Nematus einersbergensis Hartig, 1840: 26 . Lectotype designated by Taeger & Blank (1998). Syn. nov.

Nematus schmidtii Gimmerthal, 1844: 37 . Syntypes ♀♀ (deposition unknown). Type locality: Latvia, vicinity of Riga. Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Taeger & Blank (1998).

Nematus eversmanni Förster, 1854b: 423–424 . Lectotype designated by Haris (1997). Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Taeger & Blank (1998).

Nematus emarginatus Förster, 1854b: 424–425 . Lectotype designated by Haris (1997). Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Taeger & Blank (1998).

Nematus circumscriptus Förster, 1854a: 301–302 . Lectotype designated by Haris (1997). Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Konow (1904c).

Nematus erythropareus Zaddach, 1884 in Brischke 1884: 130. Holotype ♀, not located. Type locality: Austria, Tirol, Innsbruck. Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Taeger & Blank (1998).

Pachynematus sulcatus Benson, 1948a: 60–65 . Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Haris (1997).

Pachynematus chambersi Benson, 1948a: 60–65 . Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Haris (1997).

Pachynematus calcicola Benson, 1948a: 60–65 . Synonymy with xanthocarpus by Taeger & Blank (1998).

Pachynematus angustatus Lindqvist, 1949: 85 . Syn. nov.

Pachynematus virginalis Liston, 1980a: 241–242 . Synonymy by Liston et al. (2006).

Diagnosis

Based on nuclear data, there are two main lineages that tend to look somewhat different. Specimens in one lineage (similar to Nematus einersbergensis Hartig) tend to be smaller and the head is not expanded behind the eyes, unlike in the more typical E. fallax that falls in the second main clade. However, specimens exist which form additional nuclear lineages that look more like einersbergensis (e.g., ZMUO.032994) or more like fallax (DEI-GISHym16246). These nuclear lineages are more closely related to each other than some of the lineages in clitellata (which very likely contains more than one species) and could perhaps still belong to single species.

Females are very similar to those of E. clitellata, see under that species.

Type material examined

Lectotype Nematus fallax [designated by Lacourt (2000), photos examined]

FRANCE – Ile-de-France • ♀; Paris; 48.9° N, 2.3° E; MRSN, EY34235 .

Lectotype Nematus melanocerus

GERMANY • ♂; northern Germany [according to Hartig 1840: 22]; ZSM, DEI-GISHym12497.

Lectotype Nematus eupodius

GERMANY • ♂; northern Germany [according to Hartig 1840: 22]; ZSM, DEI-GISHym12495.

Lectotype Nematus einersbergensis

GERMANY – Niedersachsen • ♀; Einersberg; 51.81° N, 10.30° E; ZSM, DEI-GISHym84488.

Notes

Best morphological match: ZMUO.032994, ZMUO.029665, DEI-GISHym12609.

Lectotype Nematus eversmanni

RUSSIA – Tatarstan • ♂; Kasan Province; 55.8° N, 49.1° E; E. Eversmann leg.; ZIN, DEI-GISHym12486.

Notes

The penis valve fits with DEI-GISHym84275.

Lectotype Nematus emarginatus

GERMANY – Rheinland-Pfalz • ♂; Boppard; 50.22° N, 7.57° E; ZSM, DEI-GISHym12496.

Lectotype Nematus circumscriptus

GERMANY – Nordrhein-Westfalen • ♀; Aachen area; 50.77° N, 6.09° E; ZSM, DEI-GISHym12489.

Holotype Pachynematus sulcatus

UNITED KINGDOM – Scotland • ♂; Perthshire, Killin; 56.47° N, 4.32° W; 120 m a.s.l.; 31 May–14 Jun. 1932; R.B. Benson leg.; BMNH, B.M. TYPEHYM.1.700.

Holotype Pachynematus chambersi

UNITED KINGDOM – England • ♂; Bedfordshire, Ampthill; 52.03° N, 0.49° W; 100 m a.s.l.; 17 May 1947; V.H. Chambers leg.; BMNH, B.M. TYPEHYM.1.699.

Notes

Best morphological match: DEI-GISHym84450.

Holotype Pachynematus calcicola

UNITED KINGDOM – England • ♂; Yorkshire, Pen-y-Ghent; 54.16° N, 2.25° W; F.W. Edwards and W.H.T. Tams leg.; May 1933; BMNH, B.M. TYPEHYM.1.698.

Holotype Pachynematus angustatus

FINLAND – Inari Lapland • ♀; Utsjoki, Outakoski; 69.61° N, 25.98° E; 22 Jun. 1947; E. Lindqvist leg.; MZH, http://id.luomus.fi/GL.3427.

Holotype Pachynematus virginalis

UNITED KINGDOM – Scotland • ♂; Edinburgh, Duddingston Loch; 55.94° N, 3.15° W; 2 Jun. 1979; A. Liston leg.; RSME.

Host plants

Various genera of Poaceae have been recorded as host plants, as well as unspecified species of Juncus and Carex, but it is currently impossible to decide whether these records refer to E. fallax, or the unresolved complex of species around E. clitellata .

Genetics

COI

Based on 38 specimens, maximum within-species distance is 6.08% and the nearest neighbour, diverging by a minimum of 6.08%, is Euura clitellata .

Nuclear

Based on 24 specimens, maximum within-species distance is 1.08% (0.71% based on haplotypes of individual females). The nearest neighbour, diverging by a minimum of 1.38%, is Euura moerens .

Distribution and material examined

Palaearctic. Specimens studied are from Finland, France, Germany, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.