Chrysodema (Chrysodema) wallacei Deyrolle, 1864

(Figs 43–48, 81)

Chrysodema Wallacei Deyrolle (1864): 13 (key), 15 (original description); Saunders (1871): 14 (catalogue); Kerremans (1892): 40 (catalogue); Kerremans (1903): 74 (catalogue).

Chalcophora Wallacei: Gemminger & Harold (1869): 1359 (catalogue).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) Wallacei: Kerremans (1909): 515 (key), 535 (redescription); Obenberger (1926): 135 (catalogue); Lander (2003): 13 (key), 35 (redescription, neotype designation), 78 (colour Figs 57–59); Bellamy (2008): 543 (catalogue).

Chrysodema sumatrensis Kerremans (1895): 197 (original description); Kerremans (1900b): 8 (noted); Kerremans (1903): 74 (catalogue); Waterhouse (1905): 583 (as synonym of C. Wallacei).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) sumatrensis: Kerremans (1909): 535 (in synonymy of C. (C.) Wallacei); Obenberger (1926): 135 (in synonymy of C. (C.) Wallacei); Lander (2003): 35 (in synonymy of C. (C.) wallacei); Bellamy (2008): 541 (listed as synonym of C. (C.) wallacei), 543 (catalogue, in synonymy C. (C.) wallacei).

Chrysodema mniszechii [misidentifictions]: Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000): Pl. 45, Figs 482-1, 482-2 (iconography); Lander (2003): 78 (Fig. 63).

Type localities. Chrysodema wallacei: ‘Amboine’ [Indonesia, Maluku Province, Ambon Island]; C. sumatrensis: ‘ Sumatra (Staundinger)’ [Indonesia, Sumatra Island—probably patria falsa].

Type material examined. Chrysodema wallacei: SYNTYPES (5 ♀♀): 2 ♀♀ in front of row of beetles: ‘Wallacei / HDeyr. / Amboine [w, h]; under beetles: MUSÉUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL. R. OBERTHUR [y, p]’ (MNHN); ♀ ‘ Chrysodema / Wallacei / HDeyr. [w, h] // Chrysodema / sp.Amboina [w, h] / Coll. Van de Pool [w, p] / Coll. / THERY [w, p] // Chrysodema / Wallacei HDeyr. / PARATYPE [w/r, h/p]’ (NHMB, coll. G. Frey); ♀ ‘MUSEUM PARIS / Amboine / COLL. MONCHICOURT / 1879 [w, p/h] // 10/2 / 79 [w, h, circle] // prob cotype [w, h] // Chrysodema / Wallacei / H. Deyr. / Kerremans det. 1909 [w, h]’ (MNHN); ♀ ‘Wallacei. HDeyr. / Amboine [w, h] // COLLECTION / de BONNEUIL [w, p] // Coll. THERY [w, p] // Chrysodema / wallacei / Deyr., 1864 / Dét. T. LANDER 192003 [w, h/p]’ (MNHN). All specimens were provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ SYNTYPE ♀ / Chrysodema / wallacei / DEYROLLE, 1864 / David Frank & / Lukáš Sekerka labelled VIII. 2018 [date handwritten]’.

Chrysodema sumatrensis: LECTOTYPE (present designation): ♀ ‘ Sumatra / Stauding. [w, h] // Sumatrensis / Kerr.

/ Type [w, h] // Type [r, p, circle] (round) // Kerremans. / 1903-59. [w, p]’ (BMNH). The specimen was provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ LECTOTYPE ♀ / Chrysodema / sumatrensis / KERREMANS, 1895 / David Frank & / Lukáš Sekerka des. VIII. 2018 [date handwritten]’ and also white printed label: ‘ Chrysodema (Chrysodema) / wallacei / DEYROLLE, 1864 / David Frank det. VIII. 2018 [date handwritten]’.

