identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FE3787EB2B48FFD4FD000134F033F903.text	FE3787EB2B48FFD4FD000134F033F903.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrus megacanthus Widholzer & Borsoi & Reis & Lehmann A. 2024	<div><p>Ancistrus megacanthus, new species</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E583531-02DB-4557-8F3E-837D56B190D3</p><p>(Figs. 1‒2; Tab. 1)</p><p>Holotype. MCP 19582, male, 96.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Gabriel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.373886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.455" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.373886/lat -30.455)">rio Vacacaí</a> on road RS-630, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.373886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.455" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.373886/lat -30.455)">rio Jacuí</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.373886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.455" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.373886/lat -30.455)">laguna dos Patos system</a>, 30°27’18”S 54°22’26”W, 14 Jan 1997, L. R. Malabarba, J. A. Gomes &amp; V. A. Bertaco.</p><p>Paratypes. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.051945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.339724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.051945/lat -30.339724)">rio Vacacaí basin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.051945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.339724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.051945/lat -30.339724)">laguna dos Patos system</a>: MCP 54919, 5, 47.7‒74.5 mm SL (all measured) + 1 c&amp;s, 54.5 mm SL, collected with holotype. MCP 16294, 6, 85.3‒124.4 mm SL (all measured), MZUSP 128046, 1, 120.2 mm SL (measured), UFRGS 29411, 1, 101.1 mm SL (measured), Caçapava do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.051945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.339724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.051945/lat -30.339724)">arroio Pessegueiro</a>, ca. 30º28’S 53º37’W, 15 Apr 1993, A. Ramires. MCP 54883, 1 (tissue sample), 39.4 mm SL (measured), São Gabriel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.051945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.339724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.051945/lat -30.339724)">arroio Cambaizinho</a> on road BR-290, 30°20’23”S 54°03’07”W, 5 Jul 2022, R. Widholzer &amp; M. Haas. MCP 54898, 2, 33.7‒44.1 mm SL (1 measured, 44.1 mm SL), São Gabriel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.051945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.339724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.051945/lat -30.339724)">arroio Cambaizinho</a> on road BR-290, 30°20’23”S 54°03’07”W, 4 Nov 2022, R. Widholzer &amp; M. Haas .</p><p>Genseq-2 coI. Sequence deposited in GenBank (MCP 54883 GenBank accession code OR250758).</p><p>Diagnosis. Ancistrus megacanthus differs from non-Andean congeners (except A. abilhoai Bifi, Pavanelli &amp; Zawadzki, 2009, A. agostinhoi Bifi, Pavanelli &amp; Zawadzki, 2009, A. brevifilis Eigenmann, 1920, A. brevipinnis, A. cirrhosus (Valenciennes, 1836), A. cuiabae Knaack, 1999, A. hoplogenys (Günther, 1864), A. kellerae de Souza, Taphorn &amp; Armbruster, 2019, A. leucostictus (Günther, 1864), A. lithurgicus Eigenmann, 1912, A. luzia Neuhaus, Britto, Birindelli &amp; Sousa, 2022, A. maximus de Oliveira, Zuanon, Zawadzki &amp; Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015, A. mullerae Bifi, Pavanelli &amp; Zawadzki, 2009, A. multispinis, A. nudiceps (Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849), A. patronus de Souza, Taphorn &amp; Armbruster, 2019, A. saudades de Souza, Taphorn &amp; Armbruster, 2019, A. taunayi, A. stigmaticus Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1889, A. trinitatis (Günther, 1864), and A. yutajae de Souza, Taphorn &amp; Armbruster, 2019) by adult males – those with welldeveloped snout tentacles – having the pectoral-fin spine long, exceeding half length of the pelvic-fin leading ray (vs. pectoral-fin spine short, not reaching half length of the pelvic-fin leading ray). It differs from those species (except A. yutajae), and including all congeners from Rio Grande do Sul ( A. brevipinnis, A. multispinis, and A. taunayi), by having dorsal and caudal fins plain dark brown to black, without lighter spots or bands (vs. lighter spot or bands on dorsal and caudal fins), and differs from A. brevipinnis and A. yutajae by having a dark brown to black background body color (vs. light brown body). Additionally, the new species is distinguished from A. taunayi by having small white to yellow dots on dorsal surface (vs. dorsal surface with light brown to pale yellow vermiculated spots). Ancistrus megacanthus is further distinguished from A. taunayi by having four branched rays on the anal fin (vs. three branched rays).