taxonID	type	description	language	source
FB2D9A7DA449EE25FD85FE8D7881ABB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Adeonella polymorpha Busk, 1884	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA449EE2DFE5BFE3878DFAC84.taxon	description	(Figures 1 A – D, 2, 3, 4 A)	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA449EE2DFE5BFE3878DFAC84.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material Holocene. Lectotype: MNHN: BP-A 73 _ 01. Ionian Sea, Eastern Sicily: Gulf of Noto (PS / 81 cruise: isolated to hundreds of dead fragments from several stations: 31 – 83 m, DC and 84 – 128 m, DL); Gulf of Catania (LCT / 80, sample 69: numerous dead fragments: 90 m, DL); Ciclopi Islands (Ciclopi 2000 cruise: isolated to few hundreds of dead fragments from several stations: 43 – 62 m, DC, and 83 – 95 m, DL); off Taormina: two large living colonies from about 40 m; off Cape S. Alessio (Urania 1993 cruise: a few dead fragments: 208 m). Sicily Straits: Egadi Islands (a few living specimens from off Marettimo, 19 m, C); Graham Bank (CR / 90 cruise: several dead fragments in subsurface sediments from some stations, 97 – 210 m, DC and DL mixed with RL and VP). Messina Straits (Urania 1997 cruise: a very few worn fragments from several stations: 90 – 341 m, displaced in deep-water dune fields; MERC cruise 2006: few dead, seemingly displaced, fragments from some stations: 136 – 451 m). Tyhrrenian Sea: Ustica (Banco Apollo: some living and dead fragments, 60 m, C and SGCF; Secchitella: a few living and dead fragments: 80 m, DC; Faro I: a few dead fragments: 98 m, DL); Ponza Island (Min ‘ 89 / 207: a few dead fragments: 84 m, DC); Corsica (off Calvì: BRACORS 1983 cruise: some dead fragments from a few stations: 110 – 150 m, DL); north-west Sardinia (Galatea cave: four living colonies: 7 m, GSO). All these specimens are deposited as PMC. R. I. H. B 5 a. Pleistocene: Würmian: off Acitrezza, Ciclopi Islands: a few fragments. Tyhrrenian: few specimens from Madonna di Adonai, south-east Sicily. Early Pleistocene: a single specimen from the “ Case Catarinicchia ” section, west Sicily, uncertainly referred to this species and seemingly displaced; Furnari (Messina, north-east Sicily): a single specimen from a deep-water rubble-pocket along a fault scarp. All these specimens are deposited as PMC. R. I. Ps. B 5 b. Middle-to-Late Pliocene: several specimens from inferred circalittoral environments in sandy layers cropping out near Altavilla (Palermo, west Sicily). PMC. R. I. Pl. B 5 c. Description Colony (Figure 1 A – D) orange to salmon in colour, erect, rigid forming delicate, roughly hemispherical pillows up to 12 cm high and 15 cm in diameter in the available material. Colonies seem to be formed by a series of irregular fans consisting of straight to gently curving ribbon-like, branches usually bifurcating in the same plane but repeatedly twisting at about 90 ° to give rise to further fans. Anastomoses nearly absent, branches usually frontally curving, tilting and twisting to avoid contacts with their neighbours. Branches with regularly and slightly serrated outlines, usually 0.5 – 0.8 mm thick and 2 – 3 mm wide, but reaching 4 mm immediately before bifurcations and in the very basal portions, sometimes becoming nearly cylindrical owing to secondary calcification. Zooids arranged in two back-to-back layers and in four to nine alternating longitudinal rows on each side, the marginal rows distinctive (Figure 3 A, D). Autozooids separated by grooves and a thin raised sutura. Autozooids dimorphic because of their size and shape and the presence and morphology of peristomial and frontal avicularia. Zooids ovoid to markedly rhomboid in early ontogeny. Marginal zooids slightly longer and larger than median zooids but subrectangular in shape and, consequently, with a markedly larger surface, forming obvious lateral rows. Frontal wall finely granular with a peripheral row of relatively large, densely spaced pores. A second inner row is present, obvious on the marginal zooids but becoming barely distinguishable on the median zooids. Two latero-oral and one proximal frontal knob typically develop on the median