Additional material examined (10 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀). INDONESIA: MALUKU PROV.: Ambon Island: ‘Amboine / Meyer D. [w, h] // C. Wallacei / H. Deyr. Amboine [w, h] // Wallacei / H. Deyr. [w, h] // Neotype [r, p]’, 1 ♀ (MNHN, invalid neotype; see Remarks); Amboine, Meyer D., 1 ♀ (MNHN); Ambon, coll. Oberthur, 1 ♂ (MNHN); Amboine, coll. Van de Pool—coll. Thery, 1 ♀ (NHMB, coll. G. Frey); Amboine, 1 ♀ (NHMB, coll. gen.); Amboina, 1♀ (BMNH); Ambon, coll. T. Lander, 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ (MHNG; ♂ figured in Lander (2003: Fig. 59)); Ambon, iv.2001, 1 ♀ (MHNG); Ambon I., 1 ♂ (MHNG); Amboina, 1 ♀ (MFNB); Ambon Isl., Mt. Tuna, i.2000, 1 ♀ (ATMR, coll. R. Novak; Ambon Isl., Mt. Tuna, iv.2003, 1 ♀ (ATMR, coll. R. Novak; Ambon Isl., Mt. Tuna, v.2008, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (ATMR, coll. R. Novak; Ambon Isl., Mt. Tuna, iii.2009, 1 ♂ (DFPC). Seram Island: C. Ceram, Mansela, 2500 ft., Pratt, 1919, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (BMNH); Ceram, Pratt, 1919, 1 ♂ (BMNH); Ceram, 1992, 2 ♂♂ (MHNG); Céram, coll. R. B. Holynski 1 ♀ (MHNG); Seram, Solea 12 km SE of Wahai, 17. 1.–6.ii.1997, S. Bílý leg., 1 ♀ (NMPC); Seram, Solea 12 km S of Wahai, 16.x.–4.xi.1998, Ole Mehl leg., ex larva, 1 ♀ (NMPC); Seram, i.2009, 1 ♀ (DFPC).

Redescription of syntype (NHMB). Well preserved ♀ specimen, left fore and right middle tarsi missing as well as left antennomeres VII–XI. Length 31.50 mm, width 10.75 mm, length/width ratio: 2.93 .

Body generally bright metallic green with bluish-green reflections; punctate areas with more or less distinct golden tint. Ventral pads on all tarsomeres yellow.

Head moderately densely punctate, punctures foveolate, each bearing short seta, thus frons sparsely pubescent. Vertex more densely punctate and punctures bearing adherent setae.

Pronotum moderately densely macropunctate, shiny parts moderately densely micropunctate and weakly micro-reticulate. Micropunctures clearly visible at low magnifications (8–10×). Areas besides impressions and medial line rather sparsely punctate with large and deeply impressed punctures, interspaces among them smooth. Macropunctation laterally gradually coarser and more dense. Each macropuncture bearing moderately long white adherent seta. Medial line well visible, sparsely micropunctate, anterior half appears slightly elevated, while basal part somewhat impressed. Medial impressions shallow, more or less impressed only in anterior half. Principal impressions large, cup-shaped, and moderately deeply impressed; their punctation uniformly sized, small and very dense. Lateral impressions shallow, narrow, and with several shallowly impressed punctures. Lateral margin carinate in basal 3/4, then widening and flattened and reaching to approx. 5/6 length of pronotum.

Elytra regularly convex with distinctly elevated rounded and very broad costae along suture and on intervals 2, 4, 6 and 8. Interval 6 shortened, reaching almost to 4/5 length and almost connected to interval 4. Costate moderately densely micropunctate (at magnification 50 ×) and each with a few additional confusedly dispersed macropunctures. Areas between costae impressed and very densely macropunctate. Punctation completely irregular, not forming rows or groups of punctures. Each macropuncture bearing short adherent white seta, but impressions do not appear pilose. Interspaces at maximum 2 × as wide as puncture diameter but mostly as wide as puncture diameter.

Epipleura in basal 1/4 broad, densely punctate, then continuously gradually narrowing apically; punctures becoming finer and vanishing towards apex. Each puncture bearing long erect white seta.

Fore and mid femora in central part strongly shiny, sparsely punctate; hind femora distinctly more densely punctate. Each puncture bearing seta, setation particularly conspicuous on lower side of hind femora.

Ventral side of body (Fig. 44) overall densely and moderately coarsely punctate only central part sparsely punctate with large shiny impunctate areas. Entire lateral sides of all abdominal ventrites densely and almost uniformly punctate, only towards external margins punctation finer but even denser (Fig. 45).

