identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F8091513FFDDFF87FE3EFE62F032FB69.text	F8091513FFDDFF87FE3EFE62F032FB69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenodontidae Gill 1872	<div><p>Family SOLENODONTIDAE</p><p>(SOLENODONS)</p><p>• Large insectivores with long flexible snouts, sometimes supported by unique bony os proboscis, and dental venom delivery system with deeply grooved second lower incisor associated with enlarged submaxillary gland.</p><p>• 35-75 cm.</p><p>• Neotropical Region.</p><p>• Dry, moist, wet, pine tropical forests, and human-modified landscapes.</p><p>• 2 genera, 2 species, 4 extant taxa.</p><p>• 1 species Endangered; 1 species Extinct shortly before 1600.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8091513FFDDFF87FE3EFE62F032FB69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Solenodontidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 620-627, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657353
F8091513FFDCFF86FF10FA85F2CEF74F.text	F8091513FFDCFF86FF10FA85F2CEF74F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atopogale cubana (Peters 1861)	<div><p>1.</p><p>Cuban Solenodon</p><p>Atopogale cubana</p><p>French: Solénodonte de Cuba / German: Kuba-Schlitzrissler / Spanish: AImiqui</p><p>Other common names: Almiqui</p><p>Taxonomy. Solenodon cubanus Peters, 1861,</p><p>Bayamo, Granma Province, Oriente region, Cuba.</p><p>A second form of A. cubana from northeastern Cuba, poeyanus, was distinguished by T. Barbour in 1944 based on apparent differences in external morphology (fur color and claw length). This form was originally described as a distinct species, but it has sometimes been considered a valid subspecies. J. A. Ottenwalder in 2001 found no consistent differences in morphological variation among individuals from different geographical regions in Cuba, and subspecific distinction of poeyanus cannot be supported. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Formerly distributed across Cuba, but now restricted to the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Massif in E Cuba, where it occurs in Sierra Cristal National Park (Holguin Province), Alejandro de Humboldt National Park and Cuchillas del Toa Biosphere Reserve (Holguin and Guantanamo provinces), and reportedly also in Pinares de Mayari (Santiago de Cuba Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 200-360 mm,tail 130-190 mm, ear 15-32 mm, hindfoot 45-56 mm; weight 455-950 g. Sexes are externally similar, with no sexual dimorphism. Muzzle, face, shoulders, and underside of the Cuban Solenodon are white or yellow, and forehead, crown, back, and sides are black or dark brown, with an abrupt contrast in color pattern; some color variation is reported among individuals that might be age related. Pelage is relatively thick, with dense underfur. Claws on forepaws are very long and well developed, probably an adaptation for burrowing. Os proboscisis absent, and anterior margin of premaxilla is square-shaped and slightly projected forward rather than folded back. Compared with the Hispaniolan Solenodon ( Solenodon paradoxus), canines are slightly larger, and upper and lower premolars are appreciably wider, especially the strongly triangular upper fourth premolar (P*). Upper canines, P', and P* lack accessory cusps. Prominent diastema is present between I’ and C', and smaller diastemata are present between I?and I’ and between C' and P'. Vertebral formula is 7C,15T,4L, 5S, 25 Ca, total 56, and sternum has seven pieces. Tibia and fibula are not fused in adults.</p><p>Habitat. Montane and sub-montane primary forests, including moist broadleaf, wet broadleaf, and pine forests, at elevations of ¢.400-900 m. The Cuban Solenodon has also been reported from forest-agricultural mosaics outside protected areas in Pinares de Mayari.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Cuban Solenodon forages on the ground or in deep leaflitter where it can make long foraging tunnels. Documented prey items in the wild include annelids, land snails, land crabs, arachnids, myriapods, adult and larval insects, frogs, lizards, bird eggs, and ground-nesting bird young.</p><p>Breeding. Gestation of the Cuban Solenodon is thought to be less than 50 days. Litters generally have two young, although several reports of captured individuals involved only one young. Breeding season is apparently in April-October, with a female with two offspring recorded in June, and two males and a female with two offspring recorded in August.</p><p>Activity patterns. Cuban Solenodons are nocturnal, and during the day they remain in complex burrow systems or in natural refuges (e.g. between tree roots or under a tree stump, or within hollow logs or clefts between rocks). Activity patterns are probably similar to those reported for the Hispaniolan Solenodon, but detailed field data are unavailable.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No home range or density estimates are available. The Cuban Solenodon lives in family groups of an adult pair and 1-2 young; multiple family groups (up to eight individuals) apparently share the same burrow system or den.