Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Figs 1, 15A)

= Cicada candelaria —Linnaeus 1758: 434 [original description].

= Laternaria candelaria —Linnaeus 1764: 153 [transferred to Laternaria Linnaeus, 1764, described]; Metcalf 1947: 187 [catalogued].

= Fulgora candelaria — Linnaeus 1767: 703 [transferred to Fulgora Linnaeus, 1767, described]; Atkinson 1885: 128 [described]; Lallemand 1963: 73 [keyed, described].

= Pyrops candelaria — Spinola 1839: 233 [transferred to Pyrops Spinola, 1839, described]; Nagai & Porion 1996: 24 [catalogued], pl. 13, figs 178, 180 [illrstration of dorsal habitus]; Jiaranaisakul & Constant 2021: 12 [listed, note on plant association], fig. 1 [live specimens]; Constant & Pham 2022: 138 [listed, keyed], fig. 16 [illustration of habitus]

= Hotinus candelaria — Amyot & Audinet-Serville 1843: 491 [transferred to Hotinus Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843, described].

Diagnosis. (1) cephalic process bright red or orange red, elongate and slender (Fig. 1C–D); (2) tegmina green with yellow transverse bands forming an X shape in proximal half (Fig. 1A); (3) posterior wings yellow with dark area apically (fig. 1 B); (4) femora reddish-orange, tibiae dark brown (Fig. 1B).

Mesurements and ratio. TL: ♁ (n = 2): 36.3 mm (36.1–36.5 mm); ♀ (n = 1): 40.7 mm; TL+process: ♁ (n = 2): 53.5 mm (52.7–54.3 mm); ♀ (n = 1): 59.4 mm; LTg/BTg = 2.86; BF/BPrH = 2.35; LPr/LF = 3.76; LPr/BPrH = 10.22.

Material examined. 1 ♁: Ratchaburi Province, Suan Phueng District, 15.XI.2019, K. Jiaranaisakul leg., KJ02-00060 (RBMF); 1 ♁, 1 ♀ : Ratchaburi Province, Suan Phueng District, 13°35’01.8”N 99°13’43.8”E, 23.VI.2022, K. Jiaranaisakul leg., KJ02-00299—KJ02-00300 (RBMF) .

Material examined from iNaturalist.

Bueng Kan Province: Si Wilai Dist., 18°07’00.0”N 103°52’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 16.X.2019, k_jiaranaisakul .

Chaiyaphum Province: Phu Khiao Dist., 16°21’00.0”N 102°07’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 12.X.2022, fahmmp .

Chanthaburi Province: Pong Nam Ron Dist., 12°56’00.0”N 102°13’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 12.I.2016, ian_dugdale; Soi Dao Dist., 13°06’00.0”N 102°11’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 17.I.2023, nop_tc.

