taxonID	type	description	language	source
FA6A87C4CE450C2CDDCB2F81FDC5FB3C.taxon	description	Subclass Bacillariophycidae Order Fragilariales Family Fragilariaceae	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE450C28DDCB2963FB35F975.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PORTUGAL, Beira Litoral, municipality of Coimbra, subregion Baixo Mondego, Mondego river basin, Ribeira do Botão, 40 º 18.910 ’ N, 8 º 23.043 ’ W, river epilithon, Coll. Carmen L. Elias, 13 February 2012 (holotype: Museum of Natural History, London, UK; BM! 101 793), partially illustrated in Figs 111 – 128, isotype: Hustedt Collection, Bremerhaven, Germany; ZU 10 / 13).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE450C28DDCB2963FB35F975.taxon	description	Description: — Valves linear-lanceolate to elliptical, with strongly capitate apices (Figs 2 – 17). Frustules rectangular in girdle view with interruption of striation in the middle portion due to absence of striae (Figs 18, 19, 37). Valve dimensions (n = 30): Length 13.0 – 25.8, width 4.5 – 5.0, striae density 12 – 14 in 10 μm. Striae alternate, punctuate and parallel in the central part to slightly radiate near the ends (Figs 34 – 39). Striae are continuous from the valve face onto the mantle (Figs 37 and 39). Central area unilaterally expanded from the axial area to the valve face margin. Siliceous plaques are present along the valve mantle edge (Figs 37, 39). Narrow axial area (Figs 2 – 33). Striae uniseriate, composed of round areolae (7 areolae in 1 μm) on both valves (Figs 34 – 39). Each valve has two apical pore fields (APF) that are of the ocellulimbus type and made up of 6 to 7 rows, each composed of 8 to 14 poroids (Fig. 39). Frequently isolated, cells without spines and rimoportulae occur near the poles, one per valve (Fig. 34 – 36, 38). Girdle bands open with perforations (Figs 36, 37). A rimoportula is present and might vary from apically oriented (Fig. 34) to almost transapical orientation (Figs 35 – 36). Siliceous depositions on outer areolar openings in the form of rounded floating disks cover almost all the areolae openings (Figs 34, 38). Inner areolar openings without siliceous depositions (Figs 35, 36).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE450C28DDCB2963FB35F975.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The new species is dedicated to Prof. Cândida Gil (Aveiro, Portugal) who enthusiastically taught and carried out studies on the ecology and biology of freshwater diatoms in Portugal especially in the last two decades of the twentieth century.	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE450C28DDCB2963FB35F975.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Fragilaria candidagilae was found in the epilithon but always in low relative abundances. From a total of 70 samples from the river basins of Douro, Mondego and Ribeiras do Algarve watersheds, Fragilaria candidagilae was identified in 23 samples, but only in 10 samples (9 sampling sites) the abundance of this Fragilaria was above 1 % (3 of them> 5 %) (Table 1). Fragilaria candidagilae was found in the Mondego (2 sites), Douro (1 site) and Ribeiras do Algarve (6 sites) watersheds (Fig. 1). Two of these samples were from the type locality Ribeira do Botão in April 2011 and February 2012. The physico-chemical parameters from the nine sites are presented in supplementary material. In Mondego basin this taxon appeared in Brasfemes (Rio Resmungão; February 2012, with relative abundance – r. a. – of about 2.3 %), Ribeira do Botão (April 2011, 1.5 % and February 2012, r. a. ca. 7.8 %) and Ribeira de Seixe (r. a. ca. 13.1 %). (Fig. 1). These are all permanent rivers, with mean values of water temperature between 3.8 – 20.4 ºC. Fragilaria candidagilae was present in poor mineralized rivers with low to medium conductivity (89.9 – 457.0 μS cm – 1), neutral-alkaline pH (7.0 – 8.3) and low nitrates (<1.5 mg L- 1), nitrites (0.1 mg L- 1) and ammonium (0.1 mg L- 1) concentrations (see supplementary material). This diatom occurs under dissolved oxygen concentrations between 66.1 % to 105.7 % and silica concentrations between 0.2 to 8.2 mg L- 1 (see Supplementary material). Detailed microhabitat observations took place at two of the sampling sites in the Mondego basin, where the new species was found. In the type locality (Ribeira do Botão, February 2012), the relative abundance of the new Fragilaria candidagilae was 7.76 % and the associated diatoms co-occuring with this new taxon were Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz. 1833: 578) Czarn. (1994: 157) (49.54 %), Encyonema minutum (Hilse in Rabenhorst 1862: 1261) D. G. Mann in Round et al. (1990: 667) (6.62 %), Fragilaria aff. rumpens (Kütz. 1844: 69) G. W. F. Carlson (1913: 29) (5.93 %), Reimeria sinuata (W. Greg. 1856: 4) Kociolek & Stoermer (1987: 457) (5.71 %), Achnanthidium pyrenaicum (Hust. 1939: 554 – 555) H. Kobayasi (1997: 148) (3.42 %), Cocconeis pseudolineata (Geitler 1927: 515) Lange-Bertalot in Werum & Lange-Bertalot (2004: 133) (2.96 %), Ulnaria biceps (Kützing 1884: 66) Compère in Jahn et al. (2001: 100) (2.51 %), Cocconeis lineata Ehrenb. (1854: 8) (2.28 %), Gomphonema rhombicum M. Schmidt in Schmidt et al. (1904: pl. 248, fig. 1) (1.83 %), Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch 1817: 99) Compère in Jahn et al. (2001: 100) (1.60 %), Navicula cryptotenelloides Lange-Bertalot (1993: 105) (1.37 %), Karayevia oblongella (Østrup 1902: 252) Aboal in Aboal et al. (2003: 159) (1.37 %) and Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg (1838: 217) (1.14 %).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE450C28DDCB2963FB35F975.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis: — Fragilaria candidagilae from Ribeira do Botão type locality with LM (Figs 2 – 19) and SEM micrographs (Figs 34 – 39) and Brasfemes stream (Figs 20 – 33 with LM) were photographed in this study. Morphometric data were obtained from these populations and from two other sampling sites: Ribeira de Seixe (Foz do Carvalhoso) and Ribeira de Algibre (Tôr), and were compared with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. perminuta, F. neointermedia, F. capucina and with data from a publication containing micrographs from type material for F. intermedia (Tuji & Williams 2013). Fragilaria candidagilae may be confused, in the first instance, with F. recapitellata or F. perminuta in terms of size and shape (Table 3). The comparison with the type material photographed in this study of F. recapitellata revealed that F. candidagilae is wider (4.5 – 5.0 μm vs. 2.8 – 4.2 μm) and it is smaller (13.0 – 25.8 μm vs. 21.4 – 30.4 μm) although there is a certain overlap. The striae density is higher in F. recapitellata than in F. candidagilae (17 – 19 / 10 μm vs. 12 – 14 / 10 μm). The type material photographed in other studies of F. perminuta indicated also that F. candidagilae is wider than F. perminuta (4.5 – 5.0 μm vs. 3 – 4 μm) but F. perminuta is only slightly smaller (13.0 – 25.8 μm vs. 8 – 25 μm). The striae density is higher in F. perminuta than in F. candidagilae (17 – 19 / 10 μm vs. 12 – 14 / 10 μm). The striae density of F. candidagilae (12 – 14 μm) is similar to the type material of other taxa such as F. intermedia (11 – 14 μm), F. neointermedia (10 – 14 μm) and F. capucina (13 – 17 μm) but F. candidagilae is wider than F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (4.5 – 5.0 μm vs. 3.0 – 4.0 μm). On the contrary, the valve outline, size, and width are different from the new taxon, only F. capucina has an overlap with F. candidagilae considering width (3 – 5 μm vs. 4.5 – 5.0 μm). According to the geometric morphometric analysis (Fig. 150), valve shape of the type population of F. candidagilae overlaps partially with that of F. intermedia and F. perminuta (including the epitype drawing), although statistically different (p = 0.0015, Table 2). Despite the similarity of width and striae density between F. candidagilae and F. intermedia, the new taxon here described has significantly shorter valves (p = 0.0015, Tables 2, 3). SEM pictures of Portuguese populations were also compared with SEM pictures of F. capitellata in Tuji & Williams (2008) and similar ultrastructural characters were observed (one rimoportula, two rectangular apical pore fields per valve and no spines). Other similar taxa include the Baikal endemisms F. capucina f. lanceolata-baikali R. J. Flower & D. M. Williams in R. J. Flower et al. (2004: 92) and F. capucina f. sublanceolata-baikali R. J. Flower & D. M. Williams in R. J. Flower et al. (2004: 92) as well as F. sandellii which were also compared with Fragilaria candidagilae. The first two taxa have narrower valves and a different outline from F. candidagilae, and F. sandellii Van de Vijver & Jarlman in Van de Vijver et al. (2012: 242), showed denser striae and rostrated apices different from F. candidagilae too.	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE410C27DDCB2AAEFCBAF7FB.