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Cuban Solenodon apparently disappeared from the Guamuhaya Mountains (western part of the Escambray Mountains, Sancti Spiritus Province) in the second one-half of the 19" century, although relatively fresh osteological material was recovered from these mountains in 1975. It was last recorded from the Sierra Maestra (Santiago de Cuba Province) in the 1970s. The surviving remnant population apparently is not currently declining, but it is very small and fragmented and largely restricted to remote forests in protected areas. Historical decline of the Cuban Solenodon was probably driven by extensive reduction and fragmentation of forest habitats, and ongoing habitat degradation and loss are likely to represent continued threats. It is also considered particularly vulnerable to invasive mammals, particularly feral dogs and possibly feral pigs and Roof Rats (Rattus rattus). Solenodons killed by dogs, dog feces containing solenodon fur or bones, and dog excavations around probable solenodon dens have been found in Baracoa (Guantanamo Province) and Sierra Cristal National Park. Feral pigs are abundant in the distribution of the Cuban Solenodon, and their rooting for food could destroy solenodon burrows. Abandoned solenodon dens in Alejandro de Humboldt National Park are often occupied by Roof Rats, and high rat density in this protected area raises concerns that they might have negative impacts on the Cuban Solenodon through resource competition.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen (1942), Barbour (1944), Borroto-P4ez (2009), Borroto-Paez &amp; Mancina (2011), Eisenberg &amp; Gonzalez (1985), Fa et al. (2002), Ottenwalder (1991, 2001), Rams et al. (1989), Sato et al. (2016), Silva Taboada et al. (2007), Turvey et al. (2017), Varona (1983).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8091513FFDCFF86FF10FA85F2CEF74F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Solenodontidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 620-627, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657353
F8091513FFDCFF85FA0BF5BFFDD0F945.text	F8091513FFDCFF85FA0BF5BFFDD0F945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solenodon paradoxus Brandt 1833	<div><p>2.</p><p>Hispaniolan Solenodon</p><p>Solenodon paradoxus</p><p>French: Solénodonte d'Haiti / German: Haiti-Schlitzrissler / Spanish: Solenodonte</p><p>Other common names: Haitian Solenodon</p><p>Taxonomy. Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833,</p><p>“Hispaniola.”</p><p>Morphological analysis of S. paradoxus from across Hispaniola by J. A. Ottenwalder in 2001 identified two subspecies in northern and southern Hispaniola, separated by the Neiba Valley or Cul-de-Sac/Hoya de Enriquillo Graben. Further morphometric and mtDNA analyses by S. T. Turvey and colleagues in 2016 supported recognition of distinct subspecies</p><p>in northern and south-eastern Hispaniola and recognized a third subspecies from the Massif de la Hotte, south-western Haiti, which is separated from other populations by the Jacmel-Fauché Depression or “Bond’s Line.” Three subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution. S.p.paradoxusBrandt,1833—widelydistributedacrossN&amp;EDominicanRepublic. S. p. haitiensis Turvey et al., 2016 — Massif de la Hotte, Haiti; only confirmed to occur E of Pic Macaya near Duchity, although might also occur W ofthis locality near Deux Mammelles. S. p. wood: Ottenwalder, 2001 — Sierra de Baoruco and Barahona Peninsula in S Dominican Republic and adjacent SE Haiti.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 270-490 mm, tail 200-250 mm, ear 21-38 mm, hindfoot 56-72 mm; weight 620-1166 g. Sexes are externally similar, with no sexual dimorphism. The Hispaniolan Solenodon is dusky brown, rufous, or chestnut-brown, darker on dorsal surface of head and back and frequently with small oval white spot on nape of neck. Pelage is short, thin, and relatively sparse; there is little underfur, less fur on feet and face, and extended naked glandular area on thighs and rump. Os proboscis is present in adults, subadults, and juveniles. Compared with the Cuban Solenodon ( Atopogale cubana), canines are slightly smaller, and upper and lower premolars are relatively narrow. Upper canines, P', and P* have accessory cusps. Diastema is reduced or absent between I° and C' and absent between I? and I’ and between C! and P!. Vertebral formulais 7C, 16 T, 4 L., 4 S, 24 Ca, total 55, and sternum has six pieces. Tibia and fibula can be distally fused in adults. Subspecies differ in craniodental proportions and overall body size; nominate paradoxus is the largest, and wood: is the smallest.