taxonID	type	description	language	source
FC569472DE611F3E77F3FEF7FD2BFC75.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CAS 122323, U. S. A., Oregon off shore, 44.00 ° 28.30 ’ N, 125.00 ° 13.40 ’ W, 1335 – 1372 m depth, 20 October 1961, J. E. McCauley aboard RV Acona, Oregon State University.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE611F3E77F3FEF7FD2BFC75.taxon	description	Description of CAS 122323. The wet-preserved colony is elongate, narrow, strongly curved and 460 mm long; the rachis is 378 mm long and 7 – 8 mm wide; and the peduncle is 82 mm long and 8 – 16 mm wide. The autozooids are up to 10 mm long and 2.5 mm wide, numerous and crowded around much of the circumference of the rachis, leaving only one side free of polyps. Siphononzooids are numerous (> 20 per linear 10 mm), crowded between the autozooids, circular to slightly oval in shape, and mostly 0.25 mm in diameter. Sclerites of the peduncle interior are sparsely distributed, minute oval bodies up to 0.03 mm in length. Color of colony in alcohol is light tan.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE611F3E77F3FEF7FD2BFC75.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Anthoptilum grandiflorum occurs in all oceans, to 3150 m depth.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE611F3E77F3FEF7FD2BFC75.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We have been unable to examine the holotype of Anthoptilum grandiflorum (Verrill, 1879). The specimen was apparently deposited at the Peabody Museum of Natural History of Yale University and is recorded as being dry. A search and inventory of all dry type specimens at the Museum is currently under way (pers. comm. E. A. Lazo-Wasem, Senior Collection Manager), with an undetermined time of completion. This relatively well known species was considered by Kükenthal (1915: 32 – 33) as possibly the only known valid species in the genus Anthoptilum, since A. simplex, A. thomsoni, and A. murrayi of Kölliker, 1880, and A. decipiens and Thesioides inermis of Thomson & Henderson, 1906 were listed by him as junior synonyms. In addition, in the same paper Kükenthal recorded Anthoptilum sertum (Verrill, 1885) as a dubious or uncertain species after having previously transferred Benthoptilum sertum (Verrill, 1885) (and Stephens 1909) to Anthoptilum as a valid species (Kükenthal & Broch 1911). Grasshoff (1982), however, regarded A. sertum as a synonym of A. grandiflorum and recognized A. murrayi as an additional valid species. We agree with Grasshoff’s assessment, and we also believe Anthoptilum malayense Hickson, 1916, to be a junior synonym of A grandiflorum. Anthoptilum grandiflorum is a soft-sediment inhabiting species, with a sausage-shaped peduncle similar in structure to that of the vast majority of other pennatulaceans (Figs. 1, 7 A), and does not exhibit modifications of the proximal apex for attachment to hard substrata (Figs. 7 B, 8 A – E). Colonies are whip-like or vermiform, some over 1,000 mm in total length with a rachis (minus polyps) commonly 10 mm in maximum width, giving a ratio of total colony length to rachis diameter of up to 100: 1	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3E77F3FBA5FCF0F96B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Part of Thomson and Henderson’s (1906: 109) inadequately illustrated description of this species, follows. “ The stalk is short and conical; it expands gradually from its junction with the rachis downwards, and has a large knob in the centre of the base. The base thus resembles a “ tam o’ shanter ”; or, to put it another way, the stalk ends in a large knob, but before reaching the knob it expands into a large collar-like fold …. The most noteworthy features of this species are: …. 3. The shape of the basal expansion with its knob-like termination into which the end of the axis extends. …. Locality: …. 7 ° 55 ’ N., 81 ° 47 ’ E: 506 fathoms. ” As a result of this detailed account of the proximal end of the peduncle, we regard A. decipiens as a rock-inhabiting sea pen. Other aspects of the description (elongate colony 720 mm in length, ratio of colony length to rachis diameter 180: 1, siphonozooid distribution, minute rod-like sclerites in the peduncle that may form star-shaped groups) indicate that this is a fourth species of this type of sea pen, despite Kükenthal (1915) listing it as a synonym of A. grandiflorum. We are, however, unable to confirm this, as the specimen is probably in the Indian Museum in Kolkata (where the bulk of the samples from the Investigator expedition are stored), and we have never been able to obtain information or loans from this institution. Thomson and Henderson (1906) did not designate type specimens, but some of their specimens labeled as holotypes, or as parts of holotypes, are in the Natural History Museum, London — unfortunately A. decipiens is not among them.