identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B0DE42CFFF0F535A9926A20122D81AC8.text	B0DE42CFFF0F535A9926A20122D81AC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charinus rocamadre Torres-Contreras, Alvarez & Armas 2015	<div><p>Charinus rocamadre Torres-Contreras, Álvarez &amp; Armas, 2015</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Sucre, Cueva Roca Madre (Torres-Contreras et al. 2015; Torres-Contreras et al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0DE42CFFF0F535A9926A20122D81AC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
CC99730CDF70555480B1BE618EE76EF6.text	CC99730CDF70555480B1BE618EE76EF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Charinus santandereanus Villarreal & Delgado-Santa & Lasso 2025	<div><p>Charinus santandereanus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1 A – K, 2 A, B, 14 A, 15</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Due to the exceptional species diversity and high endemism in Charinus, the diagnosis compares the new species with all three Colombian congeners ( C. miskito, C. rocamadre, and C. mocoa) for regional differentiation, as well as with geographically proximate Venezuelan species that share its median-eyeless condition, ensuring comprehensive morphological and biogeographical context. Charinus santandereanus sp. nov. is diagnosed from Colombian congeners by the complete absence of median eyes (vs. reduced eyes in C. miskito), two pseudo-articles on leg IV basitibia (vs. three in C. rocamadre), and the first cheliceral tooth dentition subequal and dorsal margin concave (vs. dentition heterogenous, ventral denticle enlarged, and dorsal margin straight in C. rocamadre and C. mocoa). Among non-Colombian Venezuelan median-eyeless congeners, it differs from its morphologically closest relative C. camachoi (González-Sponga, 1998) by the distinct pedipalp femoral spine arrangement: femur with 4 dorsal spines (vs. 3 dorsal in C. camachoi) and patella with 5 dorsal spines (vs. 4 dorsal spines); differs from C. bordoni by retaining well-developed lateral eyes (vs. complete ocular absence in C. bordoni); from C. pardillalensis by pentasternum shaped like flattened platelets (vs. metasternum granular in shape) and differs from C. tronchonii in having fewer anterior carapace setae (6 in C. santandereanus vs. more than 6 in C. tronchonii) (Fig. 14 B) and femur with 4 dorsal spines (vs. 3 dorsal spines).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet santandereanus refers to the type locality, the Department of Santander.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype Colombia • ♀; Santander Department; Cueva El Nitro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.19664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.715333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.19664/lat 6.715333)">Villanueva</a>; 06°42'55.2"N, 73°11'47.9"W; altitude 1776 m a. s. l.; 17 Aug. 2024; López, M. F, Lasso C. A. leg. (IAvH -I-7872) . Paratypes. Colombia • 1 ♀, same collection data as for holotype (IAvH -I-7873) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Carapace (Fig. 1 A – C). Frontal process triangular, not visible in dorsal view. Anterior margin straight, with six anterior setae. Median eyes and ocular tubercle absent. Lateral eyes well developed, pale, small seta posterior to each lateral ocular triad. Interocular region finely granulated. Sternum (Fig. 1 D). Tetra-segmented, all platelets markedly sclerotized. Tritosternum projected anteriorly into small, blunt tubercle, surpassing base of pedipalp coxae; medial platelet (tetrasternum) and third platelet (pentasternum) formed by single plates, each with a pair of large anterior setae and several smaller posterior setae; metasternum small, not paired, with pair of small setae, with seven setae in membranous region. Opisthosoma. Ventral sacs and ventral sac cover absent. Genitalia (Fig. 2). Female genital operculum with posterior margin slightly convex, with a slight medial indentation, and several setae along margin and on surface. Female gonopods whitish, membranous, cushion-like, with a slightly sclerotized ring-like area and apparently with a circular apical opening on each. With two posteromedial curved and sclerotized ducts. Chelicerae (Fig. 1 E, F). Mesal margin with four teeth: the fourth conspicuously largest, followed by the bifid first tooth, the second, and the third as the smallest. Ectal face with a small, blunt subdistal projection pointing frontally, aligned with the bifid tooth. Claw long, surpassing the fourth basal tooth, with a row of approximately five decreasing teeth. Cusps of the bifid tooth are approximately equal in size. Pedipalps (Fig. 1 G – K). Femur dorsally with two distinct setiferous tubercles proximal to spine 1; primary series with four dorsal spines, decreasing in size from 1 to 4; ventrally with two distinct setiferous tubercles proximal to spine 1, and primary series with three ventral spines decreasing in size. Patella with four dorsal spines, including a large setiferous tubercle distal to spine I, about one-third length of spine I; two ventral spines the distal larger; setiferous tubercles intercalated between the ventral spines, as well as anterior and posterior to them. Tibia with two dorsal spines, the distal spine twice the length of proximal spine; distal ventral spine on the tibia, with a more developed small setiferous tubercle in basal position, and three distinctive setae between them. Tarsus with two dorsal spines; proximal spine shorter than the distal spine. Legs. Tibia of leg I with 23 articles; tarsus I with 29 or 30 articles in incomplete legs. None of the specimens have a complete first leg. Leg IV basitibia with two pseudo-articles; trichobothrium bt situated in proximal third, near proximal margin; distal apex of basitibial pseudo-articles with dark, denticulate projection; distitibia trichobothrium bc situated closer to bf than to sbf; sc and sf series each with six trichobothria; tarsus with distinct white annulus distally on first article. Measurements. See Table 1.