Marmosops (Sciophanes) marina sp. nov.

Holotype. UFMT 4078 (field number RVR 62; Figures 3 and 4A) consists of skin and skull of an adult male in good condition, collected in pitfall-trap on 07 May 2014 by Rogério Vieira Rossi at Fazenda São José, Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil (09º37’36”S, 56º04’46”W), on the right bank of the Teles Pires River. The specimen is deposited in the Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Type locality. Fazenda São José (09º37’36”S, 56º04’46”W), right bank of Rio Teles Pires, municipality of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil .

Paratype. Five other specimens in addition to the holotype are here designated as paratypes. UFMT 4074, UFMT 4081 (field numbers RVR 24 and RVR 95, respectively), adult males preserved as skin, skull and skeleton, collected by R. V. R. in May 2014 in Fazenda São José (09º37’36”S, 56º04’46”W), Alta Floresta, right bank of Rio Teles Pires, Mato Grosso, Brazil ; UFMT 1427, UFMT 1501 (field numbers UTP 621 and UTP 186, respectively), adult males preserved as skin and skull, and UFMT 1421 (field number UTP 59), adult female preserved as skin and skull, collected by T. S. Santos-Júnior and M. Aragona in the municipality of Jacareacanga, state of Pará, Brazil . All paratypes are deposited in the Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil .

Geographic distribution. Marmosops marina occurs south of the Amazon River and on the west bank of the Xingu River, extending west to the state of Rondônia (Antônio Mujica Nava Ecological Station) and south to the municipality of Comodoro, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Figure 5) .

Diagnosis. Dorsal coloration usually grayish-brown; tail length (120–161 mm) greater than head and body length (64–128 mm); venter generally white, with lateral bands of gray based and white-tipped hair varying from narrow to wide, joined or not on the throat and generally not extended to the inner surface of the hind limbs; lac-rimal foramen usually exposed in lateral view; supraoccipital with slightly convex shape in dorsal view; M3 with anterior and posterior portions of the stylar shelf labially projected in the same proportion (in occlusal view); upper molars with anterolabial cingulum and preprotocrista usually united, forming a continuous but narrow shelf along the anterior margin of the tooth crown; metaconule of the upper molars (between the metacone and the protocone) well developed; and talonid of the m4 usually tricuspid.

Morphological description. Marmosops marina has a head and body length (HBL) varying from 64 to 128 mm and longer tail (LT: 120–161 mm; Tables 4 and 5); dorsal hairs 5–10 mm long; dorsal fur smooth, usually grayish-brown (66.5%, n=166; Figure 4A), being slightly lighter laterally; rostrum light brown with some pale red and gray hairs, lighter than the top of the head; blackish mask around the eyes with posterior portion generally in-conspicuous (70.5%, n=78); cheeks with white and/or white and gray-based and white-tipped hairs; hands covered dorsally by whitish hairs; tail bicolor (dark dorsal and paler in the ventral region) with dorsal coloration generally grayish dark brown (70.5%, n=163); tail scales arranged in a spiral, each with three hairs inserted in the posterior margin; the central hair of the triplet clearly thicker and more pigmented than the lateral ones; venter usually white (72.1%, n=165; cream = 27.9%), with lateral bands of gray-based and white-tipped hairs ranging from narrow to wide, joining or not on the throat and generally not extending to the inner surface of the hind limbs (except in UFPA-M 1402; MZUSP: M 97056, APC 231, COM 127, PEV 792 and UFMT: MOA-ARIP 41, in which lateral bands of gray-based hairs join on the chest; and UFMT 2966, 2972, in which lateral bands of gray-based hairs join on both chest and throat); hands with spoon shaped lateral carpal tubercle in adult males.