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3877F3F8D6FC9BF815.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: CAS 179453, sample number T 666 - R 10, California, Northeast Bank, Outer California Borderlands, 32.2716305 ° N, 119.6724745 ° W, 669 m depth, 3 May 2004, MBARI, on basaltic lava. PARATYPE: CAS 179454, sample number T 628 - A 4, California, Rodriguez Seamount, 34.057368 ° N, 121.052983 ° W, 700 m depth, 14 October 2003, MBARI, on volcaniclastic pavement. OTHER: CAS 179456, Anthoptilum sp. indet., Hawai’i, Niihau, 21 ° 59.250 ’ N, 160 ° 12.631 ’ W, Site: NW- 1 c, 368 m depth, 3 May 2010, HURL, one damaged specimen.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3877F3F8D6FC9BF815.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ratio of total colony length to rachis diameter approximately 50: 1. Autozooids 10 – 15 mm long, 2 – 4 mm wide. Adjacent autozooids closely placed in indistinct, slightly oblique rows. Autozooid walls with minute oval sclerites, each usually less than 0.01 mm in length. Proximal terminus of peduncle modified into a markedly widened structure with a protruding, conical, terminal knob covering the end of the axis.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3877F3F8D6FC9BF815.taxon	description	Description. The holotype (Fig. 2 A) is 118 mm long with the polyp-bearing rachis occupying 98 mm (or 83 %) of the entire length. Approximately 45 autozooids are arranged along the length of the rachis, which are 9 – 16 mm long and not readily discernible as biserial, opposite, sub-opposite or alternate, being more randomly placed. In one 10 mm long autozooid, the polyp wall is 7 mm long, while tentacle length is 3 mm. Siphonozooids are conspicuous, approximately 0.3 – 0.4 mm in diameter, and appear as white hemispherical protuberances arranged in several longitudinal rows on both sides of each longitudinal row of autozooids. Sclerites are scattered, minute oval bodies, less than or equal to 0.01 mm long, present only in the body walls of the autozooids (Fig. 3). The rachis of the preserved specimen is grayish-white and the autozooids are tan. Variability. The paratype is 95 mm long with a mauve rachis / peduncle and dark purplish-brown autozooids.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3877F3F8D6FC9BF815.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet lithophilum is derived from the Greek (lithos — stone) and (philos — loving, fond of, having affinity for), alluding to this species inhabiting rocky substrata.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3877F3F8D6FC9BF815.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Presently known only from off the coast of California, U. S. A.; 669 – 700 m in depth (Fig. 10). Differential diagnosis. Anthoptilum lithophilum sp. nov. has sclerites in the polyp walls but these are lacking in all other species of the genus. The ratio of colony length to rachis diameter is 50: 1, but the ratio in the other species is as follows: A. grandiflorum, up to 100: 1; A. murrayi (Kölliker, 1880), 93: 1; A. decipiens sp. nov., 180: 1; A. gowlettholmesae sp. nov., up to 30: 1.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE601F3877F3F8D6FC9BF815.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One damaged, additional specimen collected from Niihau, Hawai’i (CAS 179456), is considerably laterally compressed and significantly flattened. Although it does show a superficial resemblance to Anthoptilum lithophilum sp. nov., its identification remains uncertain.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE651F3477F3FF07FC66FC3D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: TMAG K 3876, Cruise TN 228, Dive J 2 - 387, sample 012 - 005, ROV Jason, RV Thomas T. Thompson, 26 December 2008, Australia, Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve (Location: Hill Z 40), 44 ° 38.2 ’ S, 147 ° 26.3 ’ E, 1776 m depth, one whole specimen collected by slurp gun, 370 mm in length. PARATYPES: TMAG K 3877, Cruise TN 228, Dive J 2 - 382, sample 005 - 001, ROV Jason, RV Thomas T. Thompson, 17 December 2008, Australia, outside Huon Commonwealth Marine Reserve (Location: A 1), 44 ° 33.4 ’ S, 147 ° 28.1 ’ E, 1441 m depth, one whole specimen collected by coral grab, 410 mm in length; TMAG K 3878, Cruise TN 228, Dive J 2 - 393, sample 008 - 001, ROV Jason, RV Thomas T. Thompson, 12 January 2009, Australia, Tasman Fracture Zone (Location: The Knob), 45 ° 14.3 ’ S, 145 ° 98.5 ’ E, 1613 m depth, one whole specimen collected by bio grab, 350 mm in length; CAS 179452, Cruise TN 228, Dive J 2 - 386, sample 001 - 001, ROV Jason, RV Thomas T. Thompson, 24 December 2008, Australia, Tasmanian Sea Mounts Marine Reserve (Location: Mongrel), 44 ° 25.04 ’ S, 147 ° 26.33 ’ E, 1109 m depth, one whole specimen collected by coral grab, 430 mm in length.