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>This species inhabits a very wet cave. The type specimens were only found in the aphotic zone, on cave walls, close to water. Two other caves in the vicinity, which are hotter and drier, contained no amblypygids.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Armas et al. (2012) reported the presence of the genus Charinus in Girón, Department of Santander. The record was based on a poorly preserved immature specimen, tentatively identified as “ very similar to Charinus acosta ”. Miranda et al. (2021) corrected the coordinates of this record. This is the only previous record of the genus from the department.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC99730CDF70555480B1BE618EE76EF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
3BEE260B388C55D2A349ACCD7A07A950.text	3BEE260B388C55D2A349ACCD7A07A950.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterophrynus batesii (Butler 1873)	<div><p>Heterophrynus batesii (Butler, 1873)</p><p>Figs 3 A – F, 4 A – D, 15</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Colombia • ♀ ♂, 1 juv.; Guaviare Department; Cueva Casa de Piedra, Serranía La Macarena / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.87269&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5781999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.87269/lat 2.5781999)">La Lindosa</a>; 02°34'41.52"N, 72°52'21.67"W; altitude 195 m a. s. l. (IAvH -I-7874) . Caquetá Department • 2 ♀, 1 ♂, 4 juv.; Cueva Necaeridagoda (Cueva de Los Sueños), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.87269&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.5781999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.87269/lat 2.5781999)">subcuenca del río Yarí</a>; 02°34'41.52"N, 72°52'21.67"W; altitude 195 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7875) .</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Department of Huila, S. O. Acevedo. P. N. N. Cueva de los Guácharos, Cedros sector, Indio Cave; 1850 m a. s. l. (01°36'58.68"N, 76°06'15.12"W) (Víquez et al. 2014).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Heterophrynus batesii is widely distributed across the Amazon basin, and this record represents its westernmost known occurrence in Colombia, extending its range to the Andean foothills. The species appears to be troglophilic, as supported by previous records from Colombian caves. The morphology of the female gonopods (Fig. 4 C, D) largely corresponds to the descriptions and illustrations provided by Giupponi and Kury (2013). Unfortunately, the microsculpture of the male gonopods could not be confirmed due to the lack of SEM images, precluding detailed comparisons of this taxonomically critical feature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BEE260B388C55D2A349ACCD7A07A950	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
969CE42BD10E5210808F8DCE9C234023.text	969CE42BD10E5210808F8DCE9C234023.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterophrynus caribensis Armas, Torres-Contreras & Alvarez 2015	<div><p>Heterophrynus caribensis Armas, Torres-Contreras &amp; Álvarez, 2015</p><p>Fig. 15</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Sucre, Cueva Roca Madre (Armas et al. 2015 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/969CE42BD10E5210808F8DCE9C234023	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
41FEFEB32945504391A32559B52453D8.text	41FEFEB32945504391A32559B52453D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterophrynus cervinus Pocock 1894	<div><p>Heterophrynus cervinus Pocock, 1894 b</p><p>Figs 5 A – H, 15</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Colombia • ♀; Boyaca Department; Caverna Las Cocas; 5°45'84"N, 74°2'21"W; altitude 2000 m a. s. l. Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7876) (New departamental record) .</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Putumayo, Cavernas de San Carlos (Armas et al. 2015 b); Boyaca, Caverna Las Cocas; Tolima, Cunday caves, Tobón; Vereda La Camelia, El Edén cave (Chirivi et al. 2020).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The precise type locality of H. cervinus remains unknown, and access to the type specimens was unavailable to us. Armas et al. (2015 b) reported this species from the Department of Putumayo, and our examination of a single female specimen from a cave in Boyacá reveals morphological concordance with the individuals illustrated by Armas et al. (2015 b). However, we observed slight differences, particularly in the gonopod claw, which is more sharply pointed in our specimen, and a more pronounced expansion of the internal lobe — features subtler in the H. cervinus illustrated by Armas et al. (2015 b). These traits are shared with H. silviae, though the latter exhibits clearly curved claws (medially opposed and blunt-tipped). Given these considerations — (1) the lack of access to the type specimens of H. cervinus, (2) the uncertainty surrounding the precise type locality, (3) the notable geographical gap between the known Colombian locality for this species and our new record, which approaches the distribution range of H. silviae, (4) the absence of male specimens in our material preventing more comprehensive comparisons and (5) the apparent conspecificity between our specimen and those documented by Armas et al. (2015 b) — we have tentatively identified our population as H. cervinus based on the aforementioned work.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/41FEFEB32945504391A32559B52453D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
