Seraphs Montfort, 1810 [Maxwell, this paper] nomen cladi conversum

( Seraphsinae)

Figures 4–5

1810 Seraphs Montfort, p. 375. Sowerby 1820 –1825, pl. 263. Sowerby 1842, p. 255. Sowerby 1846, p. 255. H. Adams & A. Adams 1858, p. 263. Chenu 1859, p. 264. Tryon 1885, p. 103. Zittel 1885, p. 259. Cossmann 1889, p. 92. Jung 1974, p. 14. Bandel 2007, p. 137. Caze et al. 2010, p. 426. Notes: accepted. = Seraphys Montfort — Gray 1847, p. 132. Sowerby 1852, p. 273. Notes: synonymised—Emendation of original name Seraphs Montfort, 1810 . This included Terebellum Röding, 1798 . Type: Seraphs convolutum (Lamarck, 1803) (= Seraphs volutatus (Brander, 1766)) . = Seraphys Gray, 1853, p. 133 . Jung 1974, p. 14. Adams & Adams 1858, p. 263. Type: Terebellum convolutum Lamarck, 1803 (= Seraphs volutatus Brander, 1766). Notes: synonymised—Emendation of original name Seraphs Montfort, 1810 . = Seraps Férussac — Jung 1974, p. 14. Adams & Adams 1858, p. 263. Notes: synonymised—Emendation of original name Seraphs Montfort, 1810 . = Seraphe Blainville— Jung 1974, p. 14. Notes: synonymised—Emendation of original name Seraphs Montfort, 1810 . = Serapis Link — Jung 1974, p. 14. Notes: synonymised—Emendation of original name Seraphs Montfort, 1810 .

Type. Terebellum convolutum Lamarck, 1803 by original designation (= Bulla sopita Brander, 1766 = Seraphs volutatus (Brander, 1766)) .

RegNum Registration Number. 677.

Reference Phylogeny. Figure 3.

Definition. The maximum clade consisting of Seraphs sopitus (Brander, 1766) and all species that share a more recent common ancestor with it than with Miniseraphs eratoides (Cossmann, 1889), Diameza fragilis (Defrance, 1825), Paraseraphs tetanus Jung, 1974 or Terebellum terebellum (Linnaeus, 1758) .

Diagnosis. The shell is involute without a posterior canal. The labrum of the shell is undulating. The aperture is narrow. The suture does not have a channel. The region of maximum width occurs at approximately mid-height.

Composition. Seraphs contains 18 species detailed herein, and belongs to the Seraphsinae, but excludes Miniseraphs and Diameza .

Remarks. The geological range of Seraphs is considered to be the early Palaeocene (Danian) to the early Miocene (Aquitanian) (Table 2). Seraphs arose in western Africa and then diversified, most significantly in Europe and western and central Asia. The complex soon dispersed away from the centre of early diversification, and arrived in the Indonesian archipelago and in North America by the Priabonian. The genus reached its greatest geographic range during the Oligocene (Jung 1974).

The problem of the quality of the fossil record is a significant taxonomic hindrance to the resolution of the Seraphs clade. The taxon Seraphs thompsoni Dickerson, 1914 has been determined by previous workers, having examined the type materials, not to belong to Seraphsidae (Vokes 1939; Jung 1974).