindfeet and uses his forefeet to grasp her at waist level, usually biting the back of her neck. Mating lasts c.5 minutes, with the couple usually lying on their right side. Females will mate with multiple males during one estrus. Behavioral estrous lasts 1-1-5 days and ends with ovulation. Following ejaculation, little or no post-copulatory behavior occurs except for quick self-grooming of the genital area, and both sexes respond with typical open-mouthed threats if approached after copulation. Gestation in captivity lasts c.14 days. Neonates measure c.10 mm crown-rump length and weigh c.0-1 g. Young remain attached to teats for c.14 days and are weaned at eight weeks. Fur starts growing at 18-21 days of age, and eyes open at 28-35 days. Females do not retrieve newborns that have failed to attach to a nipple but will respond to distress calls and retrieve older young that get detached. Litter sizes vary with age, with younger females producing much smallerlitters than fully-grown females. A litter may consist of up to 16 young, but only those that reach nipples survive, and there are only 13 mammae. Mostlitters in captive colonies are 7-8 young. Captive females remain reproductively active until 18-24 months and males until 24-30 months. Longevity in captivity is 36-42 months, with a record of 49 months.</p><p>Activity patterns. Unlike several other species in the genus that have been reported to have diurnal activity, the Gray Short-tailed Opossum is apparently mostly nocturnal or crepuscular, with most activity during the first 1-3 hours after dusk and additional shorter active periods during the night.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Gray Short-tailed Opossum is ground dwelling, always captured in traps set at ground level. Nevertheless,it is worth noting that captured and released individuals have been seen fleeing and climbing trees up to 3 m. Gray Short-tailed Opossums are solitary and highly intolerant of other individuals, with social interactions limited to the mating period. Home ranges in the caatinga have been estimated at 0-12 ha for males and 0-18 ha for females, and density is estimated at 400 ind/km?. In a cerrado patch in Paraguay, average maximum distance traveled was 46-5 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Gray Short-tailed Opossum is widely distributed and has a presumably large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas, and it is quite tolerant of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Alho et al. (1986), Anderson (1997), de Andreazzi et al. (2011), Aragona &amp; Marinho-Filho (2009), Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2003), Baggott &amp; Moore (1990), Bergallo &amp; Cerqueira (1994), Bonvicino, Lemos &amp; Weksler (2005), Bonvicino, Lindbergh &amp; Maroja (2002), Breed et al. (2003), Caceres et al. (2010), Caramaschi et al. (2011), Carvalho, Oliveira, Langguth et al. (2011), Carvalho, Oliveira, Nunes &amp; Mattevi (2002), Cerqueira &amp; Bergallo (1993), Christian (1983), Clark &amp; Smith (1993), Crisp et al. (1989), Das et al. (2012), Dooley et al. (2012), Fadem (1985, 1987), Fadem &amp; Cole (1985), Fadem &amp; Corbett (1997), Fadem &amp; Rayve (1985), Fadem &amp; Schwartz (1986), Frost &amp; Masterton (1994), Gardner (2005), Geise et al. (2010), Grant et al. (2013), Graves &amp; Renfree (2013), Hamrick (2001), Harder &amp; Jackson (2010), Harder, Hsu &amp; Garton (1996), Harder, Jackson &amp; Koester (2008), Herrera (2010), Holmes (1992b), Hume (1999a), Ivanco et al. (1996), Keyte &amp; Smith (2009), Kimble (1997), Lammers (2007, 2009a, 2009b), Lammers &amp; Biknevicius (2004), Lammers &amp; German (2002), Lammers et al. (2006), Lemelin et al. (2003), Lima etal. (2012), Macrini (2004), Macrini et al. (2007), Mares et al. (1989), Maunz &amp; German (1996, 1997), McNab (2005), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Mikkelsen et al. (2007), Moore (1992), Neto &amp; dos Santos (2012), van Nievelt &amp; Smith (1997, 2005), Owen (2013), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Parchman et al. (2003), Paresque et al. (2004), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pavan et al. (2012), Pereira &amp; Geise (2007), Pereira et al. (2008), Pine (1979), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Reimer &amp; Baumann (1995), Samollow (2006, 2008), Santori, Asta &amp; Cerqueira (2004), Santori, Lessa &amp; Astua (2012), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Smith, K.K. (1994), Smith, K.K. &amp; van Nievelt (1997), Smith, P (2008a), Solari (2010), Streilein (1982a, 1982b, 1982¢c, 1982d), Svartman (2009), Thompson et al. (2003), Trupin &amp; Fadem (1982), Unger (1982), VandeBerg (1990), VandeBerg &amp; Robinson (1997), Wilkinson et al. (2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFEDFFC7FFF1124BFD8B8B49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFECFFC7FF011173FB9881FE.text	F723B76CFFECFFC7FF011173FB9881FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis sanctaerosae Burnett 1830	<div><p>40.</p><p>Santa Rosa Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis sanctaerosae</p><p>French: Opossum de Santa Rosa / German: Santa Rosa-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Santa Rosa</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis sanctaerosae Voss, Pine &amp; Solari, 2012,</p><p>Santa Rosa de la Roca, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Bolivia (Santa Cruz), known from only the type specimen.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10-8 cm, tail 6 cm; weight 23 g. Dorsal fur of the Santa Rosa Short-tailed Opossum resembles that of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum ( Monodelphis domestica); it is uniformly grizzled brownish-gray from crown to rump and paler on body sides. Sides of head are pale reddish. Tail length is ¢.55% of head-body length,tail has fur on proximal 10 mm dorsally and ventrally, and naked rest oftail is distinctly bicolored, dark dorsally, and markedly paler ventrally. Ventral furis pale beige, with gray-based hairs. Ears are small, uniformly colored, probably brownish gray in life, and appear naked. The only known specimen is a female, lacking a pouch; number of mammae cannot be established because teats are not visible. Although a suspension of bone-marrow cells in Carnoy’s fixative from the single known specimen is reported,its karyotype has not been published.</p><p>Habitat. Mosaic of upland savanna with scattered trees, closed-canopy dry forest, and seasonally flooded grassland. The only specimen of the Santa Rosa Short-tailed Opossum was collected near a seasonally flooded grassy area bordered by savanna and forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Santa Rosa Short-tailed Opossum has not been assessed on The IUCN Red List because it was described after the last assessment of conservation status of opossums. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group, but it will not be possible to evaluate the status of the Santa Rosa Short-tailed Opossum based on a single, recently collected specimen.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Solari (2010), Voss et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFECFFC7FF011173FB9881FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFECFFC7FA081702F88384E8.text	F723B76CFFECFFC7FA081702F88384E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis scalops (Thomas 1888)	<div><p>41.</p><p>Tawny-headed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis scalops</p><p>French: Opossum a téte rouge / German: Rotkopf-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de hocico largo</p><p>Other common names: Long-nosed Short-tailed Opossum, Long-snouted Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys scalops Thomas, 1888,</p><p>“Brazil.” Restricted by C. O. da C. Vieira in 1950 to Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>As understood here, this species includes, as a synonym, M. theresa because specimens morphologically identified as M. theresa were recovered nested within M. scalops in a recent comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, indicating that these differences are actually ageand sex-related. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil (from Espirito Santo S to Santa Catarina) and NE Argentina (Iguazu National Park, Misiones).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 6.3-16.3 cm, tail 3.7-8.3 cm; weight 23-90 g. Fur on head, dorsolateral surface of front limbs, rump and dorsolateral surface of hindlimbs is bright rufous, varying from rich cinnamon on foreparts to deep chestnut on hindparts. Old male Tawny-headed Opossums lack any dorsalstripes, but old adult females and younger specimens of both sexes have a reddish brown dorsal fur, mostly on head and rump, grayish in mid-dorsum, with three faint dorsalstripes, that start posteriorly to ears. This pattern was sometimes identified as characteristic of M. theresa . Mid-dorsum furis grizzled olive-gray, with black hairs mixed with buff-tipped hairs. Head lacks any mid-rostral stripe or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.40% of head-body length, and tail has hair on its base and is colored as rump (but it can be brown dorsally and paler ventrally in young individuals). Ventralfur is grizzled olive-gray, with buff gray-based hair, and cinnamon of chin. Throat gland is present. Forelegs and forefeet are red. Females lack a pouch but the number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Tawny-headed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. [Low Atlantic humid coastal forests and secondary forests, up to elevations of 1400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the Tawny-headed Opossum is reported to be diurnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Tawnyheaded Opossum has a wide distribution, and it occurs in several protected areas. Some populations are considered to be declining. Fragmentation throughout the distribution of the Tawny-headed Opossums is a conservation challenge, as it is in the entire Atlantic Forest region.</p><p>Bibliography. Davis (1945, 1947), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Moreira et al. (2009), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pavan et al. (2014), Pine &amp; Abravaya (1978), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Rossi et al. (2012), Solari et al. (2012), Thomas (1888a, 1921), Vieira (1950).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFECFFC7FA081702F88384E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFECFFC8FA0C1ECEFD748EB2.text	F723B76CFFECFFC8FA0C1ECEFD748EB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis emiliae (Thomas 1912)	<div><p>42.</p><p>Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis emiliae</p><p>French: Opossum de Boim / German: Emilies Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Emilie</p><p>Other common names: Amazonian Short-tailed Opossum, Emilia’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Peramys emiliae Thomas, 1912,</p><p>“ Boim, R. Tapajoz,” Para, Brazil .</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Amazonian Brazil S of the Amazon River (E to Tocantins River), E Peru (S of the Maranon-Ucayali rivers junction and S to the lower Urubamba River), and N Bolivia (Pando).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.7-15.8 cm, tail 4.5-7 cm; weight 20-60 g. Mid-dorsal fur of Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossum is grizzled gray. Rump, hindlegs, and head from ears forward are rufous or reddish. There are no eye-rings and no stripes on head or back. Tail length is c.45% of head-body length, and tail has fur on one-third or more ofits dorsal and ventral length. Ventralfur is bright violet-pink in live specimens, fading to orange in preserved skins. Forelegs and forefeet are gray or gray-buff. Fur is ¢.7 mm long on rump. Females lack a pouch, and number of mammae in unknown. Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 30 karyotype, with seven pairs of biarmed autosomes, one pair of acrocentric autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome and a small acrocentric Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Terra firma forest with moderately dense understory and some sites dominated by the palm Iriartea deltoidea . Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossums occur from sea level to elevations of ¢.300 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. One female Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossum with attached young was caught in February in the Brazilian Amazon. Females with signs that they had already had one litter were collected in February and September.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but Emilie’s Shorttailed Opossums are reported to be nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossums have been captured exclusively on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Emilie’s Short-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution, and it presumably occurs in a number of protected areas. Nevertheless, adequate data to properly assess its conservation status are still lacking.</p><p>Bibliography. Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Pine &amp; Handley (1984, 2007), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFECFFC8FA0C1ECEFD748EB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE3FFC8FFCA1504F9DE8EB1.text	F723B76CFFE3FFC8FFCA1504F9DE8EB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis americana (Muller 1776)	<div><p>43.</p><p>Northern Three-striped Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis americana</p><p>French: Opossum a trois raies / German: Dreistreifen-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto estriado</p><p>Other common names: Three-striped Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Sorex americanus P. LL. S. Muller, 1776,</p><p>“Brasilien.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to “Pernambuco” (= Recife), Pernambuco, Brazil.</p><p>As understood here, this species includes, as synonyms, M. rubida and M. umbristriata because specimens with the color patterns ofthese two species were recovered nested within M. americana in a recent phylogenetic analysis. M. americana likely includes more than one species, but additional analyses are needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Brazil, from E Para to coastal Santa Catarina, and inland W to Brasilia. Also mentioned from NE Argentina (Misiones), but specific identification of these records is questioned.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 9-13.7 cm, tail 4-6 cm; weight 23-46 g. The Northern Three-striped Opossum has tawny-brown dorsal fur, faintly grizzled and slightly reddish on rump, with three distinct black stripes, central one running from nose to tail (although less distinct on face) and lateral ones from shoulder to tail. This color pattern, however, is present in young specimens, young adults of both sexes, and older females, while older males can have a warm red-brown, near-chestnut, dorsal fur, extending on outer side of hindlegs and brighter, almost orange behind ears, without any dorsalstripes or sometimes with three faint dorsalstripes. Head lacks any eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.50% of head-body length, and tail has fur only at its base and is bicolored, blackish dorsally and pale ventrally. Ventral fur is pale creamy yellow to orange-gray, gray-based, extending to chin and throat, but it can be gray, frosted yellow-white throughout in older specimens. Ears are naked and brown. Females lack a pouch and have 15 mammae, with seven on each side and a central mamma. The Northern Three-striped Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 22 karyotype, and the X-chromosome and Y-chromosome are small acrocentric. A FN = 32 has also been reported, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a small acrocentric X-chromosome and a dot-like Y-chromosome. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Coastal and inner Atlantic Forests and cerrado, strongly associated with gallery forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Northern Three-striped Opossum has been seen feeding on fruits or seeds of canopy palm ( Attalea oleifera) in the Atlantic Forest of north-eastern Brazil. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 0-62 g of proteins, 1-7 g of carbohydrates, 0-01 g of lipids and 2:3% of fibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Nests of Northern Three-striped Opossums are made with leaves in tree forks, and their nests have been found at heights of ¢.5 m, even though they are often reported to be ground dwelling. In the cerrado in central Brazil, an adult male, seven subadult males, and one subadult female were collected in January-July, and it was suggested that, as other small species of opossums, the Northern Three-striped Opossum could present some level of semelparity, although they are not sexually dimorphic—a trait usually present in semelparous or partially semelparous opossums. In the same region, a lactating female was collected in November. In south-eastern Brazil, one study noted that females captured in October, May, and June had no young, while a two-year population study recorded presence ofjuveniles only in January-May, which corresponded to end of wet season and start of dry season. In this study, no individuals captured in one year were recaptured in the following year, also suggesting a pattern of semelparity, but numbers of captures were insufficient to adequately quantify survival rates.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Northern Three-striped Opossum is diurnal. In a gallery forest in the cerrado of central Brazil, individuals were always found in traps during late afternoon checks, thus indicating that they had been foraging during daytime. In northeastern Brazil when observing species visiting canopy palm Attalea oleifera to feed on fruits or seeds, four diurnal visits by Northern Three-striped Opossums were recorded.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Northern Three-striped Opossums are generally considered to be ground dwelling, although their nests have been found at heights of 5 m. Home range size in a gallery forest of central Brazil was 0-04 ha, and densities were 50-150 ind/km?. In a gallery forest in a cerrado area of central Brazil, distances between consecutive captures averaged 35-8 m, with a maximum of 128-1 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Three-striped Opossum has a wide distribution with a presumably large population, and it occurs in several protected areas. It is in need of a detailed taxonomic revision, and it may need to be reassessed depending on the outcome of such a revision.</p><p>Bibliography. Alho et al. (1986), Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2003), Barros (2013), Bonvicino et al. (2005), Cabrera (1958), D'Andrea et al. (1999), Davis (1947), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Hershkovitz (1992a), Langguth &amp; Lima (1988), Lemos et al. (2000), Mares &amp; Ernest (1995), Mares et al. (1989), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Miranda-Ribeiro (1936), Nitikman &amp; Mares (1987), Paresque et al. (2004), Pavan et al. (2014), Pereira et al. (2008), Pimentel &amp; Tabarelli (2004), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Rossi et al. (2012), Solari et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE3FFC8FFCA1504F9DE8EB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE3FFC8FAF61507F79C85F6.text	F723B76CFFE3FFC8FAF61507F79C85F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis gardneri Solari et al. 2012	<div><p>44.</p><p>Gardner’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis gardneri</p><p>French: Opossum de Gardner / German: Gardners Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Gardner</p><p>Taxonomy. Monodelphis gardneri Solari et al., 2012,</p><p>“ Abra Esperanza, San Alberto, Oxapampa Province, Pasco Department, Peru, elev. 2784 m; GPS coordinates, taken in the field, are 11°56’S, 71°17°W.”</p><p>This species is known from eight specimens in four localities. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E slope of the Andes in C &amp; S Peru.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.6-10 cm, tail 3.9-5.3 cm. No specific data are available for body weight of adults, but one subadult weighed 10-3 g. Dorsal fur of Gardner's Short-tailed Opossum is rich grizzled brown, with three distinct blackish dorsal stripes. Median stripe extends from between ears to base oftail and is wider at mid-dorsum. Two shorter, prominent lateral stripes extend from shoulders to base of tail. Rump has a rufous tint on most specimens. Head is colored as dorsum, with no eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.50% of head-body length, and tail is darker dorsally than ventrally. Fur is ¢.4 mm, and ears are dark brown (blackish in juveniles) and naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Gardner’s Short-tailed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Montane forests on eastern slope of Andes in central and southern Peru at elevations of 1785-2800 m. The few known specimens of Gardner’s Short-tailed Opossum were collected in undisturbed, humid, and dense montane forest; in montane forests with varying degrees of intergradation, from dense to semi-open; at the edge between a forest and an open sphagnum bog;in thickets of dense brush and bamboo; and at the edge of a clearing in cloud forest behind a house.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but Gardner’s Short-tailed Opossum is probably ground dwelling. It has been captured in live traps set on the ground and in pitfall traps.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Gardner’s Short-tailed Opossum has not been assessed on The IUCN Red List. It does occur in at least one protected area, Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park, Pasco, but because it is known only from four localities and there is no information on population size, its status may be difficult to establish. Conservation status of all opossums is being reassessed by the [IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Solari (2010), Solari et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE3FFC8FAF61507F79C85F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE3FFC9FACA1FC0FADA8FDD.text	F723B76CFFE3FFC9FACA1FC0FADA8FDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis iheringi (Thomas 1888)	<div><p>45.</p><p>Thering’s Three-striped Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis iheringi</p><p>French: Opossum d’lhering / German: |herings Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de Ihering</p><p>Other common names: Flat-headed Opossum, lhering’s Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys iheringi Thomas, 1888,</p><p>“Rio Grande do Sul.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1888 to “ Taquara,” Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p><p>This species has been mentioned from north-eastern Argentina (Misiones), but these records are questionable and most probably refer to M. americana . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Coastal SE Brazil (from Espirito Santo S to Rio Grande do Sul).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7:5-10 cm, tail 5.3-60 cm; weight 15-23 g. Thering’s Three-striped Opossum has grayish-brown dorsal fur on shoulders and upper dorsum; fur turns more reddish-brown toward rump. There are three brown dorsal stripes. Mid-dorsal stripe begins between ears and lateral stripes at shoulders. Head is colored like dorsum and lacks eye-rings. Tail length is c.65% of head-body, and tail has fur only on its base. Ventral fur is gray-based and orangish, extending to chin and throat. Females probably lack a pouch; number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Ihering’s Three-striped Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Coastal Atlantic Forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. During a two-year population study of Ihering’s Three-striped Opossum, juveniles were only found in January-May, which corresponded with end of wet season and start of dry season. In this study, no individuals captured in one year were recaptured in the following year, suggesting that Ihering’s Three-striped Opossums reproduce only once in a lifetime, although numbers of captures were insufficient to adequately quantify survival rates.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Taxonomic status of Thering’s Three-striped Opossum is uncertain, and information on its extent of occurrence,status, and ecological requirementsis scarce. It may be threatened, but the degree of threat is impossible to estimate without additional information on its adaptability to habitat change and its remaining area of occupancy.</p><p>Bibliography. Barros (2013), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Rossi et al. (2012), Solari et al. (2012), Thomas (1888a, 1888b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE3FFC9FACA1FC0FADA8FDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE2FFC9FF01121BF9088498.text	F723B76CFFE2FFC9FF01121BF9088498.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis dimidiata (Wagner 1847)	<div><p>46.</p><p>Orange-sided Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis dimidiata</p><p>French: Opossum a flancs jaunes / German: Orange-Flanken-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto de la Pampa</p><p>Other common names: Eastern Short-tailed Opossum, Red-sided Short-tailed Opossum, Southern Short-tailed Opossum, Shrewish Short-tailed Opossum, Yellow-sided Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys dimidiata Wagner, 1847,</p><p>“ Maldonado am la Plata,” Maldonado, Uruguay.</p><p>Based on recent phylogenetic analyses, this species includes M. sorexand M. henseli as synonyms. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil, S Paraguay, N &amp; E Argentina, and Uruguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.5-15.4 cm (males) and 8:8—-13 cm (females), tail 3.7-7.6 cm (males) and 3.8-5.7 cm (females); weight 40-84 g. Sides of the body of the Orange-sided Opossum are orangish, and dorsal fur is typically ash-colored to olive brown, with no stripes. Dorsal color extends to legs and sides of head; head lacks any mid-rostral stripe or eye-rings. Specimens assigned in the past to the form sorex have gray dorsal fur thatis finely grizzled tawny-yellowish on forequarters, neck, and head. Rump, body sides, sides of neck, and cheeks are dull rusty to reddish. Tail length is ¢.40-45% of head-body length (c.60% in specimens identified as sorex), and tail is naked. Ventral fur is pale to bright orange-tan, gray-based. Fur is short and smooth. Females lack a pouch. Number of mammae in typical Orange-sided Opossums is not reported, but a litter of 16 young was observed. In specimens traditionally identified as sorex, however, 27 mammae are present, with 13 on each side and the usual medial mamma. This is the largest number of mammae found in any species of opossum. The Orange-sided Opossum has a 2n = 18, FN = 30 karyotype, with small acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. A FN = 32, with a biarmed X-chromosome and minute dot-like Y-chromosome, has also been reported. In Argentina, molt of a subadult began mid-September (end of winter/ beginning of spring), starting on neck, and then progressing to shoulder blades, sides back, and hindquarters, and on head up to eyes; molt was finished by mid-November; and new coat was duskier than pre-molt coat. Orange-sided Opossum is characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism. Adult females weigh only ¢.40% as much as males, although they can reach 85% of males’ lengths. Canine teeth and heads of males are also disproportionately larger than females.</p><p>Habitat. Pastures, wetlands, marshes, pampas grasslands, and riparian areas next to waterways. Orange-sided Opossum seems to prefer areas with dense native grasses, which is where highest densities are usually found. It occurs also in creek edges and rocky areas. Specimens usually identified as sorex occur in Atlantic Forest habitats, apparently tolerating some degree of disturbance because they can be found in cultivated areas close to forests and in ecotone vegetation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Orange-sided Opossum feeds mostly on insects; 100% of stomachs analyzed in one study contained insects. Vertebrate remains, mostly mammals, were found in 33% of stomach samples, and 9% contained plant matter. Insect groups consumed included Hemiptera, Hymenoptera (ants), Lepidoptera larvae, and Arachnida. Small rodents consumed included the Little Laucha (Calomys laucha), the Dark-Furred Akodont (Necromys obscurus), the Flavescent Colilargo (Oligoryzomys flavescens), and Robert's Hocicudo (Oxymycterus roberti). The holotype had a stomach full of insects, mostly ants and hemipterans. Captive Orange-sided Opossums consumed mollusks (snails), leeches, earthworms, and isopods when they were offered; they also ate fresh meat. When offered live House Mice (Mus musculus), some female Orangesided Opossums hesitated to attack them, and if they did, they mostly attacked young mice. Males and some females were more aggressive and did not hesitate to attack and kill adult and young mice. Orange-sided Opossums assume a typical semi-erect posture when feeding and carefully manipulate foods items; sometimes prey items are caught with the paw, sometimes with the mouth, and sometimes with both. Careful manipulation includes rolling or scratching hairy moth caterpillars to remove all hairs before eating them. Dietary studies on specimens identified as sorex have found invertebrates in almost 95% of the stomachs analyzed. Specimens of Orange-sided Opossums from southern Brazil fed on Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Blattodea, Orthoptera, Decapoda, Opiliones, and Acari. Mammalian remains were found in about one-third of the samples. Other items occasionally found in feces of Orange-sided Opossums included crustaceans, birds, and seeds, mostly of Cecropia sp. (Urticaceae) and Rubus sp. (Rosaceae) . Seeds were found in less than 10% of samples, but level of damage to seeds indicated that fruit was consumed and Orange-sided Opossums may act as dispersers of these seeds. Captive specimens accepted and fed on crickets, grasshoppers, small frogs, raw chicken meat, and fruits. They manipulated food with their hands to bring it to the mouth, biting and chewing one bite at a time, usually positioning items to be bitten by the last molars.</p><p>Breeding. To make nests, captive female Orange-sided Opossums carried leaves with theirtails, after gathering them with forefeet and pushing them below their bellies— a behavior similar to that of other species of opossums. Reported litter sizes varied from eight to 14 young, with a maximum of 16 young. Neonates weighed 0-08-0-11 g. Two different studies showed that Orange-sided Opossums are semelparous, meaning that both sexes live only one year at most and breed only once during their lifetime. Monthly distribution of body sizes, showing that large (mature) individuals disappear from the population right after the breeding season, and actual disappearance of mature individuals in capture-mark-recapture studies, support this hypothesis. Onset of the breeding season in Argentina occurs in spring, with a sudden increase in body weight in both sexes, but particularly in males,just prior to breeding. By autumn, mature Orange-sided Opossums disappeared; mature males were captured only in spring and mature females from mid-spring to late summer). Near Buenos Aires, Argentina, the whole population simultaneously reaches sexual maturity in December, and the breeding season is in December—January.</p><p>Activity patterns. In Argentina, Orange-sided Opossums were active only during the day from late morning to sunset, with most activity during late afternoon. Specimens have been captured at 13:00 h, 15:00 h, 17:30 h, and 19:00 h. In high-elevation grassland in southern Brazil, Orange-sided Opossums are diurnal, having been captured after sunset only occasionally, but a captive specimen was active night and day.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Reported densities of Orange-sided Opossums are less than 200 ind/km?. Although they are considered primarily ground dwelling, captive individuals can climb well and can jump, and although their tails are short, they are used when climbing up or down.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Orange-sided Opossums has a wide distribution, occurs in several protected areas, and appears to have some tolerance of habitat modification. Nevertheless, it has been reported that it might be in decline. Although no major conservation threats appear to face the Orange-sided Opossum, numerous populations are threatened by progressive habitat conversion to agriculture or urbanization. Other biological features obtained in detail more recently, such as low densities and possible dependence on native grasslands, coupled with its peculiar reproductive seasonality, point to a probable higher vulnerability than previously supposed. In particular, growing expansion of agriculture in the Pampean region can isolate populations of Orange-sided Opossums remaining near pristine grassland fragments.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Baladrén et al. (2012), Blanco et al. (2013), Busch &amp; Kravetz (1991), Caceres (2005), Carvalho, Oliveira, Langguth et al. (2011), Carvalho, Oliveira, Nunes &amp; Mattevi (2002), Casella &amp; Caceres (2006), Chemisquy &amp; Prevosti (2014), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gonzalez &amp; Claramunt (2000), Mares et al. (1996), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Pavan et al. (2014), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Pine, Dalby &amp; Matson (1985), Pine, Flores &amp; Bauer (2013), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Reig et al. (1977), Smith (2008f), Solari (2010), Svartman (2009), Vieira &amp; Paise (2011), Vilela et al. (2010), Voss, R.S. &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, R.S., Myers et al. (2009), Voss, W.A. (1975).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE2FFC9FF01121BF9088498	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE2FFCAFA081F5CFA5D8D82.text	F723B76CFFE2FFCAFA081F5CFA5D8D82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monodelphis unistriata (Wagner 1842)	<div><p>47.</p><p>Single-striped Opossum</p><p>Monodelphis unistriata</p><p>French: Opossum a une raie / German: Einstreifen-Spitzmausbeutelratte / Spanish: Colicorto uniestriado</p><p>Other common names: One-striped Opossum, One-striped Short-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys unistriata Wagner, 1842,</p><p>“Ytarare” (= ltararé), Sao Paulo, Brazil.</p><p>This species is known from only two specimens. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil (Sao Paulo) and NE Argentina (Misiones).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 14:1 cm, tail 6-2 cm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Single-striped Opossum has a unique fur pattern. Rustybrown dorsalfur is grizzled with whitish-gray, and a single chestnutstripe runs along middle of back from shoulders to base of tail. Sides of body are yellowish-orange. Head is same color as dorsum, without any mid-rostralstripe or eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.45% of head-body length, and tail is naked and bicolored, brown dorsally and yellowish ventrally. Ventral fur and feet are yellowish-orange, like body sides. Fur is short, dense, and velvety. No females have been collected, but they probably lack a pouch, like all other species of Monodelphis . Because the only two known specimens are male, number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Single-striped Opossum is also unknown.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) on The IUCN Red List. The Single-striped Opossum is known from only two specimens: the holotype collected in 1821 and an additional specimen collected in 1899. Despite collecting efforts in southern Brazil and north-eastern Argentina, no additional specimens of Single-striped Opossum have been collected, suggesting it might be extinct.</p><p>Bibliography. Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Pine &amp; Handley (2007), Pine et al. (2013), Rossi et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE2FFCAFA081F5CFA5D8D82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE7FFCCFFF01418F9318698.text	F723B76CFFE7FFCCFFF01418F9318698.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metachirus nudicaudatus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803)	<div><p>48.</p><p>Brown Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Metachirus nudicaudatus</p><p>French: Opossum quatre-yeux / German: Nacktschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro pardo</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis nudicaudata E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803,</p><p>“ Cayenne,” French Guiana.</p><p>Molecular phylogenetic studies show significant divergences among specimens of this species from different regions, providing strong evidence that it contains more than one species. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>M.n.nudicaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—Venezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiverandtheOrinocoDelta),theGuianas,andNBrazil.</p><p>M.n.colombianusJ.A.Allen,1900—SMexico(Chiapas),CentralAmerica,N&amp;WColombia,WVenezuela(MaracaiboLake,Andes,andWLlanos),andNWEcuador.</p><p>M.n.modestusThomas,1923—SBrazil,E&amp;CParaguay,andNArgentina(MisionesandFormosa).</p><p>M.n.myosurosTemminck,1824—EBrazil(PernambucoStoSantaCatarina).</p><p>M. n. tschudiiJ. A. Allen, 1900 — upper Amazon Basin of E &amp; SE Colombia, W Brazil, E Peru, and N &amp; E Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 24.5-28 cm, tail 28-36.9 cm; weight 284-480 g. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum is very distinctive. Its dorsal fur varies from reddishor yellowish-brown to gray-brown, finely streaked with buff on hair tips. Dorsal fur is darker along midline and rump, and darker fur extends onto outer surfaces of limbs. Broad reddish-brown to dark brown eye-rings extend from nose to ears, merging on top of head. Dark, broad stripe of the same color also runs from tip of muzzle to top of head, merging with eye-rings, enclosing conspicuous buff to yellowish-white spot above each eye that gives the Brown Four-eyed Opossum its common name. Cheeks are also buff to yellowish-white. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail is naked from base, varying from uniformly brownish to darker above and paler below. Ventral fur is brown to yellowish-white; fur overall is short, dense, and soft; and ears are dark brown and naked. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum is the largest opossum in which females lack a pouch. They have nine mammae, four on each side, and an additional medial mamma. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum is also the largest opossum with a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four biarmed and one acrocentric autosome pairs, and acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Variety of forest habitats, usually mature evergreen lowland and lower montane forests from sea level to elevations exceeding 2100 m, and occasionally deciduous or dense secondary forest. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum also has been recorded in orchards and yards near and within human settlements.