</p><p>Description. Morphometric data in Tab. 1. Body and head depressed. Dorsal profile of body and head convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin, slightly concave to straight from that point to origin of adipose fin, concave from end of adipose fin to origin of caudal fin. Ventral profile of body straight, body height begins to decrease at pelvic girdle. Body covered with bony plates except along dorsal-fin base and ventral surface between tip of snout and anal-fin origin. Median series with 22‒24(13, 23*) lateral plates; lateral-line canal complete and uninterrupted. Three* predorsal plates, seven* plates at base of dorsal fin, four* plates between dorsal and adipose fins and 8*(6), 7(5) or 6(2) plates between adipose fins and caudal fins. Fin rays and body plates covered by small, caudally directed odontodes in regular rows, larger on fin spines.</p><p>Snout rounded, with wide bare anterior margin, posteriorly limited by dermal plates of varying sizes. Cutaneous tentacles present on lateral, anterior and middorsal portions of snout of males, sometimes branched and forming “Y” pattern. In females, tentacles smaller and usually arranged in pairs on sides of snout. Eye large 13.4‒22.1% (17) of head length, located laterodorsally on head. Orbit delimited dorsally by sphenotic and frontal, anteriorly by prefrontal plate, ventrally by infraorbitals IV and V, and posteriorly by infraorbital VI. Naris located dorsally on head, with tubular expansion of skin, delimited dorsally by frontal, anteriorly by infraorbital II and III, laterally by prefrontal plate and nasal bone. Interorbital region slightly convex to flat. Exposed part of operculum almost always triangular, rounded anteriorly. Dermal plates of different sizes and shapes arranged in post-opercular area, contiguous to compound pterotic. Nine to 12(13) strong retractable odontodes with sickle-shaped claws at extremity in opercular region.</p><p>Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of pectoral girdle. Lower lip with papillae randomly distributed throughout surface. Maxillary barbel short and free. Short mandibulary ramus, 12.6‒19.6% (17) of head length; premaxillary tooth row of same length or slightly shorter. Teeth numerous, 38‒67(17) in premaxilla and 32‒68(13) in dentary, bicuspid, with reduced lateral cusp and larger, wider mesial cusp.</p><p>Dorsal-fin spine elongated, soft rays almost reaching or reaching to adipose-fin origin when depressed; pectoral-fin spine long, exceeding half-length of pelvic-fin unbranched ray on adult males; reaching first third of pelvic fin in females. Pelvic fin reaching middle of anal-fin length. Caudal fin truncated, with lower leading ray longer than upper. All branched fin rays doubly branched near apical end. Dorsal fin with II+7(17) rays; pectoral fin I+6(17) rays; pelvic fin i+5(17) rays; anal fin i+4(17) rays; caudal fin i+14+I(17) rays.</p><p>Sixth vertebral centrum (first after Weberian apparatus) with enlarged rib. Seventh vertebra without rib and supporting first dorsal-fin pterygiophore. Eight following vertebral centra with thin ribs and supporting dorsal-fin pterygiophores. Total vertebrae 28(1).</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal and ventral region of body dark brown to black. Well-defined white to yellowish white dots, usually smaller than pupil diameter, on dorsal and lateral region of body, sometimes in ventral region, usually not visible in poorly preserved specimens. Slightly lighter brown bar on terminus of caudal peduncle. Rays and interradial membranes of paired fins with dark coloration similar to body and no or inconspicuous light dots. Dorsal, adipose and caudal fins plain dark brown to black. Upper and lower tip of caudal-fin leading rays and outer branched rays with small light termination (Fig. 1).</p><p>Coloration in life. Body dark brown to black with pale yellow dots, usually smaller than pupil diameter, along body; paired fins with yellow dots, dorsal fin with few inconspicuous light dots on unbranched ray, adipose and caudal fins unmarked. Lighter brown bar on terminus of caudal peduncle. Tip of upper and lower leading rays and outer branched rays of caudal fin with conspicuous yellow spots (Fig. 2).