Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818)

(Figs 8, 14C–E, 17A)

= Fulgora lathburii — Kirby, 1818: 450 [original description]; Guérin-Méneville, 1829: pl. 58 fig. 2 [illustrated]; Spinola, 1839: 234 [as “ Fulgora lathburyi ”, treated as a dark form of Pyrops candelaria Linné, 1758 (error!)]; Westwood, 1839: 139 [described]; Butler, 1874: 98 [listed with species with orange posterior hind wings]; Atkinson, 1885: 129 [described]; Distant, 1906: 186 [keyed, nomenclatur, described, as “ Fulgora lalhburi ” in “Série I”, species with orange wings, in a census of light-emitting insects]; Schmidt, 1911: 161 [as “ Fulgora lathburi ”, compared with Pyrops peguensis Schmidt, 1911]; Baker, 1925: 349 [keyed inside the candelaria species group], 351 [notes], pl. 3 fig. 2 [dorsal habitus], pl. 4 fig. 6 [dorsal habitus]; Lallemand, 1963: 86 [transferred to the pyrorhynchus species group, keyed, described], pl.11, figs. 1–3 [male terminalia].

= Hotinus lathburii — Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843: 491 [transferred to Hotinus Amyot & AudinetServille]; Walker, 1851: 266 [listed, recorded from Silhet (= Sylhet, Bangladesh)].

= Pyrops lathburii — Schaum, 1850: 64 [transferred to Pyrops Spinola, 1839]; Nagai & Porion 1996: 25 [catalogued, recorded from Assam and Thailand], figs 194, 196, 198 [dorsal habitus]; Liang, 1998: 43 [listed]; Pham, 2011: 318 [recorded from Vietnam]; Constant, 2015: 9 [note on intraspecific colour variation]; Constant et al., 2016: 15 [in list of species to look for in Cambodia]; Constant & Pham, 2017 [plant association]: 18; Wang et al., 2018: 297 [keyed], 301 [nomenclature, measurements, description of male genitalia, diagnostic characters; records in China], figs 18–29 [colour variation, details of head, male terminalia]; Constant, 2021: 14 [compared with Pyrops philippinus (Stål, 1870)]; Jiaranaisakul & Constant, 2021: 18 [in list of species to look for in Khao Krachom Mountain, Thailand]; Constant & Pham 2022: 131 [catalogued,], 134–138 [compared to P. astarte (Distant, 1914), taxonomic notes, intraspecific variation], figs 6–8 [type illustrated], 14 [habitus illustrated].

= Fulgora astarte —Distant, 1914: 409 [described].

= Laternaria astarte — Metcalf, 1947: 186 [transferred to Laternaria Linnaeus, 1764, catalogued].

= Laternaria lathburii — Metcalf, 1947: 197 [transferred to Laternaria Linnaeus, 1764, catalogued].

= Pyrops astarte — Nagai & Porion, 1996: 25 [transferred to Pyrops, catalogued, recorded from Vietnam and Thailand], figs 195, 197, 199 [dorsal habitus]; Pham & Ta, 2004: 58 [in key to Fulgoridae of Vietnam]; Liang, 1998: 42 [listed]; Pham, 2011: 318 [recorded from Vietnam]; Constant 2021: 14 [compared with Pyrops philippinus (Stål, 1870)].

Diagnosis. (1) cephalic process rather robust, brown with apex yellow or orange (Fig. 8C–D); (2) colour of the tegmina greatly variable, ranging from very dark forms (nearly black with yellow spots ringed with white; see Constant & Pham, 2022: Fig. 14), to very pale forms (nearly white with yellow spots or even nearly white with cloudy darker, brownish markings in place of the yellow spots; fig. 8 A); (3) disc of posterior wings yellow orange or milky white (Fig. 8A); (4) abdomen yellow orange dorsally and black ventrally (Fig. 8B).

