identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2C5383162BB856E9AF2352BEA179D25F.text	2C5383162BB856E9AF2352BEA179D25F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus elegans (Morawitz 1877)	<div><p>Thyreus elegans (Morawitz, 1877)</p><p>Crocisa elegans Morawitz, 1877: 101, ♀ [Azerbaijan, type lost].</p><p>? Crocisa intrudens Smith, 1878: 6, ♀ [China: Yarkant,? ZSI, not examined].</p><p>? Crocisa laevicrus Morawitz, 1886: 222, ♂ [China: Niya, type lost].</p><p>Crocisa quadridentata Saunders, 1908: 266, ♂ [Algeria, NHMUK, examined].</p><p>Crocisa brezzii Guiglia, 1933: 140, ♀ [Libya, MSNG, examined].</p><p>Material examined (illustrative).</p><p>Algeria • 1 ♂; Biskra; 13 May 1897; A. E. Eaton leg.; NHMUK (holotype of C. quadridentata) ; Kazakhstan • 7 ♂; SE, Shonzhy 10 km NW; 654 m a. s. l.; 2 Jun. 2024; C. Schmid-Egger &amp; W-H. Liebig leg.; CSE / TJWC / WHLC (BOLD accession number WPATW 1667-25) ; Iran • 1 ♂; Kerman prov., 7.5 km NE Shahdad; 8 May 2019; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; TJWC (BOLD accession number WPATW 1032-23) ; Libya • 1 ♀; Gialo [Jalu]; 1–30 Jun. 1931; Miss. Zool. aCufra leg.; MSNG (holotype of C. brezzii) ; Morocco • 1 ♀; Erfoud, Jorf; 5 Jul. 2019; P. Rasmont leg.; TJWC (BOLD accession number WPATW 865-22) ; United Arab Emirates • 1 ♀; Barg al-Saqoor; 30 Apr. 2019; A. van Harten leg.; TJWC (BOLD accession number WPATW 1033-23) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Thyreus elegans was described from Kurgulutschaiskaja and Tschemachlinskaja (Morawitz 1877) in modern-day Azerbaijan; without topotypic sampling, it is not currently possible to confidently assign the name to either of the two clades observed in T. elegans sensu lato . It is not impossible that additional sampling between central Iran and south-eastern Kazakhstan may demonstrate that this genetic difference is simply intraspecific variation, although this is considered unlikely, as a 10 % difference in COI is substantial based on the pattern observed here in Thyreus species (Fig. 1). However, Lieftinck (1968: 131) commented on the name Thyreus laevicrus (Morawitz, 1886), which was described from “ Oasis Nia, Tibet ”, most likely corresponding to Niya in Xinjiang, China. The holotype male is lost, and Lieftinck expressed doubts as to whether T. laevicrus was distinct or simply a variety of T. elegans . The modern sample of “ T. elegans ” from Shonzhy is approximately 700 km from Niya. It may therefore represent a valid species, but it is premature to recognise it currently, especially since no morphological characters are apparent in the male sex, the only sex currently available from this sampling locality. Lieftinck (1968: 131) mentioned that the more slender pygidial plate of females could be used to distinguish Siberian and Central Asian specimens from Cypriot specimens, but this requires further study.</p><p>Moreover, the type of Thyreus intrudens (Smith, 1878), described from Yarkand [Yarkant County] in western China, should be searched for in the Zoological Survey of India collection (Kolkata), as the name would have priority over T. laevicrus if its identity can be clarified. Other type specimens from Smith (1878) have been located in the ZSI (e. g. Gautam et al. 2024), and it seems the most likely type repository (see Baker 1993: 272). The illustration provided by Smith (1878: fig. 8) shows a melectine bee with four white patches of pubescence on T 1, thus resembling T. elegans in a general sense. The description is highly suggestive, referring to “ the scutellum deeply emarginate and having a little white pubescence in the emargination ” and “ Abdomen, a broad band of white pubescence at the base and a narrower one on the apical margin of the segments, all slightly interrupted in the middle ”. See also comments by Baker (1993: 276).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>West and Central Palaearctic; precise details are given by Lieftinck (1968) &amp; Wood and Bossert (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C5383162BB856E9AF2352BEA179D25F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
B69F28EDC5DC5BAC8B7A5ABE6AAC279E.text	B69F28EDC5DC5BAC8B7A5ABE6AAC279E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus hellenicus Lieftinck 1968	<div><p>Thyreus hellenicus Lieftinck, 1968</p><p>Thyreus hellenicus Lieftinck, 1968: 71, ♀ ♂ [Greece, RMNH, examined] (Fig. 15 A – D).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Greece • 1 ♂; Parnass [us]; 19 Jul. 1956; Bytinski-Salz leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714335 (holotype) • 1 ♂; Parnass [us]; 19 Jul. 1956; Bytinski-Salz leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1662710 (paratype) • 1 ♀; Graecia, Peloponnesus, Alt-Korinth; 3 Jun. 1964; M. Schwarz leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1662711 (paratype) • 1 ♀; I. Kalymnos, Pothia; 2–4 Jun. 1935; O. Wettstein; NHMW • 1 ♂; Legrena; 1 Jun. 1965; K. V. Krombein leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1662712 (paratype) • 3 ♀; Amorgos, Agioi Saranta; 1 m a. s. l.; 19 Jun. 2023; V. Leclercq leg.; V. Leclercq det.; VLC / EDC • 1 ♂; Gythion [Gytheio]; 3 Jun. 1937; F. Werner leg.; NHMW (paratype) ; Kazakhstan • 2 ♂; Uralsk; M. Bartel leg.; NHMW (paratypes) ; Spain • 1 ♂; Madrid [no further information]; G. Mercet collection; MNCN; MNCN_Ent 436609; (paratype); Syria • 1 ♂; S. Syria: Mount Hermon; 30 Jul. 1945; G. H. Q. &amp; M. E. F. leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; NHMUK (paratype) ; Turkey • 1 ♂; Cankiri, 15 kms Ilgaz-Cankiri Rd.; 1400 m a. s. l.; 23 Jul. 1962; Guichard &amp; Harvey leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; NHMUK (paratype) • 1 ♂; Cankiri, 15 kms Ilgaz-Cankiri Rd.; 1400 m a. s. l.; 23 Jul. 1962; Guichard &amp; Harvey leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714265 (paratype) • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Konya, Sultan Dağları, 10 km S of Çay; 1300 m a. s. l.; 18–25 Jul. 1980; H. v. Oorschot leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5144951 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Thyreus hellenicus is a poorly known species most commonly encountered in the East Mediterranean. Lieftinck (1968: 76) imprecisely stated “ the Whole Mediterranean region ” when discussing the distribution, despite presenting specimens from only Spain, Greece, Turkey, Syria, and north-western Kazakhstan (the southern tip of the Ural Mountains). Discussion of the range of this species combined with its host is necessary.</p><p>Thyreus hellenicus was described from Mount Parnassus in southern Greece, and most specimen records presented by Lieftinck were from this country. Specimens from Greece, Turkey, and Syria (Mount Hermon) are morphologically consistent and recognisable (see characters in the identification key below). It was possible to examine the paratype from Spain (MNCN) from the collection of Ricardo García Mercet (Fig. 16). It has been dissected and is indeed T. hellenicus based on the size and genital capsule (Fig. 16 D), as indicated by Lieftinck. The presence of this species in Spain remains perplexing, but we suggest that it may be plausible with some caveats (see below concerning host use). The two specimens from Uralsk (NHMW) are morphologically consistent with T. hellenicus; they were not actually labelled as T. hellenicus by Lieftinck and bore labels of “ Thyreus praevalens det. M. A. Lieftinck ” with no date, but they are clearly the specimens to which he was referring in his 1968 publication. Paratype labels have been added. The presence of T. hellenicus in western Kazakhstan is possible if broad host use of Anthophora bees of the subgenus Paramegilla Friese, 1897, is the life-history choice of this parasite (see below). Finally, we believe that Lieftinck’s comments that T. hellenicus could be present in Romania (based on the genital illustrations of T. histrionicus presented by Iuga 1958: 214) are unjustified. The genital capsule illustrated by Iuga has the gonostylus small, slender, and sparsely haired, suggesting a member of the scutellaris - group. We therefore consider the presence of T. hellenicus in Romania to be implausible based on the currently available evidence, including revision of Thyreus material from northern Greece and Bulgaria.</p><p>In addition, based on new observations on the island of Amorgos, we can demonstrate that at least one of the hosts of T. hellenicus is Anthophora (Paramegilla) superans Walker, 1871 . On 19 June 2023, in a bare, sandy area of the preserved beach of Agioi Saranta on the island of Amorgos, Greece, one of us (VL) observed three females of T. hellenicus flying in and out of nests located in the ground, with simultaneous visitation of the same nests by Anthophora females, specifically Anthophora (Paramegilla) superans . Moreover, An. superans was the only large anthophorine bee of the same size as T. hellenicus present at the collecting event (and possibly even on the island of Amorgos) at this time. Further support for this association is the paratype of T. hellenicus collected by Max Schwarz at Corinth on 3 June 1964; he also collected a long series of An. superans at the same moment (specimens OÖLM / TJWC; see Suppl. material 1). The same can be said for the paratype from Gytheio on 3 June 1937 (NHMW), which was also collected with several An. superans (specimens NHMW).</p><p>The name of the Anthophora host requires explanation, as this name has not previously been used for the European fauna. The presence of a large Paramegilla species in southern and Aegean Greece has been known for a long time; Dours (1869: 120) used the name Anthophora dubia Eversmann, 1852, giving a distribution of “ Îles de l’Archipel grec, montagnes de l’Oural, province d’Orenbourg, d’après Eversman ”. The identity of An. dubia is currently being dealt with elsewhere (Rasmont et al., in review), but in short, An. dubia was described from Orenburg in southern European Russia and comprises a mixed type series (males and females incorrectly associated). Neither taxon within this type series is conspecific with the Greek bee, which is an East Mediterranean species. Searches were therefore made for the appropriate name to apply to this large and conspicuous Anthophora species.