58E8FDFF11DC582FB43E8EDA92A9E441.text	58E8FDFF11DC582FB43E8EDA92A9E441.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterophrynus guacharo Armas 2015	<div><p>Heterophrynus guacharo Armas, 2015</p><p>Figs 6 A – D, 7 A – F, 15</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Colombia • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10469&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6162223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10469/lat 1.6162223)">Cueva del Indio</a>, PNN Los Guácharos, cuenca río Suaza (trib. río Magdalena), Huila Department; 01°36'58.4"N, 76°06'16.9"W; altitude 1691 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7877) .</p><p>Male gonopodes description</p><p>(Fig. 7 G, H). PI smaller than LaM. LoL 1 twice as long as LoL 2, with the most distal external portion slightly sculptured. LoL 2 striated, visible in both dorsal and ventral views. LoD shorter than LoL 1 in dorsal view. Fi clearly chitinized in both views.</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Huila, Cueva del Indio (Armas 2015).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Previously misidentified as Heterophrynus cervinus (González and Morales 1986; Morales and González 1986), identification questioned by Armas (2015) and finally described as H. guacharo by Armas (2015). The original description of this species included males with dehydrated gonopods, as noted by the original describers (“ Both specimens exhibit signs of dehydration, but their overall condition remains good, particularly the holotype ”) (Armas 2015). Using fresh topotypic material, we provide detailed gonopod illustrations, though SEM data are lacking for microsculpture analysis as presented by Giupponi and Kury (2013). This enables more accurate morphological characterization, overcoming limitations of dehydrated specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/58E8FDFF11DC582FB43E8EDA92A9E441	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
99C1D0E4D3B05134A9082FDA9C8D6F5D.text	99C1D0E4D3B05134A9082FDA9C8D6F5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterophrynus yarigui Alvarez, de Armas & Diaz 2015	<div><p>Heterophrynus yarigui Álvarez, de Armas &amp; Diaz, 2015</p><p>Figs 8 A – F, 9 A – D, 15</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Colombia • 2 ♀ 4 ♂; Tolima Department; Cueva de Los Guácharos; Cueva el Edén, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.75501&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.0118585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.75501/lat 4.0118585)">Municipio Cunday</a> 04°00'42.69"N, 74°45'18.05"W; altitude 840 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7878) (New departamental record) .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Specimens were collected within a cave, constituting the first troglophilic record for this species, until now known exclusively from epigean habitats (dry forest gullies with rocky substrates and root systems; Armas 2015). Diagnostic characters (pedipalps, gonopods) (Figs 8 A – F, 9 A – D) match the original description (Armas 2015), showing no troglomorphic adaptations. This demonstrates facultative cave colonization, mirroring ecological plasticity observed in other Heterophrynus species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99C1D0E4D3B05134A9082FDA9C8D6F5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
A5EB06A0094E5E1CA54E9664FFEAF478.text	A5EB06A0094E5E1CA54E9664FFEAF478.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jorottui ipuanai Moreno-Gonzalez, Gutierrez-Estrada & Prendini 2023	<div><p>Jorottui ipuanai Moreno-González, Gutierrez-Estrada &amp; Prendini, 2023</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia • ♀; La Guajira Department: Serranía de Bañaderos, upper basin of Camarones River: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.91253&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.017833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.91253/lat 11.017833)">cave 100 m from Bañaderos Cave</a>, altitude 980 m a. s. l. ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.91678&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.006111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.91678/lat 11.006111)">La Perrita Cave</a>, 11°00'22"N, 72°55'00.4"W, altitude 968 m a. s. l. ; Barrancas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.91253&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.017833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.91253/lat 11.017833)">El Vainito Cave</a>, 11°01'04.2"N, 72°54'45.1"W, altitude 998 m a. s. l. (Moreno-González et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A5EB06A0094E5E1CA54E9664FFEAF478	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
