VI. Subfamily Gonatopodinae Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall, 1906
Gonatopodinae partim Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 499.
Gonatopodinae partim Kieffer 1907: 12.
Gonatopodini Kieffer 1914b: 67; Richards 1939: 188.
Dryinini partim Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1034.
Gonatopodinae Richards 1953: 51; Krombein 1979: 1244; Olmi 1984: 1050; Olmi 1993a: 195; Olmi 1993b: 77; Olmi 1994: 64; Olmi 1995b: 503; Olmi 1995d: 134; Olmi 1999a: 213; Olmi & Bechly 2001: 42; He & Xu 2002: 287; Engel 2005: 490; Olmi & Virla 2006: 408; Virla & Olmi 2008: 371
Type genus. Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810, designated by Olmi (1984).
Diagnosis. Female: usually apterous (Plates 106B, 108C); occasionally fully winged (Plate 96A, 100A, 106A); rarely micropterous (not present in the Oriental region) or brachypterous (present in Oriental region); ocelli present; occipital carina usually absent, rarely incomplete and only present behind and on sides of posterior ocelli; mandible with four teeth progressing larger from anterior one to posterior; palpal formula 2/1, 2/2, 3/2, 4/2, 4/3, 5/2, 5/3, 6/2, or 6/3; antennal segments 5–10 without tufts of long hairs; antenna with or without rhinaria; pronotal tubercle absent (Plates 96B, 100B); in winged females, metanotum very reduced; in macropterous species fore wing with stigmal vein and pterostigma (Plates 96A, B, 100A, 106A), pterostigma very narrow; in macropterous species fore wing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (costal, median and submedian) (Plates 96A, B, 100A, 106A); protarsus chelate (Plates 96A, B, 106B, 108C); chela with rudimentary claw (Plates 93B, 107B); protrochanter long and slender, more than twice as long as broad (Plate 96B); usually tibial spurs 1/0/1; rarely (in Neodryinus R. Perkins) 1/0/2. Male: fully winged (Plate 94, 110A, B); occipital carina usually absent, rarely incomplete and only present behind and on sides of posterior ocelli, rarely complete (in Echthrodelphax R. Perkins); occiput usually concave (Plate 121C), occasionally straight; mandible with three teeth progressing larger from anterior one to posterior; palpal formula 2/1, 2/2, 3/2, 4/2, 4/3, 5/2, 5/3, 6/2, or 6/3; epicnemium visible, because lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura (as in plate 2H); mesosternum fused with mesopleura and not distinct; fore wing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (costal, median and submedian) (Plates 94A, 110A, B); fore wing with stigmal vein and pterostigma (pterostigma always very narrow) (Plates 94A, 110A, B); dorsal process of paramere always present (Plate 95B), occasionally reduced (Plates 117A, 122B); tibial spurs 1/1/2.
Distribution. Worldwide.
Hosts. Cicadellidae (except Idiocerinae, Macropsinae, Typhlocybinae), Tropiduchidae, Lophopidae, Ricaniidae, Acanaloniidae, Flatidae, Delphacidae, Issidae, Nogodinidae, Meenoplidae (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006, 2007).
World species. Five hundred and fifty three species are known, eighty one in the Oriental region, including one species incertae sedis.
World genera. Twelve genera are known, six in the Oriental region.
Remarks. The following six genera are not quoted from the Oriental region: Epigonatopus R. Perkins, 1905 (Australian), Eucamptonyx R. Perkins, 1907 (Australian, Nearctic, Neotropical), Gynochelys Brues, 1906 (Afrotropical), Pareucamptonyx Olmi, 1991 (Neotropical), Pentagonatopus Olmi, 1984 (Australian, Nearctic), Trichogonatopus Kieffer, 1909 (Nearctic, Neotropical).
Key to the genera
Females
1. Females fully winged; rarely brachypterous (Plates 96A, B, 100A, 106A)......................................... 2
- Females apterous (Plates 106B, 108C).................................................................... 5
2. Tibial spur formula 1/0/2............................................................ 1. Neodryinus R. Perkins
- Tibial spur formula 1/0/1............................................................................... 3
3. Notauli absent or hardly visible (then incomplete or complete).................................... 2. Adryinus Olmi
- Notauli clearly distinct and complete...................................................................... 4
4. Species small, with palpal formula variable from 3/2 to 4/2, or 5/2, rarely 5/3 or 6/3; segment 5 of protarsus with less than 15 medial lamellae (Plates 100C, 102B, C)............................................ 3. Echthrodelphax R. Perkins
- Species large, with palpal formula 6/3; segment 5 of protarsus with more than 20 medial lamellae.................................................................................................... 5. Gonatopus Ljungh partim
5. Palpal formula 2/1.............................................................4. Haplogonatopus R. Perkins
- Palpal formula different................................................................................ 6
6. Palpal formula 6/2................................................................... 6. Esagonatopus Olmi
- Palpal formula different.......................................................... 5. Gonatopus Ljungh partim
Males (unknown in Adryinus Olmi)
1. Head with a distinct complete occipital carina (Plate 101A)............................. 3. Echthrodelphax R. Perkins
- Head without occipital carina, or with an incomplete occipital carina (then carina only present behind ocellar triangle and shortly on sides of posterior ocelli)....................................................................... 2
2. Temple absent..................................................................... 1. Neodryinus R. Perkins
- Temple distinct (Plate 110A)............................................................................ 3
3. Palpal formula 2/1.............................................................4. Haplogonatopus R. Perkins
- Palpal formula different................................................................................ 4
4. Palpal formula 6/2................................................................... 6. Esagonatopus Olmi
- Palpal formula different.......................................................... 5. Gonatopus Ljungh partim