zooids, progressively swelling with ontogeny and becoming encircled by pores (Figure 2 A, G). Primary orifice nearly as long as wide, with a semicircular distal rim and a straight proximal lip; sinus U-shaped, occupying nearly one-third of the entire width, suddenly reduced to a nearly dropshaped notch by the convergent growth of two lateral wings of frontal calcification (Figure 3 B, C, G); condyles deeply inclined laterally, robust and round edged. Secondary orifice formed suddenly through the development of a slender bridge of calcification, distally raised and sometimes tubular, semicircular to transversely elliptical, the proximal border sometimes slightly convex. Spiramen subcircular and small, located just proximal to the peristome leaving visible the orificial dropshaped sinus in all but latest ontogenetic stages. Peristomial avicularium lateral to the spiramen, single or paired, often lacking on several zooids; typically with a subtriangular rostrum and without cross bar, small-sized and disto-medially directed on marginal zooids (Figure 3 F); straight to slightly curved, elongated triangular and without crossbar, decidedly larger, proximally or proximo-medially directed on median zooids (Figure 3 A, D). Additional small subtriangular, randomly oriented avicularia can be present on the frontal surfaces of marginal zooids and rarely on the median zooids, in late ontogenetic stages and mostly after orifices, spiramina and peristomial avicularia had became occluded and completely immersed in secondary calcification (Figure 3 H). Vicarious avicularia and gonozooids absent. Adhesion to the substratum through an encrusting base formed by polygonal kenozooids marked by a row of peripheral pores and sporadically exhibiting small immersed subtriangular avicularia. Measurements ZL: 545 ± 43.84, 438 – 621 (3, 20); ZW: 375 ± 37.70, 309 – 445 (3, 20); mZL: 634 ± 67.20, 539 – 693 (2, 4); mZW: 325 ± 39.55, 276 – 366 (2, 4); sOL: 88 ± 8.29, 75 – 105 (2, 20); sOW: 133 ± 9.39, 115 – 152 (2, 20); czAL: 166 ± 16.92, 132 – 206 (2, 20); czAW: 64 ± 5.60, 55 – 80 (2, 20). Remarks Specimen illustrated here as lectotype (Figure 2 A – D) is the largest, twice branching, fragment with adult zooids, selected from the four specimens in the collection of Canu and Bassler indicated as the type series and housed at the Natural History Museum in Paris. Although having some similarities with other Adeonella species, A. calveti is easily distinguishable by the usually paired long triangular, proximally directed avicularia which are characteristically located on median but usually not very central zooids. The species has been sometimes synonymized with, or considered as the living counterpart of (see Gautier 1962), or simply reported as Adeonella polystomella (e. g. Pouyet and Moissette, 1992). With this species A. calveti shares the presence of frontal avicularia in some zooids and the morphology of the primary orifice in some populations from West Africa (see Hayward 1988, fig. 22 C). Nevertheless, A. calveti differs from A. polystomella in several features, among which the number, morphology, size and distribution of both peristomial and frontal avicularia (see Gautier 1962: 220) and the secondary orifice, which is more prominent and less compressed. Furthermore, A. calveti has also been considered as a synonym of A. pallasii by Buge and Debourle (1977), but this latter species does not possess elongated longitudinally placed avicularia and has slightly smaller zooids with small-sized paired peristomial avicularia and a different primary orifice (see below). Furthermore, the Z-SI index (Table 1) is markedly higher for A. calveti, pointing to more elongated zooids whereas the O-SI index is lower, indicating proportionally wider but shorter secondary orifices. Variability and ecology As already remarked by Gautier (1962), A. calveti shows wide variability during ontogeny mostly as the result of frontal secondary calcification leading to the complete dipping and obliteration of secondary orifices, ascopores and even the peristomial avicularia. Zooids near the base appear as sieve-like polygonal surfaces, sometimes exhibiting one or a few