95061BEEAD5E53E3ADCDC690C940A60E.text	95061BEEAD5E53E3ADCDC690C940A60E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphrynus laevifrons (Pocock 1894)	<div><p>Paraphrynus laevifrons (Pocock, 1894 b)</p><p>Figs 10 A – F, 11 A – D, 15</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Colombia • 1 ♀ 1 ♂; Providencia Island; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.38802&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.344" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.38802/lat 12.344)">Represa túnel artificial; Freshwater Bay</a>, Isla de Providencia, Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina; 12°20'38.4"N, 81°23'16.9"W; 0 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7879) (New record) . • 1 ♀ 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.395775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.338888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.395775/lat 13.338888)">Cueva Bat Hole, Chay Hill</a>, Isla de Providencia, Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina; 13°20'20"N, 81°23'44.8"W; 0 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (PV-39) (New record) . • ♀ ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.727165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.544834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.727165/lat 12.544834)">Cueva de Sara</a>, Isla de San Andrés, Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina; 12°32'41.4"N, 81°43'37.8"W; 0 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7881) .</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia, San Andrés (Chirivi and Armas 2012); Providencia; Chocó (Chirivi and Armas 2012).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Paraphrynus laevifrons is a species with a wide distribution in Central and North America, including the Yucatán Peninsula, where it inhabits various environments, including caves (Reddell 1981; Chirivi and Armas 2012). The species lacks a precise type locality, being broadly described from “ West coastal America. ” In Colombia, it has only been recorded from two localities — Isla San Andrés and Chocó (Chirivi and Armas 2012). Our study provides the first record of this species from Providencia Island (Caribbean Sea), as well as the first record of P. laevifrons in a cave habitat in Colombia. Due to (1) the absence of a specific type locality, (2) the lack of direct examination of the holotype, and (3) the morphological similarity of our specimens with those described by Chirivi and Armas (2012), we have followed their identification to designate the specimens from Providencia studied here. It is noteworthy, however, that the material identified as Paraphrynus laevifrons from Guatemala by (Armas et al. 2017) shows significant differences, casting doubt on the conspecificity of these populations. Integrative systematics studies reveal a cryptic diversity in some populations from Southwestern North America (Cazzaniga and Prendini 2024).</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>The specimens from Providencia Island were collected from a cave located along the coast, with the upper section consisting of sand and dry guano, while the lower section is inundated with seawater and subjected to wave action. The cave is situated approximately 10 meters from the shoreline, exposed to the effects of wave impact. The adaptation of these species to such conditions remains unclear.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/95061BEEAD5E53E3ADCDC690C940A60E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
A71D2CE26DC2500298A77F49216F677D.text	A71D2CE26DC2500298A77F49216F677D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynus araya Colmenares & Villarreal 2008	<div><p>Phrynus araya Colmenares &amp; Villarreal, 2008</p><p>Figs 12 A – F, 13 A – D, 14 B, 15</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Colombia • ♀, 1 juv.; Santander Department; (IAvH -I-7882) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.51453&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.175555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.51453/lat 6.175555)">Cueva del Nitro</a>, Municipio La Aguada; 06°10'32"N, 73°30'52.3"W; (ST-183 d) (New record) • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.51865&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.183472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.51865/lat 6.183472)">Cueva La Catedral</a>, Municipio La Aguada, Santander; 06°11'0.5"N, 73°31'7.1"W; altitude 1789 m a. s. l.; Carlos A. Lasso leg. (IAvH -I-7883) (New cave record) .</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Santander, Cueva del Muerto, Cueva del Nitro (Chirivi and Armas 2012), Cueva La Catedral.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Originally described from Venezuela and recorded from Colombia by Chirivi and Armas (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A71D2CE26DC2500298A77F49216F677D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
FA5322106CDC533FBC3802C87EC8561D.text	FA5322106CDC533FBC3802C87EC8561D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynus pulchripes (Pocock 1894)	<div><p>Phrynus pulchripes (Pocock, 1894 a)</p><p>Records.</p><p>Colombia: Santander Departament: Cueva El Rascadero, Villanueva (7°26'56"N, 73°15'14"W): (ICN-AM 85), Cueva del Nitro, vereda Agua Fría; 6°40'4.99"N, - 73°10'39.99"W; (Chirivi 2017).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>It is worth noting that a previous record from the same cave, documenting Phrynus araya, was made by Chirivi and Armas (2012). It would be interesting to verify whether sympatry occurs between the two species or if a misidentification might have occurred in either of the two instances.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA5322106CDC533FBC3802C87EC8561D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Villarreal, Osvaldo;Delgado-Santa, Leonardo;Lasso, Carlos A.	Villarreal, Osvaldo, Delgado-Santa, Leonardo, Lasso, Carlos A. (2025): Whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypigi) from Colombian Caves: A review, new records and description of a new species. Subterranean Biology 52: 1-28, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.52.150357