Chiang Mai Province: Chiang Dao Dist ., 19°24’00.0”N 98°55’00.0”E, 5 specimens: 1 ex., 28.XI.2019, dirkm; 1 ex., 17.III.2020, charlieglasser; 1 ex., 23.XII.2020, cheryl394; 1 ex., 17.X.2021, aom-khuanphirom; 1 ex., 23.X.2021, nachiii; Chom Thong Dist ., 18°32’00.0”N 98°31’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 24.X.2022, benjamynweil; Doi Saket Dist ., 18°47’00.0”N 99°06’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 1 ex., 14.X.2020, thomaseverest; 2 ex., 30.V.2022, vetboy; 17.V.2023, sarayuth; Fang Dist ., 19°58’00.0”N 99°09’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 3 ex., 2.I.2016, plains-wanderer; Hang Dong Dist ., 18°45’40.5”N 98°52’27.3”E, 3 specimens: 1 ex., 8.X.2019, johnsalgado; 1 ex., 16.I.2020, samuel_allen; 1 ex., 10.III.2023, lanlin_lollipop; Mae On Dist ., 18°35’00.0”N 99°14’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 10.X.2020, thomaseverest; 1 ex., 10.X.2020, thomaseverest; Mae Rim Dist ., 18°55’00.0”N 98°52’00.0”E, 5 specimens: 2 ex., 18.IV.2017, kanapol99; 1 ex., 6.X.2018, lesday; 2 ex., 10.XI.2019, lesday; Mae Taeng Dist ., 19°06’00.0”N 99°01’00.0”E, 3 specimen: 1 ex., 5.X.2019, rdelph; 1 ex., 20.XI.2020, sunshinepermaculture; 1 ex., 26.XII.2022, foxfoxfox; San Sai Dist ., 18°50’00.0”N 99°02’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 1.V.2022, jackychiangmai; Mueang Chiang Mai Dist., 18°47’00.0”N 98°58’00.0”E, 15 specimens: 3 ex., 6.IV.2013, k_jiaranaisakul; 1 ex., 14.V.2015, nick0lson; 1 ex., 13.I.2017, oscarnine; 1 ex., 30.I.2019, piyapong1; 1 ex., 21.VII.2020, ayuwat; 1 ex., 11.XII.2020, cheryl394; 1 ex., 1.VII.2021, sutthikhun; 2 ex., 7.X.2021, jackychiangmai; 2 ex., 26.III.2022, kavee; 1 ex., 15.II.2023, cheryl394; 1 ex., 21.II.2023, sukal.

Chiang Rai Province: Chiang Saen Dist., 20°16’00.0”N 100°04’00.0”E, 3 specimen: 1 ex., 19.X.2019, kaitkin13; 1 ex., 7.I.2020, luisstevens; 1 ex., 12.II.2021, woraphot; Mae Sai Dist., 20°22’00.0”N 99°52’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 17.X.2020, k_jiaranaisakul; Mueang Chiang Rai Dist., 19°59’00.0”N 99°50’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 24.III.2017, paakor; Phan Dist., 19°34’00.0”N 99°39’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 2 ex., 10.VII.2020, plains-wanderer.

Kalasin Province: Sahatsakhan Dist., 16°40’00.0”N 103°31’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 3 ex., 5.II.2022, romain244 .

Kamphaeng Phet Province: Khlong Lan Dist., 16°02’00.0”N 99°14’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 18.XI.2022, muangpaisuetrong; 1 ex., 21.XI.2022, jakkarin_kongnin.

Kanchanaburi Province: Mueang Kanchanaburi Dist., 14°08’00.0”N 99°15’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 1 ex., 4.II.2020, radomirjaskula; 1 ex., 6.X.2022, johnwitton; 1 ex., 6.XII.2022, lee404; Nong Prue Dist., 14°46’00.0”N 99°24’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 30.XII.2020, atheist; Sai Yok Dist., 14°26’00.0”N 98°51’00.0”E, 10 specimens: 1 ex., 3.XI.2013, akrachaiaksornneam; 1 ex., 5.I.2019, keith_cohen; 1 ex., 6.IX.2020, utain; 1 ex., 6.IX.2020, suree_sat; 1 ex., 21.XI.2021, nateea; 3 ex., 18.IX.2022, saichon; 1 ex., 21.I.2023, iowsla009; 1 ex., 19.III.2023, saichon; Si Sawat Dist., 14°21’00.0”N 99°08’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 1 ex., 21.III.2017, ian_dugdale; 1 ex., 26.XI.2019, akrachaiaksornneam; 1 ex., 9.VI.2022, elizabetta11; Tha Muang Dist., 13°51’00.0”N 99°30’00.0”E 1 specimen: 1 ex., 27.XII.2021, meng6868; Thong Pha Phum Dist., 14°41’00.0”N 98°24’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 22.III.2014, bemcola.

Khon Kaen Province: Mueang Khon Kaen Dist., 16°28’00.0”N 102°49’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 5.X.2018, passcuppp; 1 ex., 8.II.2023, kunlanan; Waeng Noi Dist., 15°46’00.0”N 102°21’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 3 ex., 19.III.2023, real19 .