</p><p>Examination of type material has concluded that the oldest names that can be applied are either Anthophora (Paramegilla) inclyta Walker, 1871, or Anthophora (Paramegilla) superans Walker, 1871 . These two names come from Walker’s (1871) work on Hymenoptera collected around the Red Sea in Egypt, Arabia, and Eritrea. Francis Walker (1809–1874) was a prolific worker who has been much criticised for his abundant and superficial descriptions; the lack of respect for the work of Walker by his contemporaries was clear at the time (see the 1874 obituary cited in Evenhuis 2008), a sentiment echoed by Baker (1993: 300), who commented on the case of An. inclyta and An. superans . Much of the material described in Walker (1871) has been lost (e. g. see Monks et al. 2024), but some specimens of An. inclyta and An. superans were preserved in the collection of Frederick Smith and are now held in the NHMUK (Baker 1993; see Other material examined, below).</p><p>Walker (1871: 58, no. 287) described An. inclyta in the female sex from “ Rafla, Wady Ferran, Mount Sinai ”. This corresponds to Arafali / Irafayle in Eritrea, Wadi Feiran in Sinai, and Mount Sinai in the southern part of the Sinai Peninsula. He then (Walker 1871: 58, no. 288) described An. superans in the “ female ” sex from Mount Sinai only. In the NHMUK collection, there are 3 ♀ of An. inclyta and 4 ♂ of An. superans . Although Walker wrote “ female ” for An. superans, he described the head as “ Head, excepting the vertex white and without hairs ”, suggesting a male, since the males have the clypeus, supraclypeal area, and lower paraocular areas with the integument yellow-white (Fig. 17 C). It is therefore considered that An. superans was described from the male sex. A dissected male was labelled as “ lectotype ” by Baker in 1979 and by Brooks in 1983 (Fig. 17 A), but neither of these designations was published. Although Baker (1993) wrote that it was designated as such, this was published in his PhD thesis, which does not meet the ICZN (1999) criteria for a valid publication. Under Articles 8 and 9, as the thesis was not a formally published work and only seven hard copies were produced, and these limited numbers were not obtainable either for free or for a charge, it fails Articles 8.1. 2 and 8.1. 3. This specimen from the Convent Garden on Mount Sinai (Saint Catherine’s Monastery; 28.55°N, 33.98°E) is therefore finally published here as the lectotype of An. superans, by present designation. It is conspecific with the material from Greece based on the hind basitarsi, which have a rounded bump apically (Fig. 17 D; no tooth or teeth), and based on the ventro-lateral projection of the gonocoxa, which is reduced (Fig. 17 F; lectotype specimen with the genital capsule fixed in a capsule with a glycerine-like substance). This reduction in the lateral projection of the gonostylus allows separation from the West Mediterranean Anthophora (Paramegilla) ferruginea Lepeletier, 1841 (compare Fig. 18 E, F). Indeed, the genital capsule is so similar (Fig. 18 C, D) that Lieftinck treated material (RMNH) from the East Mediterranean as An. ferruginea ssp. dubia; these specimens have been re-determined (see Suppl. material 1). The two species can also be separated by their tergal pubescence (Fig. 18 A, B).</p><p>For the specimens of An. inclyta, the situation is more complex. The three available female specimens are from the Convent Garden on Mount Sinai (Fig. 19 A) and Rafla in Eritrea (Fig. 20 A). Whilst morphologically similar, it is not clear if they are actually conspecific. One character often seen in the East Mediterranean taxon is that the female has a slightly raised longitudinal carina medially, which is sometimes coloured yellow, and the anterior margin of the clypeus slopes towards the apical margin with weak sculpturing, becoming almost shining. This is present in the specimens from Sinai but not in the specimen from Eritrea. Although the specimen from Eritrea was designated as the lectotype by Baker in 1979, this was never validly published, as with An. superans . Baker (1993: 310) selected the Eritrean specimen as the lectotype, as he considered the females from Sinai to be conspecific with An. superans .</p><p>Given the lack of a validly published lectotype, the existence of syntypic specimens from Sinai, and the fact that no one has previously acted as a first reviser in a way compliant with ICZN rules (Brooks 1988 considered both taxa as distinct), under Article 24.2, as First Reviser, we select a syntypic female of An. inclyta from the Convent Garden (Mount Sinai) as lectotype by present designation, and given the simultaneous publication of An. superans and An. inclyta by Walker (1871) with no objective way to determine precedence, we select An. superans to have precedence over An. inclyta syn. nov. Based on this synonymy and establishment of An. superans as the priority name for An. dubia sensu auctorum in the East Mediterranean, a total of 48 ♀ and 34 ♂ could be examined (including type material; see Suppl. material 1), producing a revised distribution of An. superans covering Italy (first record), Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Israel and the West Bank, and Egypt (Fig. 21), and (nominally based on its status as a syntype, though the specimen is probably not conspecific due to its differently sculptured clypeus; revision is required) Eritrea. The species is likely to be present in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iran once additional material has been studied. Baker (1993: 310) gave the range as “ from the Balkans eastwards through the Levant to the Urals and Caucasus ”. We partially agree, citing a need to examine additional material from the Caucasus and Iran, though we consider the Ural Mountains implausible for ecological and biogeographical reasons given the apparent thermophilic tendencies of this East Mediterranean species.</p><p>Given the morphology of An. superans, it is relevant to consider the West Mediterranean An. ferruginea . This species is found in southern Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (Fig. 21; described from Oran in Algeria); it is particularly common in south-eastern Spain. Given the very scant label details of the MNCN paratype of T. hellenicus, it is not impossible that the specimen (the only known specimen of T. hellenicus collected in Spain) was actually from south-eastern Spain, rather than “ Madrid ”. Indeed, we have never seen any An. ferruginea from the Madrid region, with other Anthophora (Paramegilla) species occurring there, such as An. balneorum and An. femorata . Given these uncertainties, we cautiously suggest An. ferruginea as a possible host of T. hellenicus in Spain, pending further study.</p><p>In conclusion, given the association between T. hellenicus and an Anthophora (Paramegilla) species, a subgenus strongly diversified in Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, southern Russia, and Central Asia, it is difficult to comment on either (i) the overall eastern distribution of T. hellenicus or (ii) the number of closely related and insufficiently characterised Thyreus species that may be present in this area.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain (precise location uncertain), Greece, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan (Lieftinck 1968; Ascher and Pickering 2025). The listing of Iran comes from material determined by Baker hosted in his collection at the Kansas museum. Given Baker’s knowledge of this genus, we accept the record as plausible. Listings from Morocco, Liechtenstein, and Ukraine (Ascher and Pickering 2025) are from the American Museum of Natural History species database and are excluded at the present time due to a lack of precise supporting data.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Anthophora superans Egypt • 1 ♂; Convent Garden, Mount Sinai; NHMUK (lectotype by present designation) • 2 ♂; Gebel Musa ( Mt. Sinai) [Jabal Mousa]; NHMUK (paralectotypes) • 1 ♂; Sandy plains ( Mt. Sinai); NHMUK (paralectotype) ; Italy • 1 ♀; Sicilia; 1858; Mann leg.; NHMW .</p><p>Anthophora inclyta Egypt • 2 ♀; Convent Garden, Mount Sinai; NHMUK (lectotype by present designation and paralectotype) ; Eritrea • 1 ♀; Rafla ( Annesley Bay) [Arafali / Irafayle]; NHMUK (paralectotype) .</p><p>Additional examined non-type specimens (all under the name An. superans) are presented in Suppl. material 1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B69F28EDC5DC5BAC8B7A5ABE6AAC279E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