variously oriented, often small-sized and raised avicularia. In contrast, primary orifices are visible only in zooids of the distalmost rows at growing tips (Figure 3 G). Zooidal dimensions appear slightly greater than those reported by Hayward (1983) for populations from the Gulf of Naples. In particular, a certain difference exists between the Banco Apollo (southern Tyrrhenian Sea) specimens, whose measurements are similar to those reported by Hayward (1983), and the eastern Sicily shelf (western Ionian Sea) specimens, which have the largest zooids, secondary orifices and avicularia. Also colony morphology is highly variable. Populations from GSO environments form smaller colonies (up to 7 cm high and 4 cm wide in the present material), which are arborescent but more sparsely branched (Figure 1 D). In contrast, colonies encrusting tubular substrata, such as tubes of the polychaete worm Sabella, tend to form densely branched subspherical colonies. This species has been typically recorded from coralligenous bottoms and from semi-dark cave walls (GSO biocoenosis) by Harmelin (1976) and was consequently included within his coralligenous stock. Furthermore, A. calveti is one of the few erect species able to colonize coarse soft bottoms because it has been subordinately found also within shallow (less than 100 m deep) detritic bottoms where DC (Harmelin 1976) or SGCF (Di Geronimo et al. 1990) biocoenoses develop. This two-fold ecological distribution, first remarked on by Harmelin (1976), is supported by the present analysis. From the above reported data and observations by Gautier (1962), the depth distribution of A. calveti ranges from a few metres in caves and overhangs, down to 100 m, with an optimum in the shallow circalittoral (midshelf) at about 30 – 60 m. Colonies collected from eastern Sicily shelf bottoms reach large sizes and develop lace-like hemispherical colonies, which form (mostly in their basal parts) the substratum for several taxa among which hydrozoans, serpulids, spirorbids, sponges, foraminiferans and other bryozoans are common. It is noteworthy that spirorbids are almost invariably located on the frontal surface of lateral zooids along the narrow sides of the ribbon-like branches, as also happens on the holotype (Figure 2 A). Among bryozoans erect flexible species, mostly represented by crisiids such as Filicrisia geniculata (Milne-Edwards, 1838), Crisia fistulosa Heller, 1867, Crisia pyrula Harmelin, 1990 and some Scrupocellaria species, adhering only through rhizooids, are present, together with erect rigid species developing small encrusting basal expansions, such as Reteporella grimaldi (Jullien, 1903) and Idmidronea triforis (Heller, 1867). Encrusters are subordinate, mostly represented by the stolonate uniserial runner Aetea truncata (Landsborough, 1852), and small domiform colonies of Celleporina mangnevillana (Lamouroux, 1816). In contrast, among the rare multiserial encrusters, Escharella variolosa (Johnston, 1838) is very common, often forming large colonies completely enveloping some branches. Distribution First described from the south-western Mediterranean (coasts of Tunisia: Canu and Bassler, 1930), A. calveti has been recorded mostly in the western Mediterranean (Figure 4 A), including both the northern and the southern sides (Gautier 1962 and references therein), Catalonia (Zabala 1986) and the Alboran sea (Cape of Gata, 50 – 60 m, rocks with coralligenous and detritic sands: Harmelin et al. 1989), and also the Provencal basin (Harmelin 1976) and the Tyrrhenian Sea (Calvet 1903; Hayward 1983, 1988; Di Geronimo et al. 1990). The easternmost record is from Corfù island in the north-east Ionian Sea (Gautier 1962). Similarly, dead specimens have been invariably recorded from shelf bottoms of southern Spain, in the Alboran Sea (Reguant and Maluquer 1992), and Sicily (Poluzzi and Rosso 1988; Rosso 1989 a, 1996 and unpublished data; Di Geronimo et al. 1990, 1993). Consequently, A. calveti can be considered as a western Mediterranean endemic species, as suggested by Hayward (1983), although extending to the central part of the basin.