Craniodentally, M. marina exhibits zygomatic process of the squamosal widely overlapped dorsally by the jugal; lacrimal foramina usually (91.5%, n=177) exposed in lateral view (except in UFPA-M 1458; UFMT 1310, 1508, 3563, 3590, UFMT: MOA-ARIP 40; UNEMAT: MSF1912; MZUSP: 3TP 74, 3TP 75, 4TP 10, TPPC 49, TPPC 53, MSAMPP 35, MASAS 113, M 976271); supraorbital margin slightly rounded with a non-prominent crest; long nasal bones (extending slightly behind the lacrimal), usually wider posteriorly than anteriorly (67.2%, n=167); supraoccipital with slightly convex shape in dorsal view (except UFPA-M 983, 985, 991, 996, 1001, 1008); paraoc-cipital process generally long and narrow (79.2%, n=168); ventral surface of the tympanic process of alisphenoid usually oval (74.7%, n=162); cochlear fenestrae exposed in ventral view (except in UFMT 742, 1427, 1501, 1502, 4032; MZUSP: 3TP 11, 3TP 23, 3TP 27, 3TP 74, 3TP 75, TPA 036, TPPC 051, MJ 32); palatine fenestrae absent, but diminutive perforations in the palatine and/or maxillary bones may be present (e.g. UFPA-M 1452; MPEG 38391, 38424, MPEG: JUR 045; UFMT 1360, 1420, 1430, 3563); C1 with anterior and posterior accessory cusps in males and females; M3 with anterior and posterior portions of the stylar shelf labially projected in the same proportion (in occlusal view); upper molars with preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum usually united (68.3%, n=177), form-ing a continuous but narrow shelf along the anterior margin of the tooth crown; metaconule of the upper molars well developed; lower canine (c1) premolariform (with posterior accessory cusp), generally subequal in higher to p1 (66.7%, n=174); m2 paraconid usually higher than the m1 entoconid (85%, n= 74; except in UFPA-M 983, 985, 996, 1509, 1594, 1664; MPEG 10020, 38395, 39722; MPEG: SPM 05, 28, 31; MZUSP: 3TP 12, 11, 75, TPPC 53; UFMT 1430, 1358, 3549, 3574, 3635; UNEMAT: MSF 1912, 1916, 1921, 1958); and m4 talonid usually tricuspid (70.4%, n=176).

Geographic variation. Student´s t tests showed that females from the right margin of the Tapajós River exhibit larger WM2, Lm4, Wm2, and smaller NL, while males exhibit larger MTR, WM2, LTB, TBO, WET, and smaller PPB, BRC, LIB, and ZB (Table S4). No geographic variation was observed in the pelage color of M. marina .

Comparisons with M. parvidens and other species of the “Parvidens” group (Table 6). Externally, M. marina differs from M. parvidens, M. pinheiroi (s.s.) and M. woodalli by exhibiting longer dorsal fur (8 mm long, on average, versus 6.9 a 7.6 mm); lateral bands of gray-based hairs on the venter ranging from narrow to wide, which may or may not join on the throat and generally do not extend to the inner surface of the hind limbs (Figure 4A), ver-sus usually absent in M. parvidens, whose venter is covered by a continuous band of cream hair that extends along the inner surface of the anterior and posterior limbs (Figure 4B); wide and usually joined on the throat, not extending to the inner surface of the hind limbs in M. pinheiroi (s.s.; Figure 4C); and narrow and irregularly arranged, which may or may not join on the throat and/or mid-chest and usually do not extend to the inner surface of the hind limbs in M. woodalli (Figure 4D). It also differs from M. parvidens and M. woodalli by exhibiting usually grayish-brown dorsal fur (Figure 4A), versus slightly reddish brown in the former (Figure 4B) and usually dark brown in latter (Figure 4D); and ventral coloration usually white (Figure 4A), versus cream in M. parvidens (Figure 4B), and white in M. woodalli (Figure 4D). It also differs from M. pinheiroi (s.s.) and M. woodalli by exhibiting usually inconspicuous facial mask around the eyes (versus blackish and conspicuous mask that extends to the posterior corner of the eye; Table 6). Finally, it also differs from M. pinheiroi (s.s.) by exhibiting larger ear and a smaller foot, on average (Tables 4 and 5).

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a Holotype of M. pinheiroi (USNM 461459).

b Holotype of M. woodalli (USNM 393532).

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aHolotype (UFMT 4078) of Marmosops marina sp. nov

Craniodentally, M. marina differs from M. parvidens, M. pinheiroi (s.s.) and M. woodali by exhibiting lacrimal foramina usually exposed in lateral view, versus always exposed in M. pinheiroi (s.s.), and exposed or not in M. woodalli and M. parvidens; well-developed (versus underdeveloped) metaconule on upper molars (Figure 6 A–B); and preprotocrista and anterolabial cingulum of upper molars usually united, forming a continuous and narrow shelf along the anterior margin of crown of the upper molars (Figure 7A), versus forming a continuous and broader shelf in M. parvidens (Figure 7B), and not forming a continuous shelf in the other two species (Figure 7C). It also differs from M. parvidens and M. woodalli by exhibiting tympanic process of the alisphenoid with usually oval ventral surface, versus usually globose in M. parvidens, and variable in M. woodalli . Marmosops marina can also be discriminated from M. parvidens by not exhibiting a small accessory cusp between the metaconid and the entoconid of lower molars (Figure 8 A–B). It also differs from M. pinheiroi (s.s.) by exhibiting larger ear and a smaller foot, on average (Tables 4 and 5); and talonid of m4 usually tricuspid (versus usually bicuspid). Finally, it differs from M. woodalli by exhibiting wider nasals (see LN, Tables 4 and 5); supraoccipital slightly (versus rounded and markedly) convex (Figures 9 A–B); and anterior and posterior stylar portions of M3 projected labially in the same proportion (versus posterior portion more projected labially than anterior portion; Figures 6 A–B).