</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Adult males have more numerous and larger snout tentacle than females and larger pectoral-fin spines, usually exceeding half-length of the pelvic-fin unbranched ray and reaching the first third of pelvic fin in females.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Ancistrus megacanthus is known from three localities in the rio Vacacaí sub-basin of the rio Jacuí basin, laguna dos Patos hydrographic system (Fig. 3).</p><p>Ecological notes. The new species occurs in creeks at altitudes close to 100 m above sea level, with swift waters and rocky to gravelly bottom (Fig. 4). These water courses are in the Pampa biome, in a savannah formation with predominance of herbaceous vegetation and trees restricted to river banks, and with soils characterized by being clayey and gravelly, typical of the Precambrian Sul-Riograndense Shield terrains.</p><p>Etymology. Ancistrus megacanthus, latinized from Greek MEGAS (megas), large, great and AKANTHOS (akanthos), thorn, spine, in reference to the large pectoral-fin spines of the new species. A noun in apposition.</p><p>Conservation status. Ancistrus megacanthus is known from three localities in the rio Vacacaí drainage, with an Extension of Occurrence (EOO) estimated by the maximum convex polygon around the Vacacaí-Mirim sub-basin of 11,177 km 2. Main diffuse threats in the area are the transformation of the lotic environment to lentic habitats (e.g., by the construction of dams) and the use of agricultural pesticides. As no specific threats to the species were detected, it is provisionally assessed as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE3787EB2B48FFD4FD000134F033F903	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Widholzer, Ronaldo L.;Borsoi, Jessica;Reis, Roberto E.;Lehmann A., Pablo	Widholzer, Ronaldo L., Borsoi, Jessica, Reis, Roberto E., Lehmann A., Pablo (2024): A new species of Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with a redescription of Ancistrus brevipinnis and further evidence of hidden diversity in the laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230078) 22 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0078
FE3787EB2B42FFC1FD0E0082F15EF9C8.text	FE3787EB2B42FFC1FD0E0082F15EF9C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan 1904)	<div><p>Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan, 1904)</p><p>(Figs. 5‒7; Tab. 2)</p><p>Chaetostomus cirrhosus (non Valenciennes, 1836) Boulenger, 1891:234, pl. 26, fig. 1 (listed and illustrated from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil).</p><p>Xenocara brevipinnis Regan, 1904:257</p><p>(type-locality: [State of] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: BMNH 1891.3.16.76, female, 79.9 mm SL). Type-locality herein restricted to the rio Camaquã basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p><p>Description. Morphometric data in Tab. 2. Body and head depressed. Dorsal profile of body and head convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin, slightly concave to straight from that point to origin of adipose fin, concave from end of adipose fin to origin of caudal fin. Ventral profile of body straight, body height begins to decrease at pelvic girdle. Body covered with bony plates; plates absent along dorsal-fin base and ventral surface between tip of snout and anal-fin origin. Median series with 22‒24(11) lateral plates; lateral-line canal complete and uninterrupted. Three (11) predorsal plates, seven (11) plates at base of dorsal fin, four (11) plates between dorsal and adipose fins and 6(1), 7(8) or 22(2), plates between adipose fins and caudal fins. Fin rays and plates covered by small, caudally directed odontodes in regular rows, larger on fin spines.</p><p>Snout rounded, with wide bare anterior margin, limited posteriorly by dermal plates of varying sizes. Cutaneous tentacles present on lateral, anterior and middorsal portions of snout of males, sometimes branched and forming “Y” pattern. In females, tentacles smaller and usually arranged in pairs on sides of snout. Eye large, 13.0‒20.2% (16) of head length, located laterodorsally on head. Orbit delimited dorsally by sphenotic and frontal, anteriorly by prefrontal plate, ventrally by infraorbitals IV and V, and posteriorly by infraorbital VI. Naris located dorsally on head, with tubular expansion of skin, delimited anteriorly by nasal, posteromedially by frontal, laterally by infraorbital II and III, and posterolaterally by prefrontal plate. Exposed part of the opercle almost always triangular, rounded anteriorly. Dermal plates of different sizes and shapes arranged in the post-opercular area, contiguous to compound pterotic. Eleven to 14(11) strong retractable odontodes with sickle-shaped claws at extremity in opercular region.