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA449EE2DFE5BFE3878DFAC84.taxon	description	Notes: Acronyms as listed in Materials and methods. areas in western and eastern Sicily (Rosso, personal data). Further specimens come from the Tyrrhenian sediments cropping out near Syracuse, the submerged Würmian deposits off Acitrezza in the Gulf of Catania (Rosso, personal data) and the post-Würmian submerged sediments off Sciacca (Sicily Straits: Di Geronimo et al. 1993). Of note is that the fossil and present-day geographical distributions of A. calveti largely overlap, pointing to a presumed persistence of an endemic distribution through time. Nevertheless, interpretation is complicated by the confusion of A. calveti with both A. polystomella and A. pallasii (see below).	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA440EE32FE2BFF7D7994A9E7.taxon	description	(Figures 1 E, 4 B, 5 – 7)	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA440EE32FE2BFF7D7994A9E7.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material Holocene. Northern and central Adriatic Sea: several living colonies and colony fragments from the Novosel collection housed at FSUZ, collected from 1998 to 2008 and originating from coralligenous communities off the following Croatian islands and islets: Kornati: 5 – 45 m; Prvić: 5 – 30 m; Lastovo: 5 – 45 m; Jabuka: 5 – 45 m; Silba: 10 m; Ćutin: 12 – 30 m; Dugi Otok: 5 – 40 m; Brusnik: 10 – 20 m; Biševo: 4 – 30 m; Vis: 5 – 40 m; Palagruža: 10 – 35 m; Sušac: 10 – 20 m; Mljet: 15 – 40 m; Korćula: 15 – 30 m; Jabuka Shoal: 10 – 50 m; Pelješac Peninsula: 10 – 25 m and Velebit Channel: 10 – 30 m. Southern Adriatic: Apulian shelf (Bannock, 1971 cruise: a few dead fragments from two stations: 80 – 100 m. PMC. R. I. H. B 7 a). Ionian sea: Amendolara Bank 1991 (a few living and hundreds of dead specimens from two samples: 40 – 50 m, DC; very rare to some hundreds of dead fragments from some samples: 23 – 60 m, C, DC and SGCF. PMC. R. I. H. B 7 b); off Porto Cesareo (a few living and dead specimens: 17 m. PMC. R. I. H. B 7 c). Aegean Sea: a few living fragments from the Harmelin Collection originating from the Strait of Scarpanto, “ Jean Charcot ” Expedition, st. 19. MO. 67, 29 August 1967, 35 ° 55 ′ N, 27 ° 28,50 ′ E, 29 – 33 m. PMC. H. Greece. H. B 7 d. Some living fragments from the Harmelin-Bitar Collection (2 May 2001) originating from Lebanon, Selaata, near Batroun, 32 m. PMC. H. Lebanon. H. B 7 e. Early Pleistocene: Fiumefreddo quarry (north-east Sicily): some fragments from a single sample. PMC. R. I. Ps. B 7 f. Tortonian – Early Messinian: Benestare: a few specimens from a single sample, PE community. PMC. R. I. M. B 7 g. Further material as Adeonella sp.: Early Pleistocene: Calabria, southern Italy (Musalà section: 16 reworked specimens); Lazzàro section (some fragments from two samples, DC-SGCF transitional assemblages, inferred depth 40 – 50 m). PMC. R. I. Ps. B 8 a. Early to Middle Pliocene: Calabria, southern Italy (Pavigliana section: few to some fragments from five samples, DC biocoenosis and DC-SGCF, DL- VP transitional assemblages, inferred depths from 40 to 180 m). PMC. R. I. Pl. B 8 b. Late Tortonian-Early Messinian: Calabria, southern Italy (S. Onofrio section near Vibo Valentia: some specimens from some samples). PMC. R. I. M. B 8 c. Description Colony light orange, erect, with fragments up to 3.5 cm high and 3.5 cm across, in the present material (Figure 1 E), but living colonies can be massive and reach up to 20 cm in height. Branches, bifurcating at sharp angles, locally anastomosing and twisting, about 1 mm thick and usually 2 – 3 mm wide, reaching 5 mm before bifurcations; bilaminar, including up to 10 rows of alternating zooids on each side (Figure 5 A, B). Autozooids intumescent, rhomboidal, with a rounded enlarged distal portion and a narrow, often pointed proximal end in the central rows (Figures 5 D, E, 6 B, D, G; 7 B, C); larger and subrectangular in the two marginal rows from each side (Figures 5 A, 6 A); distinguished by deep grooves and a median raised suture. Frontal shield finely granular and swollen, mostly in the distal half, pierced by one continuous row of distinct evenly spaced areolar pores, plus