taxonID	type	description	language	source
FF7CEC67FD68FF8FFF3AFEB6FE08730F.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2) A female and 2 pieces of worm from a host collected at the Lower Camp on Mt Somoro, Torricelli Mts., Sanduan Province, Papua New Guinea, 4. vi. 1988 by T. Flannery AM W. 36761. Tiny, slightly coiled worms, 1800 long, 50, 60 wide; cervical vesicle 36.0 long; oesophagus 300 – 330 long. Posterior end twisted; vulva 50 from tail tip; ovejector with vagina about 30, vestibule 60, sphincter 20, infundibulum 50; tail conical, 20 long; eggs appearing relatively large in utero, 56.0 by 33.0, were the only worms found in the single host dissected from this locality. The only other females found with similar torsion of the posterior end were much larger worms, described below. Moreover the proportions of the ovejector and the position of the vulva relative to the tail were unique to species 1 while the size of the eggs was similar to that found in the much larger species of heligmonellid occurring in the region.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD69FF8EFF3AFCD6FC2877C4.taxon	description	(Figs 8 – 19) Four males, 4 females from 3 hosts collected from Siyoubrig and the Urong Forest, Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 135 ° 35´E), Papua, Indonesia, by T. Flannery & L. Szalay 10. x. 1992 AM W. 36763, W. 36769; a female from a host collected from the eastern slope of Mt Somoro, Torricelli Mts (3 ° 24´S; 142 ° 8´E), Sanduan Province, Papua New Guinea, by T. Ennis 7. i. 1988 AM W. 36768; a female from a host collected from near Ok Tedi mine site, Mabiomskin, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, by T. Flannery & L. Szalay 10. v. 1992 AM W. 36766. Small worms, body loosely coiled. Prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 7 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore not observed. Synlophe of continuous pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 11 – 15 ridges in anterior, 9 – 16 in mid body, 9 in posterior of female. Axis of orientation of ridges sub frontal in anterior; 6 – 8 ridges dorsal side, 5 – 7 ridges ventral side. In female ridge 1 – 5 increasing in size, ridges 6 – 8 smaller; ridge 1´, 2´largest, ridges 3´– 7´decreasing in size. In posterior body ridges become smaller, about same size, losing orientation. Males: 2300 – 2450 long, 60 – 85 wide; cephalic vesicle 33 – 37 long, oesophagus 280 – 300 long. Bursa asymmetrical, left lobe larger than right. Dorsal lobe with median notch, shorter than laterals; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about 2 / 3 length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9, 10 symmetrical, rays 8 arising at same level from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone small; ventral lip rounded. Spicules filiform, tips simple 280 – 320 long. Gubernaculum 40 – 42.5 long. Females: 2350 – 3500 (2800) long, 74 – 99 (85) wide; cephalic vesicle 27 – 43 (36.5) long, oesophagus 235 – 420 (314) long. Ovejector monodelphic, vulva near posterior end, 72.5 – 109 (76) from tail tip; vagina 30; vestibule, 50, longer than sphincter, 25, infundibulum longest, 80. Tail reflected ventrally, with praepuce, 33 – 36 (29) long. Tail tip blunt, conical. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, in utero 56 – 68 (70.5) by 31 – 36. Although there were enough suitable specimens to prepare a full description of the female of this species, it was not possible to prepare adequate sections of the male synlophe for characterization and illustration, or to flatten out the bursa to display its features. Therefore a complete description of this species could not be given. The combination of characters of the synlophe and the posterior end of the female, however, suggest that these specimens may represent an as yet undescribed genus.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD69FF8EFF3AFF53FD8A72FF.taxon	description	(Figs 3 – 7) A male from a host collected at Siyoubrig, Mokwan area, Arfak Mts, and a female also from the Mokwan area, Papua, Indonesia, both on the 10. X. 1992 by T. Flannery & L. Szalay AM W. 36762, W. 36767. Relatively long thin worms, synlophe of about 20 ridges. Male: 5500 long, 56 wide; cervical vesicle 43 long; oesophagus 230 long; deirid and excretory pore at same level, 190 from anterior end. Bursa relatively large, dorsal lobe shorter than lateral lobe. Genital cone not heavily sclerotised. Spicules filiform, tips simple, 450 long. Gubernaculum 30. Female: 5900 long, 67 wide; cervical vesicle 50 long; oesophagus 260 long; deirids and excretory pore about 170 from anterior end. Posterior end reflected ventrally; vulva 50 from tail tip, tail blunt, conical, 20 long; eggs, row of 8 in utero 66.0 – 69.3 by 26.4 – 33. The combination of relatively long thin body and spicule length and a synlophe without any noticeably larger ridges distinguished these worms from others found in P. rubex in this study and from all other described genera in the subfamily.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6AFF8CFF3AF8A8FF4B7104.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nippostrongylinae. Synlophe well developed, with 15 continuous longitudinal pointed ridges: anterior body with axis of orientation of ridges sub frontal in anterior, lacking orientation in mid and hind body. Bursa asymmetric, left lobe larger. Pattern of bursal rays 2 – 3. Dorsal ray divided distal to level of branching of rays 8 from dorsal trunk. Parasites of hydromyine murids. Type species Mawsonema mokwanensis	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6AFF8CFF3AF8A8FF4B7104.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus is named after Patricia Mawson (Thomas) who undertook substantial work on the family.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6BFF82FF3AFE59FD117311.taxon	description	(Figs 20 – 37)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6BFF82FF3AFE59FD117311.