333.

Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat

Murina hilgendorfi

French: Murine de Hilgendorf / German: Hilgendorf-Rohrennase / Spanish: Ratonero narizudo de Hilgendorf

Other common names: Greater Tube-nosed Bat

Taxonomy. Harpyiocephalus hilgendorfi Peters, 1880,

Yedo, near Tokyo, Japan.

Relationships uncertain but limited genetic data place this species as sister to the M. leucogaster clade (see above). Often considered a race of M. leucogaster but numerous genetic and morphological studies support their treatment at separate species. Race sibirica has occasionally been treated as a distinct species, but morphological data do not support this. The name intermedia is here considered to be a synonym of ognevi, although further morphological and genetic comparison is needed. Three subspecies recognized.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.h.hilgendorfiPeters,1880—muchofJapan,alsoKunashir(SKurilIs).

M.h.ogneviKishida&Mori,1931—RussianFarEast(includingSakhalin),NEChina,andKorea(includingJejuI).

M.h. sibirica Kastschenko, 1905 — S Russia, in S Siberia, including Republic of Khakassia, Sayan Mts, Lake Baikal area, and Altai Mts, along with NE Kazakhstan and NW Mongolia.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-5-69- 5 mm, tail 3347 mm, ear 15-20 mm, hindfoot 9-5-13- 8 mm, forearm 39-5—46- 2 mm; weight 9-11 g. Fur is soft, woolly, and glossy, being composed ofsilky straight guard hairs and soft curly hairs; dorsally silvery brownish gray (hairs have four bands, with dark grayish-brown base, followed by a paler grayish-brown band, an olive- to orange-brown band, and a golden buff tip; guard hairs are silvery and glossy); ventrally paler (hairs with dark brown bases and silvery tips). Dorsal pelage extends sparsely onto wings, uropatagium, thumbs, and feet. Face is sparsely haired except long protuberant nostrils, which are naked. Ears are short and broad (more rounded in ognevt), with smoothly convex anterior margins, distinct notch on posterior margin (less defined in ognevi), and broadly roundedtip; tragus is long, narrow, and tapering toward pointed tip, which is either bent outwards or straight. Wing attaches to base offirst toe. Baculum is short (1-8- 2 mm) and saddle-shaped, with bluntly rounded tip, open base, and deep, wide ventral groove. Skull is robust, with short, stout rostrum; braincase 1s low and narrow; lambdoidal crests are well developed, forming occipital helmet; sagittal crest is present but low (absent or barely developed posteriorly). P* is more than half the size of P% M,is highly reduced. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50, 56, or 58.

Habitat. A variety of temperate hilly or montane habitats, including coniferous-broadleaf and broadleaf forests. It can be found in taiga forest in Mongolia and Russia. It forages in forested and open areas. Recorded at elevations up to 4000 m.

Food and Feeding. Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat apparently feeds on flying insects, foraging close to the ground and in the understory offorests. It may perform ground gleaning or quadrupedal ground feeding, and is regularly caughtin pitfall traps. It can hover and has powerful and maneuverable flight. In captivity, it will take mealworm larvae (4-10 g /day) but refuses basket worms.

Breeding. Births have been reported in July in Japan, with a litter size of 1-3. After birth, the ears erect after 3—4 days, eyes open at 8-10 days, and young are completely furred by 12-14 days. Replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth is completed at 23-24 days. Maximum recorded life span is 16 years, although the species typically only lives up to 5-9 years.

Activity patterns. Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat has been reported roosting in a variety of sites, including foliage, tree branches, flying-squirrel nestboxes, various structural objects, houses, abandoned mines, caves, tunnels, and karst caves. They hibernate through the winter from December to March,for ¢.100 days. While hibernating, their body temperature is relatively low at an average of 3-4°C. Calls are a steep FM sweep with start frequency of 104-9 kHz (82-8-140 kHz), end frequency 43-6 kHz (44-9-58-4 kHz), peak frequency 51-2 kHz (46-56-5 kHz), and average duration 1-8 milliseconds (1:1-2-7 milliseconds) in Hokkaido, Japan.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hilgendorf’s Tube-nosed Bat roosts in small groups generally of 1-10 bats during summer, although colonies 10-100 or more have been reported aggregated in Japan, between early February and late June. Colony size reaches a maximum from late April to earlyJune, although the bats disperse by early June. These colonies have an almost 1:1 sex ratio, and the role of these colonies during this period is still unclear; they may be connected with reproduction. Bats are known to switch roosts often, probably every 1-2 days. A study in Yamanashi, Japan, found that bats seemed to prefer open over hidden roosts throughout the year. They used abandoned mines and tunnels from May to November, particularly in May-July; dead summer cypress thickets were used in June—-October; and outer walls of buildings were used in June and October. During hibernation, most bats have been found roosting alone in crevices and secluded areas, but in Japan there are reports of colonies of several hundred roosting together, although this appears to be uncommon.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The species 1s widespread but naturally rare throughout its range.

Bibliography. Abe (2004), Csorba & Bates (2005), Fukui et al. (2004), Harada (2011), Harada etal. (1987a), Hashimoto & Matsumura (2008), Ishida et al. (2012), Jo Yeong-Seok et al. (2018), Kawai et al. (2014), Kazakov et al. (2016), Kruskop (2005), Kuo Haochih et al. (2009), Kuramoto (1964, 1981), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Takada et al. (2017), Tsytsulina (2008d), Urano (2011), Watanabe & Funakoshi (2017), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zeng Xiang et al. (2018).