a few others from around the orifice and the spiramen, larger in early ontogeny. Paired suboral marginal tubercles and a third proximal tubercle may develop in early ontogeny, mostly on the central zooids (Figures 5 D, E, 6 G; 7 C). Primary orifice as wide as long with a straight proximal border and a large U-shaped sinus (Figure 5 I – L). Condyles lateral, angular, small but robust. Secondary orifice transversely elliptical to circular, with an inner short subtriangular proximal process (Figure 5 E). Spiramen relatively large, subcircular to transversely oval, usually leaving visible the oral sinus in all but the latest ontogenetic stages (Figures 5 D, E; 6 D, G); separated from the secondary orifice by a stout bridge of calcification. Peristomial avicularium small, single or paired (Figures 5 D, E, 6 D), often lacking in some zooids, mostly in the central rows, but showing no differentiation on marginal zooids (Figure 5 C); situated on the spiraminal bridge, coaxial and converging towards the middle or gently inclined to the spiramen, rarely proximally directed; rostrum subtriangular to subelliptical. One to rarely two or even three, variably oriented, frontal adventitious avicularia, comparable in shape and size with the peristomial ones, sporadically develop on some senescent zooids (Figures 5 F, 6 A – E). Frontal shield thickens with ontogeny becoming more and more swollen, secondary orifice sinking far below the frontal surface (Figure 6 C). Sutures may be obliterated giving the branch a smooth appearance. During late stages even orifices become occluded and frontal tubercles become concealed. Vicarious avicularia and gonozooids not observed and seemingly absent. Kenozooids lacking orifice but with a small avicularium comparable in shape and size to the peristomial ones, occasionally present at bifurcation axils (Figure 5 G). Encrusting base formed by kenozooids with or without small subtriangular avicularia. Measurements ZL: 545 ± 42.32, 482 – 645 (3, 30); ZW: 446 ± 38.03, 382 – 527 (3, 30); sOL: 91 ± 12.85, 68 – 110 (3, 30); sOW: 124 ± 12.99, 103 – 146 (3, 30); AL: 69 ± 8.02, 54 – 80 (3, 17); AW: 39 ± 5.28, 28 – 48 (3, 17). Remarks A lectotype for A. pallasii has been recently chosen and figured by Hayward and McKinney (2002) from among Heller’s type specimens. The species appears well characterized by the general aspect of the distally prominent swollen zooids, the morphology of the primary orifice, and the position of the usually transversely oriented peristomial avicularia (see Hayward and McKinney 2002). In contrast, the presence of additional frontal adventitious avicularia is neither reported nor apparent on the figured specimens. Nevertheless, such avicularia can be present, although not frequently, on some zooids from the proximal region of some branches. Of note is that the avicularium seems the southern Adriatic. Note the heavy frontal calcification and the deepening of orifice and spiramen. Scale bar: 500 µm. (G, H) Living specimen from the Lebanon, Recent, overhang, 32 m. (G) Some zooids from a slender branch. Scale bar: 500 µm. (H) Detail of the paired peristomial avicularia touching in the mid-line of the peristomial bridge. Scale bar: 100 µm. to be single on a few zooids from Adriatic populations (Figures 5 F, 6 A – C) whereas two or three diversely oriented frontal avicularia can be seen on several zooids from the Scarpanto area population (Figure 6 D, E), always in the proximal periphery or sometimes near the spiramen. Due to this feature, specimens from the Aegean Sea were referred by Harmelin (1969: 301) to A. polystomella (Reuss, 1848), although uncertainties derived from the position and the direction of the peristomial avicularia. Adeonella polystomella is a species morphologically similar to A. pallasii with which it seems to have been confused in the past, as already remarked by Hayward (1988) and Hayward and McKinney (2002) or even synonymized (Zabala 1986). Nevertheless, when living or dead wellpreserved specimens are considered, A. polystomella can be distinguished by its stronger colony, elongated zooids, the different proportion of the primary orifice, and the usually