293.

Groove-toothed Trumpet-eared Bat

Phoniscus atrox

French: Kerivoule de Miller / German: Furchenzahn-Trompetenohr / Spanish: Fonisco de Miller

Other common names: Gilded Groove-toothed Bat, Groove-toothed Bat

Taxonomy. Phoniscus atrox G. S. Miller, 1905,

“vicinity of Kateman River, eastern Sumatra,” Indonesia.

Phoniscus is often included within Kerivoula, but morphological data support recognition as distinct genera. Some genetic studies, however, indicated that Phoniscus might be nested within Kerivoula . Monotypic.

Distribution. S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, EC & SW Sumatra, and NE Borneo; it might be more widespread than is currently known.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 41- 3 mm (one specimen), tail 29- 5-39 mm, ear 13- 3 mm (one specimen), hindfoot 7- 6 mm (one specimen), forearm 31-35 mm; weight 3-6- 5 g. The Groove-toothed Trumpet-eared Batis similar to Peters’s Trumpeteared Bat ( P. jagorii) in overall appearance, butit is smaller and has more rounded P?, Pelage is long and somewhat curly. Dorsal pelage is mixed brown and black, with gold frosting (hairs banded with gray and brown bases, black middles, and orange-brown or buff tips); ventral pelage is paler and grayer. Short tiny yellow hairs are along bones of wings,tail, and legs. Ears are funnel-shaped, with rounded tips; tragusis long and conspicuously white, with sharply pointed tip and distinct and deep notch near base on posterior margin. Tail is long, and calcaris strong and curved. Basioccipital pits appear to be shallower than in Peters’s Trumpet-eared Bat. I” is unicuspid and pointed; I® is distinctly smaller and shorter; C' has two distinct longitudinallateral grooves on outer side; P*is broader than P° but is anteroposteriorly shorter; P* is markedly rounded and does not exhibit anterointernal elongation; upper premolars are much smaller than in Peters’s Trumpet-eared Bat; and lower premolars are narrow, especially P,. Dental formula for all species of Phoniscusis 12/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 38. Diploid number is 2n = 40.

Habitat. Undisturbed and disturbed forests including pristine evergreen forest (Thailand) and primary forest habitats (e.g. heath forests) at elevations generally below 400 m but up to 615 m in Peninsular Malaysia.

Food and Feeding. The Groove-toothed Trumpet-eared Bat feeds almost exclusively on orb-weaving spiders and is very maneuverable in flight because of its large wings. Maximum bite force was 2-6 N in individuals from Malaysia.

Breeding. No information.

Activity patterns. Day roosts of Groove-toothed Trumpet-eared Bats are most commonly in abandoned nests of broadbills (Eurylaimus sp.); they make entrance holes at bottoms of abandoned nests. In Thailand,calls are broad FM sweep, with average start frequency of 125-5 kHz, end frequency of 61-8 kHz, peak frequency of 77-4 kHz, and duration of 3 milliseconds. In Malaysia,start frequencies were 145-6-183-2 kHz (mean 166-1 kHz), end frequencies were 51-2-72 kHz (60 kHz), peak frequencies were 62-4-122-4 kHz (86-8 kHz), and durations were 1:9-3-9 milliseconds (2-8 milliseconds).

Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Groove-toothed Trumpet eared Bat generally roosts alone.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Groove-toothed Trumpet-eared Bat is rarely reported. It is threatened by deforestation from logging, fires, and agricultural expansion. It occurs in protected areas (e.g. Bukit Barisan National Park, Sumatra).

Bibliography. Francis (2008a), Hill (1965b), Hutson & Kingston (2008c), Kingston et al. (1999), Lekagul & Mc-Neely (1977), Lim, B.L. et al. (2003), O'Brien & Kinnaird (1996), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Ryan (1965), Senawi et al. (2015), Thong Vu Dinh et al. (2006), Volleth (2006).