F1B1AB61C8D55E95BB5B18A469FEAB29.text	F1B1AB61C8D55E95BB5B18A469FEAB29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus hirtus (de Beaumont 1940)	<div><p>Thyreus hirtus (de Beaumont, 1940)</p><p>Crocisa hirta de Beaumont, 1940: 169, ♀ ♂ [Switzerland, NMB, not examined]</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Wood (2023) presented specimens of Thyreus hirtus; additional examined specimens are detailed in Suppl. material 1.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Lieftinck (1968) and Wood (2023) both gave the year of publication as 1939, but Berland (1940) clarified that only pages 1–108 (issues 1–2) were published on 20 Apr. 1939, with pages 109–184 (issues 3–4) published on 30 Apr. 1940. The year of publication is therefore 1940. Wood (2023) demonstrated that most records of T. hirtus from North Africa actually belong to T. rasmonti Wood, 2023, or were simply misidentified specimens of other species such as Thyreus mauretaniensis (Strand, 1911) .</p><p>One unclear specimen mentioned by Lieftinck (1968: 90) was that of a male from Crete. This specimen is in the RMNH collection (RMNH.INS.1714260) and was re-examined and re-determined as T. histrionicus, as it has entirely white hair on the face and the genital capsule is typical for T. histrionicus (see key below for precise criteria). A further specimen from Sarepta (= Volgograd) in European Russia was also mentioned by Lieftinck as coming from the Amsterdam museum collection. Although this collection has been integrated into the RMNH collection, this particular specimen could not be located. Given the enormous distance between the nearest confirmed T. hirtus records in Italy and southern European Russia (some 2,500 km), this record is excluded on the grounds of improbability.</p><p>The revised distribution of T. hirtus is therefore clearly West Mediterranean (Fig. 22). This conforms to the distribution of two Echium - specialised Anthophora Latreille, 1803: Anthophora (Paramegilla) balneorum Lepeletier, 1841 and Anthophora (Paramegilla) femorata (Olivier, 1789) (Fig. 22), which are suspected to be the hosts (Baldock et al. 2018). Although we do not have conclusive evidence or direct observation of these taxa at nest sites, the circumstantial evidence is substantial: T. hirtus and An. femorata are particularly common together in north-western Iberia and south-eastern France, T. hirtus and An. balneorum in the western Alps, and the overall distributions map closely together. Anthophora balneorum sensu lato in North Africa requires taxonomic attention, which will be provided in short order (TJW, in prep).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Algeria (Lieftinck 1968 partim; Wood 2023; Fig. 22).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F1B1AB61C8D55E95BB5B18A469FEAB29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
C222AE85EB58523D933699BCC9ECD547.text	C222AE85EB58523D933699BCC9ECD547.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus hohmanni Schwarz 1993	<div><p>Thyreus hohmanni Schwarz, 1993</p><p>Thyreus hohmanni Schwarz, 1993: 869, ♀ ♂ [Spain: Gran Canaria, LRC, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Spain • 2 ♀; Gran Canaria, Ayacata; 14 Jun. 1995; M. Hradský leg.; B. Tkalců det.; OÖLM • 1 ♀; Gran Canaria, Fataga; 5 Sep. 1993; F. La Roche leg.; F. La Roche det.; OÖLM • 1 ♂; Gran Canaria, Moya; 8 Apr. 1985; J. Correa leg.; B. Tkalců det.; OÖLM • 1 ♀; Gran Canaria, Presa de los Hornos; 16 Jun. 1995; M. Hradský leg.; OÖLM • 1 ♀; Gran Canaria, Teror; 8 Dec. 1986; F. La Roche leg.; F. La Roche det.; OÖLM • 1 ♂; Canarias [no further information]; MNCN • 1 ♂; Gran Canaria, El Sao; 17 Sep. 1941; MNCN .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Thyreus hohmanni is unusual in that it shows a distribution seemingly restricted entirely to the island of Gran Canaria. The logical host would seem to be Amegilla (Amegilla) canifrons (Smith, 1854), but this species can be found on the islands of both Gran Canaria and Tenerife, with an uncertain record from La Palma (Dusmet 1924; Lieftinck 1958). To date, no specimens of T. hohmanni have been found on Tenerife; it may never have reached this island or may have disappeared at some point after its emergence as a distinct species. New records not included in Schwarz (1993) are presented here, supporting its position as an endemic of this single island.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Spain (Gran Canaria) (Schwarz 1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C222AE85EB58523D933699BCC9ECD547	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
BA096D8574F956F793547B5C2B0C650D.text	BA096D8574F956F793547B5C2B0C650D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus impressus Wood 2025	<div><p>Thyreus impressus Wood sp. nov.</p><p>Type materials.</p><p>Holotype: Kyrgyzstan • 1 ♂; 45 km W of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.3969&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.3969/lat 41.416)">Naryn</a>; 41.4160°N, 75.3969°E; 20 Jul. 2019; K. Janssen leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714347 (BOLD accession number WPATW 950-22) .</p><p>Paratype: Kyrgyzstan • 1 ♂; 45 km W of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.3969&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.3969/lat 41.416)">Naryn</a>; 20 Jul. 2019; 41.4160°N, 75.3969°E; K. Janssen leg.; TJWC (BOLD accession number WPATW 951-22) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Thyreus impressus can be placed into the scutellaris - group due to the genital capsule, which is simple, with the gonostylus greatly reduced in size and pointed-triangular without an additional dorsal projection (Fig. 5 E), and the gonostylus with only a few inconspicuous hairs. It can be separated from all other members of the group except T. scutellaris by the structure of the scutellum, which is medially impressed and sulcate, with the axillae slightly diverging from the outer margins of the scutellum and produced into slight but distinct points (Fig. 4 C), and due to the white hair patches at the base and on the marginal area of T 1, both widely separated medially and laterally by abundant black hairs, thus forming 4 distinct patches in dorsal view (Fig. 4 D).</p><p>The two species are similar, but T. impressus can be recognised due to the gonostylus which is small and acutely pointed, with the inner margin straight (Fig. 5 E; in T. scutellaris with the gonostylus more elongate and apically blunt to rounded, and the inner margin with a distinct subapical kink, Fig. 5 F; see also illustration in Lieftinck 1968: 46), in frontal view with A 3 only slightly exceeding A 4 in length (Fig. 5 A; in T. scutellaris with A 3 clearly exceeding A 4 in length, approaching A 4 + 5, Fig. 5 B), and the posterior faces of the antennal segments with strongly produced individual rhinaria (not paired), clearly visible on the posterior face of A 13 (Fig. 5 C; in T. scutellaris with the posterior faces of the antennal segments with weakly produced individual rhinaria, that on A 13 so small and weak as to not be immediately visible, Fig. 5 D).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Male. Body length: 9.5–10 mm (Fig. 4 A). Head: Dark, 1.25 times wider than long (Fig. 4 B). Clypeus flattened, densely punctate, punctures confluent, surface dull with exception of narrow shining margin. Labrum rounded rectangular, 1.5 times longer than wide, apex with elevated subapical transverse carina forming obtusely pointed tooth; labrum basally weakly produced into two tubercles laterally. Gena narrower than width of compound eye; ocelloccipital distance 1.5 times diameter of lateral ocellus. Hind margin of vertex with narrow obscure slightly raised carina-like rim. Face between antennal insertions with weak raised longitudinal carina, rapidly reducing in height and becoming medial impression on frons anterior to median ocellus. Frons punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, punctation becoming slightly weaker on vertex, here separated by up to 1 puncture diameter. Face with abundant white pubescence, decumbent on lower half of face below antennal insertions. Gena ventrally with dark hairs, dorsally and laterally with scattered white hairs. Antenna dark, with very fine granular microreticulation, A 3 slightly exceeding A 4, shorter than A 4 + 5 (Fig. 5 A). Posterior faces of A 3–13 with strongly impressed individual rhinaria (Fig. 5 C).</p><p>Mesosoma: Scutum and scutellum densely punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces slightly shining. Scutellum 1.6 times wider than long, posterior margin widely emarginate, medially distinctly impressed and sulcate (Fig. 4 C) with dorsal and ventral tufts of white hairs; axillae with outer margins slightly but distinctly diverging from outer margins of scutellum and produced into slight but distinct points. Remaining surface of scutellum and axilla covered with dark hairs which do not obscure surface. Mesepisternum densely punctate, punctures separated by 0.5–1 puncture diameter. Legs dark, with white pubescence on outer face of tibiae, covering entire length on all tibiae. Forewing weakly infuscate.</p><p>Metasoma: Terga dark, tergal discs densely punctate with hair-bearing punctures, punctures presenting short, posteriorly projecting black plumose hairs; punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters. T 1 with 4 patches of white hairs laterally, 2 basally and 2 apically, patches widely separated by black hairs on lateral margins of terga (Fig. 4 D). T 2 with almost rectangular patches of white hairs laterally, with clear but narrow extension towards base of disc laterally. T 3–5 with rectangular patches of white adpressed hairs, not forming complete bands. T 7 with apical margin shallowly and evenly emarginate. Genital capsule compact, rounded, gonostylus greatly reduced in size and pointed-triangular without additional dorsal projection (Fig. 5 E). Gonostylus with only scattered inconspicuous hairs.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Masculine nominative singular form of the Latin adjective impressus meaning impressed, in reference to the more strongly produced antennal rhinaria compared to T. scutellaris .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Kyrgyzstan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA096D8574F956F793547B5C2B0C650D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