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 135 ° 35´E), Papua, Indonesia, coll. T. Flannery, 15. iv. 1986, AM W. 36780, W. 36781; paratypes 5 males, 3 females, same data AM W. 36779. Other material examined. From Paramelomys rubex Papua New Guinea, Sanduan Province; 1 female Ofektaman, Telefomin Valley (5 ° 5´S; 141 ° 35´E), Western Province; 1 male, 1 female near Ok Tedi Mine site (5 ° 17´S; 141 ° 14´E): Indonesia, Papua; 9 males, pieces of males, 28 females, pieces of females Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 133 ° 56´E), AM W 36770, W. 36771, W. 36772, W. 36773, W. 36774, W. 36775, W. 36776, W. 36777, W. 36778.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6BFF82FF3AFE59FD117311.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is taken from the type locality.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6BFF82FF3AFE59FD117311.taxon	description	Description. General: Relatively robust worms, body usually with 1 or 2 loose coils anteriorly; prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 6 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring anterior to deirids and excretory pore in mid oesophageal region. Synlophe (based on sections from 10 worms) of continuous pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 13 – 14 ridges in anterior, 15 in midbody, 15 in posterior. Ridge 1 more developed than ridge 1´forming a Type A carene. Axis of orientation of ridges sub frontal in anterior; 6 – 8 ridges dorsal side, 5 – 7 ridges ventral side. In male anterior ridge 4 largest, ridges 1 – 3 and ridge 5 about same size, ridges 1´– 8´decreasing in size; in female ridge 1 – 3 decreasing, ridges 4 – 6 increasing, 7 – 8 decreasing in size; ridge 1´largest, ridges 5´– 7´decreasing in size. In mid and posterior body ridges become smaller, about same size, losing orientation. Male: (measurements of 13 specimens) Length 4500 – 6400 (5700), maximum width 132 – 198 (187). Cephalic vesicle 40 – 53 (47) long. Oesophagus 330 – 440 (389) long; nerve ring 230, deirids, excretory pore 140 – 230 (184) from anterior end. Bursa (based on 12 worms) asymmetrical, left lobe larger than right; pattern of rays 2 – 3 for both lobes; rays 2, 3 diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4, 5, 6 recurved dorsally; rays 4 more stout than rays 5, 6, rays 2, 3 more slender. Dorsal lobe with median notch, shorter than laterals; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about 1 / 3 length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9 slightly longer than rays 10, rays 8 arising at same level from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone prominent, broadened distally; ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip with paired papillae 7. Spicules filiform tips simple 500 – 830 (703) long. Gubernaculum 42.9 – 72.6 (58.8) long. Female: (measurements of 13 specimens) Length 5800 – 7300 (6500), maximum width 168 – 315 (186). Cephalic vesicle 59.5 – 85.8 (73) long. Oesophagus 360 – 470 (405) long; nerve ring 195, deirids, excretory pore 190 – 342 (225) from anterior end. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva near posterior end, 130, 190 from tail tip; vagina with small dorsal diverticulum; vestibule, 90, longer than sphincter, 30, infundibulum longest, 130. Tail reflected ventrally, with praepuce, 43, 46 long. Tail tip blunt, conical. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, numerous, in utero 55 – 75 (70.5) by 34 – 59.5 (45).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD6BFF82FF3AFE59FD117311.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A helligmonellid parasite of a hydromyin rodent from the Island of New Guinea Mawsonema n. g. has all the characteristics of the subfamily Nippostrongylinae except that the orientation of the synlophe ridges exceeds the range given by Durette-Desset (1983). The features of the synlophe; ridge 1 larger than ridge 1´forming a type A carene, the pattern of gradation of sizes, seen only anteriorly, of the 15 ridges, sub frontal orientation anteriorly, losing orientation posteriorly, combined with those of the bursa; left lobe larger, ray pattern 2 – 3, dorsal ray divided distal to rays 8 distinguish the genus from all others in the sub family. In particular Mawsonema can be distinguished from all the genera presently known from the Oriental, Sunda and Sahul Regions by the characters of the synlophe. Mawsonema is nearest to Odilia, Nippostrongylus and Paraheligmonelloides in having a type A carene but differs from Odilia and Paraheligmonelloides in having ridge 1 larger than ridge 1´and from Nippostrongylus in having the carene supported by two ridges instead of a single hypertrophied left lateral ridge (Durette-Desset 1969, 1970 b; Hasegawa et al. 1999; Ow Yang et al. 1983). Mawsonema further differs from all three genera in having the axis of orientation of the ridges sub frontal anteriorly and without orientation in the mid and posterior body rather than an oblique axis oriented at 60 – 70 °. The genera Heligmonelloides and Maxomystrongylus with type B carenes, Bunomystrongylus with both pointed, internally supported and rounded unsupported ridges, Hassanuddinia with an oblique 55 – 70 ° axis of orientation of the ridges and Melomystrongylus with an hypertrophied ventral ridge anteriorly, do not have a carene (Smales, 2009; Hasegawa & Mangali 1996; Hasegawa & Syafruddin 1994 b). Of the genera known only from the Oriental and Sunda regions Orientostrongylus has a primitive arrangement of the synlophe with either no or a type B carene, Malaistrongylus has left and right dilatations of a synlophe with more then 30 ridges, Rattustrongylus has no carene, 18 - 19 ridges with the left dorsal ridges smallest and in Sabanema, also with no carene and more than 30 ridges, the left dorsal and right ventral ridges the smallest (Durette-Desset 1970 b; Ow Yang et al. 1983).