taxonID	type	description	language	source
F81C87A2FFB97755FF39F8A6FD66FB96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13507, 29 K Rueisuei Forest Trail, Jhuosi, Hualien Co., Taiwan, coll. Sheng-Hai Wu, 15 Feb. 1997. Paratypes: 12 adults, NCHUZOOL 13543, same collection data as for holotype. Others. 9 adults, NCHUZOOL 13508, same collection data as for holotype.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB97755FF39F8A6FD66FB96.taxon	description	Description. External: Dimensions 95 mm by 4.2 mm in x, 3.2 mm in xxx, 4.3 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 106. Setae regularly distributed around segmental equators; 11 setae between male pores; setal formula AA: AB: YY: YZ = 1.25: 1: 2.75: 2.5 on xxv. Prostomium, pro-epilobic. Unpigmented. First dorsal pore at 5 / 6. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi, smooth. Female pore single on xiv. Male pores on xviii (Fig. 2 a). Male pores without genital marking, but with many small genital markings in front of setal line of xvii, xviii, and xix (Fig. 2 a). Spermathecal pores ventrolateral at 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, with many small genital markings present in front of setal line of viii and ix (Fig. 2 a). Internal: Septa, 5 / 6 – 8 / 9 thin, 9 / 10 – 10 / 11 thin, 11 / 12 absent, 13 / 14 – 16 / 17 thin; gizzard in viii – x. Intestinal origin from xvi; lymph glands present from xvi; typhlosole simple 1 / 10 lumen diameter from xxi, but extending forward as a small ridge to xvi. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in xxvii, extending anteriorly to xxiv (Fig. 2 d). Oesophageal heart absent, no heart in x or xi. Male sexual system holandric, testes, funnels ventrally joining sacs in x and xi. Seminal vesicles large in xi and xii, with dorsal lobe. Prostates in xviii, 6 main lobes, ducts thick, muscular; many small accessory glands (Fig. 2 c). Ovaries in xiii. Spermathecae paired in vi – ix, ampulla with elongate ovoid diverticulum; diverticulum axis longer than ampulla axis; many small accessory glands in viii and ix (Fig. 2 b).	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB97755FF39F8A6FD66FB96.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for the Japanese zoologist Shinjiro Kobayashi, who contributed much to the study of earthworm diversity of Taiwan during 1938 – 1941 (see Shih et al. 1999).	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB97755FF39F8A6FD66FB96.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Amynthas shinjiroi sp. nov. is similar to A. omeimontis (Chen, 1931), A. polyglandularis (Tsai, 1964) and A. tessellatus Shen, Tsai & Tsai, 2002, but can be distinguished by several characters. Chen (1931) described A. omeimontis from Ermei (= Omei) Mt., Ermei Co., Sichuan Province, China, with small genital markings on xi and xviii, and the male pore is surrounded by genital markings, which are absent on xvii and xix. Tsai (1964) described A. polyglandularis from Taipei, Taiwan, which also has small genital markings on viii – ix and xviii, and the male pore is also surrounded by genital markings. Shen et al. (2002) described A. tessellatus tessellatus and A. tessellatus paucus from Nantou and Hualien Cos., Taiwan, with small genital markings on vi – ix and xvii – xix segments; the male pore lacks genital marking. In addition, A. shinjiroi has 4 spermathecal pores at 5 / 6 – 8 / 9, and the first dorsal pore is at 5 / 6. However, A. omeimontis and A. polyglandularis have 2 pairs of spermathecal pores at 7 / 8 – 8 / 9 and the first dorsal pore is at 12 / 13; and A. tessellatus has 3 spermathecae in vi – viii, and the pores are not visible; the first dorsal pore is at 11 / 12. A comparison of characters is given in Table 1.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBC7757FF39F966FCA9FD7D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13541, 22 ° 02 ’ 1.6 ” N, 121 ° 33 ’ 57.7 ” E, Yeyin, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Yu-Hsi Wang et al., 7 Jan. 2008. Paratypes: 5 adults, NCHUZOOL 13542, same collection data as for holotype.