spaced, distally or proximally directed peristomial avicularia (cf. Rédier and d’Hondt 1976; Ünsal and d’Hondt 1978 – 79; Hayward 1988). In addition, the secondary orifice tends to be transversely oval or bean-shaped and the condyles are longer and inclined centrally, the marginal areolae larger, as well as frontal avicularia. In contrast, a confident identification of dead and especially fossil fragments is difficult because of their usually poor preservation state. Specimens are nearly always worn and features such as peristomial and frontal avicularia are often reduced to mere round pores. Taking into account similarities between A. pallasii, A. calveti and A. polystomella and the problems related to fossil identification, it can therefore be argued that some material traditionally ascribed to A. polystomella could actually belong to A. pallasii (see also discussion for A. calveti). Finally, Hayward (1983: 588, fig 4 C) recorded a further species, Adeonella sp. 1, similar to A. pallasii but with a stouter colony, a proportionally larger orifice and a markedly triangular sinus. The status of this taxon from the Red Sea remains uncertain. Variability and ecology Variability in A. pallasii is mostly linked to the presence and number of the frontal adventitious avicularia, the proximal and lateral frontal knobs, and to secondary frontal calcification leading to the occlusion of orifices and spiramina evolving into deep depressions, sometimes coalescing to form a single pit. Furthermore, in late ontogeny zooids tend to become transversely rhomboidal but still remain separated by peripheral grooves (Figure 6 C). Such transformations give the basal branches a cylindrical, somewhat furrowed, shape. Further differences, including the persistence, size and position of the peristomial avicularia and the zooidal shape, have been observed between populations originating from different geographical areas. Of particular interest is the closeness of the paired peristomial avicularia, rigidly coaxial with the peristomial bridge, whose rostra touch at the midline, in specimens from the Eastern Mediterranean including the Aegean sea (Harmelin 1969: fig. 6.2), and the Turkish (Ünsal amd d’Hondt, 1978 – 79: figs. 3 - 4) and Lebanese (Fig. 6 G, H) coasts.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA440EE32FE2BFF7D7994A9E7.taxon	distribution	Distribution	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA45EEE34FE57FB98795FAEF7.taxon	description	(Figures 3 C, 8)	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA45EEE34FE57FB98795FAEF7.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material Early Pleistocene: Monte dell’Apa (central Sicily): five fragments from sample 2 b, C concretions on shelf soft-bottoms. PMC. R. I. Ps. B 6 a; Furnari Unit in the Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto Basin (north-east Sicily), presumably deposited in mid-to-deep circalittoral environments: a total of five fragments from samples MCE 4 and MCE 134. PMC. R. I. Ps. B 6 b. Description Branches ribbon-like, 2 mm wide with nine or ten zooidal rows on each side; wider (3 mm and about 15 zooidal rows) proximally to bifurcations. Autozooids usually elongate hexagonal to rhomboidal (Figure 8 B – E), with a rounded distal portion and a narrow, proximal termination; marginal rows consisting of larger subrectangular zooids. Frontal shield finely granular and flat but intumescent in the best-preserved specimens, pierced by large pores, the peripheral ones often elongated and aligned along a row. Primary orifice with a narrow sinus sometimes visible through the spiramen (Figure 8 D). Secondary orifice semicircular to transversely elliptical, rarely with a blunt proximal process. Spiramen orbicular but variable in size; separated from the secondary orifice by a stout bridge, usually flanked by two pores (Figure 8 D). A single, small peristomial avicularium presumably present on a few zooids situated just distolaterally to the spiramen and proximally directed. A large frontal avicularium is usually present in the proximal third of each zooid, except for the marginal rows, the rostrum blunt triangular, rarely somewhat