</p><p>Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of pectoral girdle. Lower lip with papillae randomly distributed throughout surface. Maxillary barbel short and free. Short mandibulary ramus, 12.9‒19.9% (16) of head length, premaxillary tooth row of same length or slightly shorter. Teeth numerous, 34‒57(11) in premaxilla and 33‒53(11) in dentary, bicuspid, with reduced lateral cusp and larger, wider mesial cusp.</p><p>Dorsal-fin spine elongated, soft rays not reaching adipose fin when depressed; pectoral-fin spine reaching to half-length of pelvic-fin unbranched ray in adult males; falling short or reaching to base of pelvic fin in females. Pelvic fin reaching middle of anal-fin length. Caudal fin obliquely truncated with lower leading ray longer than upper. All branched fin rays doubly branched near apical end. Dorsal fin with II+7 rays(16); pectoral fin I+5(4) or I+6(21) rays; pelvic fin i+5(16) rays; anal fin i+4 rays (16); caudal fin i+14+i rays (16).</p><p>Sixth vertebral centrum (first after Weberian apparatus) with enlarged rib. Seventh vertebra without rib and supporting first dorsal-fin pterygiophore. Eight following vertebral centra with thin ribs and supporting dorsal-fin pterygiophores. Total vertebrae 28(1).</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal and ventral region of body brown mottled with darker brown to gray patches. Well-defined, small yellow to light brown dots on dorsal and lateral region of body, sometimes in ventral region, smaller on head and somewhat vermiculated on flanks and abdomen. Dark brown dots on fin rays and sometimes interradial membrane of all fins. Upper and lower tips of caudal-fin leading rays with small light termination (Fig. 5).</p><p>Coloration in life. Body with complex distribution of pigments, yellowish brown and brown background mottled with darker brown to gray patches and four or five big, light yellow spots dorsally. Caudal fin preceded by slanted light brown to yellow band. Head and ventral surface of body covered with light yellow dots. Dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish brown with inconspicuous darker dots. Anal and caudal fin mostly plain light brown, upper and lower tips of caudal-fin leading and outer branched rays with small white or light yellow termination (Fig. 7).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Ancistrus brevipinnis is believed to occur in most of the laguna dos Patos tributaries (Fig. 3), but specimens used to prepare this redescription are those from the restricted type-locality, the rio Camaquã basin.</p><p>Ecological notes. Specimens of A. brevipinnis are usually found in shallow and wide creeks and rivers, predominantly formed by pebbles and rocks and swift waters.</p><p>Previously undetected diversity in the laguna dos Patos system. During the present study we observed that populations commonly identified as Ancistrus brevipinnis have remarkable morphological variation throughout the laguna dos Patos system, which suggests the existence of undetected diversity. Some of the observed variation includes the structure of the predorsal plates, which may be present as two or three series between the supraoccipital and the dorsal fin; the length of the pectoral-fin spine, which varies from falling short of the pelvic-fin base to reaching half or even exceeding half length of that fin; the number of branched rays in the pectoral fin (5 or 6); a variation in the relationship between height and length of the caudal peduncle; the body coloration, which varies from grayish brown with yellow spots evenly distributed on body, to very dark brown with barely visible yellow dots, or light brown body with yellowish-brown dots to mottled brown with darker spots and light yellow spots; the fin coloration, ranging from black without spots to dark brown with yellow spots, sometimes restricted to rays and spines, and sometimes on interradial membranes; and the tip of the adipose-fin spine, occasionally with an evident white dot.