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum is considered highly insectivorous. In a restinga (sandy soil forest) in south-eastern Brazil, its diet is mainly composed of ants, termites, cockroaches, and beetles, which are present in 70-90% ofall feces examined, as well as seeds of Cactaceae and Solanaceae . In Atlantic Forest sites in southern Brazil, its diet also includesfruits of Arecaceae and Bromeliaceae, along with invertebrates. Birds, small mammals, skinks (Mabuya), and ground lizards (Tropidurus) were also consumed. In Atlantic Forest sites in south-eastern Brazil, its diet included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Arachnida, Hemiptera, Isoptera, and seeds of Cecropia . In a cerrado site, seeds of Clidemia and Miconia (both Melastomataceae) were recovered in almost one-third of the feces analyzed, in addition to the usual invertebrate prey. Brown Four-eyed Opossums can be considered important dispersers of several seeds of riparian forest species in the Brazilian cerrado. In Chiapas, Mexico, feces contained avian eggshell remains, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, feathers, and reptilian scales. Diet seem to be influenced by resource availability because low occurrence of fruits in restinga (10-5%) and Atlantic Forest (7%) sites contrasts with higher levels of fruit consumption (more than 45%) in cerrado sites. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 8-7 g of proteins, 12-9 g of carbohydrates, 1-9 g oflipids, and 2% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Dens of Brown Four-eyed Opossums are found under roots of trees, sometimes with entrance tunnels, and at bases of palm trees, or in hollow logs at a maximum of I m high. Nests have also been found on the ground, usually well hidden in litter and undetectable from above. Other nestsites include ground hollows, rocky crevices, and underfallen palm fronds. Nests are spherical, built with leaves and twigs, and their entrances are closed with leaves. Although Brown Four-eyed Opossums are ground dwelling and sometimes are reported as lacking a prehensiletail, a specimen was videotaped carrying leaves with its tail in Colombia. Sexual maturity is reached at c.10 months (subadult females with pouch young were captured in Peru). Gestation is long compared with other opossum species, at least 21 days, with records of 20-28 days in captive specimens. Newborn young remain attached to teats for 75-80 days, after which they are left in the nest for the first time. They spend 30-45 days in the nest until they are totally weaned. They disperse at c.130 days of age. In south-eastern Brazil, mean littersize is five young (varying from one to nine young), but an average litter size of 7-6 young (varying from four to nine young) has been recorded. Litters of nine young were also found in Amazonian Peru, and litters of 6-9 young were recorded in Brazilian Amazonia. Female Brown Four-eyed Opossums with young were captured in February, April, June, November, and December in one Atlantic Forest site in south-eastern Brazil, and lactating females in April, June, and October. They were caught in August-April in another Atlantic Forest site, April in Paraguay, and February, June, and October in Peru. In Brazilian Amazonia, they seem to breed all year long because reproductively active females were captured in February-September. Lactating females were found in April in Colombia, April-May in Venezuela, and September in Peru.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum is nocturnal. An individual radiotracked in south-eastern Brazil was active exclusively at night, with activity peaks between 20:00 h and 23:00 h; activity diminished considerably after 02:00 h. A study using live-traps equipped with clocks that recorded capture times in south-eastern Brazil confirmed a strictly nocturnal habit, with individuals starting their activities c¢.2 hours after sunset and a major activity peak from 20:00 h to 22:00 h.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum is exclusively ground dwelling and well adapted for running. In fact, it seems to be the most specialized ground-dwelling opossum, even considered by some authors to be a cursorial species because it moves by high-speed leaps, with several muscular and skeletal adaptations to support this classification. Only one of 19 individuals tracked with spool-and-line in south-eastern Brazil had a single above-ground movement, out of 3200 m of line recorded. In studies in which traps are set at different heights, the Brown Four-eyed Opossum is consistently and exclusively captured in ground traps, although there is a single report of a study in which traps were set on the ground and in the understory, and an individual was captured in a trap set in the understory, but not on the ground. Likewise, the Brown Four-eyed Opossum performed poorly on experimental tests of locomotion on horizontal and vertical supports, and it was the only tested didelphid that refused to jump to across gaps. Home range estimates based on trapping grids were 0-74-16 ha, but an estimate for a female based on radiotelemetry was 8-4 ha. In a restinga forest, Brown Four-eyed Opossums usually moved 40-200 m between captures, with occasional movements of up to 300 m, but radiotelemetry estimates indicate that they can move on average 549-9 m/night. Estimates using spool-and-line devices in the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil indicated a mean distance between successive captures of 20-100 m, with maximal recorded distances traveled amounting to 253 m in one study and reaching 100-1500 m in another. Density estimates for the Brown Four-eyed Opossum in south-eastern Brazil are 50-600 ind/km? in an Atlantic Forestsite and 22 ind/km?®in a restinga forest.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Brown Four-eyed Opossum has a wide distribution, occurs in several protected areas, and presumably has a large population. Nevertheless,it is in need of taxonomic revision and very likely includes several species under what is now understood to be the Brown Four-eyed Opossum. Conservation status will need to be reassessed if distinct forms are elevated to full species.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Adler et al. (2012), Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2003), Beisiegel (2006), Bergallo (1994), Caceres (2004, 2005), Carvalho et al. (1999), Cerqueira et al. (1993), Costa (2003), Crouzeilles et al. (2010), Cunha &amp; Vieira (2002), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b), Delgado et al. (2014), Diaz (2014), Diaz &amp; Flores (2008), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Ferreira (2011), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Dagosto (2007), Gentile &amp; Cerqueira (1995), Gentile et al. (2004), Grand (1983), Grelle (2003), Handley (1976), Herrera (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Julien-Laferriere (1991), Lambert et al. (2005), Lessa &amp; Costa (2010), Lessa et al. (2013), Loretto et al. (2005), Macedo et al. (2007), McNab (1982, 2005), Medellin et al. (1992), Mendel &amp; Vieira (2003), Miles et al. (1981), Miranda et al. (2009), Moraes (2004), de Muizon &amp; Argot (2003), Nogueira, Martinelli et al. (1999), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Paresque et al. (2004), Passamani (2000), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2008), Reig et al. (1977), Santori, Astla &amp; Cerqueira (1995, 2004), Santori, Lessa &amp; Astua (2012), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Santos et al. (2004), da Silva (2005), Smith (2008e), Svartman (2009), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1999), Szalay (1994), Vieira (2006), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Yunis et al. (1973).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE7FFCCFFF01418F9318698	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE7FFCDFAF31A49F6BB84CE.text	F723B76CFFE7FFCDFAF31A49F6BB84CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chironectes minimus (Zimmermann 1780)	<div><p>49.</p><p>Water Opossum</p><p>Chironectes minimus</p><p>French: Yapock / German: Schwimmbeutler / Spanish: Zariglieya acuética</p><p>Other common names: Yapok</p><p>Taxonomy. Lutra minima Zimmermann, 1780,</p><p>“Gujana.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to “ Cayenne, French Guiana.”</p><p>A taxonomic revision using modern techniques may change the status of subspecies. Four subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.m.minimusZimmermann,1780—E&amp;SEColombia,Venezuela(SoftheOrinocoRiver),andtheGuianastoNBrazil(EtoNWMaranhao),alsoWAmazonianBrazil,EEcuador,EPeru,andW&amp;CBolivia.</p><p>C.m.argyrodytesDickey,1928—SMexico(SofOaxacaandTabasco)andNCentralAmerica.</p><p>C.m.panamensisGoldman,1914—SNicaraguathroughCostaRicaandPanama,toN&amp;WColombia,NVenezuela,TrinidadI,andSintoWEcuadorandNWPeru.</p><p>C. m. paraguensis Kerr, 1792 — S &amp; SE Brazil, E Paraguay, N Uruguay (Cerro Largo), and NE Argentina (Misiones) .</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 25-40 cm, tail 27-43 cm; weight 510-790 g. The Water Opossum is possibly the most distinctive species of Didelphidae, both ecologically and morphologically. Its fur pattern is unique. Dorsal fur is pale silvery gray, with four blackish transverse bars (located over shoulders and on center of back, hips, and lower rump) connected by blackish mid-dorsal stripe that runs from crown to base of tail. Shoulder and rump patches extend laterally over legs. Head fur is blackish, with dark eye-rings continuous with blackish crown fur, resulting in pale bar over each eye. Tail length is c.110% of head-body length, and tail is round and has fur on proximal onesixth or less. Naked rest of tail is blackish with a whitish tip. Ventral fur is pure bright white. Fur is short, dense, smooth, and water-repellent. Feet are reddish-brown or dark gray, with fleshy carpal tubercles in both sexes, and hindfeet are fully webbed from base to terminal phalanges. Ears are moderately large, naked, and rounded. Females have a distinct pouch that opens backward and can be tightly closed. Five mammae are present, two on each side, and a medial mamma. Water Opossums are the only species of opossums with distinct urogenital and rectal openings rather than a single cloacal opening. Male Water Opossums also have a rudimentary “pouch” anterior to the scrotum. Cremaster muscle in tunica vaginalis allows scrotum to be pulled up and kept in contact with abdominal body wall, at the rudimentary pouch area, so pouch protects scrotum while a male is swimming and diving or even moving on land. The Water Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and with an acrocentric X-chromosome similar in size to autosomes and a small acrocentric Y-chromosome. Skull shape is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical and subtropical habitats, with permanent water (rivers, streams, and ponds), including moist lowland and lower montane forests, from sea level up to elevations of 1860 m. Water Opossums inhabit slow and fast-flowing waters but are normally absent from waters with high levels of sediment. In south-eastern Brazil, they occur only in fast-flowing streams, preferring wide waterways with dense forest on banks and stones on bottom. In cerrado, Water Opossumsare found near ponds or in gallery forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Due to its semi-aquatic habitat, the Water Opossum is also unique in its foraging habits. It swims by paddling with hindfeet only, while keeping forefeet extended forward, fingers wide open, feeling substrate for prey. Prey is often captured with hands and then brought to the bank to be eaten. They have larger digital pads and reduced claws compared with other big-bodied species of opossums. Fingertips of Water Opossums have epidermal scales surrounded by finger-like conical structures that are radially oriented, enabling perception of tactical stimuli from all directions. These structures, along with less-clawed fingertips, likely improve tactile abilities underwater. Diet of the Water Opossum includes mostly aquatic or semi-aquatic vertebrates (fish, particularly slow-moving and bottom-dwelling species such as silurids and cichlids, and frogs) and aquatic invertebrates (crustaceans and mollusks) but also crickets; occasionally, fruits and aquatic plants have been found. Water Opossums were also seen opportunistically preying on bats (Seba’s Short-tailed Bat, Carollia perspicillata, and the Little Yellow-shouldered Bat, Sturnira lilium) that were entangled in a mist-net set over a stream. Captive individuals readily consumed freshly killed mice, chicks, young rats, and crayfish, and they also fed on slices of fish or meat mixed with cod-liver oil and chopped meat. Consumption offish eggs has also been reported. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 8 g of proteins, 7-1 g of carbohydrates, 0-8 g oflipids, and 2-:2% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Nests of the Water Opossum are located in chambers at the end of tunnels that are ¢.60 cm long. Entrances to tunnels are just above water level. Like other species of opossums, the Water Opossum usesits tail to drag material for nest building. Nest entrances have a diameter of c.10 cm and can found not only on banks of waterways but also on the ground, among rocks, or among roots. The nest is lined with leaves and grass. Pre-copulatory behavior of the Water Opossum is similar to that of other species of opossums, with males circling or chasing females and engaging in oral-genital contact. Males also grab females during copulation. Reported litter sizes vary from one to five young, but only 2-4 young/litter were observed in south-eastern Brazil. Pouch young are apparently tolerant of low oxygen levels and resistant to asphyxia, enabling the mother to dive while carrying young in her pouch. This may not be unique to Water Opossums because Virginia Opossums also dive and swim underwater with pouch young. In Brazil, young are born in December—January, and females are found with pouch young in January-February. In Argentina, there are records of young born in August, and in Venezuela, females with pouch young were captured in January, July, and November. Throughout the distribution of the Water Opossum, females with pouch young are captured all year long, suggesting that they do not breed seasonally. Young detach from mammae at c.48 days but continue to nurse. As in other big-bodied species of opossums, the female sometimes carries large young on her back. Juveniles have been seen swimming with their mothers in the wild.</p><p>Activity patterns. Water Opossums are nocturnal. They become active right after sunset and concentrate their activity during the first one-half of the night; during this period, males and females have alternate preferred foraging times, with males more active during the first one-half of the activity period and females during the second one-half. Males have longer activity periods during the dry season, and females have longer activity periods during the wet season.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Water Opossums swim in a unique way. All other opossums that have been seen swimming use all four legs to paddle, but the Water Opossum paddles with hindfeet only, in an alternate stroke. Water-repellent fur provides additional buoyancy, and they are able to swim keeping their backs almost parallel to water surface, with entire head and back above water level. Speed ranges from 0-7 km/h to 2:6 km/h. Water Opossums usually flee from danger by swimming, but some individuals have been seen leaving water and escaping into dense streamside vegetation or entering a burrow. They also reportedly splash noisily while wading or swimming. Captive individuals have been seen jumping and climbing with agility on vertical supports, sometimes to reach hollow logs above ground level that were used as dens. Home ranges are linear, and lengths in south-eastern Brazil are 844-3742 m along rivers. Densities are hard to compare with other opossums because they relate to river length and not area, but current estimates can be up to 1-3 ind/km. Home ranges of male Water Opossums are up to four times longer than those of females, and there is considerable overlap of home ranges within and between sexes. Water Opossums are solitary, although in a single situation two individuals (one male and one female) were found sharing a den. Although some captive individuals did not tolerate presence of another individual, mutual grooming has been observed in captivity after swimming, and in some cases, up to three adults shared the same enclosure without any agonistic activity.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Water Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large population, and it occurs in several protected areas. They are sometimes considered rare, but this is probably due to difficulty of locating and capturing them. Populations of Water Opossums are not only threatened by deforestation, as are most forest-dwelling species, but additionally by contamination and deterioration of freshwater ecosystems. Artisanal gold mining in French Guiana and other parts of the distribution of the Water Opossum might degrade watercourses, posing a serious threat.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Alho et al. (1986), Ardente et al. (2013), Astua (2010), Astua, Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2001), Astua, Santori et al. (2003), Brandao, Garbino et al. (2014), Bressiani &amp; Graipel (2008), Breviglieri &amp; Pedro (2010), Cabrera (1958), Carvalho et al. (2002), Davis (1966), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fish (1993), Galliez &amp; Fernandez (2012), Galliez et al. (2009), Gardner (2005), Gonzalez &amp; Fregueiro (1998), Graipel et al. (2006), Hamrick (2001), Handley (1976), Julien-Laferriere (1991), Leite et al. (2013), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Marshall (1978d), McNab (1982), Medellin (1991), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Mondolfi &amp; Medina (1957), Monteiro-Filho et al. (2006), Nogueira et al. (2004), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Reig et al. (1977), Rosenthal (1975), Salazar et al. (1994), Sidebotham (1885), Smith, P (2007b), Stein (1981), Stein &amp; Patton (2007a), Streilein (1982a), Thompson (1988), Tortato (2009), Voss &amp; Emmons (1996), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss et al. (2001), Yensen et al. (1994), Yunis et al. (1972), Zetek (1930).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE7FFCDFAF31A49F6BB84CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE6FFCEFA021FA3F9288D0F.text	F723B76CFFE6FFCEFA021FA3F9288D0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lutreolina crassicaudata (Desmarest 1804)	<div><p>50.</p><p>Big Lutrine Opossum</p><p>Lutreolina crassicaudata</p><p>French: Opossum a grosse queue / German: Dickschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Zariglieya de cola gruesa</p><p>Other common names: Lesser Water Opossum, Little Water Opossum, Lutrine Opossum, Mink Opossum, Red Opossum, Red Waterpossum, Thick-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys crassicaudata Desmarest, 1804,</p><p>type locality not given. Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to “ Asuncion,” Paraguay.</p><p>Two subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>L.c.crassicaudataDesmarest,1804—SEPeru(MadredeDios),EBolivia,S&amp;SEBrazil,Paraguay,Uruguay,andEArgentinaStoBuenosAiresProvince.</p><p>L. c. turner: Gunther, 1879 — E Colombia, Venezuela, and NW Guyana.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 24.3-40 cm, tail 24.5-35.8 cm; weight 200-910 g. Dorsal fur in the Big Lutrine Opossum is uniformly colored, varying from buffy yellow to buffy or dark brown. Head lacks any sort of marking such as mid-rostral stripe, eye-rings, or supraocular spots. Rostrum is short, particularly compared with that of the other bigbodied species of opossums. Tail is thick, measures ¢.95% of head-body length, and is thickly furred from base up to one-half of its length. Rest oftail is all brown to black for three-fourths to four-fifths ofits length, and pale yellowish to white on distal end. Ventral furis paler than dorsal fur, varying from reddish-ocher to pale or dark brown. Variations offur color may occur in a single locality, as well as in a single individual, depending on diet and environmental conditions. Fur is soft and dense, although not water-repellent. Legs are short and stout and, combined with the proportionally long body, give it an otter-like appearance that led to its scientific and common names. Ears are brown, short, rounded, and barely extend above fur, and eyes are dark brown. Females have a pouch that opens backward, with 9-11 mammae, four or five on each side and an additional a medial mamma. The Big Lutrine Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and with a metacentric X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. Males are larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Near water in wet savannas near forests in its northern distribution and in humid forests along watercourses, wet grasslands, and savanna woodland habitats in its southern distribution. In central Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, Big Lutrine Opossums occur in pampas, temperate grasslands, and marshy or riparian habitats; in northern Argentina and Paraguay, they occupy more mesic savanna woodlands of the Chaco; and in Mato Grosso, Brazil, they occur in tropical grassland and gallery woodland habitats. In Venezuela, Big Lutrine Opossums have been captured in grasslands with grasses 0-5—1-5 m high near streams, but also in dry pastures. They also occurs in anthropic areas and secondary forest in the Atlantic Forest biome.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Big Lutrine Opossum is considered one of the most carnivorous species of opossums, based not only on diet analyses but also its particularly fierce and aggressive behavior and skull morphology. It has a unique short rostrum and very well developed masticatory muscles. It feeds on a wide variety of vertebrate prey items, such as rodents, small species of opossums, Tapetis ( Sylvilagus brasiliensis, Leporidae), birds, frogs, lizards, snakes (including venomous snakes such as pit vipers to which it is immune), and fish. It also feeds on several invertebrate groups, such as arthropods (Decapoda, Coeloptera, Isoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Opiliones), earthworms, snails, and crustaceans. Fruits are also occasionally consumed, mostly during warmer and rainy months; seeds have been found in fecal or stomach contents. Although seen as more carnivorous that most other species of opossums, in some studies, seeds were found more frequently than animal items. There are also reports of occasional consumption of carrion and human food waste. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 27-5 g of proteins, 16-3 g of carbohydrates, 7-2 g of lipids, and 1-6% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. The Big Lutrine Opossum makes globular nests with dry grasses in tree holes and abandoned burrows, or on the ground in grasslands. Spherical nests (10-30 cm) were observed hanging c.30 cm above the water, attached to reeds. Reported litter size varies from seven to eleven young. Mean litter size in south-eastern Brazil is 8:7 young. In Argentina, litters range from seven to eleven young, with a mean of 8:6 young, and a female from Colombia was captured with seven pouch young. Timing of breeding season seems to vary geographically. In the southern limit of its distribution near Buenos Aires, breeding season was estimated to be from September to April, although one female with pouch young was captured in winter and a female with pouch young was recorded in October in Corrientes. During this season, female Big Lutrine Opossums are apparently able to produce two litters. At the same latitude, another study recorded reproductively active females in spring and summer, and a single case in winter, with estimated birth dates in September—February. In southern Brazil, a reproductively active female was captured in January and recaptured in February, and in south-eastern Brazil, reproductively active females were captured in June—-October. In Colombia, a female with pouch young was captured in August.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the Big Lutrine Opossum is nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although the long body and short legs suggest ground-based habits, Big Lutrine Opossums are actually good climbers and swimmers. They are usually associated with marshy habitats and have been seen swimming or assumed to have swam. They have been captured in traps set in floating vegetation and seen inside duck nests in middle of a swamp. Fleeing individuals dove and swam away. A captive Big Lutrine Opossum swam at 1-4 km/h, with a four-footed paddling gait and, with positive buoyancy, its back parallel to the water surface. On land, they use diagonal trot a lower speeds and a gallop at higher speeds, moving on average at 3-6 km/h. A similar gait was observed on horizontal tubes simulating arboreal locomotion. They bounded up steeper supports, holding on with both forefeet, while advancing hindfeet and then holding the support with hindfeet to advance forefeet. They also jumped at the end of supports. Big Lutrine Opossums raised in outdoor enclosures climbed trees, and one individual repeatedly used its thick tail like a spring as itjumped almost 60 cm vertically when attacking the observer. Estimates of distances traveled are 20-250 m. Home ranges in southern Brazil measured 0-65 ha for a single male and 0-81 ha for a single female. Density is 200 ind/km? in Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Big Lutrine Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large population, and it occurs in several protected areas. In the southern limits ofits distribution, draining of wetlands for agriculture may ultimately affect conservation status of the Big Lutrine Opossum.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Astua (2010), Astla, Hingst-Zaher et al. (2000), Astua, Santori et al. (2003), Cabrera (1958), Caceres (2005), Caceres et al. (2002), Carvalho et al. (2002), Delupi et al. (1997), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Facure &amp; Ramos (2011), Flores et al. (2003), Gardner (2005), Gibson (1879), Graipel, Cherem et al. (2006), Graipel, Miller &amp; Ximenez (1996), Handley (1976), Herrera (2010), Lemke et al. (1982), Lemos et al. (2001), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Marshall (1978a), Martinez-Lanfranco et al. (2014), McNab (1982, 2005), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Monteiro-Filho &amp; Dias (1990), Monteiro-Filho et al. (2006), Muschetto et al. (2011), Nogueira, Martinelli et al. (1999), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Regidor et al. (1999), Reig etal. (1977), Santori, Astta &amp; Cerqueira (2004), Santori, Rocha-Barbosa et al. (2005), Sazima (1992), Seluja et al.</p><p>(1984), Smith (2008c), Stein &amp; Patton (2007b), Svartman (2009), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1999), Talamoni &amp; Dias (1999), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE6FFCEFA021FA3F9288D0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE5FFCEFAFD17A8F609852B.text	F723B76CFFE5FFCEFAFD17A8F609852B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lutreolina massoia (Martinez- Lanfranco et al. 2014)	<div><p>51.</p><p>Massoia’s Lutrine Opossum</p><p>Lutreolina massoia</p><p>French: Opossum de Massoia / German: Massoias Dickschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Zariglieya de cola gruesa de Massoia</p><p>Taxonomy. Lutreolina massoia Martinez- Lanfranco et al., 2014,</p><p>“ Arroyo El Salton, Remanso del Gallego, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, 455 m above sea level (27° 26’ 16-26” S, 65° 46’ 33-6” W,” Rio Chico Department, Tucuman, Argentina.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Tarija) and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman), restricted to Yungas montane forests.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 18:8-23.9 cm, tail 20.9-25.5 cm; weight 284 g. Massoia’s Lutrine Opossum is smaller than the congeneric Big Lutrine Opossum ( Lutreolina crassicaudata), and its dorsal fur is uniformly colored brownish-olive. This color extends onto head, which lacks facial markings such as mid-rostral stripe, eye-rings, or supraocular spots. Rostrum is short and sooty black from nose to near eyes. Body sides are colored like dorsum, but dark olive-buff hairs are more abundant than on dorsum. Tail is thick, about the same length as head-body length, and is covered dorsally and ventrally on proximal one-third with fur the same color as dorsal fur, or slightly more cinnamon. Rest oftail is sooty black except for distal 15 mm, which is yellowish-orange. Ventral fur is orange-cinnamon from cheeks and throat to anus and on insides of legs. Fur is short. Legs are short and stout. Forelimbs are dark olive-buff on front and colored like dorsum posteriorly, and forefeet are dark brown, darker than dorsal fur. Hindfeet are the same color as dorsum. Ears are brown, short, rounded, and slightly furred. Females have a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Massoia’s Lutrine Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Habitats with dense ground cover and associated with water, including marshes, swamps, or permanent watercourses at elevations of 450-2000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Massoia’s Lutrine Opossum includes small mammals, fish, invertebrates, bird eggs, and fruits.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Massoia’s Lutrine Opossums are either nocturnal or crepuscular.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Massoia’s Lutrine Opossums are considered to be good climbers and swimmers. Home ranges were estimated at 0-07-0-95 ha in Tucuman.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Massoia’s Lutrine Opossum has not been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List, because at the time of the last assessment it was considered to be conspecific with the Big Lutrine Opossum. Conservation status ofall species of opossums is being reassessed by the[IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group. Massoia’s Lutrine Opossum is endemic to the Yungas forests, which are under intense human pressure, resulting in high levels of fragmentation that could represent a conservation threat. Nevertheless, they are frequently captured and occur in several national parks in Argentina (Calilegua, Bariti, and El Rey) and other protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Flores et al. (2007), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Martinez-Lanfranco et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE5FFCEFAFD17A8F609852B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE5FFCFFAF81C48F6358453.text	F723B76CFFE5FFCFFAF81C48F6358453.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis virginiana Kerr 1792	<div><p>52.</p><p>Virginia Opossum</p><p>Didelphis virginiana</p><p>French: Opossum de Virginie / German: Virginia-Opossum / Spanish: Zarigieya de Virginia</p><p>Other common names: North American Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792,</p><p>“ Virginia, Louisiana, Mexico, Brasil, and Peru.” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1901 to “ Virginia .”</p><p>Four subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>D.v.virginianaKerr,1792—SWCanada(BritishColumbia)andWcoastofUSA,disjunctfromapopulationoccurringinmostoftheEone-halfofUSA,uptoSECanada(SOntario)andStothelimitwiththesubspeciespigra.</p><p>D.v.californicaBennett,1833—mostofMexico,reachingSTexasontheAtlanticcoastandalmostreachingtheUSAborderonthePacificcoast,andStoHondurasandNicaragua.</p><p>D.v.pigraBangs,1898—FloridaandtheGulfofMexicocoast.</p><p>D. v. yucatanensisJ. A. Allen, 1901 — Yucatan Peninsula.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 37-50.1 cm,tail 29.5-47 cm; weight 0.5-5.9 kg. Male Virginia Opossums are larger than females (average weights are c.2-8 kg for males and c.1-9 kg for females), and there is sexual dimorphism in skull shape. Gray dorsal fur consists of two distinct layers: dense underfur with white-based dark brown to black hairs visible underneath long, coarse guard hairs. Guard hairs can be all white, resulting in what is called a gray phase, or black-tipped, resulting in a black phase. Top of head is same color as dorsal fur, narrowing into a pointed stripe between eyes, and there is a faint, grayish to dusky eye mask from nose almost to bases of ears. Cheeks are white. Mid-rostral stripe and eye mask are more conspicuous in the black phase and may not be visible in the gray phase. Tail length is about the same as head-body length. Tail is furred at base; about one-half of naked part is black, and remainder can be dirty white, fleshy, or completely black. Ventralfur is similar to but paler than dorsal fur. Distal ends of limbs are black, feet are black with white toes, and ears are large and black with white tips. There is considerable variation in coloration; some specimens have completely white faces, white forefeet, and mostly white tails, and others have black ears and hindfeet. Females have a pouch, usually with 13 mammae,five or six on each side and a medial mamma; number can vary from nine to 17. The Virginia Opossum has 2n = 22, FN = 32 karyotype, with six pairs of biarmed and four pairs of acrocentric autosomes, with a metacentric or submetacentric X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Almost every habitat within its distribution from sea level to elevations of more than 3000 m and from areas of relatively high aridity to much more mesic environments. Nevertheless, the Virginia Opossum seems prefer wet areas, near swamps and streams. It can be found in marshlands and a variety of forested, grassland, agricultural, and suburban habitats, being tolerant of human presence and habitat modification. It even shows a preference for developed areas, and densities in cities are sometimes higher than in rural areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Virginia Opossum is a highly opportunistic and generalist species, with a diet based on insects and carrion but also including fruits and grains. Some of the reported small vertebrates in their diets include rodents such as mice, cotton rats, voles, and squirrels. They also prey on skunks, rabbits, shrews, and moles and will eat birds, bird eggs, and nestlings, including yellow-bellied sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and spotted towhees (Pipilo maculatus), as well as chickens, pheasants, and a variety of amphibians and reptiles, including frogs, toads, salamanders, and snakes, even poisonous copperheads. Invertebrates consumed include caterpillars and other insects, snails, slugs, and earthworms. Food items of vegetal origin include grass, corn, chestnuts, acorns, buckwheat, small tubers, young briar shoots, blackberries, wild cherries, mulberries, hackberries, persimmons, pears, watermelons, and grapes. Most diet studies of Virginia Opossumsindicate that food items are consumed based mostly on their availability (more abundant items are used). They also raid garbage bins.</p><p>Breeding. Female Virginia Opossums make nests with dead leaves in a variety of places such as tree cavities, hollow logs, and burrows. They also use abandoned nests of crows, squirrels, skunks, armadillos, and woodchucks, which they modify by adding material. Nest-building materialis carried with the tail and put in place with the mouth and forefeet. A nest consists of a circular wall of material 10-25 cm high and 10-35 cm thick. It may be covered with straw in very cold temperatures. The Virginia Opossum reaches sexual maturity at c¢.6 months of age, and estrous cycle lasts 22-38 days, averaging 29-5 days. Premating behavior includes clicking sounds by males and attempts to nuzzle and sniff the female cloaca, but anestrous females are not receptive and respond by growling, hissing, and biting, which is usually followed by submissive behavior by males. During mating, the male grasps a receptive estrous female by her hindlegs with his hindfeet and holds her with a bite on the neck. Coupling may last up to c.2 hours. Gestation lasts 12-13 days. Young are born weighing c.0-15 g and measuring c.14 mm from crown to rump. They remain permanently attached to mammae for up to 48-65 days. After that, they continue to suckle until weaning at 95-105 days. Litter size is variable, with as many as 17-21 young in a single litter. Apparently populations from the northern part of the distribution tend to have largerlitters. Mean litter sizes in USA populations vary from an average of 6-3 young in Florida to ten young in California. Mexican populations have an average litter size of 7-6 young. Usually two litters are produced during the breeding season, although three litters have occasionally been reported. Breeding season usually extends from January to November but may be shorter in the northern part of the distribution, where, due to harsher winter conditions, breeding occurs only from March to September.</p><p>Activity patterns. Virginia Opossums are usually strictly nocturnal. Their activity starts soon after dusk and continues until dawn, but peak activity is concentrated between 23:00 h and 02:00 h. They may be active during the day in winter in the colder parts of their distribution, where extremely low night temperatures force them into diurnal activity. Whether sexes or ages have different preferred activity times varies from one study or study site to another; some have found that females are active earlier than males, and juveniles earlier than adults, but others have found no difference between these groups.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Virginia Opossums can walk long distances. Their walking speed has been estimated at 0-4-1-8 km/h, and maximum running speed has been estimated to be 7-6 km/h. They are also are good climbers, sometimes using their prehensile tails as additional support, and dens are sometimes made in trees. They also swim in natural conditions, including underwater swimming. Maximum swimming speed is c¢.1-1 km/h, and Virginia Opossums can swim distances up to 100 m relatively easily. Two swimming gaits are known: one similar to terrestrial walking and another with the limbs on each side moving simultaneously. Some fleeing individuals have been seen swimming underwater, including a female later captured and found to have pouch young and the ability to tightly seal the pouch opening when diving. Virginia Opossums usually travel from ¢.600 m to 1 km per night, although nightly movements of up to 9 km have been recorded for males searching for females during the breeding season. They use a mean radius of 680 m around their dens when foraging but usually stay closer than that. How much area is used around densis related to age; younger individuals stay closer to the den. Estimated home ranges for the Virginia Opossum vary widely, from as low as 4 ha to as much as 800 ha. In some areas, males increase their nightly movement rate and double their home ranges during breeding seasons, and these larger home ranges can overlap home ranges of 1-6 females. Estimated densities of the Virginia Opossum vary from 0-9 ind/km? to 250 ind/km?