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE651F3477F3FF07FC66FC3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ratio of total colony length to rachis diameter circa 30: 1. Autozooids up to 50 mm in length, crowded along rachis in oblique rows, 4 – 9 per row. Proximal terminus of peduncle sucker-shaped, hemispherical in life, with a proximally protruding, conical, terminal knob covering the end of the axis.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE651F3477F3FF07FC66FC3D.taxon	description	Description. The holotype is 370 mm long (Fig. 4 C), with the 300 mm rachis occupying 81 % of the total length. The autozooids originate directly from surface of the rachis and measure 3 – 8 mm wide and up to 50 mm long, and are disposed in two series of oblique rows along the lateral sides, 6 – 10 per row. Polyp bodies are tubular, narrow elongate, up 35 mm long, with tentacles up to 15 mm long bearing numerous, narrow, elongate pinnules, 1.5 – 2.0 mm long. Siphonozooids are abundant and crowded, approximately 0.25 mm in diameter, forming round to slightly oval hemispheres on two sides of the rachis between the autozooid bases. The peduncle is 70 mm long, occupying 19 % of the colony, and the proximal portion is significantly enlarged with an expanded coenenchymal sheath immediately above a conical terminal bulb (Fig. 4 C, 8 E). No sclerites were found in numerous samples taken throughout the colony. The rachis and peduncle in the wet-preserved holotype are tan, while the autozooids are dark purplish brown (Fig. 4 C). Variability. The four wet-preserved specimens examined vary from 370 to 430 mm in length. The autozooids vary from 20 to 50 mm in length and are often up to 5 mm in diameter proximally. The oblique rows are relatively easy to distinguish, and contain 4 – 9 autozooids each. In life, paratype TMAG K 3878 was deep yellow to orange with bright red-orange autozooids (Fig. 4 A). The wet-preserved paratype TMAG K 3877 is tan to light maroon with deep purplish brown autozooids (Fig. 4 B), and paratype CAS 179452 is pale tan throughout (not figured).	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE651F3477F3FF07FC66FC3D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for Karen Gowlett-Holmes, who had been endeavouring to collect specimens of it for several years.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE651F3477F3FF07FC66FC3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South Tasman Rise (southwest of Tasmania, Australia); 729 – 1803 m in depth (Figs. 9, 10). Differential diagnosis. The only other species in the genus that has a similar gross morphology (i. e. robust with a thick rachis densely covered with large autozooids) is A. grandiflorum. In that species the wet-preserved autozooids are usually circa 8 – 25 mm long and 2 – 3 mm wide and there are 5 – 10 in each oblique row. However, the oblique rows of some specimens are often not distinguishable or are difficult to distinguish since the autozooids are often extremely crowded, appearing more-or-less longitudinally disposed along the length of the rachis. On the other hand, in Anthoptilum gowlettholmesae sp. nov., the wet-preserved autozooids can be 20 – 50 mm long and 3 – 5 mm wide, and there are 4 – 9 in each well defined oblique row. The new species is also more robust, up to 440 mm long, with a rachis 15 mm in diameter, giving a ratio of colony length to rachis diameter of up to 30: 1 compared to 100: 1 for A. grandiflorum. Additionally, the interior of the peduncle of A. grandiflorum contains sparsely distributed sclerites, which are minute ovals <0.03 mm long, but no sclerites have been found in A. gowlettholmesae sp. nov.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE651F3477F3FF07FC66FC3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Numerous individuals of an echinoid identified by K. Gowlett-Holmes as Dermechinus horridus (Agassiz, 1879) (family Echinidae) were photographed beside a colony of Anthoptilum gowlettholmesae sp. nov. on a rocky outcrop in the Tasmanian Sea Mounts Marine Reserve (Fig. 5 B).	