spathulate (Figures 8 C, F), distally or distolaterally directed. Smaller round-to-triangular, variably oriented frontal avicularia, usually located at the lateral and / or proximal angles in the markedly diamond-shaped zooids, seem to develop on senescent zooids, whose orifices are becoming occluded by calcification (Figure 8 E, F). Vicarious avicularia and gonozooids seemingly absent. Measurements ZL: 571 ± 31.11, 500 – 625 (2, 17); ZW: 370 ± 52.77, 294 – 469 (2, 17); sOL: 69 ± 9.23, 56 – 82, (2, 14); sOW: 115 ± 6.73, 106 – 128 (2,14); fAL: 121 ± 16.94, 88 – 147 (2, 13); fAW: 84 ± 9.01, 77 – 100 (2, 6). Remarks Although examination of Neviani’s type material was hampered, Adeonella adae features are well depicted in fig. 8 by Neviani (1891), reproduced on Figure 8 A. The species is well characterized by the presence of its proximally located and distally directed frontal avicularium. This feature is unique within the Mediterranean species, and is reminiscent only of the Recent A. gibba Hayward and Cook, 1983 from South Africa. Nevertheless, in this latter species, which differs also in several other characters, the proximal avicularium is located distally to the spiramen. A relatively long frontal avicularium has been figured also for some specimens ascribed to A. polystomella from Messinian layers cored in the Gulf of Gabes by Moissette (1997: pl. 3, fig. 3) but, although variably inclined, it is always proximally directed. Distribution	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA458EE39FE4CFAEF78AFA8A7.taxon	description	(Figures 3 C, 9) Etymology Named in honour of Professor Antonieta Požar-Domac. Holotype CNHM Inv. br. 32 a, a young colony, off Lastovo Island (Vrhovine), Adriatic Sea, 30 – 40 m, among Cellaria fistulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) meadows. Paratype: CNHM Inv. br. 32 b, small colony fragment from the same locality. Description Colony whitish in colour, small, erect, seemingly non-branching, and rod-like, in the available material, round in cross-section, up to 3 mm high and 500 µm in diameter (Figures 9 A, B). Zooids arranged in four alternating longitudinal rows (Figure 9 A, D) in the available material, separated by distinct grooves and a thin raised sutura. Zooids monomorphic, elongate-cylindrical and prominent (Figure 9 E). Frontal wall finely granular with a single row of widely spaced, relatively small marginal areolar pores. Primary orifice orbicular, with a semicircular distal rim and a straight proximal lip; sinus U-shaped, large and shallow (Figure 9 F, G); condyles small. Peristome thin and distally raised; secondary orifice from subcircular to semicircular, the proximal border sometimes slightly convex. Spiramen subcircular, located just proximal to the peristome usually concealing the orificial sinus tending to be occluded in ontogeny by secondary calcification. Avicularia above the spiramen, single or paired, occasionally lacking; typically subtriangular, small and distomedially directed (Figure 9 I – M), straight to slightly curved and slightly pedunculate, often projecting above the orifice. Vicarious avicularia and gonozooids absent. Encrusting base, only partly preserved in the available material, formed by zooids similar, in shape and size, to those from the erect branches. Measurements ZL: 479 ± 78, 339 – 593 (2, 20); ZW: 215 ± 21, 186 – 254 (2, 20); sOL: 114 ± 15, 85 – 136 (2, 20); sOW: 127 ± 41, 102 – 287 (2, 20); AL: 62 ± 8, 51 – 68 (2, 20); AW: 38 ± 9, 25 – 51 (2, 20). Remarks	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA458EE39FE4CFAEF78AFA8A7.taxon	description	Variability on the scant available material mostly relates to the presence and number of the peristomial avicularia, which can develop from one or both of the two large suboral pores. Specimens were found among numerous colonies of the erect flexible bryozoan Cellaria fistulosa that form a dense “ meadow ” on a steep rocky bottom between depths of 30 and 40 m. Distribution Adeonella pozarae is presently known only from its type locality, in the mid-eastern part of the Adriatic Sea, off Lastovo Island.