®. Communications consist of sounds used in agonistic situations by most species of opossums, including hissing, screeching, and growling. Social interactions are extremely rare. Virginia Opossums usually den alone, but females or occasionally a male and female may share the same den. They stay on average 2-2 days in each den, and other individuals frequently use abandoned dens. Up to five Virginia Opossums have been recorded using the same den (although not simultaneously), especially in more favorable areas. Occasionally two opossums share a den at the same time, but no interactions have been recorded in those cases. In Florida, males were seen following females into their dens after mating and sharing that den during daytime. When several individuals are seen sharing a den, they are usually recently weaned littermates, who may share a den for a few days to weeks. Nevertheless, captive Virginia Opossums in semi-natural enclosures sometimes exhibit communal denning. Their interactions are more likely to be neutral or affiliative than agonistic. These captive individuals were able to form stable, hierarchical social relationships, unlike field observations reported for other species of the genus. Agonistic behavior observed between males in the field occurred during the breeding season when they competed for a single female. A typical behavior of the Virginia Opossum is thanatosis, or feigning death, a behavior not found in any other species of opossum. When they are “playing possum,” they remain motionless, with the mouth open, and lie with body and tail curled. This can be brief, lasting less than a minute, or can last as long as c.6 hours. It involves “apparent death” with physiological changes: body temperature drops, heart rate drops almost 50%, and breathing rate drops ¢.30%. Consciousness, however, remains unaltered; brain activity and electrocardiogram patterns in individuals playing possum are identical to those of individuals during their normal activities.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Virginia Opossum is a widespread and common species throughout its distribution and is highly adaptable to human-dominated landscapes. It has been hunted or trapped for food, sport, and as predators of poultry, but this does not seem to represent a conservation threat. On the contrary, distribution of the Virginia Opossum has been expanding northward ever since the North American continent began to be colonized by Europeans.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen (1901, 1902), Astua (2010), Austad (1993), Bateman &amp; Fleming (2012), Berkovitz (1978), Biggers &amp; Creed (1962), Biggers et al. (1965), Burns &amp; Burns (1957), Carver et al. (2011), Cerqueira &amp; Tribe (2007), Charles-Dominique (1983), Coues (1872), Doutt (1954), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fish (1993), Fitch &amp; Shirer (1970), Francq (1970), Gardner (1973, 2005), Gardner &amp; Sunquist (2003), Hartman (1929), Holmes (1991), Hossler et al. (1994), Jenkins (1971), Jenkins &amp; Weijs (1979), Kanda et al. (2006), Kasparian et al. (2002), Ladine (1997), Lemelin (1999), McManus (1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1974), McNab (2005), Minkoff et al. (1979), Moore (1955), Nesslinger (1956), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Reig et al. (1977), Ryser (1992), Sebastido &amp; Marroig (2013), Smith (1941), Stein (1981), Sunquist &amp; Eisenberg (1993), Svartman (2009), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012), Weckerly et al. (1987).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE5FFCFFAF81C48F6358453	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFE4FFF0FA051E64F6F088A8.text	F723B76CFFE4FFF0FA051E64F6F088A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis albiventris Lund 1840	<div><p>53.</p><p>Brazilian White-eared Opossum</p><p>Didelphis albiventris</p><p>French: Opossum a oreilles blanches / German: Stidopossum / Spanish: Zarigleya de orejas blancas de Brasil</p><p>Other common names: \ White-eared Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840,</p><p>“ Rio das Velhas,” Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE, C, &amp; S Brazil, SE Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina as far S as Buenos Aires Province in the E and the Monte Desert ecoregion in the W.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 30-44.2 cm, tail 29-45 cm; weight 0.5-2.5 kg. Male Brazilian White-eared Opossums are larger than females, and there is sexual dimorphism in skull shape. Dorsal fur is gray to whitish, rarely blackish, consisting of two distinct layers. Underfur is usually white. Guard hairs are long, coarse, and gray-tipped or white-tipped. Head is white, with clearly marked eye mask from nose to near bases of ears. Cheeks are white, and there is a black line on center of forehead, narrowing to a point between eyes. Tail length is about the same as head-body length or slightly shorter, tail is basally furred, and rest oftail is naked and black on proximal one-half or more and white on the rest. Ventralfur is white, gray, or yellowish, paler than dorsum, and throat is white. Ears are large and white or mostly white with a black base. Females have a pouch, with eleven or more commonly 13 mammae, five or six on each side and a medial mamma. The Brazilian White-eared Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Open and deciduous forest types, including areas of low and irregular rainfall such as the caatinga and Monte Desert habitats. Brazilian White-eared Opossums are very tolerant of habitat disturbance and easily coexist with humans, including in large cities. In the cerrado region, they occur in all major cerrado formations, gallery forests, and wet areas, and they can occur in the Atlantic Forest in contact zones between this and open formations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Brazilian White-eared Opossum is mainly composed of invertebrates, but small vertebrates and more than 20 species offruits are also consumed. In a disturbed area of south-eastern Brazil, its diet included mainly Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Diplopoda, but also rodents (Cavia, Necromys, Mus, and Rattus), small opossums ( Marmosa), undetermined reptiles, and fruits of Cecropia (Urticaceae), Acrocomia (Arecaceae), and Miconia (Melastomataceae) . The Brazilian White-eared Opossum is considered an opportunistic consumer of fruits because it relies on invertebrates and vertebrates in the dry season. A variety offruits (e.g. species of Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae, Piperaceae, and Solanaceae) are consumed, mainly in the wet season. It also seems that fruit consumption varies at an individual level. In southern Brazil, a similar diet was found, with invertebrate remains found in 100% of feces analyzed,fruits in 76%, and vertebrates in 58%. Vertebrates consumed included mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes. Invertebrates included Isopoda, Decapoda, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera larvae, Orthoptera, Opiliones, Diplopoda, and snails. A variety offruits were consumed, such as Syagrus (Arecaceae), Cucumis, Melothria (Cucurbitaceae), Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), Leandra ( Melastomataceae), Morus (Moraceae), Psidium (Myrtaceae), Passiflora (Passifloraceae), Piper (Piperaceae), Rubus (Rosaceae), Cyphomandra, Solanum, Vassobia (all Solanaceae), and unidentified Poaceae . The Brazilian White-eared Opossum opportunistically attacks bats (the Great Fruit-eating Bat, Artibeus lituratus, and the Little Yellow-shouldered Bat, Sturnira Lilium) entangled in mist-nets. Snake scales have been found in feces. It is immune to pit viper venom and successfully attacks and consumes pit vipers in captivity. The Brazilian White-eared Opossum has also been seen feeding on exudates of Tapira guianensis ( Anacardiaceae) in north-eastern Brazil, using trees scratched by Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) during the day. Brazilian Whiteeared Opossums are important disperses of seeds of several plant species. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 20-9 g of proteins, 27-9 g of carbohydrates, 10-1 g oflipids, and 1-7% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Female Brazilian White-eared Opossums make nests lined with grass, fur, and feathers in tree holes, logs, and palms. In Argentina, they also routinely use empty chambers in communal nests of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), where they can be opportunistic predators of eggs and nestlings. Sexual maturity is reached at 4-5-7 months. A female with very incomplete dentition, weighing only 320 g, was found with pouch young in March in Minas Gerais, Brazil; she probably was born early in that same breeding season, suggesting that these opossums may be able to produce two litters during a single breeding season. Gestation is estimated to last 13 days, and young are weaned at c¢.3-5 months of age in Argentina. Length of breeding season is variable and tends to be inversely correlated with latitude: populations at higher latitudes have shorter breeding seasons. They also have larger litters: populations at lower latitudes tend to invest in more and smaller litters because they have longer periods of time with higher resource availability, whereas populations at higher latitudes, which face shorter periods of suitable climate and resource availability, invest in fewer but larger litters. Female Brazilian White-eared Opossums usually show synchronous breeding. Reproductively active females in the Brazilian caatinga (c.7° S) were observed in November—-March. Breeding in the Brazilian cerrado (c.16° S) occurs during the wet season from July or August to April. In south-eastern Brazil (19° S), breeding is from mid-July to March; at 21° §, it is from late July to March, also coinciding with the wet season; in southern Brazil (25° S), itis from late July to April; and in Argentina at 34° S, it is either from late August to early March or, in another study at the same latitude, from mid-August to late February. In the Brazilian caatinga, a single litter was produced per breeding season, but at higher latitudes females had two litters during a breeding season. Average litter size in north-eastern Brazil (9-13° S) is 6-5 young, with 3-9 young in a single site. In central Brazil,litter size ranged from five to seven young; in south-eastern Brazil (19° S), itis seven young (with a maximum of ten); at 21° S, one study recorded an average of 6-2 young and another recorded 5-7 young. In a study at 23° S, average litter size was 7-3 young; in southern Brazil (25° S), nine young; mean litters of 6-9 young recorded in Argentina at 34° S, with as many as nine young perlitter (average of8-8 young was recorded in another study at the same latitude). Mean litters of 9-4 young, with a maximum of twelve young, have also been reported for Uruguay. Nevertheless, as many as 18 embryos have been reported, indicating that females may produce more newborns than actually survive. Onset of breeding in the Brazilian caatinga, at least in lowerlatitudes,is linked to average rainfall, but ultimately, variation in daylength would be the trigger for reproduction.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Brazilian White-eared Opossum is nocturnal, with the activity peak right after sunset, followed by a gradual decrease in activity. It has been seen feeding on palms at night.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Brazilian White-eared Opossums appear to be mostly terrestrial, but they also use understory and are sometimes captured in traps set on trees. Males have been recorded at capture points at least 450 m apart in south-eastern Brazil. Estimated home ranges for the Brazilian White-eared Opossum vary greatly. Home ranges of 0-03-0-4 ha were recorded in an urban forest fragment in south-eastern Brazil; estimates in Argentina were 0-57 ha and 0-05-12 ha; and in an urban fragment in southern Brazil, home ranges were 0-66 ha for females and 0-69 ha for males. In the Brazilian caatinga, home ranges were 0-59 ha for females and 0-77 ha for males. In contrast, estimates of 3-2 ha for males and 1-5 ha for females, with a maximum of 7 ha for a male, were obtained in southern Brazil, with male-male, female—female, and male-female home range overlap recorded. The only study that used radio-telemetry yielded home range estimates of 3-8-6-8 ha in an Atlantic Forest fragment in north-eastern Brazil. Densities of Brazilian White-eared Opossums were 40-440 ind/km? in the Brazilian caatinga, 250 ind/km?in Argentina, and 200-600 ind/km?®in a gallery forest in central Brazil.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Brazilian White-eared Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population;it is highly tolerant of habitat modification and human presence and occurs in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala, F et al. (2001), Abdala, V. et al. (2006), Aléssio (2004), Aléssio et al. (2005), Alho et al. (1986), Allen (1902), de Almeida et al. (2008), Alves-Costa &amp; Eterovick (2007), Aragona &amp; Marinho-Filho (2009), Astua (2010), Astua &amp; Geise (2006), Astua, Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2001), Astta, Santori et al. (2003), Bonvicino, Lemos &amp; Weksler (2005), Bonvicino, Lindbergh &amp; Maroja (2002), Braun et al. (2004), Caceres (2000, 2002, 2005), Caceres &amp; Lessa (2012), Caceres &amp; Monteiro-Filho (1999, 2007), Caceres &amp; Moura (2003), Cantor, Fer reira et al. (2010), Cantor, Pires et al. (2013), Carreira et al. (2012), Carvalho et al. (2002), Casagrande, Lopes et al. (2011), Casagrande, de Oliveira et al. (2009), Cassel et al. (2002), Cerqueira (1984, 1985, 2005), Cerqueira &amp; Tribe (2007), Delupi et al. (1997), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fonseca &amp; Alves (2006), Gardner (1973, 2005), Gazarini et al. (2008), Gutierrez, E.A. et al. (2011), Herrera (2010), Humberg et al. (2012), Jorge et al. (2012), Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2002), Lemos et al. (2001), Lessa et al. (2013), Lima, B.S. et al. (2013), Lima, M.M. et al. (2012), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Mares &amp; Ernest (1995), Mares et al. (1989), Monteiro-Filho (1987), Monteiro-Filho &amp; Abe (1999), Nogueira (1988), Nogueira, Martinelli et al. (1999), Oliveira-Santos et al. (2008), de Oliveira, C.A. et al. (1998), Oliveira, M.E. &amp; Santori (1999), de Oliveira, M.L. et al. (2010), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pereira &amp; Geise (2007), Pérez-Carusi et al. (2009), Pimentel &amp; Tabarelli (2004), Port &amp; Brewer (2004), Quintal et al. (2011), Rademaker &amp; Cerqueira (2006), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Regidor &amp; Gorostiague (1990, 1996), Reig et al. (1977), Rigueira et al. (1987), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), Sanches et al. (2012), Santori (1998), Santori et al. (2004), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Seluja et al. (1984), Sherlock et al. (1984), Smith, P (2007a), Sousa et al. (2012), Streilein (1982c), Svartman (2009), Talamoni &amp; Dias (1999), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFE4FFF0FA051E64F6F088A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDBFFF0FAFD130DF94081EC.text	F723B76CFFDBFFF0FAFD130DF94081EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis imperfecta (Mondolfi & Pérez-Hernandez 1984)	<div><p>54.</p><p>Guianan White-eared Opossum</p><p>Didelphis imperfecta</p><p>French: Opossum de Guyane / German: Guiana-Opossum / Spanish: Zariglieya de orejas blancas de Guyana</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis albiventris imperfectus Mondolfi &amp; Pérez-Hernandez, 1984,</p><p>“ km 125, Carretera El Dorado-Santa Elena, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Venezuela (S of the Orinoco River), the Guianas, and extreme N Brazil (Amapa, Roraima).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 31.7-39 cm, tail 30-41 cm; weight 0.6-1.2 kg. Skull size and shape of the Guianan Whiteeared Opossum are sexually dimorphic, although they vary with samples analyzed. Its dorsalfur is gray to blackish, consisting of two distinct layers: yellowish-white underfur underneath long, coarse guard hairs that can be either black basally, with most of their length white, sometimes with black tip (resulting in a gray phase), or entirely lustrous black (resulting in a black phase). Head is pale gray, whitish, or yellowish, with narrow dark brown mask from nose to near bases of ears. Mask of the Guianan White-eared Opossum is not as contrasting as that of the Brazilian White-eared Opossum ( Didelphis albrventris) due to a dirtier shade of head and cheek fur. Well-developed black line on center of forehead, narrowing to a point at the level in between eyes, is more distinct in specimens of the gray phase. Tail length is about the same as head-body length or slightly shorter, and tail is basally furred for about one-third of its length. Naked twothirds oftail is black on proximal end,slightly past furred part, and yellowish-white on rest. Ventral fur and body sides are dirty white, with yellowish underfur from chin to chest. Forelimbs and hindlimbs, including hands and feet, are black. Ears are large and black with white tips and bases, but they can be completely white in young specimens. Females have a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Guianan White-eared Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical, subtropical, and temperate evergreen rainforests at elevations of 100-2200 m. In Venezuela, Guianan White-eared Opossums occur in elfin forest habitats on tepuis but also in lowland forests in eastern Venezuela and French Guiana, where they occur in primary forests, disturbed forests, and forest edges. In Brazil, they were found in terra firma forest, flooded fields, and savannas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. In French Guiana, breeding female Guianan White-eared Opossums were captured in every month except November, but they were more abundant in December-May. Meanlittersize is 4-9 young, ranging from one to seven young. There are no chronological or dental age classes reported for onset of reproduction, but younger and smallest reproductively active females found in French Guiana weighed c.440 g.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Guianan White-eared Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In some studies in French Guiana, the Guianan White-eared Opossum was reported to be ground dwelling, but more recent studies using traps at ground and understory levels found that it used both layers equally.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Guianan White-eared Opossum has a widespread distribution, occurs in protected areas, and presumably has large overall population.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler, Carvajal, Brewer &amp; Davis (2006), Adler, Carvajal, Davis-Foust &amp; Dittel (2012), Astua (2010), Catzeflis (2010), Catzeflis et al. (1997), Cerqueira &amp; Tribe (2007), Gardner (2005), Herrera (2010), Julien-Laferriere (1991), Lavergne et al. (1997), Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2002), Mondolfi &amp; Pérez-Hernandez (1984), da Silva et al. (2013), Ventura et al. (2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDBFFF0FAFD130DF94081EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDAFFF1FF1B170AFB1C84AE.text	F723B76CFFDAFFF1FF1B170AFB1C84AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis pernigra J. A. Allen 1900	<div><p>55.</p><p>Andean White-eared Opossum</p><p>Didelphis pernigra</p><p>French: Opossum des Andes / German: Anden-Opossum / Spanish: Zarigueya de orejas blancas andina</p><p>Other common names: Andean Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis pernigra J. A. Allen, 1900,</p><p>Peru, Puno, “ Juliaca,” Puno, Peru. Corrected by J. A. Allen in 1902 to “Inca Mines” (= Santo Domingo) .</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and W Bolivia, on forested slopes of the Andes.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 34-44 cm, tail 32-41.2 cm; weight 0-72.2 kg. Skull shape of the Andean White-eared Opossum is sexually dimorphic. Its dorsal fur, except for head,is intense shiny black, with two distinct layers: soft woolly underfur consisting of pale yellowish-white hairs (on their basal one-half) with black tips, under abundant long, not very stiff, entirely black guard hairs. White part of underfur is concealed underneath dense black outer coat. Head is white, with a clearly marked black eye mask from nose through a little behind eyes, and then continuing to bases of ears as an ill-defined dusky line. Cheeks are rusty buff or white, and there is a black line on center of forehead, narrowing to a point between eyes. Tail length is about the same as head-body length or slightly shorter, and tail is basally furred, black on proximal two-fifths to three-fifths, and white on rest. Ventral fur is buffy white, with black-tipped hairs; throat is rusty buff. Feet are black, and ears are large, entirely pinkish-white in living individuals (yellowish-white in dried skins), contrasting sharply with black dorsal fur. Females have a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Andean White-eared Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and small acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Lower montane wet and dry forested habitats from at least elevations of 1500 m in the Andes. The Andean White-eared Opossum is also found in subparamos and paramos in Venezuela and at lower elevations in riparian habitats in the arid Pacific lowlands of Peru. It is a generalist and occurs in secondary forests, open lands, cultivated areas, and suburban areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. In Mérida, Venezuela, reproductively active female Andean White-eared Opossums were observed in February-March and then in June-July, with litters of five young (when present). In Colombia, gestation was estimated at c.12 days, and mean litter size was of 4-2 young, ranging from two to seven young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In western Venezuela, the Andean White-eared Opossum has been captured much more frequently (86%) on the ground than in trees (14%).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Andean White-eared Opossum has a widespread distribution, presumably a large overall population, and occurs in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen (1900, 1902), Astua (2010), Barrera-Nino &amp; Sanchez (2014), Cerqueira (1985), Cerqueira &amp; Tribe (2007), Durant (2002), Gardner (2005), Handley (1976), Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2002), Mondolfi &amp; Pérez-Hernandez (1984), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Tyndale-Biscoe &amp; Mackenzie (1976), Ventura et al. (2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDAFFF1FF1B170AFB1C84AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDAFFF2FF191F07FB298B7E.text	F723B76CFFDAFFF2FF191F07FB298B7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis aurita Wied-Neuwied 1826	<div><p>56.</p><p>Southern Black-eared Opossum</p><p>Didelphis aurita</p><p>French: Opossum oreillard / German: GroRohrOpossum / Spanish: Zarigleya de orejas negras meridional</p><p>Other common names: Azara's Opossum, Big-eared Opossum, Brazilian Common Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis aurita Wied-Neuwied, 1826,</p><p>“ Villa Vicoza am Flusse Peruhype,” Bahia, Brazil.</p><p>Taxonomic status of the disjunct population of D. aurita in north-eastern Brazil needs to be properly assessed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Brazil, from Pernambuco S to SE Paraguay and NE Argentina (Misiones).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 31-39 cm, tail 31-37 cm; weight 0.7-1.5 kg. Male Southern Black-eared Opossums are larger than females, and skull shape is sexually dimorphic. Dorsal fur is black or gray, with two distinct layers: dirty yellow underfur more or less visible underneath long, coarse, black, or gray guard hairs. Head is dirty yellow, with eye mask from behind whiskers through bases of ears; cheeks are yellow, pale orange, or dirty white, and there is a black line on center of forehead. Tail length is about the same as head-body length, tail is basally furred, and naked rest oftail is black on proximal one-half or more and white on rest. Ventral fur is similar to dorsal fur, but paler or orange, and shorter, and yellowish on chin and throat. Feet are black, and ears are large, naked, and black. Females have a pouch with eleven or 13 mammae, five or six on each side and a medial mamma. The Southern Black-eared Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Atlantic rainforest, both coastal and inland in both primary and secondary forests and associated vegetation types, such as coastal restinga, and into the Araucarias forest in southern Brazil. The Southern Black-eared Opossum is highly tolerant of habitat disturbance and coexists with humans, with no habitat restriction within its distribution.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Southern Black-eared Opossum is considered a highly generalist opossum with an opportunistic feeding behavior. Its diet includes a great variety of arthropods, supplemented with small vertebrates and fruits, apparently consumed according to their availability. In a restinga area in south-eastern Brazil, it fed on a high diversity of invertebrates, including Blattodea, Hymenoptera (ants), Orthoptera, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Arachnida, Coleoptera, Isoptera (termites), and mollusks; it also ate rodents such as the Cursorial Akodont (Akodon cursor), skinks (Mabuya), ground lizards (Tropidurus), birds, snakes, frogs, and fruits of Araceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Sapindaceae, and Passifloraceae . Based on presence of Diptera pupae in feces, it also consumes carrion. In this restinga area, arthropods consumed are mainly from the litter. In the Atlantic Forest, the Southern Black-eared Opossum feeds on arthropods and fruits in about the same proportions as in the restinga area, although arthropod remains are sometimes more frequently found in feces. In Atlantic Forest fragments in south-eastern Brazil, diets included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Arachnida, Orthoptera, and Diptera, along with seeds of Piperaceae, Urticaceae, Moraceae, and Cucurbitaceae, with species of Piper and Cecropia being the most frequent ones. In the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, diets also included Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera (ants), Arachnida, Lepidoptera, Diptera larvae, mollusks, Chilopoda, Decapoda, and unidentified mammals, birds, and reptiles; they also ate fruits, including Araceae and Urticaceae . In Araucaria Forest fragments in southern Brazil, diets of Southern Black-eared Opossums included invertebrates (mostly Coleoptera, Diplopoda, Opiliones, Decapoda, Blattodea, Hymenoptera, and mollusks); birds such as the rufous-bellied thrush (7Turdus rufiventris), unidentified rodents, and blind snakes (Liotyphlops); and 21 fruit species, mostly Passiflora (Passifloraceae), Piper (Piperaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), and Melothria (Cucurbitaceae) . Predation on snakes as inferred from fecal analyses is confirmed by observations of captive Southern Black-eared Opossums that successfully attacked and consumed pit vipers (Crotalus durissus and Bothrops). Young and small Southern Black-eared Opossums were seen attacking a snake simultaneously. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 16-3 g of proteins, 26-7 g of carbohydrates, 5-1 g of lipids, and 3-2% of fibers per 100 g of dry matter. The Southern Black-eared Opossum seems to be an important disperser of seeds of several families of plants, including Araceae, Cactaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Rosaceae, and Solanaceae, and it acts as a pollinator of Mabea fistulifera ( Euphorbiaceae) in south-eastern Brazil.</p><p>Breeding. Female Southern Black-eared Opossums make nests in tree cavities and burrows, and they also make open nests in tree forks and on woven lianas and epiphytes. They reach sexual maturity at ¢.170 days, and gestation is 14-15 days. Littersize is c.7 young. Mean litter sizes of 7-3 young (5-9), 6-8 young, seven young, 7-2 young, 7-4 (4-11), 6-5 (4-9), and 7-4 (6-11) were observed at different sites in south-eastern Brazil. Mean litters of 8-1 young (4-12) were observed in southern Brazil, and up to twelve young in one litter have been reported in captive specimens. Breeding season lasts from July or August until March or April in south-eastern Brazil, and two litters can occur during the same breeding season. In southern Brazil (27° 29’ S), however, females with pouch young were only found in October—January.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Southern Black-eared Opossum is mainly nocturnal, usually active during the first hours of the night in southern Brazil. Its activity period is sometimes partially synchronized with activity peaks of rodents, suggesting that it is maximizing prey capture. In south-eastern Brazil, Southern Black-eared Opossums were mostly nocturnal, with two peaks of activity: the first around sunset (declining during the following 4-5 hours) and the second about eight hours after sunset. During this second peak, juveniles and subadults were less active than adults. Daytime activity was also recorded, representing c.10% of total activity, and occurred during three hours preceding sunset. Activity pattern showed no influence of reproductive or climatic season.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Southern Black-eared Opossums usually explore the ground, understory, and canopy with equal frequency, thus being considered generalists in vertical space use, although at some studysites a preference for the ground seems to occur. They are good climbers, using even thin branches with ease, and they have been observed reaching heights of 20 m in the canopy. Unlike smaller species of opossums, the Southern Black-eared Opossum is able to climb using its claws, which are relatively large, and as a consequence, it uses vertical supports more frequently. It is also able tojump across gaps. In a restinga forest in south-eastern Brazil, most frequent movements recorded were less than 60 m, although occasional movements of up to 300 m were observed. Given size of the study grid, however, along with the body size of the Southern Black-eared Opossum, and comparing distances moved by other species of the same genus, 300 m is likely an underestimate. Estimates using spool-and-line devices in the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil yielded similar estimates, with distance between successive captures of 20-83 m; maximum recorded distances traveled were 290 m. Home ranges estimates also vary considerably. Estimated home ranges at several sites in southern and south-eastern Brazil were 0-2-3 ha, 0-6-2-7 ha, 1-1 ha (on average, range of 0-4-1-6 ha), 2-6 ha, and 1-4 ha; however, larger values of 1-5-9-5 ha, based on spool-and-line tracking, have been observed. Home ranges of females do not overlap, and they do not vary from season to season (although older and larger females tend to have larger home ranges). In contrast, males’ home ranges overlap with those of up to three females. Females maintain their home ranges throughout the year, but males are more transient. Movements of females did not differ between breeding and non-breeding seasons in an Atlantic Forestsite in south-eastern Brazil, but they used larger areas less intensively during the drier season. In contrast, movements of males increased during the breeding season, suggesting that movements of females are driven by resource availability, whereas those of males are affected by their search for mates. Perceptual range of Southern Black-eared Opossums, or the maximum distance at which a landscape element can be detected, is 200 m, based on abilities of individuals released in a grass matrix to detect and head for forest fragments from where they had been removed; however,this distance depends on vegetation obstruction and decreases to 30 m or less if the grass is tall (c¢.50 cm) and 50 m in plantations. Orientation is dependent on wind direction, especially at longer distances when visual orientation may be hampered. Estimated densities of the Southern Black-eared Opossum were 240 ind/km? in southern Brazil and 20-150 ind/km? in south-eastern Brazil.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Black-eared Opossum has a wide distribution, large populations, and high tolerance for habitat modification. Although it is mainly an Atlantic Forest species and the Atlantic Forest is highly threatened by deforestation and fragmentation, its generalist habits, including its capacity to coexist with humans, indicate that loss of any specific habitat or vegetation would not directly affect conservation status of the Southern Black-eared Opossum.</p><p>Bibliography. Aguiar et al. (2004), Allen (1902), Almeida-Santos et al. (2000), de Almeida et al. (2008), Astta (2010), Astua, Lemos &amp; Cerqueira (2001), Astua, Santori et al. (2003), Bergallo (1994), Bonecker et al. (2009), Bonvicino et al. (2002), Caceres (2003, 2004, 2005), Caceres &amp; Monteiro-Filho (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2007), Caceres, Dittrich &amp; Monteiro-Filho (1999), Caceres, Prates et al. (2009), Carreira et al. (2012), Carvalho, B.A. et al. (2002), Carvalho, EM.V., Fernandez &amp; Nessimian (2005), Carvalho, EM.V., Pinheiro et al. (1999), Casagrande, Lopes et al. (2011), Casagrande, de Oliveira et al. (2009), Casella (2011), Casella &amp; Caceres (2006), Ceotto et al. (2009), Cerboncini et al. (2011), Cerqueira (1985), Cerqueira &amp; Lemos (2000), Cerqueira &amp; Tribe (2007), Cerqueira et al. (1993), Cherem et al. (1996), Cunha &amp; Vieira (2002, 2005), D'Andrea, Gentile, Cerqueira et al. (1999), D’Andrea, Gentile, Maroja et al. (2007), Davis (1947), Deane et al. (1984), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 20094, 2009b), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Ferreira &amp; Vieira (2014), Forero-Medina &amp; Vieira (2009), Freitas et al. (1997), Gardner (2005), Gentile &amp; Cerqueira (1995), Gentile, D'Andrea &amp; Cerqueira (1995), Gentile, D'Andrea, Cerqueira &amp; Maroja (2000), Gentile, Finotti et al. (2004), Graipel &amp; Santos-Filho (2006), Graipel et al. (2006), Grelle (2003), Jared et al. (1998), Kajin et al. (2008), Leite, Costa &amp; Stallings (1996), Leite, Stallings &amp; Costa (1994), Loretto &amp; Vieira (2005), Macedo et al. (2007), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Mendel &amp; Vieira (2003), Mendel et al. (2008), Miles et al. (1981), Motta et al. (1983), Moura et al. (2009), Nogueira, Martinelli et al. (1999), Oliveira &amp; Santori (1999), Palma (1996), Paresque et al. (2004), Passamani (1995, 2000), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Prevedello et al. (2010, 2011), Rademaker &amp; Cerqueira (2006), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), de la Sancha (2014), Santori (1998), Santori, Astia &amp; Cerqueira (1995, 2004), Santos et al. (2004), Smith (2009e), Streilein (1982c, 1982e¢), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1999), Talamoni &amp; Dias (1999), Vieira &amp; de Camargo (2012), Vieira &amp; de Carvalho-Okano (1996), Vieira &amp; lzar (1999), Volchan et al. (2004), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDAFFF2FF191F07FB298B7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD9FFF2FFF61177F6A28110.text	F723B76CFFD9FFF2FFF61177F6A28110.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>57.</p><p>Northern Black-eared Opossum</p><p>Didelphis marsupialis</p><p>French: Opossum commun / German: SchwarzohrOpossum / Spanish: Zariglieya de orejas negras septentrional</p><p>Other common names: Black-eared Opossum, Common Opossum, Southern Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758,</p><p>“America.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to “ Surinam.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Mexico (Tamaulipas to the S, and including Cozumel I) through Central America and N South America to most of the Amazon Basin, including Trinidad and Tobago Is; also on the Lesser Antilles S of Dominica where it may be introduced.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 32.4-46.5 cm, tail 33.6-46.5 cm; weight 0-57.2-4 kg. Dorsal fur of the Northern Black-eared Opossum is black or gray, with two distinct layers: dense, pale yellow underfur more or less visible underneath long, coarse, black or gray guard hairs. Head is dirty yellow, sometimes with faint eye mask from nose to near bases of ears, and cheeks are yellow, pale orange, or dirty white with no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is about the same as head-body length, tail is basally furred, and naked rest oftail is black with a white tip. Ventral fur is similar to dorsal fur, but paler or orange. Feet are black. Ears are large, naked, and black in adults, but they can be white in young up to ¢.4 months of age. Coat color varies somewhat, with forest populations usually black and those from dry habitats gray, but both phases can occur in the same population. Females have a pouch, with eleven or 13 mammae, five or six on each side and a medial mamma. The Northern Black-eared Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. Males are larger than females, and skull shape is sexually dimorphic. Teeth are fully erupted at c.1 year of age. Northern Black-eared Opossums can live up to 2:5 years in the wild.</p><p>Habitat. Tropical humid forests and gallery forests but absent from higher elevation forests, arid and semi-arid habitats, and tepuis and associated massifs of the Guiana Highlands above elevations of 1000 m. Northern Black-eared Opossums frequently occur in heavily disturbed areas and in association with human presence.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Northern Black-eared Opossum is considered an opportunistic omnivore, feeding on invertebrates, vertebrates, and fruits according to availabilities. Invertebrates consumed include Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, mollusks, and earthworms. Vertebrates found in its diet include rodents, snakes and other reptiles, frogs (Rhinella), rats, and even domestic cats (Felis catus). More than 40 species of fruits, such as Astrocaryum (Arecaceae), Clusia (Clusiaceae), Inga (Fabaceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), and Psidium (Myrtaceae), occur in their diets, including hard fruits that smaller species of opossums are unable to consume. The Northern Black-eared Opossum may act as an important disperser of several of these species’ seeds. They even prey on larger species of opossums; for example, a small (c.670 g) female Northern Black-eared Opossum was seen circling, attacking, and consuming a Gray Four-eyed Opossum ( Philander opossum) in Panama. Northern Black-eared Opossums have also been seen opportunistically attacking bats tangled in mist-nets. Consumption of carrion has also been recorded. When consuming fruits, they appear to be highly opportunistic, with no apparent limit on fruit size, its position in the tree, or its nutritional value. All fruits consumed had a fleshy pulp, high water content, and no protection. Northern Black-eared Opossums have also been seen feeding on nectar from flowers of Quararibea cordata (Bombacaceae) and Marcgravia nepenthoides ( Marcgraviaceae), and they are probable pollinators of these plants. They are immune to venom of pit vipers, including rattlesnakes; several species of Crotalus, Lachesis, and Bothrops are probably part of their diet.