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD65FF80FF3AFC2EFB7E7344.taxon	description	(Figs 38 – 50)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD65FF80FF3AFC2EFB7E7344.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex Somoro Summit, Torricelli Mts, (3 ° 24´S; 142 ° 8´E), West Sepik District, Sanduan Province, Papua New Guinea, coll. T. Flannery 16. vi. 1988, AM W. 36787, W. 36788; paratypes 1 male, 3 females, same data AM W. 36789. Other material examined. From Paramelomys rubex Papua New Guinea, Sanduan Province; 2 males, 1 anterior end Somoro Summit, Torricelli Mts., (3 ° 24´S; 142 ° 8´E): Indonesia, Papua; 1 male Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 133 ° 56´E), AM W. 36785, W. 36786.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD65FF80FF3AFC2EFB7E7344.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type location of the species.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD65FF80FF3AFC2EFB7E7344.taxon	description	Description. General: Small worms, prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 3 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore at about same level in mid oesophageal region. Synlophe (based on sections from 5 worms) of continuous pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes, extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 13 – 15 ridges in anterior, 15 – 17 in midbody, 17 – 18 in posterior. Axis of orientation of ridges passing from ventral right to dorsal left sides, inclined about 60 ° from sagittal axis in anterior and mid body; 5 – 7 ridges dorsal side, 7 – 8 ridges ventral side. In anterior body ridges 1 – 5 increasing, ridge 6, 7 decreasing in size; ridges 1´– 4´(male) 1´– 5´(female) increasing in size, ridge 5´(male) 6´(female) largest, ridges 6´– 8´increasing in size (male) 7´– 8´about same size (female) 7 – 8 decreasing in size. In mid and posterior body ridges becoming smaller losing size gradients; and orientation. Male: (Measurements of 4 specimens) Length 1930 – 2400 (2090), maximum width 56 – 68 (61). Cephalic vesicle 25 – 32 (29) long. Oesophagus 235 – 290 (265) long; nerve ring 120, deirids, excretory pore 125, 196 from anterior end. Bursa (based on 4 worms) slightly asymmetrical, right lobe larger; pattern of rays 3 – 2 for both lobes; rays 2, 3 4, diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 5, 6 recurved dorsally. Dorsal lobe with median notch, shorter than laterals; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about 2 / 3 its length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9, 10, symmetrical, rays 8 arising at same level from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray, right ray slightly larger than left. Genital cone elongated, heavily sclerotised; ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip with paired papillae 7. Spicules filiform tips hooked 310 – 330 (318) long. Gubernaculum 37 – 44 (40) long. Female: Length 2300 – 2500 (2400), maximum width 63 – 73 (67). Cephalic vesicle 30 – 36 (33.5) long. Oesophagus 265 – 310 (292) long; nerve ring, deirids, excretory pore 126, 133 from anterior end. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva near posterior end, 78, 80 from tail tip; vagina 45, sphincter, 20, shortest, infundibulum 50, vestibule, 70, longest element. Tail reflected ventrally, 47.5 – 59.5 (52.7) long; tail tip relatively long, conical. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, about 6 in utero 52.8 – 59.5 (56.8) by 28.9 – 33 (30.4).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD65FF80FF3AFC2EFB7E7344.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Having an hypertrophied ventral ridge in the anterior region of the synlophe, an asymmetrical bursa and the dorsal ray divided distal to the level of the branching of rays 8 places the new species within the genus Melomystrongylus. Melomystrongylus somoroensis n. sp. differs from its congener M. sepikensis in the number of ridges, 13 – 18 compared with 8 – 16, the length of the spicules, 310 – 330 compared with 450 – 610, and a longer female tail, 47.5 – 59.5 compared with 16.5 – 24.0 (Smales 2009). The generic diagnosis of Melomystrongylus includes: “ bursa asymmetrical, left lobe larger ”, the determination having been made after examining bursae that had not been completely rolled flat. In M. somoroensis the right lobe is the larger one and since this could also be the case for M. sepikensis the diagnosis needs to be reconsidered.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF80FF3AFC93FC5874D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nippostrongylinae: Synlophe with up to 15 small pointed ridges, left ventral ridges largest: axis of orientation of ridges from ventral right to dorsal left, 55 ° from saggital axis in mid body, lacking carene. Bursa slightly asymmetrical, right lobe larger, dorsal lobe about same length as lateral lobes. Pattern of bursal rays 3 – 2. Rays 8 asymmetrical, left ray longer. Dorsal ray divided distal to level of branching of rays 8 from dorsal trunk. Parasites of hydromyine murids. Type species Montistrongylus ingati.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF80FF3AFC93FC5874D9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name refers to the montane habitat of the host.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF86FF3AFB2BFE2A75E4.taxon	description	(Figs 51 – 65)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF86FF3AFB2BFE2A75E4.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex Dokfuma Star Mts (5 ° 1´S, 141 ° 7´E), West Sepik, Sanduan Province, Papua New Guinea, coll. T. Flannery 6. iv. 1987, AM W. 36782, W. 36783; paratypes 7 males, 6 females, same data AM W. 36784.