</p><p>To deal with this variation, morphometric and meristic data were obtained separately for specimens from several sub-basins of the laguna dos Patos system (Tabs. 1‒3) and neighboring basins (Tab. 4). Linear Discriminant Analysis of the morphological data from these different populations resulted in three discrete groups (Fig. 8). A wellisolated group formed by Ancistrus brevipinnis from the rio Camaquã sub-basin and the new species described above, A. megacanthus, from the rio Vacacaí sub-basin. A second cluster with the remaining A. brevipinnis populations analyzed (herein referred to as Ancistrus aff. brevipinnis) and A. taunayi from the rio Uruguay, and a third cluster with the species inhabiting the coastal rivers, A. multispinis . The LD1 axis had the caudal peduncle length (0.40) as the most strongly positive value and the head length (-0.32) as the most strongly negative value. The LD2 axis had the body width at dorsal-fin origin (0.48) as the most strongly positive variable and the caudal-peduncle length (-0.68) as the most strongly negative variable. Further on supporting the distinctiveness of the new species, this analysis also suggests that the A. brevipinnis population from the rio Camaquã basin represents a species distinct from the more northern tributaries of the laguna dos Patos.</p><p>A molecular comparison of the gene coI of those populations and other geographically close species of Ancistrus revealed the same pattern as the morphometric analysis. The genetic distance between the three specimens of Ancistrus brevipinnis from the rio Camaquã and the A. aff. brevipinnis from the Jacuí basin ranged from 2.7 to 3.2%, numbers similar or greater than the distance between the other geographically close species (Tab. 5). A Maximum Likelihood tree of the same sequences shows the A. brevipinnis from the rio Camaquã more closely related to A. megacanthus (Fig. 9), while the A. aff. brevipinis was revealed more closely related to A. taunayi from the rio Uruguay basin. The tree species was rooted in A. aguaboensis from the Amazon basin.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, laguna dos Patos system, rio Camaquã basin : MCP 25948, 21, 22.9‒51.3 mm SL (1 measured, 51.3mm SL), rio dos Carros, Lavras do Sul, 30°46’02.42”S 53°48’23.04”W . MCP 25902, 11, 24.8‒65.9 mm SL (2 measured, 51.0‒ 55.2 mm SL) + 1 c&amp;s, 56.0 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.97222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.985" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.97222/lat -30.985)">rio Marmeleiro</a>, Lavras do Sul, 30°59’06”S 53°58’20”W . MCP 23781 7, 31.2‒65.7 mm SL (4 measured, 60.1‒65.7 mm SL), rio do Engenho, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.756668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.730001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.756668/lat -30.730001)">rio Velhaco</a>, Sentinela do Sul, 30°43’48”S 51°45’24”W . MCP 54896, 4, 2 tis, 50.0‒ 67.5 mm SL (2 measured, 65.2‒67.5 mm SL), rio do Meio, Cristal, 30°58’10.81”S 52°10’07.42”W . UFRGS 21299, 1, 50.7 mm SL (measured), creek tributary to rio das Neves, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.227222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.854723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.227222/lat -30.854723)">Santana da Boa Vista</a>, 30°51’17”S 53°13’38”W , UFRGS 21300, 5, 27.3 ‒72.0 mm SL (4 measured, 57.5‒72.0 mm SL), rio das Neves, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.22439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.862528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.22439/lat -30.862528)">Santana da Boa Vista</a>, 30°51’45.1”S 53°13’27.8”W , UFRGS 22124, 2, 74.7‒81.3 mm SL (2 measured), rio das Neves, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.22439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.862528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.22439/lat -30.862528)">Santana da Boa Vista</a>, 30°51’45.1”S 53°13’27.8”W . MCP 54985, 1 tis, arroio Bonito, tributary to arroio Velhaco, 30°43’50.87”S 51°45’23.05”W .</p><p>Genseq-3 coI. Sequence deposited in GenBank (MCP 54895, accession code OR242765, and MCP 54895, accession codes OR242766 and OR242767).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE3787EB2B42FFC1FD0E0082F15EF9C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Widholzer, Ronaldo L.;Borsoi, Jessica;Reis, Roberto E.;Lehmann A., Pablo	Widholzer, Ronaldo L., Borsoi, Jessica, Reis, Roberto E., Lehmann A., Pablo (2024): A new species of Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with a redescription of Ancistrus brevipinnis and further evidence of hidden diversity in the laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology (e 230078) 22 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0078