</p><p>Breeding. Female Northern Black-eared Opossums make spherical nests that are c.40 cm in diameter. Nests are made in hollow logs, and sometimes squirrel nests are used. Other den locations include palm or fig trees; sometimes they den in burrows or directly on the ground. Materials are gathered with front paws, pushed underneath belly, and held tight with tail. Recently, a video camera trap set in a forested habitat in western Colombia captured a female Northern Black-eared Opossum apparently stuffing nest material (leaves) in her pouch before continuing to forage. Her tail already held several leaves. Females reach sexual maturity at 6-7 months, and males at c.8 months. Young leave the pouch at 75-80 days and stay in the nest for 8-15 additional days before leaving it. There is some variation in reported litter sizes. A female with 14 pouch young was captured in Tamaulipas, Mexico, but average litter size in Panama is six young, varying from two to nine young perlitter. In the Venezuelan Andes, a mean litter size of 4-9 young, ranging from three to nine young, was reported. Mean litter size in the highly seasonal Llanos of eastern Colombia was of 6-5 young (ranging from one to eleven), with two litters per year. In the non-seasonal Valle del Cauca, it was 4-5 young/litter (ranging from one to seven), with up to three litters per year. In Peru, mean litter size of eight young was observed, and in central Brazil, litters were4-9 young. In French Guiana, mean littersize at four study sites was 4-7 young (range 1-10 young/litter), four young (range 2-7 young), 3-2 young, and 6-8 young. Breeding seasons seem to vary geographically and are seemingly related to resource availability. In the Llanos of eastern Colombia, females were reproductively active during the wet season in January-August. In the Venezuelan Andes, they were reproductively active almost all year long, except in July, November, and December;atthis site where climatic conditions were favorable all year long (there is no dry season), threelitters were produced per year. In French Guiana, breeding females were also captured all year long, except in November, but they were more abundant in December—May. In the Brazilian Amazon, female Northern Black-eared Opossums with pouch young were also found all year long, but in central Brazil, breeding was concentrated in the dry season in August-September. In Panama, females that were pregnant or lactating or had pouch young were found in February—October but were absent in August.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Northern Black-eared Opossum is nocturnal, becoming active c.l hourafter sunset and with a decrease in activity as the night goes on. In Costa Rica, activity was higher at 21:00 h and 03:00 h than before or after those times.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Black-eared Opossum uses and forages equally well in all strata of forested habitats. In French Guiana and central Brazil, it was captured more frequently on the ground, but other study sites reported equal numbers of captures in all strata. In Panama, average distances traveled by the Northern Black-eared Opossum were 69-81 m, reaching a maximum of 122-170 m, but some individuals were recaptured more than 450 m away from their last capture points. In the Venezuelan Llanos, average movements were 61 m, but movements of up to 1400 m have been estimated. Given its body size and documented movements, home ranges based on single trapping grids may be underestimates of its real home range. In fact, its home range was estimated to be less than 1 ha using a grid, but radio-telemetry studies yielded estimated home ranges of 5-3-26-9 ha for females and 53-165 ha for males in Venezuela. Home ranges in Costa Rica were 4-5-7-5 ha, and nightly movements were 686-1020 m. Densities of the Northern Blackeared Opossum were 9-132 ind/km? in Panama, 22-45 ind/km?in French Guiana, and less than 50 ind/km?® in one study in Venezuela but 30-250 ind /km? in another.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Black-eared Opossum has a wide distribution, large overall population, and high levels of tolerance of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler, Arboledo &amp; Travi (1997), Adler, Carvajal et al. (2012), Allen (1901, 1902), Alvarez (1963), Argot (2001, 2002, 2003), Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2001), Atramentowicz (1986, 1988), August (1984), Biggers et al. (1965), Cabello (2006), Carvalho et al. (2002), de Castro et al. (2011), Catzeflis et al. (1997), Cerqueira (1985), Cerqueira &amp; Lemos (2000), Cerqueira &amp; Tribe (2007), Charles-Dominique (1983), Charles-Dominique et al. (1981), Cordero &amp; Nicolas (1987 1992), Delgado et al. (2014), Desvars et al. (2011), Diaz &amp; Flores (2008), Eisenberg (1989), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Fleming (1972, 1973), Gardner (1973, 2005), Grand (1983), Hall &amp; Dalquest (1963), Handley (1976), Herrera (2010), Jansa &amp; Voss (2011), Janson et al. (1981), Julien-Laferriére (1991), Julien-Laferriere &amp; Atramentowicz (1990), Lambert et al. (2005), Lemelin (1999), Lima (2004), McNab (1982, 2005), Medellin (1991, 1994), Mondolfi &amp; Pérez-Hernandez (1984), de Muizon &amp; Argot (2003), O'Connell (1989), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2008), Reig et al. (1977), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Sunquist &amp; Eisenberg (1993), Sunquist et al. (1987), Svartman (2009), Thomas (1911), Tschapka &amp; von Helversen (1999), Tyndale-Biscoe &amp; Mackenzie (1976), Vaughan &amp; Hawkins (1999), Voss (2013), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012), Wilson (1970).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD9FFF2FFF61177F6A28110	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDFFFF4FFCA17A3F9B38BFC.text	F723B76CFFDFFFF4FFCA17A3F9B38BFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander frenatus (Olfers 1818)	<div><p>58.</p><p>South-eastern Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander frenatus</p><p>French: Opossum bridé / German: Siidostliche Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro de Brasil</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys frenata Olfers, 1818,</p><p>“Stidamerica.” Restricted by J. A. Wagner in 1843 to Bahia, Brazil.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil, from Bahia S (including Minas Gerais and Goias inland) to E Paraguay and N Argentina.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 26.5-32.7 cm, tail 25.3-32.6 cm; weight 220-910 g. Dorsal fur and body sides of the South-eastern Four-eyed Opossum are dark gray, and there is no mid-dorsal stripe. Head is dark gray, with small creamywhite supraocular spots. Tail length is about the same as head-body length; tail has fur on proximal 17% ofits length and is whitish on distal one-third of its naked part. Ventral fur is creamy-gray to white, gray-based on throat, and there is a narrow ventral strip of cream to whitish fur. Furis short, dense, and smooth. Feet are reddish-brown or dark gray, and ears are large and pinkish, with blackish borders and undefined creamy white fur at their bases. Females have a complete pouch that opens forward, with 5-9 mammae, 2—4 on each side and a medial mamma. The South-eastern Foureyed Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, an acrocentric X-chromosome and a minute Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Mainly Atlantic Forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the South-eastern Four-eyed Opossum has been well studied at a number ofsites, mainly in south-eastern Brazil. It feeds mainly on arthropods and small vertebrates, supplementing its diet with fruits. In a restinga forest in southeastern Brazil, it most frequently consumed Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Arachnida, followed by Diplopoda, Diptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Blattodea, and Hemiptera. Vertebrate taxa consumed included rodents such as the Cursorial Akodont (Akodon cursor), lizards (Ameiva and Tropidurus), skinks (Mabuya), and birds. Fruits of ¢.30 types, such as Anthurium (Araceae), Achmaea ( Bromeliaceae), Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae), Passiflora (Passifloraceae), Paulinia ( Sapindaceae), and Pilosocereus (Cactaceae), are consumed more frequently during drier months, probably as a water supplement. Its diet in a rural area in the mountains near Rio de Janeiro is also composed of arthropods, vertebrates, and fruits, but in this more mesic habitat, fruits are consumed according to availabilities and not related to precipitation. In another lowland Atlantic Forest site, still in Rio de Janeiro, its diet included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Arachnida, Diptera, unidentified rodents, and seeds ( Piper, Piperaceae) in one study. Another study reported arthropods in 85:7% of the fecal samples and vertebrates in 25-7% of them, including Ingram’s Squirrels (Sciurus aestuans ingrami), forest rats (Delomys), hocicudos (Oxymycterus), short-tailed opossums ( Monodelphis), and an unidentified species of primate. There were seeds in 65-7% of the fecal samples, with 13 morphotypes, including families Melastomataceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae, and Poligonaceae . In southern Brazil, South-eastern Four-eyed Opossums feed mostly on invertebrates, which were found in all fecal samples analyzed. Vertebrate remains were recorded in c.50% and seeds in ¢.29% of samples. Consumed invertebrates included Coleoptera, Opiliones, Diplopoda, Blattodea, Hymenoptera (ants), snails, Orthoptera, and Decapoda. Vertebrates recorded included unidentified birds, mammals, and lizards, and there were seeds of Monstera adansonii ( Araceae), Ficus luschnathiana ( Moraceae), and other unidentified Solanaceae . Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 10-6 g of proteins, 11-5 g of carbohydrates, 2-3 g of lipids, and 1-8% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Female South-eastern Four-eyed Opossums make nests under trees, with entrance tunnels, but they also nest as high as 8-10 m in hollow trees or tree forks. Captive individuals had a gestation of 13-14 days, and females exhibited post-lactation estrus but no sign of male-induced estrus. Weaning occurred at 70-80 days. Mean litter size in captivity was 5-5 young. Reported littersizes in the wild were 1-8 young, with a modal number of eight young in an Atlantic Forestssite, 5-7 (5-7 young) in another Atlantic Forest site, and 4-5 in yet another Atlantic Forestsite (with a maximum of seven young recorded). Mean of 5-3 young/litter was recorded in a restinga forest. Breeding season lasted from July or August to April at several study sites in Rio de Janeiro (both rural Atlantic Forest sites) and July—-February in a restinga forest. In another Atlantic Forest site in Rio de Janeiro, reproductive females were found throughout the year, and their occurrence was not linked to rainfall. Breeding season is September—February in Minas Gerais and August-February in Misiones, Argentina.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the South-eastern Four-eyed Opossum is reported to be nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. South-eastern Four-eyed Opossums move mostly on the ground, but they climb well, and when they do, they mostly use understory, as determined by spool-and-line tracking. They can jump across gaps and may locate nests as high as 10 m. Estimated home ranges vary widely, depending on method used, from an average of 0-4 ha to up to 12 ha. In the same or nearby sites in lowland Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro, home range of the South-eastern Four-eyed Opossum averaged 2-8 ha (range 0-6-7-4 ha) using radio-telemetry or 2 ha (0-1-12-1 ha) using capture-mark-recapture with multiple grids. Nevertheless, mean estimates of home ranges using a single grid were much lower: 0-4 ha (0-12-1 ha) was reported in a restinga forest in Rio de Janeiro, 0-4 ha (0-14-0-64 ha) in an Atlantic Forest site in Sao Paulo, and 0-67 ha in an Atlantic Forestsite in Rio de Janeiro. In a restinga forest, densities were 191 ind/km?®. Perceptual range of the South-eastern Four-eyed Opossum (maximum distance at which they can detect a landscape element) is 100 m, based on abilities of individuals released in a grass matrix to detect and head for forest fragments from which they had been removed; however, this distance depends on vegetation obstruction and decreases to 50 m in tall grass (c.50 cm) and 30 m in plantations. South-eastern Four-eyed Opossums can use low grass matrix to move between fragments and showed homing behavior, choosing to return to the fragment from which they were collected, even if it was farther away than other fragments. In a restinga forest, the most frequent movements were less than 30 m, with occasional movements of up to 300 m. Estimates using spool-and-line devices in the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil yielded similar values, with distances between successive captures of 20-83 m and maximum distances traveled of 156 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population; it occurs in several protected areas and is tolerant of various levels of habitat modification. Although it requires forested habitat, it seems to tolerate some level of fragmentation fairly well because populations living in Atlantic Forest fragments in south-eastern Brazil use edge and interiors of fragments and forage in surrounding matrices or move across fragments.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Astua, Lemos &amp; Cerqgueira (2001), Astua, Santori et al. (2003), Barros et al. (2008), Beisiegel (2006), Bergallo (1994), Biggers et al. (1965), Bonecker et al. (2009), Caceres (2004, 2005), Carvalho, B.A. et al. (2002), Carvalho, EM.V. et al. (1999), Castro-Arellano et al. (2000), Ceotto et al. (2009), Cerqueira et al. (1993), Chemisquy &amp; Flores (2012), Crouzeilles et al. (2010), Cunha &amp; Vieira (2002), DAndrea, Cerqueira &amp; Hingst (1994), D'Andrea, Gentile, Cerqueira et al. (1999), D Andrea, Gentile, Maroja et al. (2007), Davis (1947), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b), da Fonseca, G.A.B. &amp; Kierulff (1989), Fonseca, S.D. &amp; Cerqueira (1991), Forero-Medina &amp; Vieira (2009), Gardner (2005), Gentile &amp; Cerqueira (1995), Gentile, D/Andrea &amp; Cerqueira (1995, 1997), Gentile, Finotti et al. (2004), Hingst et al. (1998), Lira &amp; Fernandez (2009), Lira et al. (2007), Macedo, J.S. et al. (2007), Macedo, L. (2010), Mendel &amp; Vieira (2003), Miles et al. (1981), Nunes et al. (2006), Paresque et al. (2004), Passamani (1995, 2000), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton &amp; da Silva (1997 2007), Pereira etal. (2008), Pires et al. (2002), Prevedello, Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2009), Prevedello, Forero-Medina &amp; Vieira (2010, 2011), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Reig et al. (1977), Santori, Astua &amp; Cerqgueira (2004), Santori, Astua, Grelle &amp; Cerqueira (1997), Smith (2009a), Talamoni et al. (1999), Vieira (1997), Vieira &amp; Cunha (2008), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012), Wagner (1843).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDFFFF4FFCA17A3F9B38BFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDFFFF5FAF711F9FB4F8E01.text	F723B76CFFDFFFF5FAF711F9FB4F8E01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander andersoni (Osgood 1913)	<div><p>59.</p><p>Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander andersoni</p><p>French: Opossum de I'Orénoque / German: Andersons Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro de Anderson</p><p>Other common names: Black Foureyed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Metachirus anderson: Osgood, 1913,</p><p>“ Yurimaguas, [Loreto], Peru.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Colombia, SC Venezuela (Bolivar, Amazonas), W Brazil (Amazonas, Acre), E Ecuador, and N &amp; C Peru (S to Ayacucho) E of the Andes.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 22-3— 30-7 cm, tail 25.5-33.2 cm; weight 225— 600 g. Dorsal fur of Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum is dark gray, and there is conspicuous mid-dorsal black stripe c.3—4 cm wide from neck to base of tail, contrasting with gray body sides. Head has creamy cheeks and large, distinct creamy supraocular spots; there is no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is ¢.110% of head-body length, tail has fur on ¢.18% of its length, and distal one-third of naked rest oftail is white. Ventral fur is creamy to gray-based or pale gray. Fur is dense and ¢.10 mm long. Feet are black, and ears are pale brown, with a pale cream spot at their bases. Females have a complete pouch that opens forward, with seven mammae, three on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype of Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum is unknown. Skull shapeis sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Mature and disturbed lowland Amazonian rainforest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. In Peru, a young female Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum was collected with four pouch young in March, and a slightly older female was collected in July. Nursing females with litters of two young were captured in April and October in Peru, and three other nursing females, two with litters of four young and the other with a litter of two young, were captured in March, May, and July.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum is reported to be nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but all specimens of Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum from Peru were captured in traps set on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Anderson’s Four-eyed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2001), Castro-Arellano et al. (2000), Chemisquy &amp; Flores (2012), Diaz (2014), Diaz &amp; Flores (2008), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Gardner (2005), Hershkovitz (1997), Hice (2001), Nunes et al. (2006), Patton &amp; da Silva (1997, 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDFFFF5FAF711F9FB4F8E01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDEFFF5FF0314B7FC2C8514.text	F723B76CFFDEFFF5FF0314B7FC2C8514.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander deltae Lew & Pérez- Hernandez & Ventura 2006	<div><p>60.</p><p>Orinoco Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander deltae</p><p>French: Opossum de I'Orénoque / German: Orinoko-Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro del delta del Orinoco</p><p>Other common names: Deltaic Foureyed Opossum, Delta Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Philander deltae Lew, Pérez- Hernandez &amp; Ventura, 2006,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.816666/lat 10.0)">Sector Guanipa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.816666/lat 10.0)">Reserva Forestal de Guarapiche</a>, 24.2 km 160° W Capure, Monagas State, Venezuela, coordinates 10°00’N, 62°49’W, 0 m elevation.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Venezuela, in the Orinoco River Delta and the Gulf of Paria (E Monagas and Delta Amacuro states).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 20-7 cm, tail 30 cm; weight 148-350 g. The Orinoco Four-eyed Opossum has dark brown dorsal fur, especially along broad stripe that runs along dorsum to base oftail. Stripe extends to dorsal surface of limbs, as well as body sides that are mottled dark gray. Rostral fur is darker brown, extending to nape; there are small and ill-defined supraorbital spots. Cheeks are cream-colored. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is similar to head-body length,tail has fur on its proximal 20%, and naked part oftail is dark brown, except for the distal 25% that is unpigmented. Ventral fur is cream, extending to chin, throat, and ventral side of limbs. Along mid-ventral region, cream-colored fur is restricted to thin stripe, constricted by gray-based hairs. Furis short and velvety. Ears are smaller than in other species of the genus, beige with slightly black edges, and with sparse yellow fur at bases. Females have a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Orinoco Four-eyed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. [.owto medium-high (15-25 m) evergreen, permanently flooded swamp forests or seasonally flooded marsh forests in the delta of the Orinoco River.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Orinoco Four-eyed Opossum occurs in an area of extensive, suitable habitat that does not appear to be under threat, and presumably it has a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas: Guarapiche Forest Reserve, Delta del Orinoco (Mariusa) National Park, and Delta del Orinoco Biosphere Reserve. The vast majority of the known distribution of the Orinoco Four-eyed Opossum is uninhabited by humans. The area does not have extensive human settlements, but there have been surveys for oil in the area, and there are plans to drill for oil and build gas pipes, which could represent future conservation threats.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005), Lew et al. (2006), Patton &amp; da Silva (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDEFFF5FF0314B7FC2C8514	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDEFFF5FF071FA2F6A988E7.text	F723B76CFFDEFFF5FF071FA2F6A988E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander mcilhennyi Gardner & Patton 1972	<div><p>61.</p><p>Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander mcilhennyi</p><p>French: Opossum de Mcllhenny / German: Mcilhennys Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro de Mcllhenny</p><p>Taxonomy. Philander mcilhennyi Gardner &amp; Patton, 1972,</p><p>“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-17.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -17.216667/lat -10.133333)">Balta</a> (10° 08’S, 17°13’W), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-17.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -17.216667/lat -10.133333)">Rio Curanja</a>, ca. 300 meters, department de Loreta [now departamento de Ucayali], Peru.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. EC Peru (Loreto, Ucayali) and W Brazil (Amazonas, Acre), in the Amazon Basin.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 28.7-30.7 cm, tail 26.5-37.7 cm; weight 396 640 g. Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossum has nearly black fur along mid-dorsum and lacks distinct mid-dorsal stripe. Although indistinct blackish stripe occurs in some specimens on the shoulder region, it becomes diffuse and indistinct toward rump. Dense, coarse guard hairs (c.18 mm long) are present on dorsum. Body sides are slightly grayer, with silver-tipped hairs. Head is colored as dorsum, with large, pale, supraocular spots. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is about the same as headbody length, and tail has black fur on more than 23% ofits length. Naked part oftail is black, without any spots, but generally paler on distal one-half. Ventral fur is black with gray-based and silver-tipped hairs, and sometimes there is a pale patch on chin and chest. Fur is long and coarse on dorsum. Feet are black. Females have a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and with acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. There is no sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Dry tropical forest (type locality), both undisturbed and disturbed. In the central Amazon of Brazil, Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossums were trapped in undisturbed terra firma forest and second-growth forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Frogs, beetles, and ants were found in the stomach of a female Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossum from Peru.</p><p>Breeding. Female Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossums with pouch young were collected in April and June at the type locality and in February, March,July, August, and September in central Amazon, Brazil, suggesting that they breed throughout the year. Litter size varies from four to seven young, with a modal numberoffive young. Nevertheless, in Amazonian Peru, almost all breeding females were captured in the wet season when an average of 4-4 young/litter was recorded.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Mcllhenny’s Four-eyed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Chemisquy &amp; Flores (2012), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Patton (1972), Nunes et al. (2006), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton &amp; da Silva (1997 2007), Patton et al. (2000), Reig et al. (1977), Svartman (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDEFFF5FF071FA2F6A988E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDEFFF5FA0D12D1F6548712.text	F723B76CFFDEFFF5FA0D12D1F6548712.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander mondolfii Lew & Pérez- Hernandez & Ventura 2006	<div><p>62.</p><p>Mondolfi’s Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander mondolfui</p><p>French: Opossum de Mondolfi / German: Mondolfis Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro de Mondolfi</p><p>Taxonomy. Philander mondolfii Lew, Pérez- Hernandez &amp; Ventura, 2006, “Reserva Forestal de Imataca, Unidad V, between Tumeremo and Bochinche, Bolivar State, Venezuela, coordinates 08°00’N, 61°30°W, 180 m elevation.” This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; C Colombia (foothills of the E slopes of the East Andes) and W &amp; SE Venezuela (N &amp; S slopes of Cordillera de Mérida and between the Orinoco River and the N Venezuelan Guiana Shield border); a single specimen is also known from Amazonas State in S Venezuela.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 24-3 cm,tail 26.5-29 cm; weight 260 g. Mondolfi’s Foureyed Opossum has pale gray dorsal fur. Body sides and throat are slightly paler, with olivaceous brightness. Head is tinted dark brown, with large and well-defined creamcolored supraocular spots, darker eye-rings, cream-colored cheeks, and no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is as long as head-body length, and tail is densely furred on up to 20% ofits length and with up to 35% ofits distal length unpigmented. Ventral fur is pale cream to whitish in abdominal region but only slightly paler than dorsal fur on chin, throat, and ventral surface of limbs. Fur is short and woolly. Ears are large and cream-colored, with wide blackish edges and yellow hair, more abundant anteriorly than dorsally, at their bases. Presence of a pouch is unreported but probable, and number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Mondolfi’s Four-eyed Opossum is also unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Piedmont (elevations of 50-800 m) rainforest and montane forest habitats, in non-flooded ombrophilous and riparian forests, with semi-deciduous and mostly evergreen vegetation, but also in logged forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Mondolfi’s Four-eyed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. Most importantly relative to its conservation status, it occurs in a largely uninhabited vast territory in which there are a number of protected areas. Mondolfi’s Four-eyed Opossum also seems to tolerate some degree of habitat alteration, and it may even opportunistically benefit from such alterations.</p><p>Bibliography. Flores et al. (2008), Gardner (2005), Lew et al. (2006), Patton &amp; da Silva (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDEFFF5FA0D12D1F6548712	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDEFFF6FA021DA4FDA589DF.text	F723B76CFFDEFFF6FA021DA4FDA589DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander olrogi Flores, Barquez & Diaz 2008	<div><p>63.</p><p>Olrog’s Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander olrogi</p><p>French: Opossum d'Olrog / German: Olrogs Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro de Olrog</p><p>Taxonomy. Philander olrogi Flores, Barquez &amp; Diaz, 2008,</p><p>“ 7 km North of Santa Rosa,” Sara, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Known from only NW Peru (Loreto) and two localities in E Bolivia (Beni and Santa Cruz).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 23.5-29.1 cm, tail 26-30.7 cm; weight 284-550 g. Olrog’s Four-eyed Opossum has fuscous black or dark grayish dorsal fur, with body sides cream buff. Head is darker than dorsum, blackish with well-defined cream-colored supraocular spots, cream-colored cheeks, and no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is c.110% of head-body length, tail has fur on its proximal 20%, and naked part of tail is bicolored, blackish brown on proximal 75% and cream buff on the rest. Ventral fur is buffy ocher, extending to chin and throat. Fur is short. Forelimbs are creamy-buff, forefeet are brown, hindlimbs are creamybuff anteriorly and black or dark gray, like dorsum, posteriorly, and hindfeet are buffy ocher. Ears are dark and rounded, bicolored, buffy ocher basally and black distally, with no yellow hairs at their posterior base. Females have a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Olrog’s Four-eyed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. L.owland Amazonian forests. The type and paratype of Olrog’s Four-eyed Opossum were collected on borders of a marshy area near a small lagoon formed by an accumulation of rainwater, surrounded by tall forest with a predominance of palm trees. The specimen collected in Peru was collected in a secondary forest area.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Olrog’s Four-eyed Opossum is known only from very few specimens collected 30-40 years ago, and there is virtually no information on its status, population size, and habitat requirements. It may be threatened by loss of habitat in Bolivia because expansion of agriculture is causing habitat loss in lowland forests. Olrog’s Four-eyed Opossum probably occurs in Parque Nacional Carrasco and Parque Nacional Amboro, but there are no vouchered records ofits presence in protected areas in Bolivia.</p><p>Bibliography. Diaz (2014), Flores et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDEFFF6FA021DA4FDA589DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFDDFFF6FFCB1019F95780B3.text	F723B76CFFDDFFF6FFCB1019F95780B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philander opossum (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>64.</p><p>Gray Four-eyed Opossum</p><p>Philander opossum</p><p>French: Opossum gris / German: Graue Vieraugenbeutelratte / Spanish: Filandro gris</p><p>Other common names: Guaiki</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis opossum Linnaeus, 1758,</p><p>“America.” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1900 to “Surinam” and further restricted by P. Matschie in 1916 to “ Paramaribo, Surinam.”</p><p>There is great variation in morphology of this species, and several subspecies have yet to be properly studied. The genus is in need of a revision using modern techniques, and status of this species may change. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>P.o.opossumLinnaeus,1758—theGuianas,andN&amp;EAmazonianBrazil.</p><p>P.o.canusOsgood,1913—WAmazonBasininBrazil,EPeru,andN&amp;EBolivia,alsoinParaguay(AltoParaguay,PresidenteHayes,Neembucti)andNArgentina(Formosa,Chaco).</p><p>P.o.fuscogriseusJ.A.Allen,1900—HondurasSintoN&amp;WColombiaandSalongthePacificlowlandsintoSEcuador.</p><p>P.o.melanurusThomas,1899—PacificlowlandsofColombiaandNEcuador.</p><p>P.o. pallidus]. A. Allen, 1901 — E &amp; S Mexico (S of Tamaulipas) and N Central America.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 20-33.1 cm,tail 19.5-33.5 cm; weight 200-674 g. Captive specimens, however, can reach 1-5 kg. Dorsal fur in the Gray Four-eyed Opossum varies from pale gray to dark gray, blackish, or even brownish-gray, with no marked mid-dorsal stripe, although some specimens have darker dorsum. There is considerable geographical variation in fur color. Head is same color as dorsum, with large and well-defined pale supraocular spots and spots at bases of ears, but no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is about equal to head-body length, tail has fur on its proximal 20% or less, and naked part of tail is colored black or dark gray, with pale spots on proximal two-thirds. Tip oftail can be paler, sharply demarcated, or completely dark. Ventral fur is pale yellowish-orange, or pale gray on chest and abdominal region and cheeks and creamy-white on chin. Sternal gland is present. Fur is short, dense, and soft. Ears are large, naked, and pale in center and black on rims. Females have a complete pouch that opens forward, with seven mammae, three on each side and a medial mamma. The Gray Four-eyed Opossum has a 2n = 22, FN = 20 karyotype, with all acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Disturbed forests (including second-growth forests, garden plots, orchards, and croplands) and undisturbed humid primary forest, gallery forests, and campo umido in the cerrado. Gray Four-eyed Opossums are often captured near streams and swamps, or in moist areas, but they apparently occur in vegetation types such as deciduous and evergreen forests and also drier habitats such as Chacoan forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Gray Four-eyed Opossum has been well studied in some sites. In French Guiana,its diet includes a high diversity of items, such as earthworms, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Chilopoda, Arachnida, snails, and crustaceans. Fruit constitutes ¢.50% ofits diet, including Astrocaryum (Arecaceae), Attalea (Arecaceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), Clusia (Clusiaceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Inga (Fabaceae), Passiflora (Passifloraceae), Piper (Piperaceae), and Virola (Mpyristicaceae) . Most fruits consumed are rich in pulp, and as this pulp is consumed, seeds, especially larger ones, are discarded in place, with only the smaller ones being ingested. Gray Four-eyed Opossums are very opportunistic in fruit consumption, with no limit on size, position in the tree, or nutritional value. The only features present in all fruits they eat are a fleshy pulp, high water content, and no protection. Gray Foureyed Opossums have also been seen feeding on nectar of species of Balanophoraceae and tree exudates, using their teeth to reopen healed openings in tree trunks to renew flow of sap. In Panama, stomach contents revealed consumption of nuts of Elaeis oleifera ( Arecaceae), insects, freshwater shrimp, a murid rodent, and a Tome’s Spinyrat (Proechimys semispinosus). One individual was seen opportunistically feeding on live bats entangled in mist-nets. Gray Four-eyed Opossums also prey on leptodactylid frogs, locating them acoustically, following their calls. In Nicaragua, one individual pulled a Central American coral snake (Micrurus nigrocinctus) from its burrow and successfully killed it without being bitten. In Mexico, they have been seen feeding on figs dropped by a colony of Artibeus fruit bats.</p><p>Breeding. Female Gray Four-eyed Opossums make nests with dry leaves in hollow trees, tree forks, fallen logs, ground burrows, banana and palm trees, house roofs, and traditional houses of indigenous people. Their nests are globular and ¢.30 cm in diameter. Females reach sexual maturity at 6-7 months old and males at c.7 months old. Newborns weigh c.9 g and reach 50-75 g when they are weaned at 68-75 days old. Teeth are fully erupted at c.1 year of age, and individuals live up to c.2-5 years in the wild. Litter size varies somewhat throughout its distribution, but a maximum survivable litter of size of seven young is set by number of available mammae. Mean litter size was 4-6 young (range 2-7 young) in Panama, 4-7 young in Peru, and 4-5 young in Brazilian Amazonia. In French Guiana, 2—4 litters/breeding season have been observed, with birth interval of c.90 days. There is also some variation in timing and extent of breeding season throughout the distribution of the Gray Four-eyed Opossum. In mature forests, breeding has been recorded throughout the year, but in secondary forests, fewer births are recorded during the dry season with less resource availability. In French Guiana, reproduction has been recorded throughout the year, but itis more intense at the peak of fruiting season and decreases toward end of the rainy season. Nevertheless, given the extent of its distribution, breeding seasons have been recorded with different onsets and extents. Gray Four-eyed Opossums breed throughout the year or in February—June in Mexico, February—October in Nicaragua, and February-November in Panama. Breeding individuals were recorded in May—October in Colombia, January-April, and all year long in Peru. In Brazilian Amazonia, females with pouch young were only captured in February-March during the rainy season.</p><p>Activity patterns. Gray Four-eyed Opossums are nocturnal, although there are reports of diurnal activity in Suriname.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gray Four-eyed Opossums are solitary and are usually captured on the ground, although they occasionally use understory. In Panama, average distances traveled were 60-73 m, up to 125 m. They mostly use the ground and understory, but nests can be found at 8-10 m. They also swim well and apparently frequently, depending on habitat. In Panama, small size of several islands in Gatun Lake on which Gray Four-eyed Opossum were captured strongly suggests that they routinely move from island to island. In Mexico, fleeing individuals were seen intentionally diving into the water and swimming. In the Panama Canal Zone, densities of Gray Four-eyed Opossums were similar in second-growth tropical forest and mature moist tropical forest; highest densities occurred in the dry season at both sites and were 65 ind/km?* and 55 ind/km?, respectively. An average of 137 ind/km? was estimated for a secondary forest site in French Guiana, with monthly averages of 85-180 ind/km?, but lower densities, on average 17 ind/km?, were found in a primary forest also in French Guiana. In Chiapas, Mexico, average density was 48 ind/km®. Home ranges average 0-34 ha in Panama and 0-2 ha in a gallery forest in the Brazilian cerrado, but these are likely to be underestimates, based on home ranges of other species in the genus.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Gray Four-eyed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas and is tolerant or even prefers human-modified areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Adler &amp; Seamon (1996), Adler et al. (2012), Alho et al. (1986), Allen (1900), Aragona &amp; Marinho-Filho (2009), Astua et al. (2001), Atramentowicz (1982, 1986, 1988), Biggers et al. (1965), Carvalho et al. (2002), Castro-Arellano et al. (2000), Catzeflis (2012), Charles-Dominique (1983), Charles-Dominique et al. (1981), Chemisquy &amp; Flores (2012), Diaz (2014), Diaz &amp; Flores (2008), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Fleming (1972, 1973), Gardner (2005), Gbmez-Martinez et al. (2008), Grand (1983), Hall &amp; Dalquest (1963), Hamrick (2001), Handley (1976), Herrera (2010), Hershkovitz (1997), Julien-Laferriere (1991), Julien-Laferriere &amp; Atramentowicz (1990), Lambert et al. (2005), Lemelin (1999), Matschie (1916a), McNab (1982, 2005), Medellin (1991, 1994), Medellin et al. (1992), Nunes et al. (2006), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton &amp; da Silva (1997, 2007), Patton et al. (2000), Pereira et al. (2008), Phillips &amp; Jones (1969), Reig et al. (1977), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), de la Sancha &amp; D’Elia (2014), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Sebastiao &amp; Marroig (2013), Tuttle et al. (1981), Voss &amp; Jansa (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFDDFFF6FFCB1019F95780B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD3FFF8FFF61419FEF786E4.text	F723B76CFFD3FFF8FFF61419FEF786E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chacodelphys formosa (Shamel 1930)	<div><p>65.</p><p>Pygmy Opossum</p><p>Chacodelphys formosa</p><p>French: Opossum de Formosa / German: Chaco-Beutelratte / Spanish: Zariglieya pigmea</p><p>Other common names: Chacoan Pygmy Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa formosa Shamel, 1930,</p><p>“ Kilometro 182 (Central Formosa)” (= Riacho Pilaga, 10 miles north-west of Km 182), Formosa, Argentina.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; NE Argentina, known from only a few specimens in two disjunct populations, one in Chaco and Formosa provinces, and the other in Misiones.