043CB51FBBD45A1A9AD9B9640D3D47E9.text	043CB51FBBD45A1A9AD9B9640D3D47E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus jansseni Wood 2025	<div><p>Thyreus jansseni Wood sp. nov.</p><p>Type materials.</p><p>Holotype: Kyrgyzstan • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.8645&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.4047" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.8645/lat 42.4047)">Kirpichny</a>; 42.4047°N, 77.8645°E; 11 Jul. 2019; K. Janssen leg.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714348 (BOLD accession number WPATW 953-22) .</p><p>Paratypes: Afghanistan • 2 ♂; Ghazni province, Jaghori district; 30 Jun. 1997; G. G. M. Schulten leg.; RMNH; ZMA.INS.5144956 – ZMA.INS.5144957 ; Kyrgyzstan • 1 ♂; Narynskaya, Distr. Dzhumgalsky, S Kyzyl-Oy; 1750–1800 m a. s. l.; 5–6 Jul. 1996; H. Rausch leg.; OÖLM .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Thyreus jansseni can be recognised as a typical Thyreus (“ Other species of Thyreus Panzer ”) due to the large flattened scutellum which posteriorly projects over the metanotum and which is uniformly flattened over its entire surface and which is not medially sulcate (Fig. 2 C), combined with the genital capsule with a large gonostylus which is covered with long hairs (Fig. 3 G). Due to the white hairs on T 1 which form C-shaped patches (Fig. 3 C; basally slightly incurving towards the scutellum), the scutellum with punctures separated by 0.5–1 puncture diameters and with polished shining interspaces (Fig. 2 C), with S 8 produced into two projections which are apically truncate and which curve laterally, thus appearing to be “ golf-club ” - shaped (Fig. 3 E), and the genital capsule with a large apically truncate projection and basal dorsally projecting and acutely pointed section oriented roughly 90 ° relative to the larger lobe (Fig. 3 G), it can be confused only with Thyreus picaron (Figs 2 D, 3 D, 3 F, 3 H).</p><p>Thyreus jansseni can be separated from T. picaron due to the smaller body size of 10 mm (12–13 mm in T. picaron), scutellum 1.5 times wider than long with the median notch barely indicated (Fig. 2 C; in T. picaron with the scutellum 1.6 times wider than long, and with the median notch deep and strongly indicated, Fig. 2 D), antennal segments viewed dorsally with a strong division between the anterior face which is covered with fine shining scales and the dull posterior face (Fig. 2 E; in T. picaron with a weaker division between the shinier anterior and duller posterior faces of the antenna, Fig. 2 F), posterior faces of the antennal segments with very weakly impressed paired rhinaria, those situated more ventrally very difficult to see (in T. picaron with the posterior faces of the antennal segments with strongly impressed paired rhinaria, dorsal and ventral rhinaria equally visible), and posterior basitarsus with only a small white hair fringe dorsally (Fig. 3 A; in T. picaron with the hind basitarsus entirely covered in fine white hairs, these becoming thicker dorsally, Fig. 3 B).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Unknown, though likely described by Marikovskaya (1992) as T. picaron auctorum (see below).</p><p>Male. Body length: 10 mm (Fig. 2 A). Head: Dark, 1.3 times wider than long (Fig. 2 B). Clypeus flattened, densely punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, surface between punctures shining. Labrum rounded rectangular, almost 2 times longer than wide, apex with elevated subapical transverse carina forming obtusely pointed tooth; labrum basally weakly produced into two tubercles laterally. Gena narrower than width of compound eye; ocelloccipital distance 2 times diameter of lateral ocellus. Hind margin of vertex with narrow obscure slightly raised carina-like rim. Face between antennal insertions with raised longitudinal carina, reducing in height and becoming medial impression on frons anterior to median ocellus. Frons punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, becoming sparser in area anterior to median ocellus; vertex behind ocellar triangle densely punctate, areas adjacent to lateral ocelli impunctate, smooth and shining. Face with abundant white pubescence, decumbent on lower half of face below antennal insertions. Gena ventrally with dark hairs, dorsally with scattered white hairs. Antenna dark, A 4–13 with anterior faces lightened by presence of greyish scales; posterior faces of A 4–13 with fine granular microreticulation, surface dull and strongly contrasting scales of anterior faces (Fig. 2 E). Posterior faces of A 4–13 with small and superficially impressed paired rhinaria placed close to junction with preceding segment, ventral rhinaria almost undetectable. A 3 0.8 times length of A 4.</p><p>Mesosoma: Scutum and scutellum punctate, punctures separated by 0.5–2 puncture diameters but typically by 1 puncture diameter, surface between punctures smooth and shining. Scutellum 1.5 times wider than long, posterior margin wavy, with small median notch, posteriorly with moderate tuft of white hair projecting from ventral surface (Fig. 2 C). Axilla flush with outer margin of scutellum, scutellum and axilla with dark hairs which do not obscure surface. Mesepisternum densely punctate medially, punctures confluent with slightly raised ridges, becoming sparser ventrally, here separated by 0.5–2 puncture diameters. Legs dark, with abundant white pubescence on outer face of tibiae, covering entirety of fore and mid-tibiae and basal ½ of hind tibiae. Hind basitarsus predominantly with dark hairs, dorsal surface with small white hair fringe (Fig. 3 A). Forewing weakly infuscate.</p><p>Metasoma: Terga dark, tergal discs punctate with hair-bearing punctures, punctures presenting short, posteriorly projecting black plumose hairs; punctures separated by 0.5–1 puncture diameters (Fig. 3 C). T 1 with L-shaped white hair patch laterally, apically extending further towards centre of tergum than basally, hairs predominantly adpressed, some loose hairs found basolaterally. T 2 with almost rectangular patches of white hairs laterally, with narrow extension towards base of disc laterally. T 3–5 with rectangular patches of white adpressed hairs, not forming complete bands. T 7 with apical margin essentially straight, weakly wavy. S 8 delicate, posterior projections with narrow stem before turning 90 ° degrees to form small laterally projecting discs (Fig. 3 E). Genital capsule compact, almost rounded, gonocoxa slightly broadened and truncate apically, in basal part with dorsally projecting acutely pointed lobe rotated 90 ° relative to truncate section (Fig. 3 G). Basal and apical parts of gonostylus covered with long brown hairs, hairs simple apically, weakly plumose basally.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Marikovskaya (1992) described the female of “ Thyreus picaron ” from the Alai Mountains in Kyrgyzstan, near the village of Дараут-Курган (= Daroot-Korgon), with 12 ♀ and 7 ♂ specimens collected between 15 and 16 July 1986. Based on Marikovskaya’s writing and illustrations, it is highly likely that she was dealing with T. jansseni and hence described the female of this species. Unfortunately, Marikovskaya’s collection appears to have been destroyed (Pierre Rasmont, pers. comm.), which does not allow us to draw conclusions with certainty. Moreover, Marikovskaya did not give the size of the female or male specimens, but she did indicate that the host of her species was Anthophora (Mystacanthophora) borealis Morawitz, 1865 . This species, and indeed the subgenus of bees, is very rare in Europe and is found in temperate to boreal habitats, which do not overlap at all with the observed distribution of T. picaron in Europe and the Near East, which is Mediterranean in character. Anthophora borealis is typically 10–11 mm in length, which is simply too small to host T. picaron, which has males 12–13 mm in length, and females will of course be slightly larger on average. Thyreus picaron is likely attacking larger Amegilla (Amegilla) species (see below), which would account for its much larger body size relative to T. jansseni . Anthophora borealis and, possibly other species of Mystacanthophora Brooks, 1988, therefore seem to be the likely host (s) of T. jansseni .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name is to recognise Kobe Janssen (Belgium), who very generously shared large numbers of bee specimens (including Melectini) with the lead author for a long period of time.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan. Likely present in other Central Asian countries, given Lieftinck’s (1968: 92) paratypes of T. picaron from Uzbekistan (Dzhuma) and Kazakhstan (Zharkent, Kazaly) (specimens in St. Petersburg, Oxford, and Prague). Examination of these specimens is necessary to clearly delineate the distributions of these two species. Searches in the OUMNH (TJW, August 2025) could not locate any “ T. picaron ” specimens or registration of such in the type catalogue.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/043CB51FBBD45A1A9AD9B9640D3D47E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