Lamphun Province: Mae Tha Dist., 18°28’00.0”N 99°07’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 10.VII.2022, lazyphdude; Mueang Lamphun Dist., 18°30’00.0”N 98°57’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 15.IX.2018, psyllidhipster; 1 ex., 5.III.2023, cheewasat .

Loei Province: Mueang Loei Dist., 17°27’00.0”N 101°51’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex. 8.IX.2022, andaman; Wang Saphung Dist., 17°13’00.0”N 101°44’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 9.IX.2022, andaman .

Mae Hong Son Province: Pai Dist., 19°23’00.0”N 98°24’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 23.XI.2020, amnon1 .

Nakhon Nayok Province: Mueang Nakhon Nayok Dist., 14°26’00.0”N 101°21’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 25.XI.2014, wildchroma .

Nakhon Phanom Province: Na Wa Dist., 17°24’00.0”N 104°04’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 15.I.2020, jeff_ leclere .

Nakhon Ratchasima Province: Chaloem Phra Kiat Dist., 14°55’00.0”N 102°15’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 10.X.2021, monthicha; 1 ex., 24.XII.2021, mangkuut; Khon Buri Dist., 14°34’00.0”N 102°09’00.0”E, 30.XI.2022, panchanpartith0085; Pak Chong Dist., 14°33’00.0”N 101°30’00.0”E, 21 specimens: 1 ex., 3.I.2011, yvesbas; 1 ex., 31.X.2012, max_baumgarten; 1 ex., 9.XII.2015, salameander; 1 ex., 23.I.2016, scottyastro; 1 ex., 8.X.2016, niran_anurakpongsathorn; 1 ex., 17.III.2017, jtelford; 1 ex., 15.X.2017, thaiandi; 1 ex., 29.XII.2017, plsbde; 2 ex., 14.II.2018, lau27; 1 ex., 10.IX.2018, gianvir; 2 ex., 25.XII.2020, joshuadezentje; 1 ex., 12.VI.2021, joost_s; 1 ex., 9.XI.2021, joost_s; 2 ex., 18.I.2022, jefrim; 2 ex., 28.III.2022, kanoktipsiri; Sikhio Dist., 14°51’00.0”N 101°34’00.0”E, 24.XI.2021, nareeratboonchai; Wang Nam Khiao Dist., 14°30’00.0”N 101°56’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 1 ex., 22.VI.2018, dingerdynasty; 1 ex., 14.XI.2019, dirkm; 1 ex., 22.IX.2021, aubreyloveslife.

Nan Province: Chiang Klang Dist., 19°21’00.0”N 100°50’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 10.XI.2022, athiwu; Na Muen Dist., 18°11’00.0”N 100°39’00.0”E, 11.X.2022, bas_poramin .

Nong Khai Province: Mueang Nong Khai Dist., 17°46’00.0”N 102°46’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 21.II.2023, danwebbb .

Phetchaburi Province: Kaeng Krachan Dist., 12°47’00.0”N 99°27’00.0”E, 14 specimens: 1 ex., 19.XI.2010, gmucientes; 1 ex., 19.XII.2018, aphidiinae; 1 ex., 5.XII.2019, daviddiller1; 1 ex., 4.VI.2020, ian_dugdale; 1 ex., 28.XI.2021, tomashovorka; 1 ex., 29.I.2022, chalita; 1 ex., 14.X.2022, ziwkun; 1 ex., 14.X.2022, noppawan1; 1 ex., 9.XI.2022, jasperschiphof; 1 ex., 24.XI.2022, opisska; 1 ex., 5.II.2023, joost_s; 2 ex., 4.IV.2023, rostamam; 1 ex., 29.IV.2023, k_jiaranaisakul.

Phrae Province: Song Dist., 18°28’00.0”N 100°10’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 9.X.2021, tattahomschool; Long Dist., 1 specimen: 1 ex., 16.IX.2021, luluchouette; Mueang Phrae Dist., 1 specimen: 1 ex., 4.I.2023, anurak _.