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 6-8 cm, tail 5-5 cm; weight 10 g (estimated from the holotype). The Pygmy Opossum is probably one of the smallest living species of opossums. It has brownish dorsal fur. Hairs are gray at bases, buff in middle, and brown at tips, giving fur a frosted appearance. Body sides are predominantly buffcolored. Head is colored as dorsum on crown and in mid-rostral region, and it lacks any mid-rostral stripe. There are marked dark-brown eye-rings from nose to eyes that do not reach bases of ears, and cheeks are reddish-brown. Tail length is ¢.80% of head-body length, and tail is naked, dark brown above and paler below. Ventral fur is pale grayish-brown, except for chin where some buff hairs are present. Throat gland is present. Ears are very small. The only museum specimen is the holotype, a male, and therefore there is no information on presence or absence of pouch or number of mammae. Karyotype of the Pygmy Opossum is unknown. Little is known about this tiny and difficult-to-capture opossum. It was described from a single specimen in 1930, but no other specimens were collected until the 2000s when about dozen remains of Pygmy Opossums were found in owl pellets at five new localities. An additional specimen was collected in the 2000s but erroneously identified as an Agile Opossum ( Gracilinanus agilis). Although the Pygmy Opossum was thought to be extinct, it proved to have been present for the last 80 years but had gone unnoticed in all surveys conducted in the area, perhaps because of low density or because it could not be trapped with usual methods.</p><p>Habitat. Humid Chaco and northern Campos ecoregions (no information on habitat where holotype was collected). The Pygmy Opossum originally identified as an Agile Opossum was captured in Chacoan grassland of tall grasses of “espartillo” ( Elionurus muticus) and “chajapé€” ( Imperata brasiliensis).</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, although dentition of the Pygmy Opossum suggests a diet of mainly arthropods.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Pygmy Opossum may be primarily nocturnal because some specimens have been recovered from owl pellets.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but one Pygmy Opossum was captured in a pitfall trap in a grassland, suggesting at least a partial ground-dwelling lifestyle.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Based on limited capture data, the Pygmy Opossum has a disjunct distribution in remaining habitats within a relatively small area of occurrence (less than 20,000 km?*). Deforestation and conversion of habitat for agriculture are primary conservation threats where it occurs, but not enough is known about its actual population size and trends or natural history to be able to adequately assess its conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005, 2007b), Shamel (1930), Teta &amp; Pardifas (2007), Teta et al. (2006), Voss, Gardner &amp; Jansa (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD3FFF8FFF61419FEF786E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD3FFF8FFCF1D91F6F68BDC.text	F723B76CFFD3FFF8FFCF1D91F6F68BDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonanus agricolai (Moojen 1943)	<div><p>66.</p><p>Agricola’s Opossum</p><p>Cryptonanus agricola</p><p>French: Opossum d’Agricola / German: Agricolas Beutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gréacil de Agricola</p><p>Other common names: Agricola’s Gracile Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa agricolai Moojen, 1943,</p><p>“ Crato, Ceara,” Brazil .</p><p>Thereis strong evidence that it may be a complex of species, and the actual C. agricola is probably more restricted in its distribution and endemic to the caatinga. Pending a formal revision, however, all information from specimens currently identified as C. agricolai are reported here. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE to SW Brazil (Ceara, Piaui, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Tocantins, Bahia, Goias, Minas Gerais, and Mato Grosso do Sul).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.4-9.5 cm, tail 9-11.4 cm; weight 18 g. Dorsal fur in Agricola’s Opossum is grayish or cinnamon brown. Head crown is similar in color to dorsum and extends as a narrow mid-rostral stripe to nose, with narrow eyerings that do not reach nose or bases of ears and contrast with cheeks and facial fur, which are paler than dorsum. Tail length is ¢.120% of head-body length. Ventral fur is whitish or buffy, with inconspicuous gray base, paler on chin and throat. Furis short. Forefeet and hindfeet are whitish, and carpal tubercles are present in old males. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Agricola’s Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Open and xeric habitats (caatinga and cerrado) and also found in owl pellets in transition areas between caatinga and Northern Atlantic Forest. The type specimen of Agricola’s Opossum was collected in a sugarcane field. In the caatinga, specimens have been collected in steppe savanna under the influence of agricultural activities. In cerrado, it prefers more open than forested habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In a woodland savanna, Agricola’s Opossums were captured on the ground or in understory. Several specimens from the caatinga and cerrado were captured in pitfall traps, suggesting ground-dwelling habits.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There are very few confirmed records of Agricola’s Opossums (although scattered over a wide area), and little is known aboutits status and habitat requirements. There are several protected areasin its distribution, but there are no confirmed records ofits presence in these areas. Cerrado and caatinga are under strong pressure: the former for conversion to agriculture, mostly for soy plantations, and the latter due to deforestation for coal production and cattle ranching. It is very likely that, as currently understood, Agricola’s Opossum represents a complex of species, and each of these species will need to be properly assessed individually after formal recognition.</p><p>Bibliography. Bezerra, Carmignotto &amp; Rodrigues (2009), Bezerra, Lazar et al. (2014), Bonvicino et al. (2012), Caceres, Carmignotto et al. (2008), Caceres, Casella et al. (2008), Caceres, Napoli, Casella &amp; Hannibal (2010), Céceres, Napoli &amp; Hannibal (2011), Carmignotto &amp; Aires (2011), Carmignotto et al. (2012), Carvalho et al. (2002), Garcia et al. (2010), Gardner (2005, 2007c), Hannibal &amp; Caceres (2010), Martinelli et al. (2011), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Moojen (1943), Rossi et al. (2012), Souza et al. (2010), Voss et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD3FFF8FFCF1D91F6F68BDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD3FFF9FAF61E1AFBEE8FBE.text	F723B76CFFD3FFF9FAF61E1AFBEE8FBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonanus chacoensis (Tate 1931)	<div><p>67.</p><p>Chacoan Mouse Opossum</p><p>Cryptonanus chacoensis</p><p>French: Opossum du Chaco / German: Chaco-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa grécil del Chaco</p><p>Other common names: Chacoan Gracile Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa agilis chacoensis Tate, 1931,</p><p>“Sapucay” (= Sapucai), Paraguari, Paraguay.</p><p>There is strong evidence that this species may constitute a complex of species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S &amp; W Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul), S Bolivia (Tarija), Paraguay, N &amp; NE Argentina, and Uruguay, with an additional record in SE Brazil (Minas Gerais).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 7-11.4 cm, tail 9.5-13.6 cm; weight 10-19 g. The Chacoan Mouse Opossum has gray-based, pale ocher-brown dorsal fur that is similar, but with a yellowish tinge, on body sides. Mid-rostral fur is slightly paler than crown and dorsum, with narrow but marked eye-rings contrasting with cheeks and crown. Eyerings do not reach bases of ears or nose. Tail length is ¢.125% of head-body length, and tail is pale grayish-brown and bicolored, slightly darker dorsally than ventrally. Ventral fur is buffy white; in the center,it can be completely white or cinnamon-buff from chin to chest, with slightly gray-based hairs posteriorly. Males have a throat gland. Fur is short and velvety. Carpal tubercles are present. Ears are fuscous-brown and moderate in size. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side and a medial mamma. The Chacoan Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and a biarmed X-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Ecotones in mosaics of wet grasslands and forested habitats. The Chacoan Mouse Opossum is usually associated with marshes and is always found on the ground. It has been reported to prefer open, grassy, and wet habitats; however, individuals have been captured in forest fragments in Paraguay, gallery forests in Argentina, and plantations and grasslands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Captive Chacoan Mouse Opossums ate raw meat and grapes and were seen drinking water. There is no information, however, on its natural diet.</p><p>Breeding. Chacoan Mouse Opossums use grasses to make nests from ground level to 1-6 m high in bromeliad clusters and tree hollows. They have been reported to have litters of up to twelve young, although they have only nine mammae.</p><p>Activity patterns. Chacoan Mouse Opossums are nocturnal; individuals have fallen in traps at night and were captured by hand in their nests while resting during the day.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Chacoan Mouse Opossums are usually captured on the ground in Paraguay but may climb trees to nest. One nest was found in a cluster of bromeliads that contained seven individuals, interpreted as belonging to the same familial unit but with no details about how this conclusion was reached. They are good climbers and use theirtails while climbing branches and grasses.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Chacoan Mouse Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population; it occursin several protected areas and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Caceres et al. (2013), Flores et al. (2000), Garcia et al. (2010), Gardner (2005, 2007c), Martinelli et al. (2011), Massoia &amp; Fornes (1972), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), de la Sancha (2014), Smith (2009f), Tate (1931, 1933), Teta, Pereira, Fracassi et al. (2009), Voss et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD3FFF9FAF61E1AFBEE8FBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD2FFF9FF051236FE4C86AA.text	F723B76CFFD2FFF9FF051236FE4C86AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonanus guahybae (Tate 1931)	<div><p>68.</p><p>Guaiba Mouse Opossum</p><p>Cryptonanus guahybae</p><p>French: Opossum de Guaiba / German: Guahiba-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil del Guaiba</p><p>Other common names: Guahiba Gracile Opossum, Guaiba Mouse Opossum, Guahyba Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa microtarsus guahybae Tate, 1931,</p><p>. 9</p><p>.</p><p>“Island of Guahyba near Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7-10.2 cm, tail 9.6-13.5 cm; weight 14-25 g. Dorsal fur of the Guaiba Mouse Opossum is reddishbrown and paler on face. Narrow eye-rings contrasting with cheeks and crown surround black eyes, extending toward nose but not reaching bases of ears; rings may be very narrow or absent beneath eye. Tail length is ¢.120% of head-body length, and tail is slightly bicolored. Ventral fur is mostly gray-based buffy on chest and throat and whitish on chin. Fur is long. Feet are small and pale brownish-buff, and carpal tubercles are present in old males. Ears are small. Females lack a pouch and have 15 mammae, seven on each side and a medial mamma. The Guaiba Mouse Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Pampas biome in open areas such as restinga vegetation in coastal areas. Guaiba Mouse Opossums have been captured in sandy riparian forests, gaps in flooded forest, and deciduous forests north of Rio Grande do Sul.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Guaiba Mouse Opossum appears to be mostly terrestrial. The majority of specimens have been captured in pitfall traps or in traps set on the ground, but a few were captured in understory on branches or logs at heights of 0-5-1-5 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is very little information on distribution of the Guaiba Mouse Opossum. New locality records been published only recently, mostly because techniques are now available for properidentification. As with several small species of opossums,it is probable that there are misidentified specimens in mammalian collections. Virtually nothing is known about ecological requirements of the Guaiba Mouse Opossum and its possible conservation threats. It has been collected in at least one protected area, Parque Estadual do Turvo, Perrubadas, Rio Grande do Sul.</p><p>Bibliography. Caceres et al. (2013), Gardner (2005, 2007¢), Martinelli et al. (2011), Melo et al. (2011), Quintela, Santos, Christoff &amp; Gava (2012), Quintela, Santos, Gava &amp; Christoff (2011), Sponchiado et al. (2012), Tate (1931, 1933), Voss et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD2FFF9FF051236FE4C86AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD2FFF9FF0C1D09F9978FDD.text	F723B76CFFD2FFF9FF0C1D09F9978FDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptonanus unduaviensis (Tate 1931)	<div><p>69.</p><p>Unduavi Mouse Opossum</p><p>Cryptonanus unduaviensis</p><p>French: Opossum de | 'Unduavi / German: Unduavi-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil de Unduavi</p><p>Other common names: Unduave Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa unduaviensis Tate, 1931,</p><p>“ Pitiguaya, Rio Unduavi, Yungas,” [La Paz, Bolivia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; E Bolivia (Pando, La Paz, Beni, Santa Cruz), recently found in N Paraguay (Estancia Dona Julia, Alto Paraguay).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 8-6— 12-1 cm, tail 11.2-13.5 cm; weight 15-40 g. Dorsal fur of the Unduavi Mouse Opossum is dull grayish-brown to reddish, darker along midline and paler on body sides. Face is slightly paler, with narrow eye-rings contrasting with cheeks and crown. Tail length is ¢.120% of head-body length, and tail is fuscous brown. Ventral fur is whitish or orangish, with a narrow line of whitish fur in middle of chest. Fur is long and lax. Feet are small, and carpal tubercles are present in old males. Ears are small and fuscous brown. Female Unduavi Mouse Opossums lack pouches, but number of mammae is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Seasonally flooded grasslands, marshy areas, and inside buildings.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Unduavi Mouse Opossum is very poorly known, with little information available on its distribution, ecological requirements, and population size.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005, 2007c), Martinelli et al. (2011), de la Sancha &amp; D’Elia (2014), Tate (1931, 1933), Voss et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD2FFF9FF0C1D09F9978FDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD2FFF9FA0112D3F5AE8054.text	F723B76CFFD2FFF9FA0112D3F5AE8054.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gracilinanus (Thomas 1909) emiliae	<div><p>70.</p><p>Emilie’s Opossum</p><p>Gracilinanus emiliae</p><p>French: Opossum d'Emilie / German: Emilies Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gréacil de Emilie</p><p>Other common names: Emilia’s Gracile Mouse Opossum, Emilia’s Gracile Opossum, Emilia’s Opossum, Long-tailed Gracile Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa emiliae Thomas, 1909,</p><p>* Para, Brazil.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Colombia, N, E &amp; SE Venezuela, the Guianas, N Brazil, and NE Peru (Loreto).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.2-8.7 cm, tail 12.8-15.1 cm; weight 10-14 g. Emilie’s Opossum is a very small species, with gray-based, dull reddish-brown dorsal fur. It has well-marked narrow black eye-rings from nose to behind eyes, but they do not reach bases of ears. Mid-rostral fur is pure orange, and cheeks are white or cream. Tail is one of the relatively longest opossum tails, measuring c.180% of head-body length. Less than 10 mm of tail, at the base, is furred; it is uniformly colored dark brownish or grayish. Emilie’s Opossum has pure white to cream ventral fur from chin to groin and has a throat gland. Fur is short,soft, and fine. Forefeet, hindfeet, wrists, and ankles are pale, dull, whitish or orangish, and lateral carpal tubercles are present in old males. Ears are intermediate in size, delicate, naked, translucent, brownish or grayish at tips and opaque and pale at bases. Females lack a pouch, and nine mammae are present, four on each side and a medial mamma, in at least one specimen. Karyotype is unknown in Emilie’s Opossum;there are several karyotypes reported as belonging to Emilie’s Opossum, but they refer to specimens collected in central Brazil and likely represent other species or genera.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland rainforest habitats, including primary and secondary forests and gallery forests within savanna-dominated landscapes. Emilie’s Opossums have also been captured directly in savanna habitats, but presence or proximity of a savanna is not mandatory forits presence.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. Emilie’s Opossum is nocturnal; some of the specimens were shot at night in Peru and French Guiana.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Emilie’s Opossums use the arboreal stratum. One specimen was shot while perched on a branch of a small tree in the understory in Peru, another was shot at 4 m above the ground, and another was trapped in a vine.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Information on systematics, distribution, status, conservation threats, ecological requirements, and population size of Emilie’s Opossum is very scarce. Several specimens reported as belonging to this species in the last decades were actually misidentified, creating further confusion.</p><p>Bibliography. Brandao, da Rocha et al. (2014), Carvalho et al. (2002), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007a), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Pereira et al. (2008), Rossiet al. (2012), da Silva et al. (2013), Thomas (1909a), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Fleck &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Lunde &amp; Jansa (2005), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD2FFF9FA0112D3F5AE8054	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD2FFFAFA0A1A61FAF689F7.text	F723B76CFFD2FFFAFA0A1A61FAF689F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gracilinanus aceramarcae (Tate 1931)	<div><p>71.</p><p>Aceramarca Opossum</p><p>Gracilinanus aceramarcae</p><p>French: Opossum de Bolivie / German: Aceramarca-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil del Aceramarca</p><p>Other common names: Aceramarca Gracile Mouse Opossum, Aceramarca Gracile Opossum, Bolivian Gracile Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa aceramarcae Tate, 1931,</p><p>“ Rio Aceramarca, tributary of Rio Unduavi, Yungas,” La Paz, Bolivia.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Peru (Cusco, Puno) and W Bolivia (La Paz).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 8.3-10.3 cm, tail 11.2-14.5 cm; weight 18-5-23 g. The Aceramarca Opossum has reddish-brown dorsal fur with fuscous shades. Head and face are colored as dorsum, with moderately developed eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.150% of head-body length, and tail is deep fuscous. Ventral fur is graybased pale tawny from throat to anus, but it is buffy brown on chin. Fur is overall very long and lax, and there are numerous whitish guard hairs. Feet are small, whitish-buff; outsides of legs are fuscous, and ears are small and fuscous. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Aceramarca Opossum is unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Montane rainforests at elevations of 2530-3350 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The few known specimens of the Aceramarca Opossum were trapped on low branches and vines, on the ground under shrubs, and on a branch 2 m above the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Habitats within the distribution of the Aceramarca Opossum are not under enough conservation threat to qualify it for a higher IUCN classification. It presumably has a large overall population and occurs in protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007a), Diaz et al. (2002), Gardner (2005), Salazar-Bravo et al. (2002), Tate (1931, 1933), Voss, Fleck &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Lunde &amp; Jansa (2005), Voss,Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD2FFFAFA0A1A61FAF689F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD1FFFBFFF013C0FE588F27.text	F723B76CFFD1FFFBFFF013C0FE588F27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister 1854)	<div><p>72.</p><p>Agile Opossum</p><p>Gracilinanus agilis</p><p>French: Opossum agile / German: Flinke Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil agil</p><p>Other common names: Agile Gracile Opossum, Agile Mouse Opossum, Agile Gracile Mouse Opossum, Paraguayan Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys [(Grymaeomys) | agilis Burmeister, 1854,</p><p>“ Lagoa Santa,” Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E &amp; S Brazil, E Peru, E Bolivia, and E Paraguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 8.1-11.5 cm, tail 10.9-15.8 cm; weight 15-40 g. The Agile Opossum has grizzled, drab, grayishto reddish-brown dorsal fur, constituted of gray-based hairs with orange to buffy tips. Head is colored as dorsum, with prominent black eye-rings surrounding black eyes; eye-rings do not reach bases of ears and nose. Sometimes there is a faint mid-rostral stripe. Cheeks are pale orange. Transition from darker crown fur and paler mid-rostral furis gradual. Tail length is ¢.140% of head-body length, and tail is brown and bicolored, darker dorsally than ventrally. Ventral fur is yellowish-cream, and there are cream-colored hairs on chin, throat, and upper chest and gray-based cream-tipped hairs on lower pectoral and abdominal area. Throat gland is present. Underparts offorelegs are cream colored in some populations. Fur is long, dense, and woolly. Feet are whitish, lateral carpal tubercles are present in old males, and ears are pale tan and large (more than 21 mm). Females lack a pouch and have 13 mammae, six on each side and a medial mamma. The Agile Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. A FN = 20 has also been reported. Males are larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Dry woodlands of north-eastern Brazil (cerrado and caatinga) and seasonally dry forests of eastern Paraguay, north-eastern Argentina, and eastern Bolivia, up to elevations of 1800 m. In central Brazil, the Agile Opossum appears to be associated with mesic areas, such as gallery forests and orchards, but individuals have been collected in cerrado vegetation. It is apparently tolerant of some level of fragmentation and seems to survive well in small fragments, disturbed habitats, and open areas including pastures.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Agile Opossum feeds mainly on invertebrates, with high proportions of fruits and occasionally vertebrates in its diet. Arthropods are usually present in 100% of feces analyzed and include Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (ants), Isoptera (termites), Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. Termites and ants are among the most abundant insect groups in the cerrado and are concentrated, thus constituting a valuable food resource. Fruits include mostly Melastomataceae (M:conta, Ossae, Clidemia) but also Solanaceae, Viscaceae (Phoradendron), and Rubiaceae (Psychotria) . In some studies, frequency of occurrence of fruits exceeded 80%, the highest proportion among species of opossums. The Agile Opossum can be considered an important disperser of several seeds of riparian forest species in Brazilian cerrado. In some studies, fruits are actually consumed more frequently during the dry season in cerrado, likely for their water content, but in others there is no difference in diets between wet and dry seasons. Flowers, however, are consumed more frequently during the dry season. Vertebrate remains from birds, feathers, and eggshells suggest that Agile Opossumsactually feed on eggs or nestlings. Depending on what foods are available, there are differences in diets of reproductive and non-reproductive females. During the warm (wet) season in cerrado when food is abundant, populations of Agile Opossums expand their dietary niche as individuals apparently diversify their food preferences. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 1-3 g of proteins, 3-4 g of carbohydrates, and 0-32 g of lipids per 100 g of dry matter. There is considerable additional information on diet and reproductive biology of a population of the Agile Opossum from a cerrado area in Sao Paulo, Brazil—a population that was originally identified as being Brazilian Gracile Opossums ( Gracilinanus microtarsus). Although the area falls within the distribution of the Brazilian Gracile Opossum, several researchers have reexamined voucher specimens from that locality, and additional specimens were collected for physiology studies, and all agree that these are actually Agile Opossums. In this population, diet was composed mainly of insects, especially termites, beetles, and ants. In addition to the arthropods listed above, fecal remains included Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Psocoptera, Ephemeroptera, Arachnida, and snails. Seeds of Solanum (Solanaceae), Passiflora (Passifloraceae), and Miconia (Melastomataceae) were also identified in feces. Food items were consumed in direct proportions to their availabilities, thus characterizing the Agile Opossum as an opportunistic feeder, but sex also affected choice of food items, with males consuming a greater variety of items than females. In fact, there is variation in the food-niche width of males and females depending on season. Average food-niche widths were similar between males and females during the warm-wet season (when insects are more abundant), but they were significantly different during the cool—dry season, becoming broader in males and narrower in females, probably as a consequence of greater home ranges in males. Individual variations in food preference were also affected by sex and season in this population.</p><p>Breeding. Information on breeding biology of the Agile Opossum comes from scattered sources and studies, with the exception of one well-studied population. In the central Brazilian cerrado, breeding is apparently linked to the wet season. In cerrado habitats, reproductively active (lactating or pregnant) females were captured in October—December, and in a gallery forest in the same area, pregnant and lactating females were captured in November—-December. In cerrado, juveniles were recorded in December—May and once in August. Synchronized breeding during the rainy season also seems to occur in some populations in the Brazilian Pantanal. Almost continuous breeding activity has been noted in other Pantanal populations, although even in those populations, breeding was more intense from September to March. One lactating female from Bolivia was collected in March, and lactating females were recorded in September in central Brazil. The best and most detailed data on breeding biology of the Agile Opossum, however, comes from the population in a cerrado area of Sao Paulo state, south-eastern Brazil, that had originally been identified as Brazilian Gracile Opossums. In this population, females were reproductively active from September, last month of the dry (cool) season, to March, end of the wet (warm) season, although all females were synchronously active (pregnant or lactating) only in November—December. This suggests that mating is concentrated in a short period at the end of the dry season and is almost synchronous, resulting in most litters being born and raised during the first one-half of the wet and warm season (October-December) when availability of insects is higher. Nevertheless, reproductive activity could only be assessed by estimating pregnancy, or observing lactation, because only one of 15 captured females had her litter of nine newborns attached to her teats. All remaining females were lactating but foraging without their litters. Based on number of functional mammae, mean litter size was estimated at ten young. Soon after the breeding season, proportion of older adults tends to decreases steadily, as first-year individuals replace reproductively active adults, possibly as a consequence of low post-mating survival rates of those adults. Nevertheless, estimates of survival rates for males were different than those of females; survival rates of females were constant before and after the breeding period, but survival rates of males decreased sharply after the breeding period. Some males captured after the breeding period also showed poor body condition (e.g. loss of fur and parasite infestation), reinforcing the hypothesis of low survival. Because generational replacementis gradual and incomplete (a fraction of the males did survive to breed in the following breeding season), this population can be considered partially semelparous.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Agile Opossum is likely nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Agile Opossums are mostly arboreal or scansorial. Nests have been found at heights of 1-6 m, and they are usually captured on the ground or in traps set in understory. Home ranges in a cerrado area in south-eastern Brazil were 0-06-0-63 ha. Densities in gallery forests in cerrado of central Brazil were 50-700 ind/km?. In a gallery forest in a cerrado area of central Brazil, distances between consecutive captures of adult specimens averaged 41-1 m, with a maximum of 142-1 m. Movements increased with age; adults traveled longer distances than subadults. In the population of the Agile Opossum originally identified as Brazilian Gracile Opossums in a cerrado area in south-eastern Brazil, average density was much higher than in all other populations studied, with an average of 1130 ind/km?, varying from 650 ind/km? to 2340 ind/km* from month to month. Mean maximum distance moved by individuals in this population was 27 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Agile Opossum is relatively common with a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. Itis tolerant, to some degree, of anthropic influence and habitat modification, and it occurs in several protected areas. It can be regionally or locally threatened due to severe habitat loss, but it can occur in great abundance in small fragments.</p><p>Bibliography. de Andreazzi et al. (2011), Aragona &amp; Marinho-Filho (2009), Astua (2010), Astta et al. (2003), Bezerra, Carmignotto &amp; Rodrigues (2009), Bezerra, Lazar et al. (2014), Bocchiglieri et al. (2010), Bonvicino, Lemos &amp; Weksler (2005), Bonvicino, Lindbergh, Faria &amp; Bezerra (2012), Bonvicino, Lindbergh &amp; Maroja (2002), Caceres et al. (2010), de Camargo, Cruz et al. (2011), de Camargo, Ribeiro et al. (2014a, 2014b), Carvalho et al. (2002), Cooper et al. (2009), Costa et al. (2003), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007a), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Faria, Nascimento et al. (2013), Fernandes et al. (2010), Garcia et al. (2010), Gardner (2005), Geise &amp; Astua (2009), Geise et al. (2010), Hannibal &amp; Caceres (2010), Herrera (2010), Hershkovitz (1992a), Huamani et al. (2009), Lessa &amp; Costa (2010), Lessa et al. (2013), Léss et al. (2011), Mares &amp; Ernest (1995), Mares et al. (1989), Martinelli &amp; Nogueira (1997), Martins, Araujo et al. (2008), Martins, Bonato, Pinheiro, A. &amp; dos Reis (2006), Martins, Bonato, Pinheiro, H.P &amp; dos Reis (2006), Martins, Bonato, da Silva &amp; dos Reis (2006a, 2006b), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Nitikman &amp; Mares (1987), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Rocha, R.G. et al. (2011), Rossi et al. (2012), de la Sancha (2014), Santori et al. (2004), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Smith (2009g), Svartman (2009), Tate (1933), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Fleck &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Lunde &amp; Jansa (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD1FFFBFFF013C0FE588F27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD0FFFBFF191593FE5F85F6.text	F723B76CFFD0FFFBFF191593FE5F85F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gracilinanus dryas (Thomas 1898)	<div><p>73.</p><p>Wood Sprite Opossum</p><p>Gracilinanus dryas</p><p>French: Opossum des bois / German: Merida-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil duende</p><p>Other common names: \Wood-sprite Opossum, Wood Sprite Gracile Mouse Opossum, Wood Sprite Gracile Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa dryas Thomas, 1898,</p><p>“ Culata, Merida, Venezuela.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Andes of NE Colombia (Cundinamarca) and W Venezuela (Trujillo, Mérida, and Tachira).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9-10 cm, tail 13-15 cm; weight 18 g. The Wood Sprite Opossum has dark reddish-brown dorsal fur, with several conspicuous guard hairs on rump, giving it a somewhat frosted appearance. Fur between eye-rings is slightly paler. Tail length is ¢.150% of headbody length, and tail is faintly bicolored, brown dorsally and paler ventrally. Ventral fur is gray-based, dull rufous or brownish, with a whitish patch on chest. Ventral fur does not contrast with dorsal fur and actually merges gradually and imperceptibly with it. Fur is long, dorsally and ventrally (c.10 mm on dorsum), and silky. Feet are whitish, and lateral carpal tubercles are present in old males. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Wood Sprite Opossum is unknown. There is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape.</p><p>Habitat. Cloud forest and montane wet forest at elevations of 2300-4000 m and usually associated with moist sites.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Wood Sprite Opossum seems to use ground and arborealstrata equally.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. This classification for the Wood Sprite Opossum is mostly because ofits patchy occurrence within a relatively restricted distribution and extensive habitat loss that could result in population declines. Major conservation threats are deforestation and fragmentation, caused by human settlements and farming activities at elevations close to where it occurs.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007a), Eisenberg &amp; Redford (1999), Gardner (2005), Handley (1976), Handley &amp; Gordon (1979), Thomas (1898a), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Fleck &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Lunde &amp; Jansa (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD0FFFBFF191593FE5F85F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD0FFFBFF041FFFF8D58F28.text	F723B76CFFD0FFFBFF041FFFF8D58F28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gracilinanus marica (Thomas 1898)	<div><p>74.</p><p>Northern Gracile Opossum</p><p>Gracilinanus marica</p><p>French: Opossum de Mary / German: Kolumbien-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil septentrional</p><p>Other common names: Colombian Gracile Mouse Opossum, Northern Gracile Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa marica Thomas, 1898,</p><p>“ R. Albarregas, Merida, Venezuela.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; C Colombia (La Guajira to Cudinamarca) and W &amp; N Venezuela.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9-11.6 cm, tail 13.1-15.1 cm; weight 24— 30 g. The Northern Gracile Opossum has pale brown to reddish-brown dorsal fur that does not contrast with ventral fur. Fur has a somewhat mottled or wavy appearance, due to pelage color and texture. Mid-rostral fur is pale brown, contrasting with dark, prominent eye-rings and pale buff cheeks. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is c.130% of head-body length, and tail is naked and weakly bicolored, pale brown dorsally and whitish ventrally. Ventral fur is almost entirely gray-based pale buff, and chin (and sometimes throat and chest) is covered with pale buff hairs. Fur is long (c.10 mm on dorsum), woolly, and soft. Feet are brownish, legs are furred almost to the feet, and lateral carpal tubercles are present in old males. Female Northern Gracile Opossums lack a pouch and have eleven mammae,five on each side and a central mamma. Its karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Humid evergreen forests, deciduous forests, and savanna habitats from near sea level to 2590 m and usually associated with humidsites.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available forthis species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Northern Gracile Opossum seems to be mainly arboreal because most specimens were captured on trees.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Gracile Opossum is tolerant of habitat modification, presumably has a large overall population, and occursin several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007a), Diaz et al. (2002), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Handley (1976), Hershkovitz (1992a), Lunde &amp; Schutt (1999), Thomas (1898a), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Fleck &amp; Jansa (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD0FFFBFF041FFFF8D58F28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD0FFFCFA05158DF5FA895C.text	F723B76CFFD0FFFCFA05158DF5FA895C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gracilinanus microtarsus Wagner 1842	<div><p>75.</p><p>Brazilian Gracile Opossum</p><p>Gracilinanus microtarsus</p><p>French: Opossum du Brésil / German: Kleinful 3-Zwergbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa gracil de pies pequenos</p><p>Other common names: Brazilian Gracile Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys microtarsus Wagner, 1842,</p><p>“ Ypanema,” Sao Paulo, Brazil.</p><p>There is strong geographical variation along its distribution, with three clear phenotypes, and geographically structured populations with high genetic divergence, but combined analyses of morphological and genetic characters are inconclusive in recognizing these three phenotypes as distinct taxa, and they are thus currently treated as a single species. Additionally, the presence of G. microtarsusin Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, the type locality of G. agilis, raises the possibility that the type specimen of G. agilis could prove to be a specimen of G. microtarsus, as currently understood. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E &amp; SE Brazil (from C Bahia S to N Rio Grande do Sul) and NE Argentina (Misiones).