F9C1840C350451338FE78EA626522AF8.text	F9C1840C350451338FE78EA626522AF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus parthenope Lieftinck 1968	<div><p>Thyreus parthenope Lieftinck, 1968</p><p>Thyreus parthenope Lieftinck, 1968: 110, ♂ [Yemen, NHMUK, examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Egypt • 1 ♀; Egypt [no further information]; 1858; Natt. leg.; NHMW ; Oman • 1 ♀; Muscat, Ruwi; 1–31 Mar. 1976; K. M. Guichard leg.; NHMUK ; Saudi Arabia • 4 ♂; Abu Arish; 25 Mar. 1980; K. M. Guichard leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1981; NHMUK • 2 ♂; Asir prov., Abha Gov., Jabal Sawda Mts., 5 km SE Al Henayah vill.; 22 Oct. 2024; Y. Skrylnyk leg.; VLC • 1 ♂; Jizan prov., Al-Aydabi Gov., 8.5 km S. Al Henayah vill.; 23 Oct. 2024; Y. Skrylnyk leg.; VLC • 7 ♂; Jizan prov., Fayfa Gov., Jabal Fayfa Mts., 5 km SE Al Henayah vill.; 18–19 Mar. 2025; Y. Skrylnyk leg.; TJWC / VLC ; Sudan • 1 ♀; Khartoum; 4 Dec. 1991; G. G. M. Schulten leg.; RMNH; United Arab Emirates • 1 ♂; Hatta (hotel); 1 Nov. 1985; I. L. Hamer leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1985; NHMUK • 2 ♂; Hatta (hotel); 7 Nov. 1986; I. L. Hamer leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1985; NHMUK • 2 ♂; Jebel Ali [Mina Jebel Ali]; 25 Oct. 1991; I. L. Hamer leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1992; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Shweib / Suweihan [Sweihan]; 12 Feb. 1987; I. L. Hamer leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1987; NHMUK ; Yemen • 1 ♂; W. Aden Protect., Wadi Tiban [Wadi Tuban], N. W. of Jebel Jihaf; ca. 3800 ft. a. s. l.; 21 Oct. 1937; H. Scott and E. B. Britton leg.; NHMUK (holotype) • 1 ♂; Lahej [Lahij], Arabia; 20 Feb. 1895; C. G. Nurse leg.; M. A. Lieftinck 1967 det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714261 (paratype) • 1 ♂; Lakej-Aden; 12 Feb. 1895; C. T. Bingham leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; ZMHB (paratype) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Lieftinck (1968) described T. parthenope with a locus typicus in southern Yemen, approximately 100 km north of Aden. Lieftinck described only the male sex, with most specimens known from Yemen and one additional specimen from Egypt (precise location within Egypt unknown). Examination of additional material collected after 1968 shows that T. parthenope has a wider distribution across the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula, being found also in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. An additional Egyptian specimen was located (NHMW), but it also lacked precise collecting details. Most of the other museum specimens were identified by Donald Baker in the 1980 s and 1990 s, but details were never published, and Baker never described the unknown female that was captured flying with the male in the United Arab Emirates.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Lieftinck (1968: 112) indicated that the female is likely to be recognised by one shared character with the male, which is the presence of two distinct white hair spots on the scutum. The female specimen captured with the male T. parthenope in Sweihan (United Arab Emirates, see examined material below) displays this character (Fig. 11 E) and also shows additional characters that allow separation from similar species. It can be recognised due to the presence of an unbroken line of white hairs running along the entire length of the lateral margins of the scutum (Fig. 11 D), as in T. priesneri Lieftinck, 1968 (see below), T. ramosus (Lepeletier, 1841), and T. ramosellus Cockerell, 1919 (in T. histrionicus with the scutum laterally with some dark hairs, never with a complete unbroken line of white hairs). Separation from T. priesneri, T. ramosus, and T. ramosellus can be made by the presence of distinct white hair patches on the scutellum (Fig. 11 E; without such patches in the three comparison species), and also because the axillae are covered with a dense tuft of adpressed white hairs (Fig. 11 E), whereas in the comparison species the axillae lack such hair patches (being entirely black haired). Thyreus priesneri can also be separated due to the structure of the pygidial plate, which is flat and irregularly punctate, whereas in T. parthenope the pygidial plate is impunctate has a longitudinal bump or ridge medially.</p><p>The presence of white hair patches on the axillae gives T. parthenope a similar appearance to T. hyalinatus (Vachal, 1903) (Israel, Egypt, Sudan, Chad *, Eritrea, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Qatar *, United Arab Emirates *, Oman *, Iran; Lieftinck 1968), but the two species can be separated by the presence of the white hair spots on the scutellum of T. parthenope (absent in T. hyalinatus). The two species can also be separated due to the structure of the mesepisternum in its ventral half (the part not covered with pubescence), which has the punctures dense and very weakly separated in T. parthenope (punctures almost confluent), whereas T. hyalinatus shows clear shining spaces between the punctures, these spaces often wider than the diameter of a puncture. These characters, in combination with the distribution, which is currently restricted to the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula and probably south-eastern Egypt allows recognition, particularly in combination with concurrently active males.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Body length: 12 mm (Fig. 11 A). Head: Dark, 1.3 times wider than long (Fig. 11 B). Clypeus very weakly domed, densely punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces shining. Labrum rounded rectangular, 1.5 times longer than broad, with longitudinal impressed midline terminating subapically, apex with tiny slightly projecting tooth; labrum basally strongly produced into two tubercles laterally, outer half of tubercules polished and shining, impunctate. Gena much narrower than width of compound eye; ocelloccipital distance 2 times diameter of lateral ocellus. Face between antennal insertions with weakly raised longitudinal carina, not strongly extending dorsally. Frons densely punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, becoming weaker laterally adjacent to lateral ocelli, here with polished shining impunctate space subequal to diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 11 C). Head almost entirely white-haired, with brownish hairs restricted to mandibles. Antenna dark, measured along ventral surface A 3, more or less equalling A 4.</p><p>Mesosoma: Scutum and scutellum densely punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, up to 1 puncture diameter on scutellum, surface between punctures shiny. Scutum with contrasting black and white pubescence, white pubescence along anterior margin, lateral margins, medially with longitudinal line covering anterior ¾ of scutum, anterolaterally with two white spots, posterolaterally with two thick patches along posterior margin (Fig. 11 D). Axilla with clear patch of white plumose adpressed hairs. Scutellum postero-laterally with two patches of white plumose adpressed hairs. Scutellum produced into two posteriorly projecting points, between these with shallow emargination, scutellum itself relatively long, maximum width 1.5 times longer than maximum length; emargination between posterior points with thick broad tuft of white hairs emerging from ventral surface (Fig. 11 E). Mesepisternum in dorsal ½ covered with dense patch of adpressed white hairs, entirely obscuring surface; in ventral ½ with surface lacking hairs, densely and regularly punctate, punctures almost confluent. Legs dark, outer surface of tibiae and tarsi covered with dense felt-like white hairs, mid and hind tibiae with short dark spines projecting through pubescence. Forewing almost entirely hyaline, with only weak infuscation adjacent to a few veins.</p><p>Metasoma: Terga dark, tergal discs densely punctate with hair-bearing punctures, punctures presenting short, posteriorly projecting black plumose hairs, punctures separated by 0.5–2 puncture diameters (Fig. 11 F). T 1 laterally with wide C-shaped patch of white hairs, hairs along apical margin of tergum reaching further towards centre of disc than hairs along basal margin of tergum. T 2 with L-shaped patch of white hairs, T 3–5 with rectangular white hair patches, hair patches on all terga broadly separated medially, never complete. Pygidial plate weakly converging apically, lateral margins slightly raised, medially with strongly humped longitudinal bump, surface dull.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Egypt (presumably southern Egypt), Sudan *, Saudi Arabia *, Yemen, United Arab Emirates *, Oman * (Lieftinck 1968).</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>( Thyreus hyalinatus) Chad • 1 ♀; Tchad, Ndjamena; 30 Mar. 1978; G. G. M. Schulten leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Tchad, Ndjamena; 22 Jun. – 6 Jul. 1978; G. G. M. Schulten leg.; RMNH ; Oman • 2 ♀; 20 km W Barka, Wadi Far; 14 Mar. 2022; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 6 ♂, 1 ♀; Dhaufur, Thumrait 35 km N, KF desert farm; 21 Sep. 2023; C. Schmid-Egger &amp; W-H. Liebig leg.; CSE / TJWC / WHLC • 1 ♂; Dhofar, 2 km W Taqah; 29 Aug. 2019; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 1 ♀; Dhofar, 35 km N Thumrait, Najd; 3 Sep. 2019; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 1 ♀; SW of Sur; 3–5 Mar. 2017; M. Snižek leg.; OÖLM ; Qatar • 1 ♂; Al Shahaniyeh [Ash-Shahaniyah]; 9 May 1980; C. G. Roche leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1993; OUMNH • 1 ♂; Al Shahaniyeh [Ash-Shahaniyah]; 23 May 1980; C. G. Roche leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1993; OUMNH • 5 ♂; Al Shahaniyeh [Ash-Shahaniyah]; 13 Jun. 1980; C. G. Roche leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1993; OUMNH ; United Arab Emirates • 1 ♀; Wadi Bih, dam; 29 Nov. 2009; A. van Harten leg.; CSE .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F9C1840C350451338FE78EA626522AF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