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBC7757FF39F966FCA9FD7D.taxon	description	Description. External: Small. Dimensions 27 – 43 mm by 1.9 – 2.2 mm in x, 1.9 – 2.6 mm in xxx, 2.1 – 2.5 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 55 – 90; 5 – 7 setae between male pores. Setal formula AA: AB: YY: YZ = 1.5: 1: 3: 1.75 on xxv. Prostomium, epilobic. Female pores paired on xiv. First dorsal pore at 12 / 13. Clitellum annular xiv – xvi 1 / 2; setae on xiv and xv (Fig. 3 a). Male pores on xviii, without genital marking (Fig. 3 a). Spermathecal pore single, middle at 4 / 5 – 6 / 7 (Fig. 3 a). Internal: Septa, 4 / 5 – 7 / 8 thin, 8 / 9 – 9 / 10 absent, 10 / 11 – 13 / 14 thick, gizzard in viii – x or ix – x. Intestinal origin from xiv, typhlosole simple 1 / 4 lumen diameter from xxi. Intestinal caeca simple and short, originating in xxi, extending anteriorly to xix (Fig. 3 d). Without oesophageal heart. Male sexual system holandric, testes in x and xi; seminal vesicles in xi and xii. Prostates small in xviii, round-shaped extending xvii to xix (Fig. 3 c). Spermatheca single in v – vii; ampulla ovoid, adiverticulate or diverticulate (Fig. 3 b).	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBC7757FF39F966FCA9FD7D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the aboriginal tribe, the Tao Tribe (= Yami Tribe), who dwell on the island of Lanyu. The name is used as a noun in apposition.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBC7757FF39F966FCA9FD7D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pithemera tao sp. nov. is similar to P. bicincta (Perrier, 1875), P. palaoensis (Ohfuchi, 1941), P. philippinensis James, Hong & Kim, 2004, P. sedgwicki sedgwicki (Benham, 1897), and P. sempoensis (Kobayashi, 1938), but can be distinguished by the spermathecal pore and spermatheca. P. bicincta, and P. philippinensis have 5 pairs of spermathecal pores at 4 / 5 – 8 / 9. Pithemera sedgwicki sedgwicki and P. sempoensis have 3 pairs of spermathecal pores at 5 / 6 – 7 / 8. Pithemera palaoensis has 3 pairs of spermathecal pores at 4 / 5 – 6 / 7. All of the above species have paired spermathecal pores and spermathecae with diverticula. Pithemera tao has only a single spermathecal pore at 4 / 5 – 6 / 7.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBE7757FF39FCEEFA5EF8EE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 adults, NCHUZOOL 13501, 23 ° 57 ’ 52.9 ” N, 121 ° 29 ’ 57.2 ” E, 150 m, Tongmen, Sioulin, Hualien Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 1 Jan. 2005.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBE7757FF39FCEEFA5EF8EE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 27 – 36 mm by 1.4 – 1.6 mm in x. Segments, 100 – 118. Setae distributed in ventral; 2 setae a pair; 4 pairs in ventral. Prostomium, epilobic (Fig. 4 b); segments without secondary annulation. First dorsal pore at 5 / 6, spermathecal pore 2 pairs, mid-ventral at 7 / 8 – 8 / 9. Female pore not visible. A genital marking mid-ventral at 15 / 16, with a pore. Male pores on mid-xvii, coin-shaped; without setae between male pores; without penial setae. Clitellum, xiii – xx or xiii – xx 1 / 2 (Fig. 4 a). Spermathecae paired. Ampulla with diverticulum in viii and ix (Fig. 4 c). Prostates, longitudinal in xvi – xviii (Fig. 4 d). Gizzards large in vii – viii and ix – x.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBE7757FF39FCEEFA5EF8EE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens in our study are small in size, although the clitellum is developed. Dichogaster saliens (Beddard, 1893) is close to D. affinis (Michaelsen, 1890), D. annae (Horst, 1893), and D. bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891) (Table 2), but they can be separated by the genital marking and the shape of the male pores. According to Michaelsen (1900) and Sims & Gerard (1985), the male pores of D. bolaui are stripshaped on xviii without genital marking. Stephenson (1931 a) reported the male pores of D. annae are on xvii – xix without genital marking. Shen & Tsai (2007) reported D. saliens from Changhua Co. in west-central Taiwan with the following characters: the diamond-shaped male pores are on xvii with genital marking between 15 and 16. Shen et al. (2008 a) reported D. affinis from Yunlin Co. in west-central Taiwan with the following characters: the bracket-shaped male pores are on xviii with genital markings at the middle of 7 / 8 - 9 / 10 (Table 2). The specimens collected from eastern Taiwan were identified as D. saliens, but there is a pore within the genital marking between 15 and 16. Specimens were collected from wet soil near the roots of reeds.