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 6.7-18.5 cm,tail 7-177 cm; weight 12-58 g. The Brazilian Gracile Opossum has a uniformly reddish-brown dorsal coat of gray-based hairs with orange to reddish-brown tips. Head is colored as dorsum, with no mid-rostral stripe. Black, large, prominent eye-rings surround black eyes, running from nose to bases of ears (although, in some populations, they project to but do not reach bases of ears); cheeks are same color as rostrum. Transition from darker crown fur and clearly paler mid-rostral fur is marked. Tail length is ¢.135% of head-body length, and tail is brown and usually bicolored (darker dorsally than ventrally), although uncolored tails are present in some populations. Ventral fur is usually gray-based cream (varying from whitish to yellow-gold to pale brown) from chin to anus, and tinged orange on neck and chest; some populations exhibit gray-based hairs only from lower pectoral area to anus. Throat gland is present. Fur is long (c¢.10 mm on dorsum) and soft. Feet are creamy-whitish, and lateral carpal tubercles are present in old males. Ventral fur of forelegsis gray-based and yellow-tipped. Ears are large (more than 21 mm), translucent, tinged orange at bases and brown toward tips. Females lack a pouch and have 13 mammae, six on each side and a medial mamma. The Brazilian Gracile Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a small biarmed or acrocentric X-chromosome and a small acrocentric Y-chromosome. A FN = 20 has also been reported. Skull size is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Atlantic Forest biome from sea level to 1800 m and also cerrado formations bordering the Atlantic Forest. The Brazilian Gracile Opossum has been captured in secondary forests, forest fragments, and Eucalyptus plantations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Analysis of stomach contents of five Brazilian Gracile Opossums from an Atlantic Forest reserve indicated consumption of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera (including but not restricted to ants), Isoptera, Lepidoptera (adults and larvae), Orthoptera, Arachnida, and snails. Seeds of Anthurium (Araceae) were found in feces of Brazilian Gracile Opossums in another Atlantic Forest site, and seeds of Clidemia, Miconia (Melastomataceae), Myrtaceae, Santalaceae, and Smilacaeae in a cerrado area. It can be an important disperser of seeds of several riparian forest species in cerrado and aroids ( Araceae) in the Atlantic Forest.</p><p>Breeding. Female Brazilian Gracile Opossums make nests with dead leaves in tree hollows, and one was found using an abandoned nest of a mottled piculet (Picumnus nebulosus) in a tree hollow that had an internal chamber ¢.5 cm wide and ¢.10 cm high. Although it used the bird’s nest, it added other leaves that were not initially used by the bird. They also built nests in bamboo nest boxes set on trees in a secondary Atlantic Forest fragment in south-eastern Brazil, creating nests with a central chamber where the female rested. Nests are built early in the rainy season (September— November) using dry and fresh (possibly actively collected) leaves and apparently are used only for breeding, because only females with young were found using the artificial nests. The breeding season has been estimated to occur from September to December. During three years, females only used nest boxes, indicating that breeding is seasonal and coincides with onset of the rainy season. Young are therefore weaned at periods of maximal rainfall (and thus increased resource availability). In another five-year population study using artificial nest boxes in an Atlantic Forest reserve in south-eastern Brazil, male Brazilian Gracile Opossums were recorded in nest boxes on several occasions. At this site, only one of nine females using nest boxes had a litter, with four young. In an Atlantic Forest site in south-eastern Brazil, litter sizes varied from four young in onesite to 9-12 young in another. Depending on the study site, the breeding season has been estimated in September-December, December— February, or October-March, during the wet season, all in Atlantic Forest sites. In all these cases, breeding roughly coincided with onset of the rainy season or its peak. An additional two-year population study in another Atlantic Forest site recorded juveniles only in January—May (thus resulting from mating in the previous year or early that year), corresponding to end of the wet season and onset of the dry season. In this study, no individuals captured one year were recaptured the following year, suggesting a pattern of semelparity, although number of captures was insufficient to adequately quantify survival rates.</p><p>Activity patterns. As with many other species of opossums, the Brazilian Gracile Opossums is frequently reported to be nocturnal, mostly because most trapping protocols use traps set overnight. The only reported data on the activity pattern of the Brazilian Gracile Opossum in south-eastern Brazil confirmed a nocturnal habit with two peaks of activity.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on frequency of captures in the arboreal stratum, particularly in those studies that sample both understory and canopy, the Brazilian Gracile Opossum is considered predominantly arboreal, being captured almost exclusively in traps set on trees and predominantly in those set in the canopy, although it does occasionally forage on the ground. It also used artificial nest boxes set 3 m high. Home ranges of the Brazilian Gracile Opossum in an Atlantic Forest area were (0-4—0-5 ha. A population from a cerrado area in south-eastern Brazil had home ranges of 0-:05-0-63 ha, and home ranges were directly influenced by body size (although this population was not studied during a breeding season, and therefore influence of nutritional requirements due to reproduction was not assessed). Brazilian Gracile Opossums are able to move along branches, and they move relatively faster than larger species of opossums on experimental horizontal supports. They are also able to jump from one branch to another to move across gaps. Females occupied artificial nest boxes as close as 70 m and as far as 350 m from each other. Average distance moved between two successive captures was 65-2 m for males and 38-8 m for females; average maximal distances moved were 84:6 m by males and 59-9 m by females. Density, estimated based on nest occupancy, was 500 ind/km?, although this is clearly an underestimate because it only included nesting females during the reproductive season. Brazilian Gracile Opossums also seem to be strictly solitary because only a single female with herlitter was found in any of the artificial boxes.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Brazilian Gracile Opossums is tolerant of habitat modification, presumably has a large overall population, and occurs in several protected areas. There can be significant deforestation in parts ofits distribution, but in Atlantic Forest fragments interconnected with narrow vegetation corridors, Brazilian Gracile Opossums were only recorded in corridors and the cultivated matrix between fragments and not in fragments themselves, suggesting some level of tolerance to edge effects.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Barros (2013), Bonvicino et al. (2002), Caceres &amp; Monteiro-Filho (2006a), Caceres &amp; Pichorim (2003), Carvalho et al. (2002), Costa et al. (2003), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007a), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fernandes et al. (2010), Ferreira &amp; Vieira (2014), Gardner (2005), Geise &amp; Astua (2009), Hershkovitz (1992a), Lessa et al. (2013), Loretto &amp; Vieira (2011), Loss et al. (2011), Macedo et al. (2007), Martins &amp; Bonato (2004), McNab (1982, 2005), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Melo et al. (2013), Palma (1996), Passamani (1995, 2000), Passamani &amp; Fernandez (2011a), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pereira, L.G. &amp; Geise (2007), Pereira, N.P et al. (2008), Pires, Martins, da Silva &amp; dos Reis (2010), Puttker, Meyer-Lucht &amp; Sommer(2006), Puttker, Pardini et al. (2008), Rocha, M.F. et al. (2011), Rossi et al. (2012), Smith (2012), Svartman (2009), Talamoni et al. (1999), Teta et al. (2007), Tubelis (2000), Umetsu &amp; Pardini (2007), Vieira &amp; de Camargo (2012), Vieira &amp; lzar (1999), Vieira &amp; Monteiro-Filho (2003), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Voss, Fleck &amp; Jansa (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD0FFFCFA05158DF5FA895C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD5FFFEFFFC17B4F7B28DD5.text	F723B76CFFD5FFFEFFFC17B4F7B28DD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lestodelphys halli (Thomas 1921)	<div><p>76.</p><p>Patagonian Opossum</p><p>Lestodelphys halli</p><p>French: Opossum de Patagonie / German: Patagonien-Beutelratte / Spanish: Zariglieya patagonica</p><p>Taxonomy. Notodelphys halli Thomas, 1921,</p><p>Argentina, Santa Cruz, “ Cape Tres Puntas, S.E. Patagonia, 47°S.” Emended by O. Thomas in 1929 to “Estancia Madujada, not far from Puerto Deseado,” Santa Cruz, Argentina.</p><p>This species in monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; S Argentina, from Mendoza S to Santa Cruz.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12.3-14.4 cm, tail 7.4-9.9 cm; weight 60-100 g.</p><p>Dorsal fur on the Patagonian Opossum is dark gray, and body sides are distinctly pale gray, resulting in tricolored fur pattern (dorsum, body sides, and ventral surface with clearly different colors). Top of head is gray, like dorsum, and darker fur extends onto creamy mid-rostral fur as a narrow stripe almost reaching nose. Black eye-rings do not reach bases of ears and are surrounded by creamy fur on cheeks and forehead. Tail length is ¢.65% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 20 mm. Naked rest of tail is dark grayish-brown dorsally and whitish ventrally and at tip. Tail can store fat and become strongly incrassated; it can increase quickly in thickness. Ventral fur is white from chin to anus, and throat gland is present. Furis short, dense, fine, and soft. Forelimbs, forefeet, ankles, and hindfeet are pure white, and ears are short, rounded, and pinkish, with a creamy patch at their posterior bases. Females lack a pouch, and 17-19 mammae are present, with eight or nine on each side and a medial mamma. The Patagonian Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with a small biarmed Xchromosome and a very acrocentric Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Semi-desert shrublands and steppe habitats in the Patagonian and Monte Desert phytogeographic provinces. Captures of Patagonian Opossums are often associated with water and shrubby gallery vegetation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Most diet information of the Patagonian Opossum comes from anecdotal reports. Observations of captive individuals suggest a clear preference for an animal diet, particularly a preference for vertebrate meat. Captive specimens usually preferred raw meat over arthropods, and all proved to be efficient predators. They successfully attacked,killed, and ate offered rodents (Olive-colored Akodont, Abrothrix olivaceus, and Eastern Patagonian Laucha, Eligmodontia typus), some weighing one-half their size. These were captured with the mouth and forelimbs, killed with a quick and precise bite on the neck, and consumed headfirst. Despite the apparent preference of captive Patagonian Opossums for vertebrates, beetles have been recorded in stomachs of wild-caught individuals. A recent detailed study of its diet in southern Patagonia confirmed that it is mostly “faunivorous,” but it feeds mainly on invertebrates, with 87% of analyzed samples including arthropods, followed by vertebrates (10%) and a small amount of fruits (2%). Arthropods consumed included Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, scorpions, spiders, and solifuges. Vertebrates included lizards (Liolaemus) and passerine birds. Patagonian Opossums are able to store fat in theirtails, and captive individuals given enough food increased their tail thickness on a daily basis, sometimes reaching a diameter of 25 mm. They are also able to enter torpor when deprived of food.</p><p>Breeding. Captive Patagonian Opossums built nests with grasses, but these nests were unrelated to breeding activity. Other than the fact that they possess 17-19 mammae, details about breeding are unknown.</p><p>Activity patterns. There are no precise details on activity patterns of Patagonian Opossums in the wild, but captive individuals were both diurnal and nocturnal. Nocturnal activities were more frequent, with a peak after sunset and another before sunrise.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Patagonian Opossum is considered primarily terrestrial because it is always captured in traps set at ground level, or even in traps set in burrows of tuco-tucos (Ctenomys). It could even be considered semi-fossorial because captive specimens were seen digging, especially in sandy substrate. They dig with their forefeet, used alternatively, and they throw dug material back between their hindlimbs, which are held firmly on the ground and wide apart. Captive individuals were seen making subterranean galleries, about the same diameteras their bodies, with a terminal chamber used as a day resting site. Patagonian Opossums can climb well; captive specimens are able to climb using their forefeet, hindfeet, and tail. Tail was previously considered to lack prehensile ability, but it has a prehensile tip capable of supporting weight of an individual for a few seconds. The Patagonian Opossum also jumpseasily vertically and diagonally, being able to cover ¢.30 cm in a single jump.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Patagonian Opossum has a wide distribution, presumably a large overall population, and occurs in several protected areas. There are no major conservation threats to the Patagonian Opossum, although some populations are threatened by habitat modification by humans.</p><p>Bibliography. Birney, Monjeau et al. (1996), Birney, Sikes et al. (1996), Formoso et al. (2011), Gardner (2005), Geiser &amp; Martin (2013), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Marshall (1977), Martin, G.M. (2005), Martin, G.M. &amp; Sauthier (2011), Martin, G.M. et al. (2008), Pardinas et al. (2008), Pearson (2007), Redford &amp; Eisenberg (1992), Sauthier et al. (2007), Thomas (1929), Voss &amp; Jansa (2009), Zapata et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD5FFFEFFFC17B4F7B28DD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD5FFFEFAFF14A1F8CC80AB.text	F723B76CFFD5FFFEFAFF14A1F8CC80AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys karimii (Petter 1968)	<div><p>77.</p><p>Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys karimii</p><p>French: Opossum de Karimi / German: Karimis Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de Karimi</p><p>Other common names: Karimi’s Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Karimi’s Thylamys</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa karimii Petter, 1968,</p><p>“ région d’Exu, Pernambuco, Brazil.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; NE Brazil (Rondonia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Piaui, Pernambuco, Bahia, Goias, and Minas Gerais).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.9-12.9 cm, tail 6:9-10.6 cm; weight 16-43 g. Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossum has brownish dorsal fur, with abundant four-color banded hairs, gray at bases, then brownish, then cream, and with dark tips. There are also sparse, gray-based, dark-tipped, long guard hairs. Body sides are slightly paler, with fewer but brighter guard hairs; banded hairs lack brownish band. Tricolored pattern typical of most species of Thylamys is inconspicuous in some specimens but clear in others, with a clear transition from mid-dorsal to lateral color. Head is colored as dorsum on crown and brighter in mid-rostral region, with creamy-white-based, dark-tipped hairs and three-color banded hairs (gray-based, creamy, and dark-tipped). Narrow brownish mid-rostral streak is usually present, and there are very narrow brownish eye-rings that extend to, but do not reach, nose or bases of ears. Tail length is ¢.85% of head-body length, and tail is proximally furred for less than 10 mm,slightly bicolored. When tail is incrassated (enlarged with stored fat), it reaches 3-5-5-5 mm in diameter. Ventral fur is creamy-white from chin and cheeks to inguinal region, with lateral bands of gray-based, creamy-white-tipped hairs that are usually faint and narrow but occasionally conspicuous, 3-8 mm width. Throat gland is present in both sexes. Fur is dense, short (3—4 mm) ventrally and longer (6-7 mm) dorsally, with even longer (8-9 mm) guard hairs. Forefeet and hindfeet are whitish, forelimbs are creamy-white dorsally and ventrally, hindlimbs are brownish dorsally and creamy-white ventrally, and ears are uniformly brownish and appear naked. Females lack a pouch, and nine mammae are present, four on each side and a medial mamma, or five on one side and four on the other without a medial mammal. Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosomes. An FN = 20 karyotype has also been reported. Skull size is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Open habitats in cerrado and caatinga, including grasslands, shrubby vegetation, dry forests, and savanna formations.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The type specimen of Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossum, while kept in captivity, was kept alive on a diet including small birds, insects, chopped meat, mealworms, bananas, juicy fruits, and sweet biscuits. Its natural diet is unknown. Some observations reported for Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossum were actually based on misidentified Agile Opossum ( Gracilinanus agilis) and Agricola’s Opossum ( Cryptonanus agricolai).</p><p>Breeding. Lactating female Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossums were captured in the wet season (January-April), and juveniles were collected in dry and wet seasons, although more frequently in the dry season.</p><p>Activity patterns. Karimi’s Fat-tailed Opossum is apparently nocturnal. The captive type specimen was highly active at night and lethargic during the day when a drop in body temperature to about room temperature (c.20-25°C) was noted. It did not, however, survive a quick temperature drop to 15°C.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The type specimen of Karimi’s Fattailed Opossum was captured inside a shallow dead-end burrow that may have been an abandoned lizard burrow. While kept in captivity for five months, it only moved on the ground and did not attempt to climb any bush.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNN Red List. Karimi’s Fattailed Opossum has been assigned this status based on inferred rates of population decline derived from rates of habitat loss. Cerrado has been intensively deforested for conversion to large-scale agro-industrial monoculture (e.g. soy bean farming), which is threatening all species restricted to this region.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Bonvicino et al. (2012), Carmignotto &amp; Aires (2011), Carmignotto &amp; Monfort (2006), Carvalho, Oliveira &amp; Mattevi (2009), Carvalho, Oliveira, Nunes &amp; Mattevi (2002), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Giarla &amp; Jansa (2014), Giarla et al. (2010), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Palma, A.R.T. &amp; Vieira (2012), Palma, R.E. et al. (2014), Petter (1968), Streilein (1982b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD5FFFEFAFF14A1F8CC80AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD4FFFFFF1B1FCBF60684C5.text	F723B76CFFD4FFFFFF1B1FCBF60684C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys elegans (Waterhouse 1839)	<div><p>79.</p><p>Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys elegans</p><p>French: Opossum élégant / German: Elegante Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa elegante</p><p>Other common names: Elegant Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Chilean Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis elegans Waterhouse, 1839,</p><p>“Valparaiso,” Valparaiso, Chile.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N &amp; C Chile (from Coquimbo S to Los Lagos).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9-13.7 cm, tail 10.5-14.6 cm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal fur of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum is dark brown, with tricolored pattern sometimes slightly indistinct; body sides are pale grayishbrown. Top of f headis colored as QT, but facial and mid-rostral fur is markedly paler, with a distinct dark mid-rostral stripe and slightly developed black eye-rings that extend toward nose. Tail length is ¢.110% of head-body length, and tail is markedly and uniformly bicolored (fuscous dorsally and grayish-white ventrally). When tail is heavily incrassated, it can reach c¢.10 mm in diameter. Ventral fur is whitish or yellowish in a narrow stripe from chin to anus, flanked with broad lateral bands of gray-based hairs, or entirely gray-based buffy hairs, sometimes with whitish fur on chest. Throat gland is present. Furis dense,velvety, and long. Ears are large, broad, naked, and pale fuscous, and feet are small and whitish. Females lack a pouch and have 15 mammae, seven on each side and a medial mamma, although often only 11-13 are functional. The Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 22 karyotype, with five pairs of biarmed and one pair of acrocentric autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome and a very small acrocentric Y-chromosome. An FN = 20 karyotype with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric chromosomes has also been reported. The Ychromosome has sometimes been reported as missing from somatic cells. Skull shape is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Habitats as varied as cloud forests, brushlands, and riverbank thickets from sea level to 1000 m. The Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum prefers undisturbed, more closed, and shrubby microhabitats than open areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum is considered mainly insectivorous, with a high proportion of arthropods and larvae in its diet, amounting to up to 90% in volume of samples analyzed. Fruit, small vertebrates, and carrion may also be consumed occasionally.</p><p>Breeding. Female Elegant Fat-tailed Opossums build nests with hair and leaves between rocks, in trees, in abandoned birds’ nests, and in galleries dug by guinea pigs (Cavia). Up to 17 embryos have been recorded, although not all would survive given number of functional mammae. Only 11-13 young usually survive until weaning. Breeding is seasonal, with 1-2 litters/breeding season, and occurs in September—March.</p><p>Activity patterns. Some Elegant Fat-tailed Opossums have been captured in the morning, although almost 90% of captures have been during the night, most close to dawn. They have daily fluctuations in body temperature, with higher temperatures occurring during the night. Captive Elegant Fat-tailed Opossums entered daily torpor; they aroused spontaneously only when food was absent, and they did not enter torpor when food was available. Frequency of torpor varies with food availability; if food availability exceeds daily energy requirements, torpor does not occur. Food availability similarly influences length of torpor.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum can occur on the ground and in shrubs. It climbs well and has been seen using stems of 3-300 mm in diameter while on bushes, even using its tail as a climbing aid. In southern Chile, its home range varied from 0-14 ha in July to 0-08 ha in December. In a site with semi-desert vegetation dominated by low thorn scrub, density of the Elegant Fattailed Opossum over three years was 100-1360 ind/km?, with an average of 410 ind/ km? Maximal values occurred at the time of a population explosion in the whole small mammal community. In a bushy area, average density was 550 ind/km?, with a maximum of 2290 ind/km?*. In a longer study in another site dominated by thorn scrub, densities of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum fluctuated from 100 ind/km? to more than 2200 ind/km?* over twelve years.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas. There are no major conservation threats to the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum, but several populations are likely facing declines due to high rates of deforestation for logging and agriculture in central Chile.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Bozinovic et al. (2005), Braun et al. (2005), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Gallardo-Santis et al. (2005), Geiser (1994), Giarla et al. (2010), Iriarte et al. (1989), Jaksic, Jiménez et al. (1992), Jaksic, Yanez &amp; Fuentes (1981), Lima et al. (2001), Mann (1951, 1953, 1956), McNab (2005), Meserve (1981), Meserve et al. (1995), Meynard et al. (2002), Milstead et al. (2007), Palma, A.R.T. &amp; Vieira (2012), Palma, R.E. (1997), Palma, R.E., Boric-Bargetto et al. (2014), Palma, R.E., Rivera-Milla et al. (2002), Reig et al. (1977), Silva-Duran &amp; Bozinovic (1999), Simonetti (1989), Solari (2003), Spotorno et al. (1997), Svartman (2009), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD4FFFFFF1B1FCBF60684C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD4FFFFFF1B1712FDEA85EE.text	F723B76CFFD4FFFFFF1B1712FDEA85EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys velutinus (Wagner 1842)	<div><p>78.</p><p>Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys velutinus</p><p>French: Opossum velouté / German: Zwerg-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa enana</p><p>Other common names: Dwarf Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Dwarf Thylamys, Velvety Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys velutina Wagner, 1842,</p><p>“Ypanema,” Sao Paulo, Brazil.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SC &amp; SE Brazil (Goias, Minas Gerais, and Sao Paulo).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.9-10 cm, tail 6:5.9-1 cm; weight 13-35-9 g. Dorsal fur of the Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossum is dark reddish-brown, without any sign of the tricolored pattern typical of most species of Thylamys, composed of gray-based hairs with brown tips and a few gray-based and dark-tipped guard hairs. Fur is similar or slightly brighter on body sides, contrasting with ventral fur. Head is colored as dorsum on crown and paler in mid-rostral region, with creamy-white-based and browntipped hairs mixed with three-banded hairs that are gray-based, creamy-white in middle, and brown-tipped. Dark brown streak is present in some individuals, and dark and narrow eye-rings extend to nose. Tail length is ¢.85% of head-body length, and tail is proximally furred for 10 mm or less, slightly bicolored, darker dorsally and paler ventrally. When tail is very incrassated,it reaches 3-5-7 mm in diameter. Ventralfur is grayish, with gray-based buffy-tipped or whitish-tipped hairs, and some creamy-white hair on throat, chin, and cheeks. Throat gland is present. Furis ¢.6-8 mm long on dorsum, with longer (c.10-11 mm) guard hairs, and shorter in ventral area (c.5—6 mm). Forefeet and hindfeet are whitish, forelimbs and hindlimbs are grayish-brown dorsally and ventrally, and ears are uniformly dark and naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome.</p><p>Habitat. Arboreal dense savanna, grassy and shrubby vegetation, and humid grassland habitat of the cerrado biome.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Captive Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossums ate fruits (banana and papaya) and invertebrates (tenebrio larvae and grasshoppers) and also preyed effectively on live young mice that weighed as much as 40% of their own body weight. Analyses of fecal contents indicated a predominantly insectivorous diet of ¢.75% animal items (44% arthropods and 31% unidentified animal remains) and ¢.25% vegetal contents.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossum is strictly nocturnal. Its activity peaks right after sunset, declines steadily thereafter, and ceases completely after sunrise.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossums in the cerrado of central Brazil were 2-3 ha for one male and 1-7 ha for one female, with maximum densities of 41-55 ind/km?®. It appears to be primarily ground dwelling because all released individuals fled running on the ground, and none of them used an arboreal escape route.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dwarf Fat-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution and occurs in protected areas. Although it seems to occur in low densities, there are no particular threats to it as a whole, although the constant increase in agricultural activities within its distribution suggests that attention should be paid to possible population declines in the future.</p><p>Bibliography. Bonvicino et al. (2005), Carmignotto &amp; Monfort (2006), Carvalho et al. (2002), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Giarla &amp; Jansa (2014), Giarla et al. (2010), Henriques et al. (2006), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Palma, A.R.T. &amp; Vieira (2006, 2012), Palma, R.E. et al. (2014), Solari (2003), Svartman (2009), Vieira &amp; Baumgar ten (1995), Vieira &amp; Palma (1996).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD4FFFFFF1B1712FDEA85EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFD4FFE0FA001EF2FC2485A3.text	F723B76CFFD4FFE0FA001EF2FC2485A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys pallidior (Thomas 1902)	<div><p>80.</p><p>Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys pallidior</p><p>French: Opossum a ventre blanc / German: Fahle Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa pélida</p><p>Other common names: \White-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, White-bellied Thylamys</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa elegans pallidior Thomas, 1902,</p><p>” Challapata, Bolivia.”</p><p>Recent phylogenetic analyses have revealed two clades that might represent two species. As treated here, this species includes 71. fenestrae as a synonym. Some specimens from Huancavelica and Lima provinces in central Peru previously identified as 7. pallidior are actually an unnamed taxon more closely related to T. tatei . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Peru, SE Bolivia, N Chile, and Argentina.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.3-10.5 cm,tail 9-11.8 cm; weight 13-38-5 g. The Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum has grayish-brown dorsal fur, darker mid-dorsally and markedly paler on body sides, thus showing typical tricolored pattern of species of Thylamys . Head is same color as mid-dorsum; fur on face, around eyes and cheeks, and at bases of ears is paler, with narrow but conspicuous black eye-rings that extend toward nose. Tail length is ¢.115% of head-body length, and tail is bicolored, gray or drab dorsally and whitish to yellowish-white ventrally, without a pale tip. When tail is incrassated (enlarged with stored fat), it reaches 45 mm or more in diameter. Ventral fur is entirely white, with narrow lateral bands of gray-based hairs often present. Fur is long (11-13 mm mid-dorsally) and lax. Feet are small and whitish; ears are grayish with pale gray fur at their bases. Females lack a pouch, and nine mammaeare present, four on each side and a medial mamma, but 15 have also been reported, with seven on each side and a medial mamma. The Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with a small acrocentric X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is absent in somatic cells. Skull shape is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Mostly arid and semi-arid habitats, including highand low-elevation deserts, semi-deserts, and steppes, from sea level to ¢.4500 m. These habitats occur in the Coastal Desert, Andes, Puna, Prepuna, Monte Desert, and Patagonian steppe. Although Pallid Fat-tailed Opossums frequently occur in areas with little vegetation, which may be rocky or associated with water, they also occurs in Polylepis (Rosaceae) woodlands in Bolivia; Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) shrublands, Prosopis (Fabaceae) woodlands, dry thorn scrub in the Monte Desert; and scrubby steppe vegetation in Patagonia. Studies assessing habitat preference of the Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum showed that it prefers less complex habitats but always associated with high vegetation cover on the ground, possibly to avoid predation. Vegetation structure is more strongly correlated with its presence than habitat type. Some Pallid Fat-tailed Opossums have been collected in buildings.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum feeds mainly on small arthropods, mostly insects, but leaves, fruits, and seeds may also represent important components of its diet. Small vertebrates are not regular itemsin its diet but have occasionally been reported; it seems to prey on vertebrates opportunistically. Among these vertebrates, small lizards, rodents, and birds have been recorded, and it also preys occasionally on bird eggs, occupying the attacked nest after emptying it. Among invertebrates observed in stomach contents, Coleoptera is most frequently present, followed by Arachnida, Chilopoda, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera . In the Monte Desert, there seems to be no seasonal variation in use of different diet categories on some occasions, but a diet composed primarily of leaves of Prosopisflexuosa and no animal items was also observed in the rainy season in the Monte Desert. Diet of the Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum is independent of presence of drinking water because it is can lowerits urine volume and increase its concentration if water availability decreases. As with many other species of Thylamys, the Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum is able to store fat in its tail (incrassation), which is able to increase its thickness up to 4-5 times its normal diameter. Fat is used during periods of resource shortage or during torpor. Tail incrassation usually starts in autumn, and incrassated individuals have been captured in February—July and December.</p><p>Breeding. Pallid Fat-tailed Opossums build nests in tree holes, under or in between rocks, or under shrubs. Nests are made with grass, feathers, and other items. Although nine or 15 mammae have been reported, much smaller litters have been observed, with 3-4 young, based either on direct count of young or counts of uterine scars. They breed two times a year. Lactating females have been found in December and February in Argentina, and juveniles and young individuals have been found in February—June.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum is nocturnal, showing higher body temperatures at night and lower temperatures during daytime. When ambient or body temperatures drop below specific thresholds (15°C for ambient temperature or 29°C for body temperature), they enter torpor.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum has been reported as ground dwelling, but it climbs and jumps well and uses bushes occasionally, so it can be considered more scansorial than strictly ground dwelling. Studies show thatit actively uses the vertical dimension of the habitat, with almost threefourths of captures, in some studies, occurring in an upper stratum rather than on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution, with presumably large overall populations, and it also occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Albanese &amp; Ojeda (2012), Albanese, Dacar &amp; Ojeda (2012), Albanese, Rodriguez &amp; Ojeda (2011), Asta (2010), Birney, Sikes et al. (1996), Braun, Mares &amp; Stafira (2004), Braun, Pratt &amp; Mares (2010), Braun, Van Den Bussche et al. (2005), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Diaz et al. (2001), Fernandez, FJ. et al. (2012), Flores et al. (2000), Formoso et al. (2011), Giarla et al. (2010), Mares &amp; Braun (2000), Meynard et al. (2002), Ojeda &amp; Tabeni (2009), Palma (1995), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Palma, Boric-Bargetto et al. (2014), Palma, Rivera-Milla et al. (2002), Solari (2003), Tate (1933), Teta, D’Elia et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFD4FFE0FA001EF2FC2485A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCBFFE0FAE712D1F7638071.text	F723B76CFFCBFFE0FAE712D1F7638071.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys citellus (Thomas 1912)	<div><p>82.</p><p>Mesopotamian Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys citellus</p><p>French: Opossum d'Entre Rios / German: Pampas-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de Mesopotamia</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa citella Thomas, 1912,</p><p>“ Goya, Corrientes, Argentina.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Argentina (Entre Rios and Corrientes S of Ibera Wetlands).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.9-11.5 cm, tail 10.2-12.5 cm; weight 55-66 g. Dorsal fur of the Mesopotamian Fat-tailed Opossum is brownish with an overall cinnamon tint and the typical tricolored pattern of species of Thylamys, markedly paler on body sides. Mid-dorsal fur has four-color, banded cover hairs: hairs are gray at bases, followed by a narrow, dark brown band, then a creamy brown one. Tips of hairs are dark; guard hairs are brownish with dark bases. Head is colored as dorsum, but facial fur is paler, with distinct dark mid-rostral stripe and moderately developed dark brown eye-rings that extend toward but do not reach nose. Tail length is ¢.105% of head-body length, and tail is bicolored proximally (dark brown dorsally and whitish ventrally), entirely white on distal one-fifth to one-sixth of its length. When tail is incrassated (enlarged with stored fat), it reaches 6-7 mm in diameter. Ventral fur is creamy white from cheeks to anus, and fur on throat sometimes has yellowish tint. Fur is soft and fine, long and dense in mid-dorsum, with 8-9 mm long cover hairs and longer (10-11 mm) guard hairs. Hairs in ventral region are shorter (7-8 mm long). Forefeet and hindfeet are large and whitish. Ears are large and rounded, dark brown at their tips and yellowish at their bases, and they appear naked except for conspicuous tufts of whitish hairs at their posterior bases. Females lack a pouch, and 13 mammae are present, six on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype of the Mesopotamian Fat-tailed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Seasonally flooded forests and grasslands in a landscape composed of grassy savannas, open grasslands, and wetlands with patches of palm savannas, subtropical gallery forests, and xerophytic woodlands. The Mesopotamian Fat-tailed Opossum occurs in Southern Cone Mesopotamian Savanna and Mesopotamian sector of the Humid Pampas ecoregions.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mesopotamian Fat-tailed Opossum has wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in at least one protected area (El Palmar National Park, Entre Rios Province) and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification. Its area of occurrence, however, is directly affected by habitat degradation or conversion for agriculture or pastures for cattle, so it conservation status needs to be carefully monitored.</p><p>Bibliography. Giarla et al. (2010), Palma et al. (2014), Teta, D'Elia et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCBFFE0FAE712D1F7638071	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCBFFE0FFF91C13F8C288E7.text	F723B76CFFCBFFE0FFF91C13F8C288E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys tatei (Handley 1957)	<div><p>81.</p><p>Tate's Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys tatei</p><p>French: Opossum de Tate / German: Tates Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de Tate</p><p>Other common names: Tate's Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Tate's Thylamys</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa tatei Handley, 1957,</p><p>“ Chasquitambo (710 m, lat. 10° 18 48” S, long. 77° 37° 20” W),” Ancash, Peru.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C Peru (Ancash and Lima).