Prachuap Khiri Khan Province: Hua Hin Dist., 12°32’00.0”N 99°27’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 11.XII.2016, akkharadetp; Thap Sakae Dist., 11°25’00.0”N 99°29’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 26.VIII.2023, timatkov .

Ratchaburi Province: Ban Kha Dist., 13°26’00.0”N 99°23’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 30.IV.2017, phuwarin; Mueang Ratchaburi Dist., 13°32’00.0”N 99°38’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 18.II.2022, sherbetz; 1 ex., 28.VI.2022, paling3883; Pak Tho Dist., 13°15’00.0”N 99°32’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 24.IX.2022, walk_a_long; Suan Phueng Dist., 13°35’00.0”N 99°13’00.0”E, 15 specimens: 3 ex., 13.II.2018, k_jiaranaisakul; 1 ex., 3.X.2020, vatcharavee; 1 ex., 15.IV.2021, k_jiaranaisakul; 1 ex., 5.X.2021, jiaranai; 1 ex., 5.X.2021, kt_ton; 5 ex., 5.II.2022, mariamacaroni; 1 ex., 11.IV.2022, k_jiaranaisakul; 1 ex., 26.XI.2022, pongthq; 1 ex., 26.XI.2022, kanphicha1.

Sakon Nakhon Province: Mueang Sakhon Nakhon Dist., 17°09’00.0”N 104°02’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 2 ex., 2.I.2021, nopcoeur; Wanon Niwat Dist., 17°31’00.0”N 103°48’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 14.XII.2014, johnh319 .

Saraburi Province: Chaloem Phra Kiat Dist., 14°43’00.0”N 100°54’00.0”E, 4 specimens: 1 ex., 23.X.2022, andaman; 3 ex., 15.XI.2022, kerkwit; Kaeng Khoi Dist., 14°39’00.0”N 100°58’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 24.IX.2022, woraphot; Phra Phutthabat Dist., 14°41’00” 00.0N 100°50’00.0”E, 3 specimens: 1 ex., 15.X.2022, muangpaisuetrong; 1 ex., 15.X.2022, songkranth; 1 ex., 11.XI.2022, starling_sentinel.

Si Sa Ket Province: Kantharalak Dist., 14°39’00.0”N 104°34’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 2 ex., 22.XII.2017, bert18 .

Sukhothai Province: Khiri Mat Dist., 16°52’00.0”N 99°41’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 11.II.2023, portioid .

Tak Province: Mae Sot Dist., 16°45’00.0”N 98°40’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 12.VI.2020, srcanuel .

Ubon Ratchathani Province: Buntharik Dist., 14°45’00.0”N 105°24’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 23.XI.2021, itsarapong; Mueang Ubon Ratchathani Dist., 15°13’00.0”N 104°51’00.0”E, 4 specimens: 1 ex., 18.XI.2021, asssameme; 1 ex., 31.III.2022, asssameme; 2 ex., 18.IV.2022, asssameme.

Udon Thani Province: Ban Phue Dist., 17°40’00.0”N 102°27’00.0”E, 2 specimens: 1 ex., 25.V.2020, nopcoeur; 1 ex., 21.III.2021, nopcoeur; Mueang Udon Thani Dist., 17°25’00.0”N 102°45’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 31.V.2022, phakawat_songmuang .

Distribution. Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam (Bourgoin 2023).

Notes. This species was reported to feed Dimocarpus longan Lour. ( Sapindaceae), Litchi chinensis Sonn. ( Sapindaceae), Mangifera indica L. ( Anacardiaceae), Nephelium longana (Lam.) Cambess. ( Sapindaceae) and Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ( Theaceae) (Jiaranaisakul & Constant, 2021). Recently, the specimens from Suan Phueng District were collected from Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. ( Fabaceae) and Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. ( Fabaceae) which both are new record of plant association).