Variation. Body ♂♂ (n=9) length: 24.00–27.75(30.25) mm, width: 8.00–9.25(10.25) mm, length/width ra- tio: 2.95–3.26; ♀♀ (n=19): length: 27.00–34.75(36.00) mm, width: 9.00–11.50(12.50) mm, length/width ratio: (2.77)2.89–3.05. Specimens from Ambon bright metallic green with more or less distinct bluish tint on impunctate parts, one specimen predominantly blue, six specimens intensively copper-golden. Specimens from Seram bright metallic green with intensive copper-golden tint to mostly copper. Punctation of pronotum moderately variable but general structure quite constant. In a few specimens medial impressions impressed along entire length. Principal impressions always cup shaped and at least moderately deep. Punctation of elytra moderately variable, some specimens (usually smaller ones) with coarser punctation. Epipleura in narrowing part from continuous to abruptly constricted with obtusely angled corner. Ventral pads on tarsi in all examined specimens yellow to pale brown.

Aedeagus (n=4) length: 7.44–8.11 mm, width 1.44–1.67 mm, length/width ratio: (4.86)5.17–5.23. Parameres cymbiform, apices narrow and rounded. Penis narrow, elongate, subparallel-sided, ventral side slightly impressed, lateral sides with deep canaliculus, which has both margins equal (Fig. 81).

Differential diagnosis. Similar looking and sympatric C. (C.) exellens can be distinguished by shortened third costa reaching only to half of elytra, which is long and reaching to apical fifth in C. (C.) wallacei . Chrysodema (C.) mniszechii, the other green species of the group, differs in small and irregularly shaped principal impressions of pronotum with a stripe of small and dense punctures, while C. (C.) wallacei has large and cup-shaped principal impressions entirely covered by small and densely arranged punctures.

Distribution. Indonesia, Maluku Province, Ambon and Seram islands (see remarks).

Remarks. Deyrolle (1864) described C. wallacei based on unknown number of specimens and did not mention any depository. Evidently he must have had a series of specimens as he mentioned various colouration and size range. Lander (2003: 35) invalidly designated a neotype for C. (C.) wallacei since he did not state why he is convinced that the original type series is lost. Moreover, we located two specimens from the collection of R. Oberthür (MNHN), which agree with the original description and undoubtedly represent the original syntypes. Additionally we found in MNHN two more specimens, one from the collection of Bonneuil and the other from collection of F. Monchicourt. Finally, we found one more specimen in NHMB (ex coll. G. Frey) which originally came from A. Théry and is labelled as paratype of C. mniszechi by him. Deyrolle (1864) evidently knew the collection of Bonneuil as he is mentioned several times in the paper. Monchicourt had an important collection of tropical insects mainly obtained through Deyrolle and later auctioned via Deyrolle again. The collection was partly purchased by Bonneuil, whose collection was purchased by A. Théry (Horn & Kahle 1935, 1936; Cambefort 2006). Since all specimens are in agreement with the original description and morphologically belong to a single species there is no need of lectotype designation and we treat them as syntypes.

Kerremans (1895) described C. sumatrensis (Figs 46–48) from Sumatra and did not state how many specimens he had at disposal. The taxon was synonymized with C. wallacei by Waterhouse (1905) and this was followed by subsequent authors. We have examined the type specimen and we concur with Waterhouse that it is the same taxon as C. (C.) wallacei . Moreover, the type locality is certainly erroneous as there is no other specimen from Sumatra and the species-group does not occur on that island. We have located only a single specimen of C. (C.) sumatrensis and since Kerremans did not indicate how many he had, we designate the specimen a lectotype to fix the identity to this particular specimen and thus fix the synonymy, in case other specimens are found elsewhere.

Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000: Pl. 45, Figs 482-1, 482-2) published photographs of two specimens from Ambon and attributed them to C. (C.) mniszechii . We did not examine this material but both specimens have evidently large principal impressions on pronotum, typical for C. (C.) wallacei .

Lander (2003: 78, Fig. 63) published a photograph of a dark blue specimen he attributed to C. (C.) mniszechii . The specimen is deposited in MNHN and comes from the collection of A. Théry but has no locality data. It certainly belongs to C. (C.) wallacei as it has deep principal impressions on pronotum and rounded costae on elytra.