BEF8CE21745756D5AB1A43B66467342E.text	BEF8CE21745756D5AB1A43B66467342E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus picaron Lieftinck 1968	<div><p>Thyreus picaron Lieftinck, 1968</p><p>Thyreus picaron Lieftinck, 1968: 92, ♂ [Croatia, RMNH, examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Albania • 1 ♂; Topovë; 13 Jul. 2017; K. Janssen leg.; KJCB ; Bulgaria • 1 ♂; Melnik; 4 Jul. 2019; M. Halada leg.; OÖLM ; Croatia • 1 ♂; Stobreč (nr. Split); 13 Jun. 1962; C. v. Heijningen leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714262 (holotype) • 1 ♂; Baška, Insel Krk; 16 Aug. 1976; J. Heinrich leg.; OÖLM ; Cyprus • 1 ♂; 20 km NNW Pafos, Lara Beach; 20 Jun. 2013; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 1 ♂; Akrotiri; 26 Apr. 2018; A. Varnava leg.; TJWC ; France • 1 ♂; Alpes Maritimes, 1 km S Fontan; 13 Jul. 2009; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 1 ♂; Var, Le Trayas; O. W. Richards leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; NHMUK ; Georgia • 1 ♂; Tbilissi, Botanical Garden; 26 Jul. 2021; V. Leclercq leg.; E. Dufrêne det., VLC ; Greece • 1 ♂; Chalkidiki, W of Nikiti; 12–14 Jun. 2013; M. Snižek leg.; OÖLM • 1 ♂; Karpenission, 2000 ft [Karpenisi]; 20 Jul. 1976; K. M. Guichard leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Preveza env.; 25 Jun. 1997; K. Deneš leg.; OÖLM ; Iran • 1 ♂; Golestan, Kashidar; 1381 m a. s. l.; 9 Jul. 2018; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 1 ♂; Semnan province, Shahmirzad, 13 km NW; 1836 m a. s. l.; 7 Jul. 2022; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 1 ♂; Teheran province, Elburz, Serkheh [Sorkheh Zamin]; 2266 m a. s. l.; 6 Jul. 2022; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE • 1 ♀; Tehran prov., Elburz, Firuzkuh 1 km SW; 6 Jul. 2022; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE ; Italy • 1 ♂; S-Tirol, Meran, Schloss-Trauttmansdorf; 21 Aug. 2013; T. Kopf leg.; CSE • 1 ♂; S-Tirol, Meran, Schloss-Trauttmansdorf; 11 Aug. 2013; T. Kopf leg.; CSE ; Lebanon • 1 ♂; Nord Libanon, Becharre [Bsharri]; 1400 m a. s. l.; 1–4 Jul. 1931; Zerny leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714263 ; Montenegro • 1 ♂; Ulcinj; 29 Jun. 1969; Hoffer leg.; OÖLM; North Macedonia • 1 ♂; Suvodol, 18 km ENE of Bitola; 750–1000 m a. s. l.; 30 Jul. 1965; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714264 ; Romania • 1 ♂; Dobrogea [remaining text illegible]; 7 Jul. 1994; OÖLM ; Slovakia • 1 ♂; Sturovo [Štúrovo]; 28 Jul. 1972; M. Kocourek leg.; OÖLM ; Spain • 1 ♂; Catalonia, Palamos; 19 Jul. 1959; S. G. Bishoff leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; ZMHB • 1 ♂; N. of Madrid, Rio Guadarrama; 27 Jul. 1980; K. M. Guichard leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Segovia, Brieva, 5 km N, Las Cañones de los rios Piron y Viego; 16 Jul. 2021; T. J. Wood leg.; TJWC • 1 ♂; Valencia; [undated]; Moroder leg.; MNCN • 1 ♂; Pontevedra, Cortellas; [undated]; Varela leg.; MNCN ; Turkey • 1 ♂; Bitlis, Nemrut Dağı; 2300 m a. s. l.; 15 Aug. 1991; J. Halada leg.; OÖLM ; Ukraine • 1 ♂; Odessa [Odesa] Oblast, Krasnosilka env.; 23 Jun. 2024; A. V. Gontarenko leg.; E. Dufrêne det., VLC .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>It was possible to identify the female of T. picaron through DNA barcoding. Unfortunately, the located female from Iran (WPATW 1024-23) appears to be completely identical to T. histrionicus (Panzer, 1806) . It therefore does not currently seem possible to provide a diagnosis for the female sex, and so future records of T. histrionicus from within the expanded distributional range (relative to Lieftinck 1968) of T. picaron must be considered in a broad sense. Examination of additional material has increased the distributional range of T. picaron, particularly in south-eastern Europe (Fig. 12). As suggested by Gaspar et al. (2025), the host is likely to be one or both of two of the larger Amegilla sensu stricto, either Am. (Amegilla) garrula (Rossi, 1790) or Am. (Amegilla) ochroleuca (Pérez, 1879) . Like these two possible hosts, T. picaron does not extend into North Africa. Records of Am. garrula and Am. ochroleuca are presented in Suppl. material 1. The use of two hosts is suspected due to areas where only one possible host is known (with a high degree of confidence) to be present, such as in central Spain and northern Portugal ( Am. garrula absent) and northernmost Italy ( Am. ochroleuca absent). At the Italian sites surveyed in 2013, T. picaron was flying with Am. garrula, supporting this association. Thyreus picaron has also been regularly collected with Am. garrula in the south of France (M. Aubert, pers. comm.).</p><p>Based on this hypothesis, T. picaron should be common in Turkey; a study of additional Turkish Thyreus specimens to clarify its range in this country is necessary. It is important to note that there is a cryptic species close to Am. ochroleuca which is currently being described from Lebanon, eastern Turkey (Ağrı, Hakkâri), northern Iran, and south-western Turkmenistan (P. Rasmont &amp; TJW, in preparation); it is very rare in collections and is collected much more rarely than Am. ochroleuca in Turkey. It may serve as a third host species for T. picaron . For simplicity, these records are here folded into Am. ochroleuca . In northern Iran, T. picaron, the cryptic “ Am. ochroleuca ”, and Am. garrula have all been caught in close proximity (Fig. 12). We report T. picaron as new for the fauna of Ukraine, from where Am. ochroleuca has also been recorded (see Suppl. material 1), and this species is also known from the Odesa region based on specimens held in the Kansas collection and determined by Brooks (KSEM 1323579; Ascher and Pickering 2025), providing a plausible host. We also report T. picaron as new for Georgia, at a collecting locality where several Am. garrula were also captured (see Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Slovakia *, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Ukraine *, Montenegro *, Albania *, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Georgia *, Lebanon *, Iran (Lieftinck 1968 partim; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Varnava et al. 2020; Ascher and Pickering 2025; Gaspar et al. 2025; Fig. 12). As discussed above, we suspect that records from Central Asia will correspond to T. jansseni .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BEF8CE21745756D5AB1A43B66467342E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
944F084BFEDD58AEBD605FF52C3563BC.text	944F084BFEDD58AEBD605FF52C3563BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus praevalens (Kohl 1905)	<div><p>Thyreus praevalens (Kohl, 1905)</p><p>Crocisa praevalens Kohl, 1905: 243, ♂ [Turkey, NHMW, examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Armenia • 1 ♀; Monastero Gherard [Geghard]; 13 Jul. 1963; A. G. Soika leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det. 1967; MNHN ; Greece • 1 ♀; Stena Fourkas, 6 km S Lamia; 1000 m a. s. l.; 29 May 2005; M. Šárovec leg.; OÖLM ; Turkey • 1 ♂; 2 km S Nevşehir; 1250 m a. s. l.; 4 Jul. 1984; A. W. Ebmer leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714355 • 1 ♀; 5 km W Nevşehir; 1300 m a. s. l.; 19 Jul. 1984; A. W. Ebmer leg.; M. A. Lieftinck det.; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1714354 • 1 ♂; Erdschias ( Illany-Dagh) [Yilanli Dağ, Kayseri]; Penther leg.; NHMW (holotype) • 1 ♂; Amasia [Amasya]; M. A. Lieftinck det. 1962; MNHN (ex. coll. Pérez 1915) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Thyreus praevalens is newly reported here for Greece and thus for Europe. Lieftinck (1968: 71) confusingly wrote about the pubescence of the clypeus in a non-type specimen “ … it has the clypeal pubescence [sic] black; not white as might appear from the original diagnosis ”. This factors into the key, where he indicates that the species is partially separated from T. hellenicus due to the dark facial hair (Lieftinck 1968: 16, couplet 4; 17, footnote), and indeed, inspected female specimens of T. praevalens do present such hairs (Fig. 23 B). However, the male holotype of T. praevalens has not a single black hair on the face (Fig. 24 C, D). The colouration of the facial hair does seem variable, as males with light and dark facial hair appear to be structurally identical. Lieftinck (1968: 70) points out as a key character the punctation of the vertex behind the ocellar triangle, which is extremely dense and contrasts with the almost impunctate areas adjacent to the lateral ocelli in both sexes (Fig. 23 E, F). This pattern of punctation is similar to that observed in T. hellenicus . In short, the characters most important for diagnosis seem to be the punctation of the vertex combined with the shape of the scutellum (Fig. 23 C) and the shape of the white markings on T 1 (Fig. 23 D). This information is integrated into the identification key below.</p><p>Given the observed distribution, the close morphological similarity to T. hellenicus, which attacks Anthophora (Paramegilla) species, the small number of Paramegilla species present in Greece, and the flight period, there is circumstantial evidence to suggest that the host of T. praevalens may be Anthophora (Paramegilla) onosmarum Morawitz, 1875, which was recently reported as new for Turkey, southern Bulgaria, and northern Greece (Wood and Praz 2024). Further study is required.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Greece *, Turkey, Armenia (Lieftinck 1968).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/944F084BFEDD58AEBD605FF52C3563BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
8CFE9A43A3BE51408D833116D1680C2A.text	8CFE9A43A3BE51408D833116D1680C2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus priesneri Lieftinck 1968	<div><p>Thyreus priesneri Lieftinck, 1968</p><p>Thyreus priesneri Lieftinck, 1968: 124, ♂ [Egypt, type location unclear].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Saudi Arabia • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Abu Arish; 25 Mar. 1980; K. M. Guichard leg.; D. B. Baker det. 1981; NHMUK .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Lieftinck (1968) described T. priesneri from a single male specimen collected from southern Egypt (Gebel Elba). This specimen was cited as being in the collection of Hermann Priesner at “ Linz ”, but it could not be located there, and its current deposition is therefore not immediately clear; further study is required to trace it. Fortunately, the description is well illustrated, allowing confident recognition. In the NHMUK collection, two specimens from Saudi Arabia were found; as with T. parthenope, these specimens were identified by Baker but were never published. The male clearly matches the criteria identified by Lieftinck, and due to co-occurrence and close morphology, the female can now be recognised (Fig. 13). The female can be diagnosed based on a combination of characters, but care must be taken, as they are quite subtle. The clearest confusion is with Thyreus fallibilis (Kohl, 1905), which was described from southern Yemen (Fig. 14). Lieftinck (1968) diagnosed this species and described the unknown male; due to the similarity of the females, this species is diagnosed last.