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF86FF3AFB2BFE2A75E4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is taken from one of the local names for the type host.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF86FF3AFB2BFE2A75E4.taxon	description	Description. General: Relatively robust coiled worms, prominent cephalic vesicle present with 15 – 18 fine annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring not visible, deirids and excretory pore at same level in posterior region of oesophagus. Synlophe (based on sections from 6 worms) of small pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 11 – 15 ridges in anterior, 12 – 15 in mid body, 8 – 11 in posterior. Axis of orientation of ridges passing from ventral right to dorsal left, inclined 55 – 60 ° from saggital axis in mid body; 3 – 8 ridges dorsal side, 4 – 9 ridges ventral side. In anterior body ridges 4´– 6´(male) 5´(female) slightly larger; in mid body ridges 3´– 5´(male) 4´– 5´(female) slightly larger. Axis of orientation maintained along body. Male: (Measurements of 9 specimens) Length 3300 – 4100 (3700), maximum width 92.5 – 123 (101). Cephalic vesicle 53.75 – 66 (62) long. Oesophagus 350 – 400 (380) long; deirids, excretory pore 270, 280 from anterior end. Bursa (based on 7 worms) with right lobe slightly larger, pattern of rays 3 – 2 for both lobes; rays 2, 3 diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4 recurved ventrally; 5, 6 recurved dorsally; rays 4, more stout than rays 5, 6; rays 2, 3 more slender. Dorsal lobe shorter than laterals, with median notch; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about 2 / 3 its length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions rays 9 longer than rays 10, symmetrical, rays 8 asymmetrical, left ray 8 longer, arising proximally to right ray 8 from dorsal trunk, both rays proximal to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone small, ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip with paired papillae 7. Spicules filiform, tips simple 380 – 450 (414) long. Gubernaculum 27 – 30.5 (29.4) long. Female: (Measurements of 9 specimens) Length 5100 – 6750 (5460), maximum width 94 – 119 (108). Cephalic vesicle 50 – 66 (58) long. Oesophagus 335 – 450 (394) long; deirids, excretory pore 332, 388 from anterior end. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva near posterior end, 150 – 190 (164) from tail tip; vagina, 40, and sphincter, 30, shorter than vestibule, longest element, 190, infundibulum, 100. Tail reflected ventrally, 33 – 43 (40) long. Tail tip blunt, conical. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, up to 20 in utero 77 – 84.5 (81.25) by 38.5 – 42.3 (41.5).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD67FF86FF3AFB2BFE2A75E4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A helligmonellid parasite of a hydromyin rodent from the Island of New Guinea Montistrongylus n. g. has all the characteristics of the subfamily Nippostrongylinae (see Durette-Desset 1983). The features of the synlophe; the sizes of the 15 ridges, the lack of ridges on the right ventro lateral side the axis of orientation, 55 – 60 ° from the saggital plane and lacking a carene, combined with those of the bursa; right lobe larger, pattern of rays 3 – 2, dorsal ray divides distally to rays 8 in posterior third, left ray 8 longer than the right ray 8 distinguish the genus from all others in the sub family. In lacking a carene but with an oblique axis of orientation of the synlophe ridges Montistrongylus is closest to Bunomystrongylus, Hasanuddinia, and Melomystrongylus from the Sahul region and Malaistrongylus, Orientostrongylus, Rattustrongylus and Sabanema from the Oriental and Sunda regions. Each of these genera differs from Montistrongylus as follows. Bunomystrongylus has a synlophe with some pointed and some rounded elements, Hasanuddinia has a synlophe with three ventral ridges, persisting posteriorly, hypertrophied, and bursal rays 8 more or less symmetrical. Melomystrongylus has an hypertrophied ventral ridge anteriorly and no clear axis of orientation of the ridges in the mid and posterior bodies and bursal rays 8 more or less symmetrical. Malaistrongylus has left and right dilatations of a synlophe with more than 30 ridges. Orientostrongylus has a primitive arrangement of synlophe, may have a type B carene, the ridges more evenly distributed on the synlophe, an almost symmetrical bursa and a thick dorsal ray. Rattustrongylus has 18 - 19 ridges relatively evenly distributed on the synlophe with the left dorsal ridges smallest, the dorsal ray divided at about the branching of rays 8 which are more or less symmetrical and the left lobe of the bursa larger than the right. Sabanema, has more than 30 ridges relatively evenly distributed on the synlophe, the left dorsal and right ventral being the smallest, the dorsal ray divided in the proximal half and the left lobe of the bursa larger than the right (Durette-Desset 1970 b; Hasegawa & Mangali 1996; Hasegawa & Syafruddin 1994 b; Ow Yang et al. 1983; Smales 2009).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD61FF84FF3AF981FDB67551.taxon	description	(Figs 66 – 81)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD61FF84FF3AF981FDB67551.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex Urong Forest, Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 133 ° 56´E) Papua, Indonesia, coll. T. Flannery & L. Szalay 10. x. 1992, AM W. 36790, W. 36791; paratypes 2 males, 5 females same data AM W. 36792.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD61FF84FF3AF981FDB67551.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the enlarged posterior body of the female.