</p><p>Habitat. Usually good-quality forest in a variety of different primary tropical forest types, including dry, moist and wet broadleaf, and high-elevation pine forests, and human-modified landscapes including secondary regrowth, pasture, and agriculture, from sea level to elevations above 2000 m (less common at elevations above 1000 m). The Hispaniolan Solenodon typically uses limestone caves and rocky clefts for denning and is often associated with karstic limestone areas. Highly threatened subspecies haitiensis persists in habitats degraded by humans, consisting of a disturbed mosaic of small broadleaf forest patches in an agricultural matrix on karstic limestone plateau at elevations of 750-1400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Hispaniolan Solenodon typically forages on the ground but also in deep leaf litter. Documented prey items in the wild include annelids, land snails, land crabs, arachnids, myriapods, adult and larval insects, frogs, lizards, and birds.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding of the Hispaniolan Solenodon might peak during dry season (September-March), with born young at start of or during rainy season. Gestation is thought to be at least 84 days. Typical litters have one young, with a maximum of two. Males and females reach adult body size before eight months of age and might reach sexual maturity after one year, with age of first reproduction probably c.18 months. Interbirth interval is estimated at c.145 days, with an average of two litters a year. Generation length is estimated at 1902 days.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Hispaniolan Solenodon is nocturnal and remains in a sleepingresting phase during the day in a natural den that provides dry shelter, typically in a cleft between rocks or small cave. Daytime resting is interrupted only by brief trips</p><p>outside the den to urinate, defecate, or drink. There is a sudden start of activity at or after 18:00 h. Nocturnal activity is characterized by successive foraging trips at variable intervals, with considerable time spent exploring and with peaks between 20:00 h and 24:00 h. Little crepuscular activity is observed.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hispaniolan Solenodons occur at a reported density of 2 ind/km? in the Barahona Peninsula, southern Dominican Republic. They are relatively social and live in family groups of an adult pair and 1-2 young; subadults leave family groups at 10-18 months old.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List, although classified as Endangered until recently. The Hispaniolan Solenodon was once distributed across Hispaniola, including Gonave Island in western Haiti, but is now extirpated across most of Haiti. It was previously considered to be rare and declining, with highly fragmented populations. Recent surveys across the Dominican Republic have shown that itis still widely distributed across much of the country, occurring in numerous protected areas including Sierra de Baoruco, Jaragua, Los Haitises, and Del Este national parks; it also persists in human-modified landscapes. Nevertheless, concerns remain about effects of ongoing habitat destruction and degradation, predation by invasive mammals, and synergistic effects of these threats (i.e. opening up of habitat allows increased access by invasive predators). Illegal forest clearing for charcoal production and agriculture is widespread across its distribution, including in protected areas. It is possible that dog predation, particularly predation by free-ranging village dogs, poses a significant threat, and camera-trap photos have also shown feral cats entering known den sites of Hispaniolan Solenodons. A remnant population of subspecies haitiensis in the Massif de la Hotte is extremely threatened and in danger of imminent extinction due to a combination of accelerating habitat destruction, opportunistic exploitation for food by subsistence farmers, and stochastic factors associated with population fragmentation and small population size. Dogs have reportedly been culled across the distribution of this threatened population because of their depredation of domestic chickens and goats, and this could be a significant factor in solenodon survival in the Massif de la Hotte. Genetic analyses indicate that subspecies haitiensis and wood: have extremely low effective population sizes. These genetically impoverished subpopulations might therefore have reduced viability and adaptive potential and, if so, might be particularly vulnerable to future environmental change.</p><p>Bibliography. Allen, G.M. (1910, 1942), Allen, J.A. (1908), Brandt et al. (2016), Bridges (1936), Derbridge et al. (2015), Eisenberg (1975), Eisenberg &amp; Gould (1966), Mohr (1936a, 1936b, 1937 1938), Ottenwalder (1991, 1999, 2001), Pena (1977), Poduschka (1975), Rupp &amp; Ledn (2009), Turvey, Ferndndez-Secades et al. (2014), Tur vey, Kennerley et al. (2017), Turvey, Meredith &amp; Scofield (2008), Turvey, Peters et al. (2016), Verrill (1907), Wible (2008), Woods (1981), Woods &amp; Ottenwalder (1992), Woods et al. (1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F8091513FFDCFF85FA0BF5BFFDD0F945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Solenodontidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 620-627, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6657353