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA455EE3BFD83FCD778FCAC87.taxon	description	(Figures 1 F, G, 3 C, 10) Etymology Referring to the fan morphology of the colony and the colony branches. Holotype CNHM Inv. br. 33, a single colony from Kornati (Mana), 20 – 40 m. Novosel, 10 July 2003. Description Colony 18 mm high and 15 mm wide, formed by a 5 mm long subcylindrical stalk from which two angulated, fan-shaped irregularly outlined, bilaminar blades about 1 mm thick and nearly 8 mm wide, develop (Figure 1 F). Autozooids decidedly diamond-shaped (Figure 10 C, G); elongate rhomboidal, with a rounded enlarged distal portion only in early ontogeny and along exposed marginal rows, where they form the blade edges in back-to-back couples (Figure 10 E). Margins marked by deep grooves and thin raised characteristically undulate sutures. Frontal shield finely granular and swollen, mostly in the distal half, pierced by a peripheral row of round marginal areolar pores plus a few others near the orifice and proximally to the spiramen (Figure 10 A). Primary orifice slightly longer than wide (Figure 10 B) with a bluntly V-shaped sinus occupying about half of the proximal border. Condyles small lateral and squared, hardly visible from frontal view. Secondary orifice developing suddenly (Figure 10 D), bean-shaped to transversely elliptical in early ontogeny with a convex proximal lip, becoming circular and slightly smaller in late ontogeny. Spiramen large, subcircular to longitudinally elliptical with increasing frontal calcification, leaving the oral sinus partly visible at least during the early ontogenetic stages; separated from the secondary orifice by a stout bridge of calcification, typically marked by a couple of large pores, one on each side (Figure 10 A, C, E). Peristomial avicularium absent (Figure 10 A, C, D), except for a few zooids from the marginal rows (Figure 10 E). When present, single and small, situated on the spiraminal bridge, distally or medially pointing; rostrum bluntly triangular. A very few zooids exhibit paired converging avicularia, pointing just slightly proximally (Figure 10 F). Frontal shield rapidly becoming swollen with ontogeny, developing two lateral and one proximal tubercles, later sinking in frontal calcification together with secondary orifices (Figure 10 G). In latest ontogenic stages, orifice and spiramen become completely occluded and frontal shield evolves in a flat polygonal surface outlined by undulating sutures and sculptured with a marginal row and a central cluster of small round pores (Figure 10 G). Frontal avicularia raised and variably oriented, similar in shape and size to the peristomial ones develop on some zooids from the marginal rows (Figure 10 G). Vicarious avicularia and gonozooids not observed and seemingly absent. Small swollen kenozooids with a dozen pores fill spaces between zooids at distal blade edges where growth stops (Figure 10 H) and occasionally along lateral margins. Encrusting base not observed. Measurements of the holotype ZL: 574 ± 35.55, 510 – 649 (1, 20); ZW: 470 ± 28.28, 419 – 529 (1, 20); sOL: 96 ± 7.67, 80 – 112, (1, 20); sOW: 115 ± 5.70, 104 – 122, (1, 20); pOL: 117 ± 5.59, 109 – 124, (1, 6); pOW: 107 ± 7.31, 100 – 118, (1, 6); sOL: 91 ± 5.05, 87 – 100, (1, 6); sOW: 112 ± 5.43, 105 – 118, (1, 6); mAL: 55 ± 4.43, 50 – 60 (1, 4); mAW: 43 ± 2.87, 40 – 47 (1, 4). Remarks	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
FB2D9A7DA455EE3BFD83FCD778FCAC87.taxon	description	Zooidal variability is mostly related to ontogeny and the development of frontal calcification. The unique colony, originating from coralligenous bottoms, constitutes the substratum for spirorbids, which colonize non-functional zooids of the basal stalk. Distribution The species is presently known only from the type locality, Kornati, in the eastern Adriatic Sea and is unknown as a fossil.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Novosel, Maja (2010): The genus Adeonella (Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one. Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 28): 1697-1727, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760061, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061