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD61FF84FF3AF981FDB67551.taxon	description	Description. General: Small worms, lightly coiled; prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 7 – 8 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore close together in mid oesophageal region. Synlophe (based on sections from 7 worms) of pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 15 – 16 ridges in anterior, 20 – 24 in mid body, 16 – 18 in posterior body. Axis of orientation of ridges from ventral right to dorsal left, about 55 – 60 ° from sagittal plane in mid body; 10 – 11 ridges dorsal side, 9 – 12 ridges ventral side; ridges 1´larger than ridges 1; ridge 1´hypertrophied in female mid body. Ridges 8 – 11, male, 8 - 10, female, larger than ridges 2 – 7; ridges 2´– 11´smaller than ridges 2 – 11. Ridges becoming smaller and losing orientation posteriorly. Male: (Measurements of 3 specimens) Length 2150 – 2200, maximum width 63 – 69. Cephalic vesicle 33 – 36 long. Oesophagus 280 – 440 long; nerve ring 190, deirids, excretory pore 185 from anterior end. Bursa (based on 3 worms) asymmetrical, with left lobe slightly larger, pattern of rays 2 – 3; rays 2, 3 diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4, 5, 6 recurved dorsally; rays 4, 5, more stout than rays 6; rays 2, 3 more slender than rays 4, 5; rays 4, 5 longest. Dorsal lobe with median notch, shorter than lateral lobes; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about 2 / 3 its length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9, 10, symmetrical, rays 8 arising at same level from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone short, rounded, ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip with paired papillae 7. Spicules simple, filiform, slightly curved distally, tips pointed 280 – 365 long. Gubernaculum 27 – 29 long. Female: (Measurements of 6 specimens) Length 2510 – 3250 (2500), maximum width 67 – 98 (74). Cephalic vesicle 33 – 39.5 (36) long. Oesophagus 310 – 366 (341) long; nerve ring 170, deirids, excretory pore 200 from anterior end. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva close to posterior end, 49 – 56 (52) from tail tip; vagina about 20, vestibule longest element, 40, sphincter 30, infundibulum 30 long. Posterior body at region of ovejector enlarged, with praepuce. Tail short, reflected ventrally 13 – 25.5 (18) long. Tail tip pointed with paired papillae. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, 8 – 9 in utero 59.5 by 33.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD61FF84FF3AF981FDB67551.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Characterized by having a synlophe without a carene, ridge 1´larger than ridge 1, an asymmetric bursa and rays 8 arising proximally to the branching of the dorsal ray Paraheligmonelloides amplicaudae n. sp. falls within the genus Paraheligmonelloides as defined by Ow Yang et al. (1983) and Hasegawa et al. (1999). Paraheligmonelloides amplicaudae differs from all its congeners in having ridge 1´of the synlophe hypertrophied only on the female mid body and having the posterior body at the region of the ovejector enlarged. With a synlophe of 21 – 24 ridges on the mid body P. amplicaudae is closest to P. singauwaensis with 20 – 23 ridges but further differs from it in being less robust, males 63 – 69 wide compared with 73 – 100, having the dorsal lobe of the bursa shorter than the lateral lobes and a shorter gubernaculum 27 – 29 long compared with 29 – 35.5.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD63FF9AFF3AFAA3FD23751F.taxon	description	(Figs 82 – 99)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD63FF9AFF3AFAA3FD23751F.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex from hill south of Tifalmin (5 ° 7´S; 141 ° 25´E), West Sepik District, Sanduan Province, Papua New Guinea, coll. T. Flannery 15. iv. 1986, AM W 36799, W. 36800; paratypes 9 males, 9 females, same data AM W. 36801. Other material examined. From Paramelomys rubex Papua New Guinea, Sanduan Province; 1 male, 3 females Somoro Summit, Torricelli Mts (3 ° 24´S; 142 ° 8´E), 4 males, 10 females Fiminterr above Hindenburg Wall (5 ° 7´S; 141 ° 25´E), 1 female Ofektaman, Telefomin area: Indonesia, Papua; 8 females Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 133 ° 56´E), AM W. 36793, W. 36794, W. 36795, W. 36796, W. 36797, W. 36798.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD63FF9AFF3AFAA3FD23751F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after T. Ennis who helped collect many of the hosts.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD63FF9AFF3AFAA3FD23751F.taxon	description	Description. General: Nematodes slightly or tightly coiled; prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 9 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring in mid oesophageal region; deirids and excretory pore immediately posterior to nerve ring. Synlophe (based on sections from 15 worms) of pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 24 – 26 ridges in anterior, 26 – 29 in midbody, 28 – 31 in posterior. Axis of orientation of ridges passing from ventral right to dorsal left sides, inclined about 65 ° from sagittal axis in mid body; 9 – 13 ridges dorsal side, 14 – 18 ridges ventral side. In anterior and mid body ridges 1´, 2´more developed than ridges 1, 2; ridges 1 – 4 decreasing, 5 – 8 increasing in size; ridges 1´– 3´decreasing, 4´– 17´about the same size. In posterior body ridges reduce in size. Male: (Measurements of 10 males) Length 2800 – 3900 (3200), maximum width 102 – 142 (117). Cephalic vesicle 40 – 53 (47) long. Oesophagus 380 – 440 (415) long; nerve ring 190, deirids, excretory pore 220, 300 from anterior end. Bursa (based on 12 worms) with left lobe larger than right, left rays more robust; pattern of rays 2 – 3 for both lobes; rays 2, 3 diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4, 5, 6, recurved dorsally. Dorsal lobe with median notch, shorter than laterals; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about two thirds its length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9, 10, symmetrical, rays 8 arising at slightly different levels from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone short, conical, dorsal lip more robust than ventral lip. Spicules filiform, right spicule with trifid tip, left spicule with curved simple tip 330 – 460 (386) long. Gubernaculum 37.5 long. Female: (Measurements of 10 females) Length 3200 – 4200 (3750), maximum width 100 – 155. (130) Cephalic vesicle 43 – 53 (49.5) long. Oesophagus 410 - 450 (435) long; excretory pore, deirids 190, 240 from anterior end. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva near posterior end, 130, 190 from tail tip; vestibule and sphincter about same length, 100, infundibulum longer, looped in some specimens. Tail usually twisted dorsally then ventrally, coiled in some specimens, held in place by cuticle, 43, 46 long; tail tip conical, ending in small knob. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, up to 8 in utero 55 – 75 (70.5) by 34 – 49.5 (38.8).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD63FF9AFF3AFAA3FD23751F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species belongs to the genus Paraheligmonelloides as it has a synlophe with a cuticular dilatation supported by a much more developed ridge 1 ’ than ridge 1. The orientation and relative sizes of the ridges is as described for the south east Asian members of the genus (Ow Yang et al. 1983; Hasegawa et al. 1999). Of these P. ennisae with 26 – 29 ridges in the synlophe of the mid body is closest to P. singauwaensis Smales, 2009 with 20 – 23 ridges and P. amplicaudae with 21 – 24 ridges, all other species having fewer than 22 ridges. Paraheligmonelloides ennisae n. sp. can be distinguished from both P. amplicaudae and P. singauwaensis in having longer spicules 330 – 460, the right tip trilobed, compared with shorter spicules, 280 – 365 and 230 – 385 respectively, both with simple tips. Females of P. ennisae with a twisted posterior end and the tail tip ending in a knob also differ from females of P. amplicaudae which has an enlarged posteror body and P. singauwaensis which has the posterior end of the female neither twisted nor enlarged and the tail tip ending in a spike.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7DFF98FF3AFA76FD73758F.taxon	description	(Figs 100 – 116)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7DFF98FF3AFA76FD73758F.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Melomys rufescens (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Melomys rufescens from Singauwa River, Lae (6 ° 07´S; 146 ° 59´E), Morobe Province, Papua, New Guinea coll. P. J. Shanahan iv. 1966; paratypes 3 males, same data BBM NG 24762. Other material examined. From Paramelomys rubex Papua New Guinea, Sanduan Province; 2 males, 3 females east slope Somoro, Torricelli Mts (3 ° 24´S; 142 ° 8´E): Indonesia, Papua; 7 males 24 females Urong Forest, Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 133 ° 56´E), AM W. 36802, W. 36803, W. 36804, W. 36805, W. 36806, W. 36807. Re description. General: Nematodes slightly or tightly coiled; prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 5 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring surrounds oesophagus in middle third of oesophageal region, deirids and excretory pore at about the same level in posterior third. Synlophe (based on sections from 13 worms) of pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 15 – 17 / 23 ridges in anterior, 19 – 23 in midbody, 14 – 23 in posterior. Axis of orientation of ridges passing from ventral right to dorsal left sides, inclined about 75 – 80 ° from sagittal axis in mid body; 8 – 11 ridges dorsal side, 9 – 13 ridges ventral side. In anterior and mid body ridges 1´, 2´more developed than ridges 1, 2; ridges 1 – 7 increasing, 8 – 11 decreasing in size; ridges 1´– 3´decreasing, ridges 4´– 6´about the same size, ridges 7´– 13´smaller. In posterior body ridges reduce in size, retaining orientation. Male: (measurements of 4 type specimens followed by measurements of 8 voucher specimens from P. rubex). Length 2350 – 2750 (2600), 2100 – 2650 (2400), maximum width 99 – 100 (99), 73 – 83 (77). Cephalic vesicle 37.5 – 42.5 (40), 29.5 – 40 (36.5) long. Oesophagus 320 – 350 (345), 265 – 310 (295) long; nerve ring 165, —, excretory pore 240, — from anterior end. Bursa (based on 7 worms) asymmetrical, right lobe larger than left; pattern of rays 2 – 3 for both lobes; rays 2, 3 diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4, 5, 6, recurved dorsally. Dorsal lobe with median notch, shorter than laterals; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about one third its length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9, 10, symmetrical, rays 8 arising at slightly different levels from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone short, conical, lightly sclerotised, ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip bifid, each lobe with single papilla 7. Spicules equal, filiform, proximal ends rounded, tips simple, pointed 230 – 290 (265), 230 – 385 (308) long. Gubernaculum 34 – 35.5 (35), 29, 30.6 long. Female: (Measurements of allotype followed by measurements of 8 voucher specimens from P. rubex). Length 2900, 2330 – 4200 (3400), maximum width 130, 74 – 134. (103.) Cephalic vesicle 42.5, 33 – 46 (39) long. Oesophagus 390, 235 – 420 (345) long. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva near posterior end, 95, 60 – 110 (75.5) from tail tip; vagina 60, 50, vestibule and infundibulum about same length, 90, 70, sphincter shorter, 60, 30. Tail may be reflected dorsally, with praepuce 20 – 34 (27.5) long; tail tip conical, ending in spike. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, up to 13 in utero 45, 64.5 – 73 (68.5) by 30, 33 – 43 (38.8).