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — SWITZERLAND. Zurich. Lectotype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): Grunow in Van Heurck (1881: pl. 40, fig. 26 a) = pl. 40, fig. 25 in the annotated copy of Van Heurck (1881) (fig. 30 * in Tuji & Williams 2008). Epitype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): BM! 101312, individual in England finder O 42 - 3 (fig. 31 in Tuji & Williams 2008), isoepitypes: (National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan) TNS!, W! from Kützing’s packet 861 as ‘ S. famelica var. capitata ” at BM!, sheet no. 586. Morphology: — The valves are lanceolate and present strongly apiculate ends, rimoportulae occur near the poles (one per valve) and the apical pore fields are rectangular. The central area is unilateral, often expanded just until the sternum and the striation is alternate, parallel to slightly radiate towards the poles. Valve dimensions: Length 21.4 – 30.4 μm, width 2.8 – 4.2 μm, striae 17 – 19 in 10 μm in the type material analysed in this study; and length 20 – 39 μm, width 3 – 4 μm, striae 17 – 19 in 10 μm, 60 – 65 puncta in 10 μm described in type material (Tuji & Williams 2008). Habitat: — Periphytic in rivers and streams, also recorded in lakes.	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE410C27DDCB2AAEFCBAF7FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — A cosmopolitan species, occurring frequently in high latitudes (Siberia, Alaska, Iceland) and temperate regions. Periphytic habitat in rivers and streams, also recorded in lakes. Seldom reported from the tropics (e. g. Silva et al. 2010, Tremarin et al. 2014). Ecology fairly known, according to Van Dam et al. (1994) it inhabits alpha-mesosaprobic, eutrophic waters. Recent illustrated references: — Gasse (1980), Granetti (1984), Makarova & Akhmetova (1987), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991, 2000, 2004), Vyverman (1991), Lee et al. (1994), Shiono & Jordan (1995), Ohtsuka (2002), Ohtsuka et al. (2007), Tuji & Williams (2008), Hirota & Ohtsuka (2009), Metzeltin et al. (2009) and Hofmann et al. (2011). Notes: — The slide Fragilaria recapitellata (formerly Synedra capitellata) was examined from the Kützing collection, type material in packet 861, sheet 586, (slide – BM 101312), housed in the Natural History Museum of London (BM). This slide is from the same sample that Grunow noted in Van Heurck’s annotated book (GVHS) and on his original line drawing from the slide that was made from some of Küzing’s material, “ Herbr Kützing 861 Zürich ”. Grunow’s original material has not been found in his collection. Several slides have been made from the material in Kützing’s packet 861 and examined. The photographs included in this study were made from the type slide BM 101312 from Kützing’s collection, in packet 861, sheet 586, housed in the Natural History Museum of London (BM).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE410C27DDCB2AAEFCBAF7FB.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CANADA / USA. Lake Erie, near Niagara Falls. Lectotype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): Van Heurck (1881): pl. 40, fig. 23 left (fig. 1 in Tuji & Williams 2008). Epitype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2008): W!, individual from syntype slide 2592 from bottle 2592, coll. H. L. Smith (figs 2, 3 in Tuji & Williams 2008), isoepitypes: TNS!, BM!. 0101322, (W! 2011 - 01898). Morphology: — The valves are lanceolate, with slightly rostrate ends, the central area is strongly unilateral and striation is alternate, parallel to slightly radiate towards the apices. The lanceolate form, with slightly rostrate ends and a strongly unilateral central area, also agrees with the description in Grunow’s notes. Valve dimensions: Length 7.5 – 32.6 μm, breadth 3.0 – 3.5 μm, striae 18 – 20 in 10 μm in the type material analysed in this study; and length 9 – 24 μm, width 3.0 – 3.5 μm, striae 18 – 19 in 10 μm described in the type material (Tuji and Williams 2008). Habitat: — Lake periphyton. Almost absent in large rivers (Hoffmann et al. 2011).