germanica (Fabricius)

? Vespa maculata Scopoli, 1763: 312 - [Slovenia] “Carnioliae” (destroyed?). Junior primary homonym of Vespa maculata Linnaeus, 1763 .

? Vespa macularis Olivier, 1792: 695 (lost). Unjustified emendation of Vespa maculata Scopoli.

Vespa Germanica Fabricius, 1793: 256 - [Germany] “Kiliae” (type depository unknown). - Lepeletier, 1836: 515 (redescription). - de Saussure, 1854: 116. - Dalla Torre, 1894: 146 (cat.); 1904: 65 (cat.). - du Buysson, 1905 [1904]: 609 (redescription; Europe; Asia; Africa; New Caledonia; U. S. A.; Canada). - Zimsen, 1964: 400 (list).

Vespula germanica; Bequaert, 1930: 67 (in subgenus Vespula). - Anon., 1959: 35 (Tas.). - Thomas, 1960: 1–74 (biology in New Zealand). - Anon, 1960: 114–115 (Tas); 1961a: 36 (Tas.); 1961b: 341 (Tas.). - Chadwick & Nikitin, 1969: 37–56 (intercepted from New Zealand). - Guiglia, 1972: 98 (key), 107 (in subgenus Paravespula; ethology), Figs XXX 4, XXXV-XXXVII, pl. III. - Martyn et al., 1972: 15. - Menke & Snelling, 1975: 193–200 (introduced U. S. A.). - Whitehead & Prins, 1975:39–42 (introduced South Africa). - Anon., 1977: 106–108 (W. A.). - Smithers and Holloway, 1977: 75-76 (N. S. W.); 1978: 55-59 (N. S. W.). - Richards, 1978: 4 (key; Tas., W. A.). - Erlandsson, 1978: 201– 230 (introduced Ascension). - Brown, 1979: 38–39 (impact). - Ólafsson, 1979: 27–40 (introduced Iceland). - Willink, 1980: 205-206 (introduced Argentina). - Anon., 1980: 94–96 (Vic.). - White, 1983: 17–18 (spread in N. S. W.). - East, 1984: 21–26 (Vic., S. A., Tas.). - Crawford, 1985: 4 (Vic.). - Cardale, 1985: 208 (in subgenus Paravespula; cat.). - Spradbery, 1988: 78–86. - Clapperton et al., 19r89: 315-323 (distr. in New Zealand), - Naumann, 1990: 17–28 (Norfolk I.). - Crosland, 1990a: 18–23 (economic impact); 1990b: 616–617. - Anon., 1991: 78, 91 (Qld.). - Harriss & Beattie, 1991: 45-47 (pollen viability). - Spradbery, 1991a: 101–103 (ethology). - Crosland, 1991: 375-388 (spread in Tas., Vic., N. S. W., S. A., W. A.). - Brown et al., 1991: 553–562 (physiology). - Field & Darby, 1991: 193–197 (biocontrol with Sphecophaga vesparum). - Collie, 1992 (Qld.). - Spradbery & Maywald, 1992: 495-510 (distr., N. T.). - Spradbery, 1993: 181–190 (ethology). - Horwood et al., 1993: 241–248 (spread in N. S. W.). - Thomas, 1993: 28–30 (economic impact). - Levick & Braitburg, 1996: 239–245 (envenomation). - Levick et al., 1997: 650 (pest status). - Carpenter & Kojima, 1997: 77 (list). - Kojima, 1998: 195, 224, Figs 1285–1287 (larva). - Clapperton, 1999: 11–19 (ecology in New Zealand). - McGain et al., 2000: 198–200 (sting mortality). - Levick et al., 2000: 437–448 (sting injuries). - Bashford, 2001: 1 (Tas.). - Lefoe et al., 2001: 1–38 (economic impact). - Goodall & Smith, 2001: 25 (economic impact). - Goodisman et al., 2001a: 1423–1432 (population genetics); 2001b: 346–349 (genetic structure); 2002: 497–502 (ethology). - Ward et al., 2002: 306–309 (ecology). - Reeson et al., 2003: 85-91 (bacterial microflora). - Kasper et al., 2004: 2037–2048 (prey). - Miller et al., 2005: 387–391 (control). - Wood et al., 2006: 263–267 (baiting). - Kasper et al., 2008a: 265-274 (ecology); 2008b: 288–295 (ethology). - Brown, 2009: 30 (? Lake Eyre Basin). - Tennant et al., 2011: 1–17. - Archer, 2012: 241 (key), 284, Figs 9.64A, 9.65B, 10.122. - Nash, 2013: 127–136 (distr. in Vic.). - Lester et al., 2014: 966 (possible supercession of V. vulgaris in Australia). - Fearn et al., 2015: 49–55 (perennial nest). - Perrard et al., 2016: Figs 2–3, 7–8 (phylogenetic relationships). - de Villiers et al., 2017: e0181397 (niche modeling). - BrentonRule et al., 2018: 3445-3460 (invasion source; viruses). - Potter-Craven et al., 2018: 521–532 (conservation impact). - Lester & Beggs, 2019:51–71 (invasion history, impact, control). - Cook, 2019: 55-74 (economic impact). - Spencer et al., 2020: e00144 (feeding on carrion). - Harrop et al., 2020: 3479–3488 (genome). - Cacho et al., 2021: 1–93 (management). - Monk, 2021: 56–58 (predation by Strepera graculina). - Cairncross et al., 2022: e00227 (predation at carrion).

Paravespula germanica; Blüthgen, 1961: 27, 45. Figs 14–15, 20. - Spradbery, 1973: 375-380 (biology). - Madden, 1981: 59–65 (ecology). - Archer, 1989: 26 (key), 37, Figs 17C, 64A, 65B, 70B. - Borsato, 1994 [1993]: 250 (Vic.: Melbourne). - Archer, 1998: 280 (distr.); 2008: 5-29 (ecology).

Vespula maculifrons; Peña et al., 1975: 167 (introduced Chile). Misidentification.

Distribution: coastal in N. S. W., Vic., Tas., S. A., W.A.; introduced into Australia (Tas. 1959, N. S. W. 1975, Vic. 1977, W. A. 1977, S. A. 1978, Qld. 1988, N. T. 1992); native to Eurasia, also introduced into New Zealand, North and South America, Iceland, Ascension and South Africa.