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10-9-12:3 cm, tail 11.8-13.2 cm; weight 16-54 g. Mid-dorsal fur of Tate’s Fat-tailed Opossum is grayish to slate gray, with the typical tricolored pattern of species of Thylamys, markedly paler and grayish with cinnamon tint on body sides. Head is colored as dorsum, but facial and mid-rostral fur is paler, with distinct dark mid-rostral stripe and prominent black eye-rings that extend anteriorly (8 mm) and posteriorly (4 mm). Tail length is ¢.110% of head-body length, and tail is bicolored on proximal two-thirds (blackish dorsally and white ventrally) and whitish on distal one-third, with tip (2-18 mm) usually uniformly pale to pure white. When tail is incrassated (enlarged with stored fat), it reaches 8 mm in diameter. Ventral fur is white in narrow stripe from cheeks to anus (wider at chest and narrower in abdominal region), flanked with broad lateral bands of gray-based hairs, and throat gland is present. Fur is long (12 mm) on rump and shorter (8 mm) on abdominal region. Forefeet and hindfeet are small and white, dorsal regions of forelimbs and hindlimbs to wrists and ankles are colored as body sides, and ears are dark gray, long, and broad. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of Tate’s Fat-tailed Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Dry habitats, including deserts, lomas, and mountain scrub on the western slope of the Andes at elevations of 300-3000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is no recent information on population status of Tate’s Fat-tailed Opossum and almost no information on any of its ecological requirements. It may be threatened because its limited distribution is in a region that is being developed, with small human settlements and conversion of natural habitats to agriculture. Nevertheless,it is not possible to adequately assess status of Tate’s Fat-tailed Opossum because of the lack of even basic biological information. It occurs in at least one protected area (Lomas de Lachay National Reserve) in Lima Region.</p><p>Bibliography. Braun et al. (2005), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Giarla et al. (2010), Handley (1957), Meynard et al. (2002), Palma et al. (2014), Solari (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCBFFE0FFF91C13F8C288E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCBFFE1FAE61A46FB1C8AE6.text	F723B76CFFCBFFE1FAE61A46FB1C8AE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys pulchellus (Cabrera 1934)	<div><p>83.</p><p>Dry Chaco Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys pulchellus</p><p>French: Opossum de Robles / German: Schone Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa del Chaco seco</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa janetta pulchella Cabrera, 1934, “ Robles, Santiago del Estero,” Argentina.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina (Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Catamarca, and San Juan).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 6.2-9.6 cm,tail 7.9-10.8 cm. The Dry Chaco Fat-tailed Opossum has grayish-brown dorsal fur, with moderately marked tricolored pattern, paler on body sides. Mid-dorsal fur has four-color, banded cover hairs; hairs are gray at bases, followed by a dark brown band, then a creamy brown one; and tips of hairs are dark. Head is colored as dorsum, but facial fur is paler, with distinct dark mid-rostral stripe and moderately developed dark brown eye-rings that extend toward but do not reach nose. Tail length is ¢.120% of head-body length, and tail is uniformly and markedly bicolored (brownish dorsally and whitish ventrally). When tail is incrassated (enlarged with stored fat), it can reach 67 mm in diameter. Ventral fur is creamy white from cheeks to anus. Furis soft and fine, with 7-8 mm cover hairs in mid-dorsal region and 5-6 mm hairs (in ventral region. Forefeet and hindfeet are small and whitish, and ears are large, rounded, and appear naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Dry Chaco Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is absent in somatic cells.</p><p>Habitat. Grasslands and xerophytic woodlands dominated by secondary forests of Schinopsis lorentzii (Anacardiaceae), Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Apocynaceae), and Prosopis (Fabaceae) . The Dry Chaco Fat-tailed Opossum is endemic to the Dry Chaco ecoregion in northern Argentina.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dry Chaco Fat-tailed Opossum has a relatively wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It does not face any major ¢ »nservation threats, but some populations might be declining because of deforestation anc. conversion of native grasslands, shrublands, and xerophytic Chacoan forests to agriculture.</p><p>Bibliography. Braun et al. (2004), Giarla et al. (2010), Palma et al. (2014), Teta, DElia et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCBFFE1FAE61A46FB1C8AE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCAFFE1FA1E1501F5E680B9.text	F723B76CFFCAFFE1FA1E1501F5E680B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys macrurus (Olfers 1818)	<div><p>85.</p><p>Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys macrurus</p><p>French: Opossum a longue queue / German: Paraguay-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de Paraguay</p><p>Other common names: Long-tailed Fat-tailed Opossum, Paraguayan Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Paraguayan Thylamys</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys macrura Olfers, 1818,</p><p>“Stidamerica.” Restricted by R.S. Voss and colleagues in 2009 to “ Twenty-eight kilometers SW Pedro Juan Caballero, Departamento Anambay, Paraguay.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) and E Paraguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.1-13.5 cm, tail 13.2-15.4 cm; weight 30-57 g. The Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum is the largest species in the genus. Its dorsal fur is grayish overall, with conspicuous tricolored pattern. Mid-dorsal fur is dark grayish or grayish-brown, with four-color banded cover hairs that are gray at bases, then dark brown, then creamy, and dark at tips. Guard hairs are longer, and gray-based with dark or white tips. Fur on body sides 1s pale gray, similar to mid-dorsal fur but paler. Head is the same color as middorsal fur; mid-rostral fur is pale gray, with a distinct gray line of tricolored, gray-based white hairs with black tips. There is white-based dark-tipped fur in front of ears and above eyes, and there are dark, narrow eye-rings that extend slightly toward nose but not toward ears. Tail length is c.120% of head-body length, and tail is basally furred for 10 mm, bicolored proximally (grayish dorsally and whitish ventrally), and entirely white on distal one-third to one-fifth. Tail can store fat (become incrassated), although tail fat is much less apparent on the Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum than in other species of Thylamys . Ventral fur is creamy white from chin to anus, with narrow (less than 3 mm) lateral bands of gray-based hairs. Throat gland is present in both sexes. Fur is dense, short (5-6 mm) ventrally and longer (9-10 mm) dorsally, with even longer (11-12 mm) guard hairs. Feet are large and whitish, limbs are grayish dorsally (paler on forelimbs than hindlimbs) and creamy-white ventrally, and ears are large, uniformly dark-brownish, and naked. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with an acrocentric X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is absent or unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Tall subtropical humid (semi-evergreen) forests in Paraguay and arboreal dense savannas (cerrado sensu stricto) and deciduous and semi-deciduous forests associated with cerrado formations in western Brazil. The Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum seems to be quite a generalist relative to its habitat use.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Reproductive patterns of the Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum can only be inferred from capture frequencies of individuals in different age classes. In western Brazil, the majority ofjuveniles were captured during the rainy season in November— February, with a single capture of ajuvenile during the dry season in July, which strongly suggested a breeding season associated with the wet season when young are born, weaned, and start to disperse. This was also supported by higher frequency of heavier individuals captured in the dry season.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In western Brazil, the Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum is captured on the ground, or when it is caught in understory traps, there is no difference in use of understory or ground levels. Escape behaviors, however, were more frequent on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum nearly qualifies as Threatened based on inferred population decline due to habitat conversion to agriculture and from logging. In Paraguay, the Paraguayan Fat-tailed Opossum is only known from a few specimens.</p><p>Bibliography. de Andreazzi et al. (2011), Braun etal. (2005), Caceres, Bornschein et al. (2007), Caceres, Napoli, Casella &amp; Hannibal (2010), Caceres, Napoli &amp; Hannibal (2011), Caceres, Napoli, Lopes et al. (2007), Carmignotto &amp; Monfort (2006), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Giarla et al. (2010), Hannibal &amp; Caceres (2010), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Palma, A.R.T. &amp; Vieira (2012), Palma, R.E. (1995), Palma, R.E., Boric-Bargetto et al. (2014), Palma, R.E., Rivera-Milla et al. (2002), Smith (2009c), Solari (2003), Svartman (2009), Voss, Myers et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCAFFE1FA1E1501F5E680B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCAFFE1FF1310CFF6A98EB4.text	F723B76CFFCAFFE1FF1310CFF6A98EB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys pusillus (Desmarest 1804)	<div><p>84.</p><p>Chacoan Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys pusillus</p><p>French: Petit Opossum / German: Chaco-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa del Chaco</p><p>Other common names: Austral Mouse Opossum, Chaco Fat-tailed Opossum, Chacoan Thylamys, Common Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Common Mouse Opossum, Small Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Small Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis pusilla Desmarest, 1804,</p><p>type locality not given. Identified by Tate in 1933 as “ S. Ignacio, Misiones, Paraguay.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Bolivia (Santa Cruz), W Paraguay (Alto Paraguay, Boqueron, Presidente Hayes, Nueva Asuncion), and N Argentina (Formosa).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7-12 cm, tail 8.5-13.4 cm; weight 11-32 g. Dorsal fur of the Chacoan Fat-tailed Opossum is dark grayish or brownish gray mid-dorsally, with typical tricolored pattern of species of Thylamys, and markedly paler on bodysides. Head is colored as dorsum orslightly darker, but facial fur is paler, with distinct dark mid-rostral stripe. Narrow, dark eye-rings surround black eyes; paler shade extends forward toward nose without reaching it. Tail length is c¢.115% of head-body length, tail is markedly bicolored (dark dorsally and whitish ventrally), and it can become distinctly incrassated (enlarged with stored fat). Ventral fur is white or creamy from chin and cheeks to anus. Fur is short in mid-dorsum (7-9 mm long). Forefeet and hindfeet are small and whitish. Ears are large, naked, and reddish-brown. Females lack a pouch, and 15 mammae are present, seven on each side and a medial mamma. The Chacoan Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome. The Ychromosome is absent in somatic cells.</p><p>Habitat. Dry or seasonal thorn scrub or thickets of the Dry Chaco at elevations above 1000 m. Typical habitat of the Chacoan Fat-tailed Opossum has been described as xerophytic woodlands, with dominance of low, thorny, deciduous trees, including “quebracho” ( Schinopsis sp. and/or Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Apocynaceae), “palo santo” ( Bulnesia sarmientoi, Zygophyllaceae), “palo borracho” ( Ceiba insignis, Malvaceae), and “labon” ( Tabebuia nodosa, Bignoniaceae), and typical understory with “algarrobo” ( Prosopis, Fabaceae), Maytenus (Celastraceae), Mimosa (Fabaceae), Ephedra (Ephedraceae), cacti, and spiny bromeliads. The neotype was collected in a location described as “dense, thorny vegetation that included quebracho, palo santo, palo borracho, and several species of cacti; however, a small, apparently natural grassy opening was also adjacent to the trap site.”</p><p>Food and Feeding. Arthropods are the most common item in the diet of the Chacoan Fat-tailed Opossum, but fruits, seeds, and leaves are also consumed.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The neotype of the Chacoan Fattailed Opossum was caught on the ground, but other specimens were captured on the ground and in traps set at a height of up to 1 m in trees and shrubs.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chacoan Fat-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population, but deforestation in the Chaco region of Paraguay might lead to decreases in its population sizes.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Braun, Mares &amp; Stafira (2004), Braun, Van Den Bussche et al. (2005), Campos et al. (2001), Carmignotto &amp; Monfort (2006), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c¢), Flores et al. (2000), Giarla et al. (2010), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Palma, Boric-Bargetto et al. (2014), Palma, Rivera-Milla et al. (2002), Smith (2009d), Solari (2003), Tate (1933), Teta, D'Elia et al. (2009), Voss, Myers et al. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCAFFE1FF1310CFF6A98EB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCAFFE2FA1F1B3FFC468AE4.text	F723B76CFFCAFFE2FA1F1B3FFC468AE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys sponsorius (Thomas 1921)	<div><p>86.</p><p>Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys sponsorius</p><p>French: Opossum dArgentine / German: Argentinien-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de Argentina</p><p>Other common names: Argentine Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Argentine Thylamys</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa elegans sponsoria Thomas, 1921,</p><p>“ Sunchal, 1200 m,” Sierra de Santa Barbara, Jujuy, Argentina.</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Bolivia (Tarijja) and NW Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, and Catamarca).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 8.6-11.9 cm, tail 12.5-15.4 cm; weight 15-5-62 g. The Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum has brownish-gray dorsal fur, with typical tricolored pattern of species of Thylamys, and is paler on body sides. Head is colored as dorsum, but facial fur is paler, with faint mid-rostral stripe, and there are thin, dark eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.135% of head—body length, and tail is slightly bicolored and can become incrassated (enlarged with stored fat). Ventral fur is gray-based, yellowish or white, and chin and throat are often yellowish or white, occasionally with whitish patches on chest, but usually whitish throughout. Forefeet and hindfeet are grayishwhite, and ears are fuscous. Females lack a pouch, and number of mammae is unknown. The Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with a small acrocentric X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is absent in somatic cells.</p><p>Habitat. Dry thornscrub and shrub forests at elevations of 515-3750 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but storage of fat in the tail of the Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum has been observed in May-July.</p><p>Breeding. A female Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum with a single young attached to a nipple was captured in December, and another lactating female, without any attached young, was captured in February.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Argentine Fat-tailed Opossum has a wide distribution, presumably large overall populations, and it also occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Braun, Mares &amp; Stafira (2004), Braun, Van Den Bussche et al. (2005), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Flores et al. (2000), Giarla et al. (2010), Palma et al. (2014), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCAFFE2FA1F1B3FFC468AE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFC9FFE2FFF410D0F87F8B2B.text	F723B76CFFC9FFE2FFF410D0F87F8B2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thylamys venustus (Thomas 1902)	<div><p>87.</p><p>Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum</p><p>Thylamys venustus</p><p>French: Opossum charmant / German: Cinderella-Fettschwanzbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa coligruesa de vientre beige</p><p>Other common names: Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum, Buff-bellied Thylamys</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa elegans venusta Thomas, 1902,</p><p>“ Paratani, W. of Cochabamba,” Cochabamba, Bolivia.</p><p>This species includes 71. cinderella as a synonym. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Bolivia (Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, and Tarja) to NW Argentina (Jujuy and Tucuman).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-11 cm, tail 11.1-13.8 cm; weight 12-26-5 g. The Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum has brownish gray to cinnamon brown dorsal fur, with typical tricolored pattern, paler on body sides. Head is same color as dorsum, but facial fur is paler, with a faint midrostral stripe and black eye-rings. Tail length is ¢.130% of head—body length, and tail is bicolored, dark brown dorsally and grayish ventrally, almost uncolored proximally. Tail can store fat and become incrassated (enlarged with stored fat). Ventral fur is graybased yellowish or white, and chin and throat are often yellowish or white; occasionally, there are whitish patches on chest. Forefeet and hindfeet are buffy white, and ears are large and pale brown. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 20 karyotype, with four pairs of biarmed and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome. The Y-chromosome is absent in somatic cells.</p><p>Habitat. Transitional and humid forests (Yungas) below elevations of 2000 m and brushlands, riverbank chaparral, and cultivated areas at elevations of 250-4000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Lactating Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossums were recorded in February and October. Juveniles were collected in February-May.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Lack of information on status and basic biological characteristics and ecological requirements of the Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Opossum hinders assessment of its conservation status. Its distribution includes several areas that are increasingly being converted to agriculture, and it cannot be predicted how modifications or removal of original vegetation will affect populations of Buft-bellied Fat-tailed Opossums. Although several protected areas occur within its distribution, it has not been confirmed in any of them.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Braun, Mares &amp; Stafira (2004), Braun, Van Den Bussche et al. (2005), Creighton &amp; Gardner (2007c), Flores et al. (2000), Giarla et al. (2010), Palma, Boric-Bargetto et al. (2014), Palma, Rivera-Milla et al. (2002), Solari (2003), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFC9FFE2FFF410D0F87F8B2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCFFFE4FFF717A8FB758473.text	F723B76CFFCFFFE4FFF717A8FB758473.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops bishop (Pine 1981)	<div><p>88.</p><p>Bishop's Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops bishop</p><p>French: Opossum de Bishop / German: Bishops Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Bishop</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa parvidens bishopi Pine, 1981,</p><p>“ 264 km N (by road) Xavantina (locality is at 12° 51° S, 51° 46’ W), Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Colombia (Amazonas), W Brazil, E Peru, and N &amp; E Bolivia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 7.9-11.1 cm, tail 11.6-15 cm; weight 11-31 g. Bishop's Slender Opossum has dorsal fur that varies from dull reddish-brown tdark grayish-brown to pale grayish-brown and is paler on body sides. Head is same color as dorsum, butit is paler on rostrum between black eye-rings and lacks any midrostral stripe. Cheeks are white. Tail length is ¢.135% of head-body length, and tail can be all dark or indistinctly bicolored, darker dorsally and paler ventrally, or sharply bicolored. Ventral fur varies from whitish from chin to anus, bordered by variably distinct bands of gray-based hairs, to cream with no bands of gray-based hairs. Throat gland is present in some individuals and absent in others. Feet are covered with white hair. All four limbs have white fur on their ventral side, and lateral carpal tubercles are present in males. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Bishop’s Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a biarmed X-chromosome (Y-chromosome is unknown).</p><p>Habitat. Varied habitats, such as primary lowland forest, lowland dry forest, seasonally flooded evergreen gallery forest, terra firma, and cloud forest.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Very little information exists on the breeding of Bishop’s Slender Opossum. Along the Rio Jurua, Brazil, no adult females were collected in October or April-June. Juveniles were collected in May-June, corresponding to the end of the wet season.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the Brazilian Amazon, two Bishop’s Slender Opossums were captured in traps set on the ground, and four others in traps set at 1-5-2 m. In Peru, seven individuals were collected in pitfall traps and two others in traps set on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bishop's Slender Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas throughout its distribution in Peru and Bolivia.</p><p>Bibliography. Diaz, J.F (2012), Diaz, M.M. (2014), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Patton et al. (2000), Pine (1981), Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCFFFE4FFF717A8FB758473	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCFFFE4FFF71E44F6BE8F2A.text	F723B76CFFCFFFE4FFF71E44F6BE8F2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops juninensis (Tate 1931)	<div><p>89.</p><p>Junin Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops juninensis</p><p>French: Opossum du Junin / German: Junin-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Junin</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa juninensis Tate, 1931,</p><p>“ Utcuyacu, between Tarma and Chanchamayo, Province of Junin, Peru.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Peru (N Junin), known only from four localities less than 85 km apart.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.4-11 cm, tail 13.3-13.7 cm; weight 27 g. Dorsal fur of the Junin Slender Opossum is a warm reddish-brown, darker on mid-dorsum than on body sides, although there is no sharp transition. Fur on head is same color as mid-dorsum, and mid-rostral fur is slightly paler, with dark eye-rings but without any mid-rostralstripe. Tail length is 120% of head-body length. Ventral fur is entirely gray-based, resulting in an almost entirely grayish-white coloration, or with a narrow stripe of white hairs from throat to abdominal region. Feet are whitish, and both sexes have carpal tubercles. Female Junin Slender Opossums lack a pouch. Number of mammae and karyotype are unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Primary montane forest at elevations of 1390-2310 m, with dense understories with ferns, shrubs, and litter shallower than 4 cm and canopies reaching 10 m, dominated by the families Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Araceae, Piperaceae, and Fabaceae . Nevertheless, one Junin Slender Opossum was collected in a coffee, banana, and maize field, with an open understory.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the type specimen of theJunin Slender Opossum was a young breeding female,collected in November in Peru.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but the only two specimens of the Junin Slender Opossum with collection information were captured in traps set on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Junin Slender Opossum has a very small geographical distribution (less than 20,000 km?) and is known from fewer than ten locations. Forests within its distribution are being converted to agriculture and illicit crops. Additionally, there are no records of the Junin Slender Opossum in any protected area. With only six known specimens,little is known about ecology and behavior of theJunin Slender Opossum. It has been recently proposed that its IUCN listing be updated to Endangered, based on restricted size of its current known distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Lunde &amp; Schutt (1999), Peralta &amp; Pacheco (2014), Pine (1981), Tate (1931, 1933), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001), Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCFFFE4FFF71E44F6BE8F2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCFFFE4FAFC158BF64F8600.text	F723B76CFFCFFFE4FAFC158BF64F8600.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops parvidens Tate 1931	<div><p>90.</p><p>Delicate Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops parvidens</p><p>French: Opossum délicat / German: Zierliche Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta delicada</p><p>Other common names: Delicate Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa parvidens Tate, 1931,</p><p>“ Hyde Park, 30 miles up the Demerara River,” Demerara-Mahaica, Guyana.</p><p>This species is treated as monotypic pending a revision using modern techniques; it is likely that Colombian and western Venezuelan populations represent an additional species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Colombia (E slope of the Andes), N &amp; SE Venezuela, the Guianas, and N Brazil.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.3-10.7 cm,tail 14.2-16 cm; weight 21-31 g. The Delicate Slender Opossum has dusty reddish-brown dorsal fur that extends onto body sides and contrasts sharply with ventral fur. Head is same color as dorsum on crown but gradually paler in mid-rostral region, contrasting with narrow dark eye-rings that do not reach bases of ears and buffy cheeks. Tail length is ¢.150% of head—body length, and tail is paler ventrally than dorsally. Ventral fur is mostly white or buffy from chin to inguinal area, sometimes extending onto inside surfaces of limbs, with little or no presence of lateral bands of gray-based hairs. Dorsal fur is ¢.7 mm long. Males have carpal tubercles. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype of the Delicate Slender Opossum is unknown. Although several karyotypes have been reported as belonging to the Delicate Slender Opossum, they are from specimens from localities outside its distribution as currently understood, and they likely represent other taxa. Skull shape is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Humid tropical forests at elevations from sea level to ¢.1700 m, including welldrained and swampy primary forests and secondary forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Six and seven embryos have been reported for the Delicate Slender Opossum.</p><p>Activity patterns. All specimens of the Delicate Slender Opossum collected in French Guiana were captured at night, and specimens have been seen foraging in early evening.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Delicate Slender Opossum forages on the ground and in trees. In French Guiana, nine specimens were captured on the ground and six in the understory, either perched on vertical stems at heights of 0-2-1-5m or on a liana at 1-8 m. In Venezuela, individuals have been captured on the ground and in trees.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Delicate Slender Opossum has a wide distribution and occurs in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler et al. (2012), Astua (2010), Carvalho et al. (2002), Eisenberg (1989), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Handley (1976), Lunde &amp; Schutt (1999), Pine (1981), da Silva et al. (2013), Steiner &amp; Catzeflis (2004), Svartman (2009), Voss, Lim et al. (2013), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001), Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCFFFE4FAFC158BF64F8600	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCFFFE5FAFC1CB5FDF488E8.text	F723B76CFFCFFFE5FAFC1CB5FDF488E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops pakaraimae Voss et al. 2013	<div><p>91.</p><p>Pantepui Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops pakaraimae</p><p>French: Opossum des Pakaraima / German: Pantepui-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Pakaraima</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosops pakaraimae Voss et al., 2013,</p><p>“ Second Camp ” (5° 17° N, 60° 45° W, 800 m above sea level), Mount Roraima, Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region, Guyana.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Pantepui region of SE Venezuela and W Guyana.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.4-11.6 cm,tail 15.1-16.9 cm; weight 25-33 g. The Pantepui Slender Opossum has dark brown dorsal fur and paler fur on body sides. Head is colored as dorsum on crown and is slightly paler between eyes. There are dark eye-rings but no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is ¢.150% of head-body length, and tail is darker dorsally and paler ventrally, especially in proximal region. Ventral fur is whitish on tip of chin around mouth and on scrotum, contrasting with body sides, and gray-based on throat, chest, and abdominal region. Males have carpal tubercles. Females probably lack a pouch, but no females have been examined so number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Pantepui Slender Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Panama Slender Opossum ( Marmosops invictus).</p><p>Habitat. Primary evergreen pre-montane forest with relatively open canopy, wet and rocky soil, some epiphytes and lianas, abundant leaf litter, abundant moss on tree trunks, roots, and rocks, and ferns and orchids, at elevations of 800-1500 m (based on several of five known capture localities).</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Most specimens were trapped at ground level or in traps set in understory at heights of 2 m or less.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Pantepui Slender Opossum has not been assessed on The IUCN Red List because it was described very recently. Conservation status of all opossumsis being reassessed by the IUCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Voss et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCFFFE5FAFC1CB5FDF488E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCEFFE5FF011D56F5B2898C.text	F723B76CFFCEFFE5FF011D56F5B2898C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops handleyi (Pine 1981)	<div><p>93.</p><p>Handley’s Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops handleyi</p><p>French: Opossum de Handley / German: Handleys Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Handley</p><p>Other common names: Handley's Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa handley: Pine, 1981,</p><p>“ 9 Km S Valdivia, Antioquia, Colombia.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. WC Colombia (Antioquia).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.4-12.2 cm, tail 12:9-14.9 cm; weight 21-29-5 g. Dorsal fur of Handley’s Slender Opossum is dark brown to chestnut brown, with gray-based hairs; body sides are slightly paler. Head is same color as dorsum; mid-rostral region is slightly paler. There is no mid-rostral stripe between blackish eye-rings, which do not reach nose or bases of ears. Cheeks are creamy-buff. Tail length is ¢.125% of head-body length, and tail is bicolored, dark gray dorsally, paler ventrally, and sometimes paler distally. Ventral fur is gray-based whitish or buffy from chin to anus. Throat gland is apparently absent. Fur is slightly woolly. Ears are pale gray or white at bases and darker at tips. Female Handley’s Slender Opossums lack a pouch and have seven mammae, three on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Pre-montane wet forest at elevations of 1400-1950 m. Handley’s Slender Opossum has been captured in small and mid-sized secondary forest fragments surrounded by cattle pastures and agricultural fields. Plants in its habitat included abundant epiphytes and species from the families Arecaceae (palms), Araceae, and Piperaceae .</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Three lactating adult female Handley’s Slender Opossums were collected in October—January, suggesting that breeding season occurs during rainy season (September—November), with a weaning period that may last until dry season (December— February).</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The few known specimens of Handley’s Slender Opossum were captured in traps set on the ground or in pitfall traps, suggesting that it regularly uses the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Handley’s Slender Opossum was, until recently, known from only two specimens in a very small area of suitable habitat and had not been recorded in any surrounding areas. The type locality and surrounding areas are threatened by conversion of forest habitat to agriculture and pasture, and there are no records from protected areas. After the recent collection and report of seven additional specimens from three additional localities, it has been suggested that Handley’s Slender Opossum should be reclassified as Endangered based on its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. Its status will be reassessed, with the status of all other opossums, by the [UCN New World Marsupial Specialists Group.</p><p>Bibliography. Diaz et al. (2011), Eisenberg (1989), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Pine (1981).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCEFFE5FF011D56F5B2898C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCEFFE5FF0112CDFBD78761.text	F723B76CFFCEFFE5FF0112CDFBD78761.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops pinheiroi (Pine 1981)	<div><p>92.</p><p>Pinheiro’s Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops pinheiroi</p><p>French: Opossum de Pinheiro / German: Pinheiros Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Pinheiro</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa parvidens pinheiroi Pine, 1981,</p><p>“ Rio Amapari, Serra do Navio (0° 59° N, 52° 03’ W), Amapa, Brazil ”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Venezuela (Bolivar), the Guianas, and N Brazil (Amapa, Para).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 8.5-12.1 cm,tail 14.2-16 cm; weight 19-33 g. Dorsal fur of Pinheiro’s Slender Opossum is pale grayish-brown, extending onto body sides and does not contrast sharply with ventral fur due to presence of ventral gray-based hairs. Head is same color as dorsum on crown but gradually paler in mid-rostral region, contrasting with narrow, dark eye-rings that do not reach bases of ears. Eye-rings contrast with white cheeks and sometimes have gray-based hairs. Tail length is c.150% of head-body length, and tail is paler dorsally than ventrally. Ventral fur is mostly gray-based creamy or white, with an occasional mid-ventral narrow stripe of white or creamy fur that sometimes extends to chin. Throat is usually completely covered with gray-based white or creamy fur, and chin is usually white but sometimes has gray-based hairs. Males have carpal tubercles. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype of Pinheiro’s Slender Opossum is unknown. Skull size is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. [Lowland rainforest, including well-drained and swampy primary forests and secondary forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. The holotype of M. woodalli (currently synonymized with Pinheiro’s Slender Opossum) was a female captured with seven embryos in June.</p><p>Activity patterns. All Pinheiro’s Slender Opossums captured in French Guiana were captured at night.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In French Guiana, 13 Pinheiro’s Slender Opossums were captured on the ground, and six on lianas or vertical stems 0-3—1-5 m above the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Pinheiro’s Slender Opossum has a wide distribution, occurs in several protected areas, and is relative tolerant of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Adler et al. (2012), Astua (2010), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Pine (1981), da Silva et al. (2013), Steiner &amp; Catzeflis (2004), Voss, Lim et al. (2013), Voss, Lunde &amp; Simmons (2001).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCEFFE5FF0112CDFBD78761	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCEFFE6FA0D1029FD26806F.text	F723B76CFFCEFFE6FA0D1029FD26806F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops incanus (Lund 1840)	<div><p>94.</p><p>Gray Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops incanus</p><p>French: Opossum de Lund / German: Graue Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta gris</p><p>Other common names: Gray Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphis incana Lund, 1840,</p><p>“ Rio das Velhas,” Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p><p>This species is currently treated as monotypic, although there is evidence that it may contain more than one species.</p><p>Distribution. E Brazil, along the coast from Sergipe to Sao Paulo, and in Minas Gerais.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12.7-19.4 cm (males) and 10-15.8 cm (females), tail 14.6-23.7 cm (males) and 14-20 cm (females); weight 25-140 g (males) and 20-72 g (females). The Gray Slender Opossum has dark brownish-gray dorsal fur. Head is colored as dorsum, with dark prominent eye-rings, pale gray fur between eyerings, and creamy white cheeks. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Intensity and width of eye-rings apparently varies geographically or with age. Tail length is ¢.130% of headbody length, and tail is bicolored, paler ventrally and toward tip where it is whitish. Ventral fur is creamy white, sometimes tinged with pink in live individuals, and bordered by lateral bands of gray-based, white-tipped hairs. Dorsal surfaces of forelimbs and hindlimbs below knees and elbows are entirely white. Ears are large (more than 25 mm). Females lack a pouch, and careful dissection of one specimen counted at least 15 mammae, seven on each side and a medial mamma. Mammary counts in a population ecology study in south-eastern Brazil found that lactating mammae number varied from seven to 18, with a modal number of twelve. Fur length and texture varies with sex and age. Juveniles and young adults of both sexes have longer, shinier, and softer fur (c.10 mm along back). Older, reproductively active females have shorter (c.5 mm), duller, and coarser fur; older, sexually mature males typically have shorter fur on shoulders (c.5b mm) and even shorter, stiff, duller fur between shoulders, although rest of body is covered with longer and softer hair of younger individuals. There is also geographical variation, with specimens from drier inland habitats paler than those from wet coastal forests. The Gray Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a metacentric X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. A FN = 20 has also been reported. Males are much larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Humid Atlantic Forest from sea level to 800 m, inland semi-deciduous forests where it can occur at higher elevations, gallery forests in cerrado and caatinga adjacent to the Atlantic Forest domain, and high-elevation humid forest enclaves in caatinga, and continental islands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Gray Slender Opossum is composed mostly of invertebrates, mainly arthropods, complemented with fruits. In the Atlantic Forest, arthropods occurred in all fecal samples analyzed, and a few of these also had seeds. Diet includes Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Opiliones, Hymenoptera (ants), Arachnida, and Lepidoptera larvae. In cerrado, diet was also mainly composed of arthropods, found in 100% offecal samples examined. Hymenoptera (ants) were found more frequently, but Coleoptera, Isoptera (termites), Diplopoda, Arachnida, Orthoptera, and Blattodea were also eaten. Invasive plants were found in 29% of these samples, mainly during the dry season, and flowers, but there was no difference in fruit consumption between wet and dry seasons in cerrado. Identified plants in its diet included Melastomataceae (Clidemia and Miconia), Rubiaceae (Psychotria), Meliaceae, and Lauraceae . The Gray Slender Opossum is an important disperser of several seeds of riparian forest species in the Brazilian cerrado. Nutritional contents of preferred diets, determined with cafeteria experiments in captivity where individuals were free to choose food items according to their needs, resulted in 1-8 g of proteins, 4-1 g of carbohydrates, 0-45 g of lipids, and 2:3% offibers per 100 g of dry matter.