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBF7756FF39FF23FB54F8D3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13509, Su-ao, Ilan Co., Taiwan, coll. Hsi-Te Shih, 16 Feb. 1997; 5 adults, NCHUZOOL 13512, Wuling Minimum-Security Prison Farm, Luye, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. S. - H. Wu, 15 May 2006; 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13510, 22 ° 41 ’ 42.11 ” N, 121 ° 00 ’ 59.9 ” E, Jhihben Canal Water Park, Taimali, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang & Long-Yun Fan, 22 Oct. 2004; 4 adults, NCHUZOOL 13511, 22 ° 32 ’ 5.3 ” N, 120 ° 58 ’ 0.2 ” E, Jinlun, Taimali, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang, 23 Oct. 2004; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13526, Lanyu Primary School (old), Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang, 2 Apr. 2008.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBF7756FF39FF23FB54F8D3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 178 – 219 mm by 5.5 – 7.4 mm in x, 5.4 – 7.8 mm in xxx, 5.0 – 7.7 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 132 – 150. First dorsal pore at 11 / 12. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi; smooth. Female pore single on xiv. Male pores on xviii, with around 7 genital markings, 8 – 11 setae between male pores. Spermathecal pores lateral at 7 / 8 – 8 / 9, 3 genital markings arranged in front at 8 / 9 spermathecal pore. Prostates large in xviii, extending to xvii and xxi.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFBF7756FF39FF23FB54F8D3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tsai (1964) mentioned this species with the prostates occupying xviii – xxii, and 12 – 19 setae between the male pores. Specimens collected from eastern Taiwan have large prostates occupying xvii – xxi, and with only 8 – 11 setae between male pores, which slightly differs from Tsai’s (1964) description. The difference in external and internal characters may represent intraspecific variations. Prostomium Length Clitellum No. of Genital Male Distribution References (mm) segments markings pores D. affinis epilobic 23 – 33 xiii – xxi 103 – 131 mid 7 / 8 – xviii Taiwan, China Michaelsen 1900; (Michaelsen, 9 / 10 (Hainan), Myanmar Csuzdi 1995; 1890) (= Burma), India, Shen et al. 2008 a Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Australia, New Caledonia, Central America, Brazil, Africa, Madagascar D. annae epilobic 1 / 2 30 xiii – xx 92 NA xvii – xix Myanmar, India Stephenson (Horst, 1893) 1931 a; Csuzdi 1995. D. bolaui proepilobic 20 – 40 xiii – xiv, 78 – 97 NA xviii Myanmar, India, New Michaelsen 1900; (Michaelsen, xviii, Guinea, Germany, USA Gates 1972; Sims 1891) extending to (California) & Gerard 1985; xix Csuzdi 1995 D. saliens epilobic 17 – 70 xiii – xix or 73 – 125 15 / 16 xvii Taiwan, Myanmar, Stephenson (Beddard, xx 1 / 2 India, Malaysia, 1931 a; Gates 1893) Indonesia (Java), 1972; Csuzdi Australia (Christmas I.), 1995; Shen & Tsai South Africa, USA 2007 (California), El Salvador, Panama	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB17758FF39FF23FBBDFB3E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13520, at streamlet near Liyu Lake, Shoufeng, Hualien Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 28 Jan. 2007; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13519, 23 ° 11 ’ 3.6 ” N, 121 ° 17 ’ 33.4 ” E, Luoshan Waterfall, Fuli, Hualien Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 1 Jan. 2005; 5 adults, NCHUZOOL 13514, 23 ° 10 ’ 54.2 ” N, 121 ° 01 ’ 22.1 ” E, 832.3 m, Lidao, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004; 6 adults, NCHUZOOL 13515, 23 ° 10 ’ 17.7 ” N, 121 ° 02 ’ 8.7 ” E; 709 m, Wulu, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004; 3 adults, NCHUZOOL 13516, 23 ° 09 ’ 23.8 ” N, 121 ° 03 ’ 32.1 ” E; 747.9 m, Siama, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004; 4 adults, NCHUZOOL 13518, Gaotai, Luye, Taitung Co., coll. Y. - H. Wang & L. - Y. Fan, 24 Oct. 2004; 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13527, 22 ° 02 ’ 13.5 ” N, 121 ° 34 ’ 14.6 ” E, Yeyin, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 1 Apr. 2008; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13517, Baiyu Waterfall, Jhihben, Taimali, Taitung Co., Taiwan, Y. - H. Wang & L. - Y. Fan, 22 Oct. 2004; 9 adults, NCHUZOOL 13513, Dawu, Taitung Co., coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 30 Dec. 2004; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13528, 22 ° 00 ’ 31.1 ” N, 121 ° 34 ’ 17.0 ” E, Sihdao Ditch, Hongtou, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 1 Apr. 2008; 6 adults, NCHUZOOL 13536, 22 ° 02 ’ 12.2 ” N, 121 ° 33 ’ 31.5 ” E, Lanyu Meteorological Station, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang, 7 Jan. 2008.