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE6A1F3177F3FBE7FF41F901.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: CAS 179455, Sta. No. ELE 210 - 1, Bahamas — Bahama Escarpment, Eleuthera Island West, 25 ° 40.1191 ’ N, 76 ° 46.2572 ’ W, 1969 m depth, 28 March 2009, coll. S. C. France; Bahamas Deep – Sea Coral Expedition, RV F. G. Walton Smith, ROV Global Explorer.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE6A1F3177F3FBE7FF41F901.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Axis straight, autozooids arranged more-or-less in sub-alternate to opposite pairs along length of rachis with each pair separated by areas of bare rachis. Basal terminus of peduncle enlarged to form a plungershaped structure with a conical proximally protruding knob covering the end of the axis. No sclerites found in tissues sampled from several areas.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE6A1F3177F3FBE7FF41F901.taxon	description	Description. The damaged holotype (Fig. 7 C) is slender, straight, and 122 mm long. The approximately 0.5 mm diameter rachis occupies 90 % of the colony and the axis is clearly observable beneath the thin coenenchyme. There are 25 autozooids, mostly 4 – 6 mm long, which are arranged biserially, opposite to alternately along the rachis in pairs. Areas of bare rachis between adjacent autozooids or pairs of autozooids vary from 4 to 12 mm long. The swollen and oblong basal regions of some autozooids contain several spherical ova, each approximately 0.25 mm in diameter. The siphonozooids are ovoid, approximately 0.2 mm long, and are arranged in two longitudinal rows along the bare areas of rachis. The peduncle represents approximately 10 % of the total colony length and the proximal terminus, 5 mm long by 3 – 4 mm wide (Figs. 7 C, 8 C), is structurally similar to that of the other known species of rock-inhabiting pennatulaceans. No sclerites were found in numerous samples taken throughout the colony. The opaque autozooids of the wet-preserved colony are deep chocolate brown; the rachis is dark red, the peduncle tan, and the siphonozooids brown.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE6A1F3177F3FBE7FF41F901.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We name this species for Scott C. France, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, for his discovery and collection of the holotype.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE6A1F3177F3FBE7FF41F901.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This new species is presently known only from the type locality, Bahama Escarpment in the western Atlantic, 1969 m depth (Fig. 10). Differential diagnosis. There are three nominal species of Calibelemnon, C. symmetricum Nutting, 1908 (the type species), C. indicum (Thomson & Henderson, 1906), and C. hertwigi (Balss, 1909), of which the last is considered invalid (Williams 1995: 117). Calibelemnon francei sp. nov. can be distinguished from the former two of these by its remarkably small peduncle, which occupies only 10 % of the total colony length compared to 30 % – 46 % for C. indicum and 47 % for C. symmetricum. It also differs from C. symmetricum by having the siphonozooids arranged in two longitudinal rows compared to them being distributed all over the rachis in that species, except for a longitudinal band along the ventral and dorsal tracks.	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
FC569472DE6A1F3177F3FBE7FF41F901.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype is the only known specimen of this species and does seem to have two characteristics that agree with the definition of the genus — more-or-less biserial polyps and bare regions of rachis between polyp pairs. However, since there are no other specimens for comparison at this point, it is possible these features may be at least partially due to specimen damage and / or poor preservation. If undamaged material is found that conforms to the description of Calibelemnon francei sp. nov., specialists may eventually agree that all known rock-inhabiting sea pens should be allocated to Anthoptilum. But without further evidence we assign the new species to Calibelemnon ..	en	Williams, Gary C., Alderslade, Philip (2011): Three new species of pennatulacean octocorals with the ability to attach to rocky substrata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Pennatulacea). Zootaxa 3001: 33-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200521