Habitats and sympatry. Marmosops marina occurs in several ecoregions (sensu Olson et al. 2001), including Humid Forests of Tapajós/Xingu, Dry Tropical Forests of Mato Grosso, Dry Forests of Chiquitania, Humid Forests of Madeira/Tapajós, Humid Forests of Purus/Madeira, and Cerrado. According to tag information, two specimens (MPEG 3951, 39752) collected in Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazil, were associated to open ombrophilous for-est with vines, as well as a specimen collected in Serra do Expedito, Aripuanã, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (UFMT: MOA-ARIP 41). One specimen collected in Palito, on the right bank of the Tapajós River (UFPA-M 1622), was captured in riparian forest. The species occurs in sympatry with M. noctivagus in the north, northeast and southwest of the state of Mato Grosso (Alta Floresta, Cotriguaçu, and Comodoro), and southeast of the state of Rondônia (Chupinguaia). It also occurs sympatrically with M. bishopi in the southwest of the state of Pará (Jacareacanga) and north of the state of Mato Grosso (Paranaíta and Alta Floresta, on the left and right banks of the Teles Pires River).

Natural history data. Mammary formula 4–1–4 = 9. Reproductive and lactating females were recorded in March, April and July in the municipalities of Cláudia (Mato Grosso state), Chupinguaia (Rondônia state) and Jaca-reacanga (Pará state), Brazil.

Etymology. The name given to this species honors Marina Silva (Maria Osmarina Marina Silva Vaz de Lima), an historian, environmentalist, former Senator and former Minister of the Environment in Brazil, who is known worldwide for her journey and struggle in defending the Amazon Rainforest. A noun in apposition.