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB17758FF39FF23FBBDFB3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 91 – 132 mm by 3.0 – 4.7 mm in x, 2.6 – 4.2 mm in xxx, 2.6 – 4.0 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 79 – 101. First dorsal pore at 9 / 10 or 10 / 11. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi; setae visible on ventral in xvi or smooth. Female pore single on xiv. Male pores on xviii, 11 – 16 setae between male pores, 1 – 7 markings behind setal line. Spermathecal pores lateral at 5 / 6 – 7 / 8. Prostates large in xviii extending to xvi and xxii. Intestinal caeca simple, originating in xxvii, extending anteriorly to xxv.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB17758FF39FF23FBBDFB3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Gates (1972) described A. gracilis as usually having the first dorsal pore at 10 / 11. Easton (1981, 1982) mentioned that the spermathecal pores of A. gracilis are apart at furrows 5 / 6 – 7 / 8. Male pores are superficial on small porophore on xviii. Genital markings are small; clusters of up to 11 markings are median to the male pores on xviii and occasionally on xvii and xix. However, A. gracilis collected from eastern Taiwan has 1 – 7 markings behind the setal line of xviii, and its first dorsal pore is located at 9 / 10 or 10 / 11, which slightly differs from the descriptions of Gates (1972) and Easton (1981, 1982).	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB17758FF39FAE1FC7BF893.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13502, Dong-ao, Su-ao, Ilan Co., Taiwan, coll. Jung-Hsiang Lee, 1 Jan. 2005.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB17758FF39FAE1FC7BF893.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 163 mm by 8.3 mm in x, 9.7 mm in xxv, 8.3 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 133. Setae regularly distributed around segmental equators; 18 setae between male pores Prostomium, epilobic, with tongue open. Unpigmented. First dorsal pore at 11 / 12. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi. Female pore single on xiv. Genital markings posteriorly with male pores on xviii, another behind setal line of xvii. Spermathecal pores ventral at 6 / 7 – 8 / 9, without genital marking.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB17758FF39FAE1FC7BF893.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Amynthas aff. hupeiensis has first dorsal pore at 11 / 12 and spermathecal pores at 6 / 7 – 8 / 9 of ventral intersegmental furrows which are similar to A. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1891). However, A. aff. hupeiensis has genital markings on xvii and xviii, but A. hupeiensis has marking raised before and behind each male pore at intersegmental furrows of 17 / 18 and 18 / 19. Because only one specimen was collected, further sampling in this area will be undertaken to confirm its status.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775BFF39FD93FAA1F985.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13503, 23 ° 10 ’ 54.2 ” N, 121 ° 01 ’ 22.1 E, 832 m, Lidao, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004; 3 adults, NCHUZOOL 13504, 23 ° 11 ’ 20.7 ” N, 121 ° 01 ’ 16.3 ” E, 1142 m, Lidao, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13505, 23 ° 10 ’ 17.7 ” N, 121 ° 02 ’ 8.7 ” E, 709 m, Wulu, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13506, 23 ° 09 ’ 23.8 ” N, 121 ° 03 ’ 32.1 ” E, 748 m, Siama, Haiduan, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 31 Dec. 2004.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775BFF39FD93FAA1F985.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 94 – 104 mm by 4 – 4.9 mm in x, 3.5 – 4.2 mm in xxx, 3.4 – 4.7 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 91 – 120. Setae regularly distributed around segmental equators; 6 – 9 setae between male pores. Prostomium, epilobic. Unpigmented. First dorsal pore at 11 / 12. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi, smooth. Female pore single on xiv (Fig. 5 a). Male pores on xviii. Male pores with 2 close genital markings, lateral to male pores, forming equilateral triangle (Fig. 5 a). Spermathecal pores, ventral, most individuals at 5 / 6 – 6 / 7, in segment furrow, not readily visible; genital markings occasionally present on vi (Fig. 5 a). Intestinal caeca simple, originating in xxvii, extending anteriorly to xxiii (Fig. 5 d). Prostates in xviii, 3 main lobes, ducts thick, muscular (Fig. 5 c). Spermathecae paired in vi and vii; polydiverticulum (Fig. 5 b).	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775BFF39FD93FAA1F985.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimens of A. aff. morrisi in our study are very similar to A. morrisi (Beddard, 1892), but there are several distinct characters. Chen (1931) described A. morrisi with the first dorsal pore at 10 / 11 or 11 / 12, spermathecal pores at 5 / 6 – 6 / 7, male pores with flat-topped markings on xviii, and usually 2 small similar ones medial to it. Gates (1972) recorded some abnormal A. morrisi specimens with variable numbers of spermathecae. Spermatheca numbers of A. aff. morrisi in our study were also variable: absent (NCHUZOOL 13506), 1 pair (NCHUZOOL 13503), and 2 pairs (NCHUZOOL 13504 - 13505). The male pores with 2 close genital markings lateral to the male pores form an equilateral triangle (Fig. 5), which differs from those of A. morrisi in the position of genital markings. Further study is necessary to clarify the status of this species.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775BFF39FF23FEF6FE1B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 adults, NCHUZOOL 13521, Huantan Highway, Liyu Lake, Shoufeng, Hualien Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 26 Jan. 2007.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775BFF39FF23FEF6FE1B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 196 – 271 mm by 6.4 – 7.7 mm in x, 6.7 – 8.3 mm in xxx, 6.5 – 7.6 mm in clitellum; body cylindrical throughout, segments 125 – 142. First dorsal pore at 11 / 12. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi; smooth. Female pore single on xiv. Male pores on xviii, each male pore with 2 genital markings, 13 – 15 setae between male pores. Spermathecal pores lateral at 7 / 8 – 8 / 9. Prostates small or absent, only prostatic duct in xviii; curved.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775DFF39F92EFD0FFF3D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 adults, NCHUZOOL 13522, Nanliao Mt., Lyudao, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. H. - T. Shih, 18 Feb. 1998; 4 adults, NCHUZOOL 13529; 22 ° 04 ’ 43.2 ” N, 121 ° 30 ’ 24.9 ” E, Lanyu Lighthouse, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang, 2 Apr. 2008; 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13530, 22 ° 04 ’ 37.6 ” N, 121 ° 31 ’ 50.6 ” E, Langdao, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 2 Apr. 2008.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775DFF39F92EFD0FFF3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 62 – 90 mm, 2.2 – 3.3 mm in clitellum. Prostomium, epilobic; first dorsal pore at 12 / 13. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi 1 / 2. Spermathecal pores at 4 / 5 – 8 / 9; male pores on xviii; female pores, paired on xiv; 5 – 8 setae between male pores. Septa, 5 / 6 – 7 / 8 thick; 8 / 9 – 9 / 10 absent; 10 / 11 – 12 / 13 thick. Gizzard in viii – x; intestinal origin from xv; intestinal caeca very small and short, originating in xxii; typhlosole simple 1 / 3 lumen diameter from xxiii, extending forward as small ridge to xxi. Holandric; spermathecae paired in v – ix; prostates in xviii extending to xvi – xix, with 3 lobes.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB2775DFF39F92EFD0FFF3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pithemera bicincta is not common in Taiwan and only found on Yangmingshan (= Green Mt.), Taipei City (Gates 1959), Ilan Co. (Chen et al. 2003), and Lanyu, Taitung Co (Shen & Tsai 2002 a, b). Our study added a new locality, Lyudao, Taitung Co.