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>As in T. parthenope, T. priesneri has an unbroken line of white hairs running along the entire length of the lateral margins of the scutum (Fig. 13 E), as in T. ramosus (Lepeletier, 1841) and T. ramosellus Cockerell, 1919 . Thyreus parthenope is diagnosed above, displaying white hair patches on the axillae and scutellum, whereas these areas are black-haired in T. priesneri (Fig. 13 E), which also shows the lower half of the mesepisternum with large shining interspaces (Fig. 13 D; with some interspaces reaching 3 puncture diameters), whereas in T. parthenope this area is densely punctate, without large shining interspaces. This shining and sparsely punctate mesepisternum also allows separation from T. ramosus and T. ramosellus, and indeed it is strange that Lieftinck diagnosed T. priesneri against T. ramosus when in the construction of the genital capsule and the shining lower half of the mesepisternum it is much closer to T. hyalinatus (Vachal, 1903), with which it has an overlapping range in Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Thyreus priesneri can be differentiated from the latter species due to the axillae with black hairs (Fig. 13 E; in T. hyalinatus with white patches of hairs covering the axillae), the L-shaped patches of hairs on the lateral parts of T 1 (Fig. 13 F), these being uneven, with the apical part projecting further towards the centre of the tergal disc than the basal part (in T. hyalinatus with the C-shaped patches of hairs more even, with both the basal and apical parts uniformly projecting towards the centre of the tergal disc), and the posterior margin of the scutellum, which has posteriorly projecting white hairs emerging from below but not sitting on the dorsal side of the disc (Fig. 13 E; in T. hyalinatus with hairs emerging both from below the posterior margin of the scutellum and present on the dorsal side of the posterior margin of the disc). This combination of characters (continuous line of white hairs on the lateral margins of the scutum, lower half of the mesepisternum sparsely punctate with large shining interspaces, and axillae and scutellum entirely black-haired) should allow recognition of females of T. priesneri compared to other species in north-eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.</p><p>For diagnosis against T. fallibilis, the overall pubescence pattern is highly similar, as well as the punctation and microsculpture of the integument, such as in the lower part of the mesepisternum with large shining interspaces (Fig. 14 D), the vertex domed in frontal view (Fig. 14 C), and the scutellum of similar shape and with similar puncture density (Fig. 14 E). The key difference is in the structure of the individual hairs; in T. fallibilis, the hairs are flattened and strongly plumose, with the branches spreading laterally, becoming almost scale-like (Fig. 14 E, F). In T. priesneri, the hairs are plumose but are not flattened, and the branches do not spread laterally, meaning that they have a more quill-like appearance (Fig. 13 E, F). This can be seen most clearly on the disc of T 1. As noted by Lieftinck (1968: 96), the pubescence of T. fallibilis is also slightly tinted with blue, whereas in T. priesneri the pubescence is pure white. We maintain the species concepts presented by Lieftinck, but this putative species pair would benefit from molecular investigation.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Body length: 9 mm (Fig. 13 A). Head: Dark, 1.2 times wider than long (Fig. 13 B). Clypeus slightly elevated, more or less flattened across disc, densely punctate, punctures separated by ≤ 0.5 puncture diameters, interspaces shining. Labrum broadly rounded rectangular, lateral margins converging, apex thus narrower than base, labrum only slightly longer than basal width. Labrum basally with two slightly raised tubercules, medially with impressed furrow, this terminating subapically at strong transverse carinae, medially produced into pointed tooth (Fig. 13 C). Gena much narrower than width of compound eye, posteriorly with strongly raised winged carinae, narrowing to be almost imperceptible along posterior margin of vertex; ocelloccipital distance 1.5 times diameter of lateral ocellus. Face between antennal insertions with weakly raised longitudinal carina, not strongly extending dorsally. Frons densely punctate, punctures separated by 0.5–1 puncture diameters, with slight impunctate space adjacent to lateral ocelli, space subequal to diameter of lateral ocellus. Head almost entirely white-haired, with brownish hairs restricted to mandibles. Antenna dark, measured along ventral surface A 3, slightly but distinctly shorter than A 4.</p><p>Mesosoma: Scutum and scutellum densely punctate, punctures somewhat irregular, separated by &lt;0.5–1 puncture diameters, punctures most consistently dense on scutellum, surface shiny. Scutum with contrasting black and white pubescence, abundant white pubescence along anterior margin, lateral margins, medially with longitudinal line covering anterior ½ of segment, anterio-laterally with two white spots, postero-laterally with two thick patches along posterior margin (Fig. 13 E). Axillae and scutellum entirely black haired on dorsal surface. Scutellum produced into two posteriorly projecting points, between these with shallow emargination, scutellum itself relatively long, maximum width 1.5 times longer than maximum length (measured from base to midpoint between posterior points); emargination between posterior points with thick broad tuft of white hairs emerging from ventral surface.</p><p>Mesepisternum in dorsal ½ covered with dense patch of adpressed white hairs, entirely obscuring surface; in ventral ½ with surface lacking hairs, with split punctation; in anterior portion with surface abundantly punctate, punctures separated by &lt;0.5–1, in posterior portion with punctures becoming very sparse, punctures separated by 1–4 puncture diameters, interspaces smooth and polished (Fig. 13 D). Legs dark, outer surface of tibiae covered with dense felt-like white hairs, mid and hind tibiae with short dark spines projecting through pubescence. Forewing with varied colouration, predominantly hyaline with infuscation adjacent to vein, within submarginal and marginal cells, and on apical papillate region.</p><p>Metasoma: Terga dark, tergal discs densely punctate with hair-bearing punctures, punctures presenting short, posteriorly projecting black plumose hairs, punctures separated by 0.5–2 puncture diameters, extending onto majority of marginal areas, with marginal areas narrowly impunctate along apical rim (Fig. 13 F). T 1 laterally with large patch of white hairs, these not typically C-shaped, more L-shaped with apical part projecting further towards centre of disc than basal part. T 2 with broad L-shaped patch of white hairs, T 3–5 with rectangular white hair patches, hair patches on all terga broadly separated medially, never complete. Pygidial plate long, triangular, narrowly rounded, lateral margins slightly raised, surface flat, irregularly punctate with punctures of variable sizes, surface very obscurely shining.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Southern Egypt and Saudi Arabia * (Lieftinck 1968).</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>( Thyreus fallibilis (Kohl, 1905)) Yemen • 1 ♀; Makalla [Al Mukalla]; 1–30 Apr. 1899; O. Simony leg.; NHMW (holotype) .</p><p>New distributional data and range clarifications</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8CFE9A43A3BE51408D833116D1680C2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
C6583106E75B5EE18AB317BADDF788A5.text	C6583106E75B5EE18AB317BADDF788A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus scutellaris (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Thyreus scutellaris (Fabricius, 1781)</p><p>Nomada scutellaris Fabricius, 1781: 487, ♂ [Siberia, NHMD, not examined].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Kazakhstan • 3 ♂, 4 ♀; NO, Bajanaul NP; 410 m a. s. l.; 22 Jun. 2008; W-H. Liebig leg.; TJWC / WHLC • 6 ♂; NO, Bajanaul NP; 410 m a. s. l.; 24 Jun. 2024; W-H. Liebig leg.; TJWC / WHLC • 5 ♂, 1 ♀; NO, Bajanaul NP; 410 m a. s. l.; 20 Jun. 2008; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 4 ♂, 1 ♀; NO, Bajanaul NP; 410–443 a. s. l. m; 15–21 Jun. 2008; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; NO, Bajanaul NP; 410–443 a. s. l. m; 23 Jun. 2008; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 1 ♂; SE, Kokterek, 18 km NW; 475 m a. s. l.; 11 Jun. 2024; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; SE, Kokterek, 20 km E; 475 m a. s. l.; 10 Jun. 2024; C. Schmid-Egger &amp; W-H. Liebig leg.; CSE / WHLC • 1 ♂; SE, Shonzhy 10 km NW; 654 m a. s. l.; 3 Jun. 2024; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 1 ♂; SE, 12 km SE Zhalgyzagash; 1322 m a. s. l.; 8 Jun. 2024; C. Schmid-Egger leg.; CSE ; Russia • 1 ♂; Baikalgebeit, Ust-Orda [Ust’ - Ordynskii] ostl.; 545 m a. s. l.; 26 Jun. 2011; W-H. Liebig leg.; WHLC • 1 ♀; БАССР [Baskhir], Уфа [ Ufa]; 18 Jul. 1959; D. B. Baker det. 1959; RMNH; RMNH.INS.1662717; BOLD accession number BGENL 2290-24 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The concept of T. scutellaris has changed over time. Prior to the work of de Beaumont (1940) and Alfken (1940), the name T. scutellaris was applied to what is today called T. orbatus (Lepeletier, 1841) (Lieftinck 1959 b; 1968). The range has therefore been confused in the literature. Records from Portugal (Dusmet 1931; Diniz 1959) and Romania (Iuga 1958) clearly refer to this pre-de Beaumont concept of T. scutellaris . Iuga (1958: 220) even referred to Anthophora vulpina (Panzer, 1798) (recte Anthophora quadrimaculata (Panzer, 1798)) as the host of “ T. scutellaris ”, another indication that they were referring to T. orbatus, which is well known to attack this species of Anthophora (e. g. Lieftinck 1968; Amiet et al. 2007).