Mesurements and ratio. TL: ♁ (n = 1): 38 mm; ♀ (n = 5): 44.1 mm (43.1–45.2 mm); TL+process: ♁ (n = 1): 52.4 mm; ♀ (n = 5): 60.3 mm (59–61.4 mm); LTg/BTg = 2.82; BF/BPrH = 2.03; LPr/LF = 3.16; LPr/BPrH = 7.33.

Material examined. 1♁, 2♀♀: Chiang Rai Province, Wiang Pa Pao District, Mae Chedi, 2.VI.2021, Local collector leg., KJ02-00223—KJ02-00225 (RBMF) ; 3♀♀: Chiang Rai Province, Wiang Pa Pao District, Mae Chedi, 23.IV.2022, K. Jiaranaisakul leg., KJ02-00284—KJ02-00286 (THNHM) ; 1 ♀; Phrae Province; May 2004; ex coll. Neef de Sainval; I.G. 30.731; RBINS • 1 ♁, 1♀; Chiang Rai Province; Wiang Pa Pao; [19°20′54″ N, 99°30′24″ E]; 10–15 Apr. 2008; ex coll. A. Chaminade; I.G. 31.467; (RBINS)

Material examined from photographs. 1 ex. (Fig. 14C): Loei Province, Phu Ruea National Park, 18 Jun 2018, © W. Ponsa ; 1 ex. (Fig. 14D): same data, 14 Jun 2020, © R. Sribun; 1 ex. (Fig. 14E): Phitsanulok Province, Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, 17 May 2022, © P. Wirawannawin .

Material examined from iNaturalist.

Chaiyaphum Province: Nong Bua Daeng Dist., 16°23’00.0”N 101°34’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 4.VI.2022, noppawan1 .

Chiang Mai Province: Chom Thong Dist., 18°32’00.0”N 98°31’00.0”E, 9 specimens: 1 ex., 25.IV.2005, markread; 1 ex., 15.VI.2023, k_jiaranaisakul; 1 ex., 11.VI.2023, mayoh; 1 ex., 9.VII.2023, goong2; 1 ex., 14.VII.2023, goong2; 1 ex., 10.VIII.2023, goong2; 1 ex., 17.VIII.2023, andrewpierce; 1 ex., 18.VIII.2023, goong2; 1 ex., 27.VIII.2023, goong2; Galyani Vadhana Dist ., 1 specimen: 1 ex., 19°04’00.0”N 98°20’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 21.V.2021, ayuwat; Mueang Chiang Mai Dist., 18°47’00.0”N 98°58’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 17.VII.2011, k_ jiaranaisakul; Omkoi Dist., 17°51’00.0”N 98°22’00.0”E, 14.X.2022, napasorn_chw; Samoeng Dist., 18°55’00.0”N 98°43’00.0”E, 21.XI.2020, lesday .

Chiang Rai Province: Wiang Pa Pao Dist., 19°08’00.0”N 99°29’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 23.V.2022, k_jiaranaisakul .

Loei Province: Phu Kradueng Dist., 16°55’00.0”N 101°46’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 3.X.2022, apichart_ songsangchun .

Phitsanulok Province: Nakhon Thai Dist., 17°00’00.0”N 100°59’00.0”E, 1 specimen: 1 ex., 31.VII.20122, woraphot .

Distribution. China, India, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam (Constant & Pham 2022).

Notes. Specimens were observed and collected from an unidentified plant in the family Meliaceae together with P. clavatus, P. spinolae, S. bullata and S. cardinalis in the montane forest (1300–1410 alt.) in Chiang Rai Province. The species was also observed on Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume ( Hypericaceae) (new plant association) (Fig. 14 C), Dalbergia cultrata Grah. ex Benth. ( Fabaceae) (new plant association) (Fig. 14 D) in Phu Ruea National Park, Loei Province; Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese. ( Pinaceae) (new plant association) in Phitsanulok Province (fig. 14 E).