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB4775DFF39FEE6FE0CFBC5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13523, Basiandong, Changbin, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. H. - T. Shih et al., 30 Jan. 2007; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13531, 22 ° 02 ’ 1.6 ” N, 121 ° 33 ’ 57.7 ” E, Yeyin, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, Y. - H. Wang, 7 Jan. 2008; 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13532, Kaiyuan Harbor Lighthouse, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, Y. - H. Wang, 2 Apr. 2008; 2 adults, NCHUZOOL 13533, Yeyou S. River (= R.), Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, Y. - H. Wang, 8 Jan. 2008; 5 adults, NCHUZOOL 13534, 22 ° 03 ’ 22.5 ” N, 121 ° 30 ’ 3.2 ” E, Kaiyuan Harbor Lighthouse, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, Y. - H. Wang, 6 Jan. 2008.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB4775DFF39FEE6FE0CFBC5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dimensions 29 – 45 mm, 2.0 – 2.7 mm in x, 1.9 – 2.5 mm in xxx, 2.1 – 2.9 mm in clitellum. Segments 81 – 93. Prostomium, epilobic; first dorsal pore at 12 / 13. Clitellum annular, xiv – xvi 1 / 2. Spermathecal pores at 4 / 5 – 8 / 9; male pores on xviii, genital markings on xix – xx; female pores, paired on xiv; 8 – 13 setae between male pores, setae in clitellum in xiv and xv. Septa, 8 / 9 absent; 9 / 10 – 12 / 13 thick. Gizzard in ix; intestinal origin from xiv; intestinal caeca very small and short, originating in xxii.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB4775DFF39FEE6FE0CFBC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The numbers of spermathecal pores, clitellum segments, and male pores with genital markings agree with the description of P. lanyuensis Shen & Tsai, 2002. This species was first described as new from Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan. Our collection from Basiandong, Taitung Co., extends the species distribution to the main island of Taiwan.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB4775DFF39FBEEFDA4F85D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13525, Wujiang Village, Rueisuei, Hualien Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 1 Jan. 2005; 6 adults, NCHUZOOL 13524, Baiyu Waterfall, Jhihben, Taimali, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang & L. - Y. Fan, 22 Oct. 2004; 3 adults, NCHUZOOL 13535, 22 ° 02 ’ 12.2 ” N, 121 ° 33 ’ 31.5 ” E, Lanyu Meteorological Station, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang, 7 Jan. 2008; 4 immature specimens, NCHUZOOL 13537 - 13538, Yeyou R., Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang, 8 Jan. 2008; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13539, 22 ° 01 ’ 4.2 ” N, 121 ° 33 ’ 47.7 ” E, Hongtou Huandao Highway, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 2 Apr. 2008; 1 adult, NCHUZOOL 13540, 22 ° 01 ’ 40.7 ” N, 121 ° 34 ’ 40.0 ” E, Yongsing Farm, Lanyu, Taitung Co., Taiwan, coll. Y. - H. Wang et al., 2 Apr. 2008.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
F81C87A2FFB4775DFF39FBEEFDA4F85D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tsai et al. (2000 a) reported the first record of this species from Dongpu, Nantou Co. Then it was found in Ilan (Chen et al. 2002; Chuang et al. 2002), and even on the offshore Gueishan I. (Chen et al. 2003). James et al. (2005) collected abundant specimens from Pingtung Co., the offshore Siaoliuciou I., and Kaohsiung City. This species has a wide distribution in the world (Blakemore 2002), and it has become a dominant species in western and northeastern (Ilan Co.) Taiwan ranging from lowland cultivated lands to elevations at 1000 – 2000 m (Tsai et al. 2000 a; Chen et al. 2002, 2003; Chuang et al. 2002; James et al. 2005). Our study extends its record to Hualien and Taitung Cos. in eastern Taiwan, showing that it has probably invaded the entire island of Taiwan. Its impacts upon the ecology (Barros et al. 2001, 2004; Tapia-Coral et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2008) and agriculture (Beare et al. 1997; Dlamini & Haynes 2004; Lafont et al. 2007) of Taiwan need to be studied in the future.	en	Wang, Yu-Hsi, Shih, Hsi-Te (2010): Earthworm fauna of Eastern Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa 2341: 52-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193306