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7DFF98FF3AFA76FD73758F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paraheligmonelloides singauensis was first described from 5 specimens collected from the type host, Melomys rufescens from a locality in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (Smales 2009). The finding of additional specimens in P. rubex from localities in Sanduan Province (PNG) and Papua (Indonesia) represent new host and locality records for the species and have facilitated the preparation of the more detailed description given above. In particular the descriptions of the bursa (rays 6 not being more slender than rays 4 and 5), the female synlophe (the left and right ridges larger in the female) and ovejector (the sphincter the shortest element) have been clarified. The morphology and morophometrics of the specimens from P. rubex were congruent with those of specimens from M. rufescens, with the exception of egg size (larger) and spicule length (longer). These differences could be either a result of host influences or a reflection of the relatively small number of parasites measured in the two populations and did not seem to provide a sufficient basis for the erection of a new species.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7FFF98FF3AF9E6FBAE777D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nippostrongylinae: Synlophe well developed, with up to 45 pointed ridges: axis of orientation sub frontal, lacking carene. Bursa slightly asymmetrical, right side larger, dorsal lobe about same length as lateral lobes. Pattern of bursal rays 3 – 2, rays 3 longest. Dorsal ray divided distal to level of branching of rays 8 from dorsal trunk. Parasites of hydromyine murids. Type species Parasabanema szalayi.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7FFF98FF3AF9E6FBAE777D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name reflects similarity to the genus Sabanema.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD78FF9FFF3AFF53FECA7797.taxon	description	(Figs 117 – 132)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD78FF9FFF3AFF53FECA7797.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex Finimterr above Hindenberg Wall, Western Province, coll. T. Flannery & L. Szalay 3. v. 1992, AM W. 36808, W. 36809; paratypes 7 males 4 pieces of male, 6 females 12 pieces of female same data AM W. 36810. Other material examined. From Paramelomys rubex Papua New Guinea, Sanduan Province; 3 males Ofektaman, Telefomin area (5 ° 5´S; 141 ° 35´E) AM W. 36811; 3 males, 2 females 1 piece, hill S of Tifalmin (5 ° 7´S; 141 ° 25´E) AM W. 36812; 1 male, 2 females Bokubet 10 k E Feramin BBM NG 105251; 1 male, 1 female Lake Louise 17 mi WNW Telefomin BBM NG 99980: Indonesia, Papua; 2 males, 2 females, 5 pieces of females Mokwan area, Arfak Mts (1 ° 6´S; 133 ° 56´E), AM W 36813, W. 36814.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD78FF9FFF3AFF53FECA7797.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named after L. Szalay who helped collect the hosts.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD78FF9FFF3AFF53FECA7797.taxon	description	Description. General: Relatively robust worms, prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 7 – 8 annulations; buccal capsule vestigial. Mouth opening triangular with rudimentary lips; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus claviform. Nerve ring in mid oesophageal region, deirids and excretory pore in post oesophageal region. Synlophe (based on sections from 12 worms) of pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes extends from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa or vulva; 32 – 42 ridges in anterior, 36 – 45 in midbody, 35 – 45 in posterior. Axis of orientation of ridges sub frontal; 15 – 26 ridges dorsal side, 15 – 20 ridges ventral side. There is no consistent pattern in the size and number of ridges between anterior and posterior regions or between males and females; ridges in posterior body without orientation. Male: (Measurements of 6 specimens) Length 4500 – 7200 (6060), maximum width 87 – 136 (101). Cephalic vesicle 40 – 53 (48) long. Oesophagus 280 – 380 (330) long; nerve ring 180 – 230 (210), deirids, excretory pore, 210 – 315 (257) from anterior end. Bursa (based on 9 worms) with right lobe slightly larger than left, ventral portion extended distally; pattern of rays 3 – 2 for both lobes; rays 2, 3 diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4 recurved ventrally; 5, 6 recurved dorsally; rays 4, 5, more stout than rays 6; rays 2, 3 more slender, rays 3 longest. Dorsal lobe with median notch, about same length as laterals; dorsal trunk bifurcates at about 2 / 3 its length, each branch dividing again at distal tip; terminal divisions, rays 9, 10, symmetrical, rays 8 arising at same level from dorsal trunk proximally to division of dorsal ray. Genital cone small, ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip with paired papillae 7. Spicules filiform tips simple 380 – 503 (414) long. Gubernaculum 27 – 42.5 (35.5) long. Female: (Measurements of 8 specimens) Length 7230 – 12500 (7000), maximum width 106 – 268 (137). Cephalic vesicle 42.5 – 52.8 (48) long. Oesophagus 363 – 429 (396) long; nerve ring 157 – 195 (178), deirids, excretory pore 241 – 345 (300) from anterior end. Monodelphic ovejector, vulva near posterior end, 90 – 210 (127) from tail tip; vagina 30 – 35, vestibule, 70 – 90, longer than sphincter, 30 – 40, infundibulum longest, 110 – 120. Tail reflected ventrally, with praepuce, 25 – 36 (30) long. Tail tip blunt, conical. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, in utero 60 – 72.6 (68) by 30 – 36.3 (34).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD78FF9FFF3AFF53FECA7797.