Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest.

(Figs 28, 33–37)

Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 . Étud. d’Entomologie 6, p. 28, pl. 6, fig. 4 (male d, v); Manizales, Nouvelle Grenade [Colombia, Caldas], M. Alejo M. Patino leg., Coll. Oberthür.

Dynastor macrosiris f. hannibal; Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214.

Dynastor macrosiris hannibal; Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289.— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 22.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Garzón-Orduña & Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3.

Dynastor strix hannibal; Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163; biogeogr.

Dynastor macrosiris strix [misidentification]; Vélez & Salazar, 1991. Marip. Colombia, p. 157 (fig. female v); biol.— Andrade, 2002, in Costa et al. Monogr. Terc. Milenio, Zaragoza, 2: 162.

Dynastor strix [misidentification]; Salazar, 1993. Shilap Revta. lepid. 21 (81): 38.— Salazar, 2002. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. de Caldas 6: 157; ecol.— Salazar, 2003. Shilap Revta. lepid. 31 (124): 321, fig. 5 (male d).

Taxonomic history. Dynastor hannibal was treated as a local form of Dynastor macrosiris by Staudinger (1887), a subspecies of Dynastor macrosiris by Fruhstorfer (1912) and subsequent authors, and a subspecies of Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest. by Blandin (1977). This species has been cited in reviews, catalogs, and checklists, with records of geographic distribution.

Type material. Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens. One male syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / Type/ Ex Oberthür Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—3./ Manizales AM. Patino/ Dynastor hannibal, Oberthur (Etudes d´ Entom. 6 e livraison Pl. VI. fig. 4 typicum specimen./. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881, and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881, Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2024/.

Diagnosis. Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. is morphologically similar to Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov., Dynastor macrosiris, and Dynastor strix stat. rest., but differs from Dynastor macrosiris by the VFW with a distinguishable rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, this band is thinner than that of Dynastor strix stat. rest. Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. differs from Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. by the VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged (Figs 24–25, 30, 33–34, 38–39). The male genitalia of Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. also differs from Dynastor macrosiris, and Dynastor strix stat. rest. in having the median region of the aedeagus with tiny spines (Figs 26, 35, 40). The female genitalia is very similar to Dynastor macrosiris and Dynastor strix stat. rest., but the paired signa are smaller (Figs 27, 36, 41).

Variation. FW, length of the available male: 48 mm, the available female: 62 mm; width of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 1; size and shape of the spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.

Comments. Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. is also a case of a described species that has been considered a form or subspecies of Dynastor macrosiris or Dynastor strix stat. rest. Stichel (1904, 1909) found Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. so similar to Dynastor strix stat. rest. that he synonymized them. However, the wing color pattern, the morphology of the male genitalia, and the molecular data do not support this synonymy. Although Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has a trans-Andean geographical distribution, like Dynastor strix stat. rest., it has a wing color pattern similar to Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov., mainly in the VFW rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, and also occurs in high elevations (1,000 –2,000 m). Nevertheless, the VFW and VHW ripple pattern differs: while Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has the VFW and VHW with a ripple pattern finely and homogeneously arranged, Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov. has this ripple pattern strongly and irregularly arranged. Although it was possible to obtain only a single DNA barcode sequence of Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., comparing it with the sequence provided by Matos-Maraví et al. (2021) for Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov., the divergence (7.0%) found agrees with the differences found in the morphology. Based on the information accumulated in this study, Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. has a restricted geographical distribution in the Colombian Cordilleras, being sympatric with Dynastor stygianus stat. rest. Although there is no illustration of the ventral view of the specimens mentioned by Salazar (1993, 2002, 2003) and Andrade (2002), from the locality where these specimens were collected, the autors were probably referring to Dynastor hannibal stat. rest.

Natural history. Unknown.

Geographic distribution. Colombia (Boyacá, Caldas, Quindío, Antioquia) (Fig. 28), at elevations between 1,000 and 2,000 m.

Temporal distribution. January, April, July, August.

Etymology. The name probably refers to the Carthaginian general Hannibal (c. 247–183 B.C.) who commanded the forces against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Dynastor hannibal (Fig. 37), and the following specimens: COLOMBIA: Boyacá — Otanche, VIII-1980, 1 female *, 1 male */**, Schmidt Munn leg., DZ 3969, DZ 52.734 (DZUP) .

iNaturalist records: COLOMBIA: Caldas — Manizales, 5°04’40.4”N, 75°26’16.1”W, 29-VII-2021 , Johnnier Arango. Quindío — Filandia, 4°40’38.0”N, 75°39’31.9”W, 14-I-2021 , Ricardo Archila. Antioquia — Jardín, 5°35’47.8”N, 75°48’41.0”W, 10-IV-2022 , Daniel Mesa. (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/101350918; inaturalist.org/observations/68131527; inaturalist.org/observations/111029131. Accessed June 30, 2023) .