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE410C27DDCB2AAEFCBAF7FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Europe, China, Japan, South Africa. Found in fossil records from the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Freshwater species, prefers calcareous, meso- to eutrophic waters (Hoffmann et al. 2011) or oligoto mesotrophic according to Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991). Recent illustrated references: — Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991, 2000, 2004), Lee et al. (1992), Kobayasi et al. (2006), Tuji & Williams (2008), Abe et al. (2009), Antoniades et al. (2009), Blanco et al. (2010), Cremer & Koolmees (2010), Poulin & Pienitz (2010), Zimmermann et al. (2010), Hofmann et al. (2011). Notes: — The type material of this taxon is housed in Vienna in the Grunow collection with the number 2592. The type slide (W- 2011 - 01898) is named F. perminuta (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot = Synedra (vaucheriae var.?) perminuta Grunow in Van Heurck (1881) — collection: pl. 40, slide W 2011 - 01898 in Grunow’s collection, epitype which was examined under the LM. The original raw material has been retained in a small glass tube, also in Grunow’s collection. The lectotype of Fragilaria perminuta agrees with current concept, as outlined in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (2000). The photographs included in this study were made from the type slide W 2011 - 01898, from bottle 2592, coll. H. L. Smith, housed in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (W).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE4C0C24DDCB2CE9FB20FF04.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — FRANCE. Desmazières’ exsiccata set (fascicle 10, no. 453). Lectotype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2006): an individual from BM 81302 located at England finder Q 33 – 1, fig. 6 O in Tuji & Williams 2006, isolectotype: TNS BM 81302. Morphology: — The valves are linear, with weakly rostrate ends, rimoportulae occur near the poles, two per valve. The apical pore fields are rectangular, bearing neatly arranged rows of poroids. The central area is rectangular to rhombic and the striation is alternate, parallel to slightly radiate towards the apices. The cells have open bands, with a single row of small punctae and the valves present spines. Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991) documented three different morphologies found in the type material of F. capucina: one morphology has lanceolate valves “ lacking ” marginal spines; the second has valves that are linear to lanceolate but relatively shorter than the other morphology and with linking spines. Both morphologies have only one rimoportula per valve, strongly rostrate valve apices and a unilateral central area. The third morphology has linear valves, with a rectangular to rhombic central area and weakly rostrate valve apices (Tuji & Williams 2006) and linking spines. Whereas Lange-Bertalot (in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot, 1991, 2000) considered the morphological variation of this species to be extensive, it appears more reasonable to understand the variation as due to three different species, all present in the same gathering; the morphological variation of Fragilaria capucina s. s. is therefore not so diverse. Valve dimensions: length 28 – 47 μm, width 3.3 – 4.2 μm, striae 14 – 17 in 10 μm in the type material analysed in this study. Habitat: — Found in a wide variety of environments, in plankton and benthos from lotic to lentic waters, including terrestrial habitats.	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE4C0C24DDCB2CE9FB20FF04.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — Probably cosmopolitan, although the data are questionable due to confusion with many similar taxa. Inhabits oligo- to mesoeutrophic, weakly acidic to alkaline waters with low to medium electrolyte content. Recent illustrated references: — Hein (1990), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991, 2000, 2004), Hammer (1995), Kobayasi et al. (2006), Tuji & Williams (2006), Kwandrans (2007), Levkov (2007), Das & Adhikary (2012), Kopalová et al. (2012), Solak & Wojtal (2012), Smith et al. (2013), Waldmann et al. (2014). Notes: — Desmazières described F. capucina on the label of no. 453 of his exsiccatae “ Plantes cryptogames du Nord de la France ” (Desmazières, 1825 – 1851). The photographs included in this study were made from the type slide BM 81302 housed in the Natural History Museum of London (BM). Fragilaria intermedia (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck (1881: pl. 45, fig. 11) (Figs 123 – 131, LM retrieved from Tuji & Williams (2013 )) Basionym: Fragilaria mutabilis var. intermedia Grunow (1862: 55). Homotypic synonyms: Staurosira intermedia (Grunow) Grunow (1882: 139), Fragilaria tenuicollis var. intermedia (Grunow) Van Heurck (1896: 326; pl. 30, fig. 844), Fragilaria pinnata var. intermedia (Grunow) Mayer (1919: 196, pl. 5, fig. 52), Ceratoneis vaucheriae var. intermedia (Grunow) H. Kobayasi (1965: 128, figs 7 – 8).