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This helligmonellid parasite of a hydromyin rodent from the Island of New Guinea, Parasabanema n. g., has all the characteristics of the subfamily Nippostrongylinae (see Durette-Desset 1983). The morphology of the synlophe, with the left side dilated and 32 – 45 ridges oriented sub frontally but with no consistent pattern of size gradients of the ridges is closest to that of Malaistrongylus and Sabanema which also have numerous ridges (Ow Yang et al. 1983). Malaistrongylus differs in that the dorsal ridges are the largest and Sabanema in having the dorsal left and ventral right ridges smallest. The bursal rays 4 and 5 not fused and the dorsal ray divides distally to the origin of rays 8 in compared with rays 4 and 5 fused and rays 8 arising close to the division of the dorsal ray further distinguishes Parasabanema from Malaistrongylus. Parasabanema can be further distinguished from Sabanema in that the dorsal lobe of the bursa has a median notch; rays 3 are elongated and the dorsal trunk is elongated in Parasabanema and not as in Sabanema (Ow Yang et al. 1983).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7AFF9DFF3AFEE3FC8E771C.taxon	description	(Figs 133 – 147)	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7AFF9DFF3AFEE3FC8E771C.taxon	materials_examined	Type host. Paramelomys rubex (Thomas) Site in host. Small intestine. Material examined. Holotype male, allotype female from Paramelomys rubex from hill south of Tifalmin (5 ° 7´S; 141 ° 25´E), West Sepik District, Sanduan Province, Papua New Guinea, coll. T. Flannery 15. iv. 1986, AM W. 36815, W. 36816; paratypes 12 males, 12 females, same data AM W. 36817.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7AFF9DFF3AFEE3FC8E771C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the host genus name as has been customary for other species in the genus.	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7AFF9DFF3AFEE3FC8E771C.taxon	description	Description. General: Small worms, prominent cephalic vesicle present with about 20 fine transverse annulations. Mouth opening triangular with 6 small rounded lips; buccal capsule sub globular with dorsal tooth; labial and cephalic papillae not observed. Oesophagus slender, claviform. Nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore not visible. Body with 2 lateral fluid filled cavities, floats, extending from posterior margin of cephalic vesicle to immediately anterior to bursa in male and to anus in female. Synlophe with up to 6 pointed longitudinal cuticular ridges in both sexes; 2 – 3 ridges ventrally, oriented from right to left; 2 – 3 ridges on right float, 2 dorsal, 0 – 1 ventral; 0 – 1 ridges on ventral left float. Male: (Measurements of 6 specimens) Length 1750 – 2900 (2295), maximum width (without floats) 73 – 95 (86). Cephalic vesicle 69 – 88 (79) long. Oesophagus 330 – 460 (357) long. Bursa symmetrical, lobes indistinct, dorsal lobe not separated from lateral lobes; pattern of rays 2 – 3; rays 2, 3, diverge distally, recurved ventrally; rays 4, 5, 6 with common origin, rays 4 more robust than rays 5, 6; rays 8 arise near base of dorsal trunk, rays 9 short, slender, asymmetrical, arise close to origin of rays 10, 11. Genital cone, sclerotised, complex; ventral lip with unpaired papilla 0, dorsal lip with paired papillae 7. Spicules simple, twisted together proximally joined at the tips distally, tips sclerotised, 310 – 330 (318) long. Gubernaculum 37 – 44 (40) long. Female: (Measurements of 7 specimens) Length 2900 – 3400 (3250), maximum width (without floats) 86 – 109 (95). Cephalic vesicle 69 – 89 (79) long. Oesophagus 300 – 430 (364) long. Ovejector monodelphic, vulva near posterior end, 270 – 360 (306) from tail tip; vagina, 50, sphincter, 40, shortest elements, vestibule, 100, infundibulum usually looped, 110, longest element. Tail reflected ventrally, 90 – 130 (105) long; tail tip relatively long, conical. Eggs thin shelled, ellipsoidal, about 13 in utero 63 – 79 (67.4) by 34 – 40 (36.8).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
FF7CEC67FD7AFF9DFF3AFEE3FC8E771C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paraustrostrongylus paramelomysi n. sp. having a synlophe with longitudinal ridges and paired lateral floats, a dorsal oesophageal tooth and a highly sclerotised genital cone falls within the genus Paraustrostrongylus but differs from all congeners in the extent of the lateral floats, posterior to the vulva in the female. It is similar to P. gymnobelideus Humphery-Smith, 1981, P. potoroo Mawson, 1973 and P. ratti Obendorf, 1979 in having up to 7 ridges in the synlophe. Of these P. paramelomysi is closest to P. ratti, both having the spicules, twisted together proximally, but differs from it in the length of the spicules 310 – 330 compared with 640 – 700, and the origin and proportions of rays 9, closer to the branching of rays 10 and 11 and more stout in P. paramelomysi (see Obendorf 1979) ˛ It further differs from P. gymnobelideus in having the spicules twisted together proximally and in the position of the vulva 270 – 306 compared with 134 – 217 from the tail tip (Humphery-Smith 1981) and from P. potoroo in the length of spicules, 310 – 330 compared with 250 – 260 and in not having enlarged cuticle anterior to the vulva (Mawson 1973). Paraustrostrongylus paramelomysi can be distinguished from all other members of the genus in the number of ridges of the synlophe; P. bettongia Mawson, 1973 having 8, P. hypsiprymnodontis Mawson, 1973, 5 and P. trichosuri Mawson, 1973, 9 (Mawson 1973; Durette-Desset 1979).	en	Smales, L. R., Heinrich, B. (2010): Gastrointestinal nematodes of Paramelomys rubex (Rodentia: Muridae) from Papua Indonesia and Papua New Guinea with the descriptions of three new genera and four new species of Helligmonellidae and Herpetostrongylidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida). Zootaxa 2672 (1): 1-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2672.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2672.1.1