</p><p>Breeding. Female Gray Slender Opossums usually make nests in the lower strata of the forest below 2-5 m. Males and females will also use artificial nest boxes as dens, although during a five-year population study using such boxes, no females with pouch young were recorded nesting in them. They reach sexual maturity at c.6 months old. In south-eastern Brazil, breeding season starts in October or November and lasts until February or March, so lactation coincides with the wet season and high food availability. Breeding is apparently triggered by photoperiod. Juveniles are present in the population in January—May, corresponding to late wet and early dry seasons. An analysis of more than 200 museum specimens for which relative age class and reproductive condition could be estimated suggested that the Gray Slender Opossum is a semelparous; that is, individuals reproduce only once in a lifetime and die shortly after breeding. Pregnant females were present only in November, early lactating females were observed in October-December, and late lactating females were observed in January-April, indicating that mating occurred in October-December. Proportion of older males increases from June to December, as a consequence of growth of males born early in the year, and peaks in November—December, coinciding with the mating period. After that, frequency of old males decreases by almost 50% in January, and older males are totally absent from the population in February—May. Thus, it seems that males born early in the year reach sexual maturity later that same year, reproduce, and then die. Likewise, lactating females are found in October-April and post-lactating females in March—-May. Older, reproductively active females decrease in frequency after the mating period and completely disappear from the population in July-August. Therefore, it seems that there is almost no generation overlap (except for very few outliers). The pattern inferred from museum specimens was confirmed during a two-year population study in south-eastern Brazil. Both sexes had lower survival rates during the mating season, no individuals captured the first year were recaptured the following year, and abundance of both sexes decreased from May onward and resulted in total absence of adults in November-December. Adults only reappeared in the population in March of the following year.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Gray Slender Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Gray Slender Opossumsis considered scansorial. It moves relatively fast compared with larger species of opossums on experimental horizontal supports, and it is able to jump across gaps. In some studies, it moved preferentially in the understory, rarely using canopy or ground, and in others, it was captured more frequently on the ground (two-thirds of the time) than in the understory (one-third of the time). No differences between sexes in frequency of ground and understory movements were found, or differences in diameter or slope of supports used. Males moved over areas that were 50% larger than those of females. Home range sizes were 0-4-2-1 ha, and average recorded distance moved between two successive captures was 41 m, with average maximal distances moved reaching 54 m. Perceptual range (maximum distance at which a landscape element can be detected) is less than 100 m, based on ability of Gray Slender Opossums released in a grass matrix to detect and head for forest fragments from which they had been removed. In a fragmented landscape of Atlantic Forest, individuals showed clear preference for fragments rather than vegetation corridors or cultivated matrix between fragments, indicating that mobility between fragments can be limited.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Gray Slender Opossums has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It is tolerant of some levels of habitat modification and fragmentation and occurs in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Astua et al. (2003), Barros (2013), Camara &amp; Oliveira (2012), Camara et al. (2003), Carvalho et al. (2002), Cunha &amp; Vieira (2002), Delciellos &amp; Vieira (2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fernandez, FA.S. et al. (2012), Forero-Medina &amp; Vieira (2009), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Gentile et al. (2004), Grelle (2003), Hershkovitz (1992a), Lessa &amp; Costa (2010), Lessa et al. (2013), Loretto (2012), Loretto &amp; Vieira (2008, 2011), Lorini et al. (1994), Macedo et al. (2007), Martinelli &amp; Nogueira (1997), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Mustrangi (1994), Mustrangi &amp; Patton (1997), de Oliveira et al. (1992), Palma (1996), Paresque et al. (2004), Passamani (1995, 2000), Passamani &amp; Fernandez (2011a, 2011b), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pereira &amp; Geise (2007), Pinotti et al. (2011), Puttker, Meyer-Lucht &amp; Sommer (2006), Puttker, Pardini et al. (2008), Rocha, M.F. et al. (2011), Rocha, PA. et al. (2012), Santori et al. (2004), Svartman (2009), Svartman &amp; Vianna-Morgante (1999), Talamoni et al. (1999), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCEFFE6FA0D1029FD26806F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCDFFE6FFF11A49F84C803A.text	F723B76CFFCDFFE6FFF11A49F84C803A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops paulensis (Tate 1931)	<div><p>95.</p><p>Brazilian Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops paulensis</p><p>French: Opossum de Sao Paulo / German: Brasilien-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Brasil</p><p>Other common names: Sao Paulo Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa incana paulensis Tate, 1931,</p><p>“Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo [sic], Brazil.” Corrected by G. H. H. Tate in 1933 to “ Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil, in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Parana.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11.4-15.3 cm (males) and 9.8-1399 cm (females), tail 15-21.2 cm (males) and 14-5— 18-1 cm (females); weight 20-70 g (males) and 16-47 g (females). Dorsal fur of the Brazilian Slender Opossum is dark brownish-gray washed with reddish, particularly on cheeks and body sides. Cheeks are creamy white with a reddish tinge. Head is colored as dorsum, with dark, prominent eye-rings contrasting with pale brown midrostral fur. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is c.145% of head-body length, and tail is bicolored, dusky dorsally and paler ventrally, and whitish at tip. Ventralfur is creamy white, contrasting with dorsal coloration and lacking any lateral bands of graybased hairs, and it occasionally has a pink hue in live specimens. Hindfeet are white, and forelimbs and hindlimbs are dark from wrists and ankles up. Ears are small (less than 25 mm). Females lack a pouch, and number of mammae varied from seven to 13 in a population ecology study of a single population. The Brazilian Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with a biarmed X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. Males are much larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic. Brazilian Slender Opossums show the same ageand sex-related variation in fur length and texture as that seen in the Gray Slender Opossum ( Marmosops incanus), with very long (c.10 mm) and soft fur on immature specimens and short fur in adults.</p><p>Habitat. Montane and cloud forest habitats above 800 m in elevation along coastal mountains of south-eastern Brazil.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Brazilian Slender Opossum includes arthropods,fruits, and flower parts, and occasionally small vertebrates, although a new diet composition study seems to indicate that it is more frugivorous than previously thought. Invertebrates consumed include Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera (ants), Blattodea, Araneae, Opiliones, and snails. Fruits of species of Piper (Piperaceae) are particularly consumed, but diets also include Solanaceae (Solanum), Melastomataceae (Leandra, Ossaea), Myrtaceae ( Psidium, Campomanesia), and Rosaceae (Rubus) . Diets vary seasonally. Invertebrates and flower parts were more frequent in fecal samples during the dry season, possibly due to their higher relative abundance. Diets increased in diversity in the dry season due to the inclusion of new fruit species and reduced relative importance of Piper fruits in the diet.</p><p>Breeding. Litter size of the Brazilian Slender Opossum varies from seven to 13 young, based on number of milking teats on lactating females. One female found in her nest had a litter of five young. Breeding season is in September—March, beginning at the end of the dry season and with lactation coinciding with high resource availability. Breeding season is triggered by photoperiod, with increase in daylength, and possibly lasts as long as fruits are available. The Brazilian Slender Opossum is semelparous; no individual takes part in more than one breeding season. In fact, all adult males disappear from the population in December—January, and adult females disappear after weaning theirlitters in March-April. After April, all females are either juveniles or subadults, and adult males and females only reappear in the population in August, thus resulting in generations separated by c.1 year. In another study, no adult individuals captured in one year were recaptured in the following year, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of a semelparous breeding system.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Brazilian Slender Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Brazilian Slender Opossum uses the ground more than the understory and never uses the canopy. Home ranges estimated using a trapping grid were 0-14-15 ha. No differences in home ranges of males and females were found during the breeding season, but females are territorial: home ranges of females do not overlap, but sometimes a specific female is excluded and replaced by another. Home ranges of males overlap home ranges of other males and females. Individual daily movements estimated with spool-and-line devices covered 0-12-0-8 ha, averaging 0-4 ha, and daily movements were directly related to food supply and especially availability offruit; distance traveled increased when food supply decreased. Males and females do not differ in daily movements; both moved farther during the dry season.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Brazilian Slender Opossums is considered an uncommon species and has a relatively restricted distribution, but it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened IUCN category. Classification as Least Concern is supported by the fact that a large portion of suitable habitat has not been sampled, and it is possible that it is more common than presently thought.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Barros (2013), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Leiner &amp; Silva (2007a, 2007b, 2009), Leiner, Dickman &amp; Silva (2010), Leiner, Setz &amp; Silva (2008), Mustrangi &amp; Patton (1997), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Pereira et al. (2008), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCDFFE6FFF11A49F84C803A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCDFFE7FAFE1A80FB5C8B0D.text	F723B76CFFCDFFE7FAFE1A80FB5C8B0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops neblina (Gardner 1990)	<div><p>96.</p><p>Neblina Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops neblina</p><p>French: Opossum du Neblina / German: Neblina-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Neblina</p><p>Other common names: Cerro Neblina Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosops impavidus neblina Gardner, 1990,</p><p>“ Camp VII (00°50’40"N, 65°568’10”W), 1800 m, Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela .”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Venezuela (Amazonas), W Brazil (Amazonas, Acre), E Ecuador, and NE Peru (Loreto); quite possibly in SE Colombia.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11.2-14.2 cm, tail 14-17.8 cm; weight 29-45 g. The Neblina Slender Opossum has rich dark brown dorsal fur. Head is similarly colored on crown, lacking mid-rostral stripe. Muzzle and mid-rostral fur are only slightly paler than dorsum. Eye-rings are large and indistinct, and cheeks are frosted white. Tail length is c.125% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 13 mm and is bicolored on its naked part, brown basally and turning gradually paler toward distal end, and uniformly colored or paler ventrally. Ventral fur is gray-based, dark gray washed with brownish, sometimes with a pure white mid-ventral stripe from chin to anus, constricted by lateral bands of gray-based hairs on abdominal and inguinal regions. Fur is ¢.7 mm long on rump. Hindfeet have white toes, forefeet are dark, and ears are dark brown. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Neblina Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome and a very small acrocentric Ychromosome. Males are larger than females.</p><p>Habitat. Elfin forest on the Cerro de la Neblina tepui in Venezuela, seasonal floodplain forests or disturbed river-edge areas in Brazilian Amazonia, and secondary forests in Peru.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Juveniles and subadult Neblina Slender Opossums were collected in wet and dry seasons along the Rio Jurua, in W Amazonia, suggesting that reproduction occurs all year long. In Peru, a female with signs of recent lactation was collected in January, and juveniles were collected in December—January.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Neblina Slender Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Neblina Slender Opossum seems to frequently use the ground. In Brazilian Amazonia, two individuals were captured at c.1-5 m above the ground, but nine others were captured in traps placed on the ground. All specimens from Venezuela were caught on the ground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Neblina Slender Opossums are reported from three disjunct localities, they are likely found in all of the Amazon Basin, and populations are presumably large.</p><p>Bibliography. Diaz, M.M. (2014), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Mustrangi &amp; Patton (1997), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCDFFE7FAFE1A80FB5C8B0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCCFFE7FF0411AAF7088FDA.text	F723B76CFFCCFFE7FF0411AAF7088FDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops impavidus (Tschudi 1845)	<div><p>97.</p><p>Tschudi’s Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops impavidus</p><p>French: Opossum pale / German: Tschudis Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Tschudi</p><p>Other common names: Andean Slender Mouse Opossum, Tschudi’s Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys impavida Tschudi, 1845,</p><p>“der mittleren und tiefern Waldregion.” Interpreted by A. Cabrera in 1958 as “ Montana de Vitoc, cerca de Chanchamayo,” Junin, Peru.</p><p>This species is currently considered to be monotypic, but it is possible that some of the synonyms currently included in this taxon may represent distinct species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W slope of the Andes from N Colombia (La Guajira) to S Ecuador (Loja) and E slope from SW Venezuela (Tachira) to S Peru (Cusco), also in W Brazil (Amazonas, Acre) and N Bolivia (Pando).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 9.7-15.2 cm, tail 13.2-20.5 cm; weight 25-51 g. Dorsal fur of Tschudi’s Slender Opossum is dull grayish-brown (predominantly in younger specimens) to reddish-brown (predominantly in older adults). Large black eye-rings contrast with pale brown fur on muzzle, and cheeks are pale orange to buff. Tail length is ¢.135% of head-body length, and tail has short fur on proximal 1.5-2 cm. Naked part of tail can be uniformly dark brown dorsally and ventrally, or indistinctly paler ventrally than dorsally, or paler distally than proximally. Ventralfur is gray-based, paler than dorsal fur, and washed with orange, cream, whitish, tawny, or pinkish-brown. Partial or complete stripe of white or pale fur occurs along midline from chin to anus. Some individuals have entirely gray-based ventral fur with buff tips. Throat gland is absent. Fur measures 7-9 mm on rump. Hindfeet are dusky with white toes, forefeet are white, and males have lateral carpal tubercles. Females lack a pouch and have seven to nine mammae, three to four on each side and a medial mamma. Tschudi’s Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome and a very small acrocentric Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Cloud forests, montane wet forests, and lowland rainforests at elevations of 65-2200 m. Tschudi’s Slender Opossum have been captured in undisturbed and second-growth terra firma forest and cultivated fields.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but Tschudi’s Slender Opossum appears to feed on fruits and insects.</p><p>Breeding. In the Brazilian Amazon, all adult female Tschudi’s Slender Opossums collected in the wet season showed signs of recent lactation but had no pouch young; a female captured during the dry season was ajuvenile. It apparently breeds at least during the wet season. In Peru,a lactating female was collected in September.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Tschudi’s Slender Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Tschudi’s Slender Opossums have been reported to be arboreal, but they are probably scansorial because individuals have been captured on the ground and in the understory, at heights of 1-5-2 m above ground,in trees, vines, and shrubs.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Tschudi’s Slender Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas and can apparently tolerate some degree of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Cabrera (1958), Diaz, J.F. et al. (2011), Diaz, M.M. (2014), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Handley (1976), Hershkovitz (1992a), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Tate (1933), Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCCFFE7FF0411AAF7088FDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCCFFE7FA06121BF82F863B.text	F723B76CFFCCFFE7FA06121BF82F863B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops ocellatus (Tate 1931)	<div><p>98.</p><p>Spectacled Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops ocellatus</p><p>French: Opossum a lunettes / German: Brillen-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de anteojos</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa ocellata Tate, 1931,</p><p>“Buenavista, Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C &amp; E Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and SW Brazil (Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.4-14 cm, tail 14.6-18.6 cm; weight 23-51 g. The Spectacled Slender Opossum has uniformly pale grayish-brown dorsal fur.</p><p>Top of head is the same color as dorsum, but fur is paler between eye-rings. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Eye-rings do not reach ears or nose and contrast with pale cheeks. Tail length is ¢.140% of head-body length. Tail is bicolored, paler ventrally than dorsally and paler distally than proximally, and usually distal one-third or more is completely pale. Ventral fur is cream, with no distinct lateral band of gray-based hairs. Throat gland is usually absent. Feet are whitish, and males have lateral carpal tubercles. Ears are large and furred at bases. Females lack a pouch and have 13 mammae,six on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype of the Spectacled Slender Opossum is unknown. Males seem larger than females, and skull size is sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Relatively arid lowland deciduous forests in Bolivia and semi-deciduous forests in a transition area between the cerrado region and the Amazonia in Brazil. The Spectacled Slender Opossum does not occur in the center of the Pantanal, butit does occur in adjacent, non-flooded habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Spectacled Slender Opossum apparently feeds mainly on insects.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Spectacled Slender Opossum is probably nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Spectacled Slender Opossum seems to use the ground more frequently than the understory; all specimens from Mato Grosso do Sul were caught in pitfall traps, three specimens from Mato Grosso were caught in traps set on the ground, and one was caught in a trap set at 1-5-2 m high.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spectacled Slender Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas and is tolerant of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Caceres, Ferreira &amp; Carmignotto (2007), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Semedo et al. (2013), Tate (1931), Voss,Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCCFFE7FA06121BF82F863B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFCCFFE8FA001CBCFBC588B2.text	F723B76CFFCCFFE8FA001CBCFBC588B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops Matschie 1916	<div><p>99.</p><p>Creighton’s Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops creightoni</p><p>French: Opossum de Creighton / German: Creightons Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Creighton</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosops creightoni Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen, 2004,</p><p>“ near the Saynani hydroelectric generating station (ca. 16°07’S, 68°05’W; 2500 m above sea level) in the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.083336/lat -16.116667)">valley of the Rio Zongo</a>, Departamento La Paz, Bolivia.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Bolivia (La Paz), where it is known only from three localities close to each other.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 11.4-14 cm, tail 15-17.7 cm; weight 32-54 g. Creighton’s Slender Opossum has rich chocolate-brown dorsal fur. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Blackish eye-rings do not reach nose or bases of ears. Tail length is c.130% of head-body length. Tail has fur on proximal 10 mm, and naked part oftail is dark grayish basally (both dorsally and ventrally) and indistinctly bicolored (dark dorsally and pale ventrally) for at least one-half ofits length. Tip of tail is entirely white. Ventral fur is gray-based paler brown, with no contrast with body sides or dorsum on chest and abdominal region. Chin and occasionally throat are white, but there is no whitish or cream-colored chest or abdominal fur. Weakly developed chest gland is present. Feet are brownish, contrasting with fingers, which are whitish, and males have lateral carpal tubercles. Ears are dark and naked. Females lack a pouch and have nine mammae, four on each side and a medial mamma. Karyotype of Creighton’s Slender Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Humid montane forests, with mosses, lichens, ferns, and other epiphytes on most trees, at elevations of 2000-3000 m. Within these montane forests, Creighton’s Slender Opossums use relatively undisturbed second-growth cloud forest dominated by bamboo, second-growth forest with patches of undisturbed natural forest, and disturbed forest with vines, bamboo, grasses, moss, and ferns on the ground.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Creighton’s Slender Opossums have been trapped on the ground or on lower branches, suggesting that they mainly use the ground and understory.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is an absence of information on extent of occurrence, population status, and ecological requirements of Creighton’s Slender Opossum. Subsistence farming occurs within its distribution, especially at elevations of 1600-1800 m, but it is protected in Cotapata National Park, Bolivia.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFCCFFE8FA001CBCFBC588B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFC3FFE8FAC91418F6E48B86.text	F723B76CFFC3FFE8FAC91418F6E48B86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops cracens (Handley & Gordon 1979)	<div><p>101.</p><p>Narrow-headed Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops cracens</p><p>French: Opossum menu / German: Capadare-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de cabeza afilada</p><p>Other common names: Narrow-headed Slender Mouse Opossum, Slim-faced Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa cracens Handley &amp; Gordon, 1979,</p><p>“ near Pastora (11°12’N, 68°37°'W), 150 m, 14 km ENE Mirimire, Falcon, Venezuela.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Venezuela (Falcon), known only from the type locality in the Mirimire and Capadare Mts.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10.2-10.5 cm, tail 13.1-13.2 cm; weight 24-26-5 g. The Narrow-headed Slender Opossum has grayish brown dorsal fur, with scattered short white guard hairs on rump. Eyes are surrounded with ill-defined narrow eye-rings, mostly between eyes and nose. Tail length is ¢.130% of head—body length, tail has fur on about proximal 5 mm, and naked part is indistinctly bicolored, fuscous dorsally and yellowish-cream ventrally. Ventral fur is gray-based creamy white, with a faint yellowish cast; this color also appears on chin and lips and along a narrow median stripe on abdominal and inguinal regions. Fur is short and smooth. Forefeet and hindfeet are small and whitish. Ventral sides of forelimbs and hindlimbs are also whitish. Ears are fuscous and relatively large. Females probably lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. Karyotype of the Narrowheaded Slender Opossum is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Mature humid evergreen forest with vines and epiphytes and a closed subcanopy of 10 m and an irregular upper canopy of 25-30 m, at an elevation of ¢.150 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The three known specimens of the Narrow-headed Slender Opossum were trapped on the ground, but little is known about its social behavior.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Narrow-headed Slender Opossum is known from only three specimens from a single locality. There are no new recordssince it was described in 1979, and existing information is insufficient to assess any conservation status.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Handley &amp; Gordon (1979).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFC3FFE8FAC91418F6E48B86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFC3FFE8FFCC1303F9698DDE.text	F723B76CFFC3FFE8FFCC1303F9698DDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops noctivagus (Tschudi 1845)	<div><p>100.</p><p>White-bellied Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops noctivagus</p><p>French: Opossum nocturne / German: Weil 3bauch-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de vientre blanco</p><p>Other common names: Rio Napo Mouse Opossum, White-bellied Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Didelphys noctivaga Tschudi, 1845,</p><p>“der mittleren und tefen Waldregion.” Restricted by G. H. H. Tate in 1933 to “ Montana de Vitoc, near Chanchamayo, Rio Perené drainage,” Junin, Peru.</p><p>As treated here, this species includes M. dorothea as a synonym, but taxonomic revisions are needed. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Amazon Basin in S Colombia (Putumayo), E Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil S of the Amazon River.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 11:8-16.3 cm,tail 15.4-20.4 cm; weight 35-85 g. Dorsal fur of the White-bellied Slender Opossums is dull reddish-brown or orangish-reddishbrown. Body sides and neck are paler and more tinted with orange. It has black eyerings contrasting with dorsal coloration, but no mid-rostral stripe. Tail length is ¢.130% of head-body length, and tail has fur on proximal 10 mm. Naked part oftail is uniformly dark brown, or sometimes indistinctly bicolored, paler ventrally than dorsally, or paler distally than proximally. Ventral fur is creamy white from chin to inguinal region or anus, and on cheeks. Some, but not all, White-bellied Slender Opossums have a narrow band of gray-based hairs only in abdominal region. Throat gland is present in males. Fur is short, soft, and velvety. Hindfeet are whitish, forefeet are brown with pale toes, and males have lateral carpal tubercles. Females lack a pouch and have eleven mammae, five on each side and a medial mamma. The White-bellied Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, and with a small biarmed X-chromosome and a very small biarmed Y-chromosomes. Male White-bellied Slender Opossums are larger than females, and skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Lowland humid forests, including mature, secondary, and disturbed forests and even open areas and cultivated fields, at elevations of 300-1500 m. In the Amazon Basin, White-bellied Slender Opossums were collected in seasonal floodplain and terra firma habitats.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Although little has been reported on diets of White-bellied Slender Opossums, one individual was seen carrying a large tailless whip scorpion (Phrynus, Amblypygi) in its mouth.</p><p>Breeding. Based on capture dates ofjuvenile White-bellied Slender Opossums, breeding season is hypothesized to have two well-marked periods, January-March and June-July. In the Brazilian Amazon, females collected in the rainy season were juveniles or adult females that had not yet reproduced, and only one out of eleven females collected in August (dry season) had signs of having had a suckling litter. In Peru, lactating females were collected in January, March, May, and June, and a pregnant female was collected in June. Juveniles were observed in January and March—]July.</p><p>Activity patterns. One White-bellied Slender Opossum was reportedly feeding at night, although another individual was caught by hand in Peru while climbing a tree during daytime.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. One White-bellied Slender Opossum was shot at a height of ¢.10 m, two were shot at heights of c.2 m, and all others were either trapped or shot on the ground. At one Peruvian Amazonsite, about onehalf of released specimens chose escape routes on the ground. At anothersite, specimens were collected at heights of 0-5—1-5 m.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Whitebellied Slender Opossum has a wide distribution and presumably a large overall population. It occurs in several protected areas and is tolerant of habitat modification.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Diaz, J.F. (2012), Diaz, M.M. (2014), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Fleck &amp; Harder (1995), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Hershkovitz (1992a), Melo &amp; Sponchiado (2012), Palma &amp; Yates (1996), Patton &amp; Costa (2003), Patton et al. (2000), Reig et al. (1977), Santos-Filho et al. (2008), Tate (1933), Voss, Tarifa &amp; Yensen (2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFC3FFE8FFCC1303F9698DDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFC3FFE9FAC81E2FFF11889B.text	F723B76CFFC3FFE9FAC81E2FFF11889B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops fuscatus (Thomas 1896)	<div><p>102.</p><p>Dusky Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops fuscatus</p><p>French: Opossum sombre / German: Dunkle Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta oscura</p><p>Other common names: Dusky Slender Mouse Opossum, Gray-bellied Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa fuscata Thomas, 1896,</p><p>“ Rio Abbarregas [= Rio Albarregas],” Merida, Venezuela, alt. 1630 metres.”</p><p>Three subspecies are recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>M.f.fuscatusThomas,1896—W&amp;NVenezuela(CordilleradeMéridaandthecoast).</p><p>M.f.carriJ.A.Allen&amp;Chapman,1897—TrinidadI.</p><p>M. f. perfuscus Thomas, 1924 — NC Colombia (Eastern Andes).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 12-15.5 cm, tail 14.8-18.2 cm; weight 41-104 g. The Dusky Slender Opossum has gray-brown dorsal fur. Head is similarly colored but paler between black eye-rings. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Cheeks are whitish. Tail length is c.120% of head-body length, and tail is robust, gray, paler toward distal end, and slightly pale below. Ventral fur is uniformly gray, frosted or yellowish. Fur is 6-10 mm long on back and slightly stiff. Females lack a pouch, but number of mammae is unknown. The Dusky Slender Opossum has a 2n = 14, FN = 24 karyotype, with all biarmed autosomes, a biarmed X-chromosome, and an acrocentric Y-chromosome. Skull size and shape are sexually dimorphic.</p><p>Habitat. Wet evergreen forests from near sea level to 2350 m, including montane wet forests and cloud forests, but also in clearings and gardens. Dusky Slender Opossums are frequently collected at sites near streams or other moist areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Dusky Slender Opossum reportedly eats fruits and invertebrates.</p><p>Breeding. Sexual maturity of the Dusky Slender Opossum is reached at c.6 months old, and reported litter size is six young, although females were captured with 7-9 teats secreting milk, suggesting largerlitters may occur. Females raise 1-2 litters/year. Breeding season probably extends from May to January/February because lactating females were captured in November—-December and juveniles in September, November-December, and March in a secondary forest; lactating females were also captured in May-November in a humid pre-montane forest.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Dusky Slender Opossum is reported to be nocturnal.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Dusky Slender Opossum reportedly uses arboreal strata more than the ground, having been captured in both, but more frequently (c.70% of the time) in trees and vines than on the ground. Nevertheless, in another study, captures on the ground represented 93% oftotal captures, and released specimens always fled on the ground, even when placed on branches or vines. At a site in a pre-montane humid forest at ¢.700 m in elevation, male Dusky Slender Opossums moved an average of 30-9 m between captures, with a maximum distance of 63 m, and females moved an average of 58-5 m, with a maximum of 172 m. In contrast, in a secondary forest at 40 m in elevation, average distance moved between captures by a male was 85 m, with a maximum distance of 200 m. Densities of Dusky Slender Opossums in Venezuela are 25-325 ind/km?, with an average of 100 ind/km?®.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Conservation status of the Dusky Slender Opossum is unknown because of lack of recent information on its extent of occurrence, estimates of overall population size, and ecological requirements. It is possible that the Dusky Slender Opossum is actually under conservation threat because there are significant human impacts within much of its known distribution; native habitats are being converted into cultivated land and human settlement. Nevertheless, the Dusky Slender Opossum occurs in several protected areas.</p><p>Bibliography. Abdala et al. (2006), Astua (2010), Cordero (2001), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Gardner &amp; Creighton (2007a), Handley (1976), O'Connell (1979, 1989), Reig et al. (1977), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFC3FFE9FAC81E2FFF11889B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
F723B76CFFC2FFE9FF03135DF95F8AE2.text	F723B76CFFC2FFE9FF03135DF95F8AE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marmosops invictus (Goldman 1912)	<div><p>103.</p><p>Panama Slender Opossum</p><p>Marmosops invictus</p><p>French: Opossum du Panama / German: Panama-Schlankbeutelratte / Spanish: Marmosa esbelta de Panama</p><p>Other common names: Panama Slender Mouse Opossum, Slaty Slender Mouse Opossum</p><p>Taxonomy. Marmosa invicta Goldman, 1912,</p><p>“ Cana (altitude 2,000 feet), in the mountains of eastern Panama.”</p><p>This species is monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Panama.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 10-4-12:1 cm, tail 12.4-14.7 cm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal fur of the Panama Slender Opossum is dark slate-gray to dusky-brown, particularly on forequarters. Face is dark, with eyerings that are inconspicuous against dark facial fur. There is no mid-rostral stripe. Fur on cheeks is gray-based with cream tips. Tail length is ¢.125% of head-body length, and tail is dark gray, with ill-defined, paler mottling ventrally. Ventral fur is slate gray, frosted with white, usually with a white patch on chin. Fur is short. Lower legs are dusky and feet paler, covered with white hairs, and there is a dusky patch on back of foot. Female Panama Slender Opossums lack a pouch, and reported number of mammae varied from five, with three on the right side, one on the left, and a medial mamma, to seven, with three mammae on each side and a medial mamma. There is no sexual dimorphism in the skull size and shape. Karyotype is unknown.</p><p>Habitat. Primary and secondary humid forests, usually with moss and epiphytes, at elevations of 450-1500 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Insect and vegetable remains have been found in stomach contents of Panama Slender Opossums. Fecal samples from a Panamanian cloud forest contained spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.</p><p>Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but a lactating female Panama Slender Opossum was captured in March.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Panama Slender Opossum is probably nocturnal because it has been captured in traps during the night.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Panama Slender Opossums have been captured near streams, on the ground, and on logs at 1-5 m high.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Panama Slender Opossum occurs in several protected areas, and no particular major conservation threats exist at this time, although there is deforestation within its distribution.</p><p>Bibliography. Astua (2010), Eisenberg (1989), Emmons &amp; Feer (1997), Gardner (2005), Mangan &amp; Adler (2000), Pine (1981), Tate (1933).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F723B76CFFC2FFE9FF03135DF95F8AE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Astúa, D.	Astúa, D. (2015): Didelphidae. In: Russel A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 5 Monotremes and Marsupials. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 129-186, ISBN: 978-84-96553-99-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6685333