Specimens examined (n=345). BRAZIL — Mato Grosso: Alta Floresta, Parque Cristalino 9°36’S, 55°57’W, 13 M, 5 F (UNEMAT: MSF 1899, 1900, 1901, 1903, 1904, 1912, 1916, 1918, 1921, 1933, 1936, 1945, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1966, 1980; UFMT 4032); Alta Floresta, Fazenda São José, 09º37’36”S, 56º04’46”W, 3 M (UFMT 4054, 4081 [paratype], 4078 [holotype]) ; Aripuanã, 10º10’S, 59º27’W, 3 M, 3 F (MZUSP: APC 191, 198, 231, 236; 252, 266); Aripuanã, Salto de Dardanelos, 10º09’40”S, 59º26’50”W, 3 M (UFMT 742, 590; UFMT: MOA-ARIP 40) ; Aripuanã, Serra do Expedito, 10º04’19”S, 59º29’19”W, 1 M (UFMT: MOA-ARIP 41) ; Comodoro, LT Madeira, 13º42’12”S, 60º26’16”W, 9 M (MZUSP: N3-06, 07; M3-001, 002, 003, 006, 014; MSB 10; MDL 05); Colniza, 8°54’S, 59°7’W, 1 M (UFMT 1875); Claudia, 11º35’S, 55º10’W, 6 F, 3 M, 3? (MZUSP: M 07021, 97021, 97056, 097069, 976271, 976273, 968581, 968586; PEV 0872, 0873, 0792, 0793); Claudia, Fazenda Continental, 11º25’07”S 55º19’42”W, 4 M, 1 F (UFMT 3406, 3425, 3434, 3440, 3442, UFMT: TS 11) ; Cotriguaçu, Fazenda São Nicolau, 9º50’S, 58º15’W, 20 M, 2 F, 26? (UFMT 1352, 1354, 1358-1360, 3514-3517, 3520, 3521, 3524, 3526, 3529-3531, 3538, 3542, 3543, 3544, 3548, 3549, 3550, 3553, 3556, 3560, 3563, 3566, 3567, 3572-3574, 3576, 3577, 3580, 3590, 3591, 3596, 3598, 3612, 3613, 3615, 3616, 3624, 3627, 3635, 3636, UFMT: MSN 39) ; Itaúba, UHE Colíder (Rio Teles Pires), 11º9’S, 55º34’W, 3 M, 1 F (MZUSP: COM 88, 127, 248, 252) ; Juara, PCH São João da Barra, 10˚20’S, 57˚40’W, 1 F (UFMT 1349) ; Juruena, 10º19’S, 58º29’W, 1 M (MZUSP: APC 187); Paranaíta, UHE Teles Pires, 9°35’S, 56°43’W, 17 M, 11 F, 4? (MZUSP: TPA 10, 026-028, 036, 056; TPPC 015, 024, 025, 027, 028, 030, 042-044, 049, 051-053; 3TP 01, 05, 11, 12, 23, 27, 74, 75; 4TP 02, 06, 10, 12, 13); Sinop, 11°52’S, 55°30’W, 5 M (UNEMAT: PRL 245, 345, 346, 373, 381) . Pará: Arapiuns, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 2°38’S, 55°27’W, 11 M, 3 F, 2? (UFPA-M 982-985, 990-992, 995-998, 1001, 1002, 1005, 1007, 1008) ; Boca do Rato, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 5º14’S, 56º56’W, 3 M, 1 F (MPEG 1388, 1389, 1401, 1402) ; Bom Jardim, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 5°35’S, 57°7’W, 1 M, 1 F (MPEG 1421, 1425) ; Canta Galo, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 05º48’S, 57º24’W, 5 M, 5 F, 3? (MPEG 1281, 1285, 1288, 1289, 1292, 1296, 1301, 1413, 1478, 1498, 1642, 1664, 1681) ; Curuá, Santarém, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 2°50’S, 54°22’W, 1 F (MPEG 10020) ; Itaituba, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 4°16’S, 55°59’W, 8M, 3 F (MPEG 40311- 40316, MPEG: M005, 059, 060, 063, 081) ; Jacaré, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 5º41’S, 57º14’W, 4 M, 1 F, 1? (MPEG 1412, 1442, 1509-1511, 1513) ; Jacareacanga, 09°22’S, 56°43’W, 12 F, 6 M, 1? (UFMT 1419-1431, 1498 - 1500, 1501 [paratype], 1502, 1508 e 1531); Jatobá, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 5º08’S, 56º52’W, 4 M, 1 F (MPEG 1208, 1373, 1381, 1556, 1719) ; Juriti, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 02º30’S, 56º11’W, 21 M, 9 F, 8? (MPEG 38367, 38383, 38384, 38388, 38391, 38395, 38396, 38400-38403, 38409, 38410, 38424, 38426, 38428, 38509, 38519, 38521, 38522, 38678, 38680, 38681, 38683-38685, 38690, 40397-40399, MPEG: JUR 040, 044, 045, 048, 056, 61, 70; J 094) ; Novo Progresso, 7°44’S, 55°12’W, 3 M (MPEG 39722, 39724, 79724); Palito, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 5°42’S, 57°22’W, 6 M, 2 F, 3? (MPEG 1275, 1452, 1453, 1456, 1458, 1460, 1461, 1622, 1623, 1629, 1631) ; Parque Nacional da Serra do Pardo, 5°48’53”S, 52°59’38”W, 2 M, 2 F (MPEG: SPM 05, 16, 28, 31) ; Penedo, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 05º27’S, 57º05’W, 3 M, 2 F (MPEG: M 1232, 1408, 1415, MPEG: M054, 058) ; Penedo, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 5°34’S, 57°7’W, 2 M, 1? (MPEG: M 1239, 1244, 1735) ; São Martins, rigth bank of Rio Tapajós, 6º07’S, 57º36’W, 1 M, 1? (UFPA-M 1328, 1334) ; São Martins, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 6° 5’S, 57°40’W, 1M, 1F (UFPA-M 1676, 1677) ; Terra Preta, left bank of Rio Tapajós, 05º35’S, 57º18’W, 2 F, 1 M, 3? (MPEG 1433, 1434, 1591, 1592, 1594, 1595) ; Vitoria do Xingu, 2°53’S, 52°0’W, 4 F, 4 M, 4? (MPEG 39751, 39752; MPEG: BML 054, 259, 458, 1153, 1154, 1207, 1208, 1223, 1224, 1414) . Rondônia: Chupinguaia, LT Jauru – Porto Velho, 12º13’S, 60º42’W, 10 M, 2 F (UFMT 2965, 2966, 2969, 2972, 2973, 2977-2981; UFMT: LTJP 48, 57); Porto Velho, Estação Ecológica Antônio Mujica Nava, left bank of Rio Madeira, 9°24’50”S, 64°56’32”W, 2 M, 2 F (MZUSP: MJ 19, 28, 32, 42) ; Porto Velho, 8°45’S, 63°54’W, 7 M, 4? (MZUSP: MSAMAS 503; MSAFM 43; MSAMC 99, 120, 160, 165; MSASA 34, 113, 132; MSAMPP 31, 35); Vilhena, 12°43’S, 60°16’W, 2 F (UFMT 1309, 1310) .