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE4C0C24DDCB2CE9FB20FF04.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — GERMANY. Stienitzsee. Lectotype (designated in Tuji & Williams 2013): W!, slide 552 with blue label in Grunow collection (pl. 45, fig. 11 in Van Heurck’s annotated copy of Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique). Morphology: — The valves have strongly apiculate ends. Rimoportulae occur near the poles, one per valve, and the apical pore fields are rectangular. Valve dimensions: Length 20 – 39 μm, width 3 – 4 μm, striae 17 – 19 in 10 μm, 60 – 65 punctae in 10 μm (Tuji & Williams 2008). Habitat: — Epilithic in calcareous springs and streams, also in lake benthos and plankton.	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE4C0C24DDCB2CE9FB20FF04.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology: — recorded worldwide, but probably confused with similar taxa of the Fragilaria capucina / vaucheriae species complex, especially in older references. Ecology poorly known due to the scarcity of reliable data. Seems to prefer meso-to eutrophic waters. Recent illustrated references: — Wehr (2002), Tuji & Williams (2013). Notes: — Tuji and Williams (2013) observed individuals on the type slides which agree with the original illustration given in Grunow (1860), and should be considered synonymous with F. vaucheriae, as previously discussed by Petersen (1938). Taxonomic confusion relative to this taxon was caused by the other illustrations in the Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique, figs 9 and 10 (Van Heurck 1881), derived from specimens on slide number 31. The specimens on slide 31 have spines and poorly delimited striae, forming long colonies (Figs 29 – 42). These specimens differ from those on slide 552. However, in some cases figs 9 and 10 from the Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique (Van Heurck 1881) from slide 31 have been referred to for identification of F. intermedia (e. g. Patrick & Reimer 1966).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
FA6A87C4CE4D0C22DDCB2D7DFA8EFED8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ENGLAND. Norfolk: Ormesby Boad. Holotype: W!, slide 31 mounted with styrax in Grunow’s collection (slide illustrated in Tuji & Williams 2013, fig. 28, last slide of bottom two marked ‘ 31 ’; figs 29 – 42; pl. 45, fig. 9 in Van Heurck, 1881). Isotype: W!, slide 31 air-mounted (slide illustrated in Tuji & Williams 2013, fig. 28, first slide of bottom two marked ‘ 31 ’) and raw material 31 in Grunow collection, TNS! AL- 56395. Morphology: — Lanceolate valves narrow towards rostrate ends. Rimoportulae occur near the poles, one per frustule on the valve face-mantle junction, and the apical pore fields are situated at each apex. The central area is slightly to one side of the valve, the sternum is narrow and the striation is parallel or slightly radiate. Spathulate linking spines are present in this species. Valve dimensions: Length 22.5 – 45.0 μm, width 3.4 – 4.2 μm, striae parallel or slightly radiate 11 – 14 in 10 μm in the type material analysed in this study and length 25 – 35 μm, width 3.5 – 4.5 μm, striae parallel or slightly radiate 8 – 10 in 10 μm in type material studied in Tuji & Williams (2013). Habitat, distribution and ecology: — Unknown, until 2013 recorded as F. vaucheriae or F. intermedia. Recent illustrated references: — Tuji & Williams (2013). Notes: — Fragilaria neointermedia was described in 2013 by Tuji and Williams from Grunow’s Diatom Collection and the type slide is located at the Natural History Museum of Vienna. The conspecificity with F. vaucheriae can be discarded (Tuji & Williams 2013). The type slide W- 2011 - 0001893 from Grunow’s collection with the number 31 was analysed under the LM. The photographs included in this study were made from the type slides W- 1901 - 0004076 and W- 2011 - 0001893) from the Grunow Diatom Collection at the Natural History Museum of Vienna (W).	en	Delgado, Cristina, Novais, M. Helena, Blanco, Saúl, Almeida, Salomé F. P. (2015): Examination and comparison of Fragilaria candidagilae sp. nov. with type material of Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. perminuta, F. intermedia and F. neointermedia (Fragilariales, Bacillariophyceae). Phytotaxa 231 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.231.1.1