</p><p>Based on the newly examined specimens, we hypothesise a possible host through examination of concurrently active and captured Anthophorinae . At Bajanaul (2008) and at Lake Baikal (2011), T. scutellaris was captured with Anthophora (Mystacanthophora) meridionalis Fedchenko, 1875, by W-H. Liebig (specimens WHLC). Active at most capture sites in Kazakhstan (2024) were numerous species of Anthophora (Paramegilla) Friese, 1897, though these seem less likely to be hosts due to (i) their large size relative to T. scutellaris and (ii) their thermophilic tendencies, with most Paramegilla species favouring warm to hot grasslands and not extending into cooler parts of Siberia where T. scutellaris is also present. Clearly, additional focused study is required, but this circumstantial evidence forms the basis for a testable hypothesis.</p><p>Lieftinck (1968) redefined the global range as predominantly Asian. In Europe, outside of European Russia, there is a single record from Croatia from 1886 (Lieftinck 1968); to our knowledge, the next nearest records come from Turkey and Russia (Astrakhan). Lieftinck’s records from Egypt, “ Syria ”, and Arabia are difficult to understand for biogeographical reasons. Most records of T. scutellaris, including the original terra typica, come from areas with a strongly continental climate, including cold winters. Molecular characterisation, along with additional study of Near Eastern specimens, is necessary to more fully understand the southern range limit of this species as well as its potential host (s).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>? Egypt,? Syria sensu lato,? Arabia sensu lato, Croatia, Russia (European part, Urals, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia), Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China (Gansu, Inner Mongolia) (Lieftinck 1959 b, 1968).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C6583106E75B5EE18AB317BADDF788A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
93D813388F705AEFA0C4481FEDCB6EE0.text	93D813388F705AEFA0C4481FEDCB6EE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thyreus truncatus (Perez 1884)	<div><p>Thyreus truncatus (Pérez, 1884)</p><p>Crocisa truncata Pérez, 1884: 312, ♂ [France, MNHN, examined] (Fig. 6).</p><p>Crocisa ramosa var. mucorea Friese, 1925: 30, ♀ [Egypt, ZMHB, examined] (Fig. 7).</p><p>Crocisa nadigi Alfken, 1933: 136, ♀ ♂ [Morocco, ZMHB, examined] (Fig. 8).</p><p>Crocisa curviscutum Alfken, 1934: 167, ♀ ♂ [Egypt, ZMHB, examined] (Fig. 9).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Egypt • 1 ♀; Heliop. [Heliopolis]; 21 Apr. 1896; O. Schmiedeknecht leg.; ZMHB (holotype of Crocisa ramosa var. mucorea) • 3 ♀; Pyramids; 12 May 1914; Adair leg.; ZMHB (holotype and paratypes of Crocisa curviscutum) ; France • 1 ♂; Mpeli [Montpellier], 980 [Pérez catalogue number]; MNHN (lectotype by present designation) ; Kyrgyzstan • 2 ♂; 50 km W Naryn; 21 Jul. 2019; K. Janssen leg.; KJCB • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 45 km W Naryn; 20 Jul. 2019; K. Janssen leg.; TJWC ; Moldova • 2 ♂; Kišiněv [Chişinău]; 1–30 Jun. 1995; I. Pavilčok leg.; OÖLM; Morocco • 1 ♂, 2 ♀; El Hajeb; 22 Jul. 1932; Ad. Nadig leg.; ZMHB (male holotype, female paratypes of Crocisa nadigi) . Additional examined specimens are detailed in Suppl. material 1.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Lieftinck (1968) gave the publication year of Crocisa truncata as 1883, but Baker (1996) identified that the work of Pérez (Contribution à la faune des apiaires de France. Deuxième Partie) was published in three tranches, with pages 257–320 issued in February 1884. The description of T. truncatus was therefore published in 1884. A single syntype was preserved in the MNHN until at least the 1930 s, as it was inspected by de Beaumont (1940: 167), but seemingly not by Lieftinck (1968). Moreover, de Beaumont (1940) did not indicate the label information of this syntype, which is important because Pérez (1884) described the species from “ Provence et Languedoc ”. In the unpublished catalogue of Pérez (https://science.mnhn.fr/catalogue/ey-bib-perez1/), on page 164, species entry 980 lists: “ Crocisa truncata J. P. Montpellier 1 ♂ ”. This syntype was located during a recent visit to the MNHN in September 2025 (Fig. 6); it is indeed a male specimen from Montpellier bearing the catalogue number 980 (Fig. 6 A) and is hereby designated as the lectotype. It is not dissected, but the short scutellum is clearly visible (Fig. 6 C), confirming the current interpretation of the species in a general sense.</p><p>DNA barcoding analyses revealed three mitochondrial lineages within Thyreus truncatus sensu lato: an Iberian lineage, a Euro-Siberian lineage, and a French lineage (Fig. 1). These lineages were separated by genetic distances of between 1.53 and 4.16 %. Two of these lineages are present in the south of France, the terra typica of T. truncatus: the widespread Euro-Siberian lineage (east to Kyrgyzstan), which descends from Switzerland along the Rhône River to Saint-Étienne-des-Sorts (Département Gard), and just 35 kilometres further south, at Châteaurenard (Département Bouches-du-Rhône), the French lineage is detected. This second lineage is also found in Montredon-des-Corbières (Département Aude) in south-western France. Based on collecting locality, the lectotype of T. truncatus would probably belong to the French mitochondrial lineage, but topotypic sampling is required.</p><p>Morphologically, based on barcoded specimens examined for morphology, specimens from the Iberian and Euro-Siberian lineages appear separable in some cases (Table 1), particularly with reference to the male genitalia and the density of punctation on the outer face of the apex of the gonostylus. However, specimens from France, including those from the French lineage and the lone barcoded specimen from the Euro-Siberian lineage (specimen number 2492 in Fig. 1), display an intermediate morphology in puncture density.</p><p>Given the inability to recognise three consistently and morphologically distinct forms, with specimens from southern France presenting an intermediate morphology; the presence of at least two mitochondrial lineages in close proximity in southern France; and the lack of genetic data from Egypt and Morocco – the countries from which the names with the next oldest priority arise (Figs 7 – 9) – any taxonomic action at the present time presents a serious risk of nomenclatural instability. It may be the case that Iberian “ T. truncatus ” could be treated as T. nadigi in a future revision, but this is currently premature. We therefore take no action and maintain a broad concept of T. truncatus, in line with the concept and synonymies established by Lieftinck (1968), pending further study. Such future studies should further investigate species delimitation in this widespread taxon, delineate the distribution of the two mitochondrial clades found in France, and examine morphological variation with longer series of specimens.</p><p>Ecologically, the host in at least the German and Austrian parts of its range is Tetralonia dentata (Germar, 1839) (Schmid-Egger et al. 2022), which has an overall distributional range stretching from Morocco to Central Asia (GBIF. org 2025). Collections in Spain (TJW) have produced T. truncatus at sites where Te. dentata was caught abundantly (provinces of Segovia in 2019 and Ávila in 2020), and Te. dentata is often present with T. truncatus in southern France (M. Aubert, pers. comm.). One female of T. truncatus was collected flying over a nesting site of Te. dentata in southern France (CP, M. Aubert and E. Dufrêne, pers. obs.). Overlaying Te. dentata distributional data from GBIF, there is a broad correspondence in the distribution (Fig. 10), although GBIF data for Te. dentata are lacking for Greece, the Levant, and the Caucasus, areas where this species is known to occur (Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Ascher and Pickering 2025). There are clear areas of close correspondence in central Spain, southern France, south-western Switzerland, eastern Austria, and eastern Germany. However, Te. dentata does not appear to have been recorded from Egypt, the locus typicus for both T. mucoreus and T. curviscutum . In general, the distributional similarities are closer in the west but weaker in the east, where greater revision of Te. dentata specimen data is required.</p><p>Interestingly, Te. dentata also shows considerable variation in the COI gene. The sequence of Te. dentata published by Wood et al. (2024) from Ávila forms a unique BIN (BOLD: AEO 2705) that is separated by approximately 5.4 % from a BIN containing Te. dentata sequences from France and Switzerland (BOLD: AEE 2533), and an additional BIN is formed for German and Hungarian sequences of Te. dentata (BOLD: ABA 8838). A final BIN was assigned to specimens from Kyrgyzstan that may belong to Te. dentata (BOLD: AAI 0670). Work is ongoing to understand genetic variation in this nominally widespread host species (VL and P. Biella, unpublished data).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova *, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia (European part), Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Israel, Syria, Kuwait, Iran, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan * (de Beaumont 1940; Lieftinck 1968; Kuhlmann et al. 2014; Ascher and Pickering 2025; Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/93D813388F705AEFA0C4481FEDCB6EE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wood, Thomas;Leclercq, Vincent;Schmid-Egger, Christian;Praz, Christophe	Wood, Thomas, Leclercq, Vincent, Schmid-Egger, Christian, Praz, Christophe (2025): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Thyreus Panzer in the West and Central Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Apidae), with two new species, taxonomic updates, host relationships, and a key to European species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 72 (2): 259-302, DOI: 10.3897/dez.72.164496
